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SS? A.I assumed that he was. Q.What uniform did he wear? A.Brown. Q.A brown uniform? A.Yes, yellowish brown. q. And what kind of shoulder insignia did he have? A.I don't remember. Q.Did Beiglboeck ever beat anyone? A.No. Q.Did he threaten anyone with a revolver? A.No. Q.Did Beiglboeck give the people cigarettes? A.Yes.... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,700,000 | 2,700,500 |
the papers kept? AI don't know. QBut everyone had a number? AYes. QDo you know what triangle these people wore? ABlack triangles. QWho was given black triangles in the camp? AThe asocial people. QAha! Do you think it is possible that Beiglboeck tried to help his people but that the bad people in the camp administration... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,700,450 | 2,700,950 |
like a stall, but one can't say that it looked like a decent room either. QI am afraid I don't understand you. AIt was more like a camp. QBut it was clean and neat. AYes, it was clean. QAnd then when the people left the experiment, were they given food that was more than the camp food or less? AIt was the same as the r... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,700,900 | 2,701,400 |
Q.Do you know, since you helped to write the records, whether, at the end, after the people were out of the experiment, their weight was higher or lower? A.That I do not know. Q.Did you see anybody with a high fever? A.At the most, up to 38 or 30. Q. 33, or 39. Was that at the beginning of an experiment or at the end? ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,701,350 | 2,701,850 |
defense counsel Fritz for Rose and if any other defense counsel will want to examine him? THE PRESIDENT:Will counsel enlighten us upon that point? DR. TIPP:I will need about a day and a half, Mr. President. I believe that Dr. Fritz will not take very long; I think 2 or 3 hours will cover Dr. Fritz' questions, but I can... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,701,800 | 2,702,300 |
training and career? A.From 1919 to 1923 I studied medicine in Berlin. In 1923 I took the State examination. In 1924 I was licensed as a physician and at the same time received the Degree of Doctor of Medicine. After that I studied internal medicine as an intern and later as an assistant at the First Medical Clinic, at... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,702,250 | 2,702,750 |
as head of the department for virus and tumor research and when in the course of the incorporation of Prussia into the Reich the Bacteriological Section was dissolved, my colleagues and I moved to the Robert Koch Institute which is also in Berlin. On the 1st of March 1936 I became department chief and professor there. ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,702,700 | 2,703,200 |
I answered this call, and I worked in this institute which is attached to the Institute for Medicine and Biology until the 16th of November 1946 when, on the occasion of a visit at Zehlendorf in the American sector, I was suddenly arrested by a British military policeman without any warrant or any document. I was taken... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,703,150 | 2,703,650 |
promoted to Oberstabsarzt, (Major). Q.Then your promotions were quite the normal thing? A.Yes, quite normal. A.And one more question on this subject, Professor: in your various positions, civilian as well as military, who were your superiors? A.First, I shall discuss my civilian positions. As a member of the Reich Heal... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,703,600 | 2,704,100 |
the various virus diseases, breeding this virus, making it microscopically visible and in connection with that, questions as to immunity. Then I also dealt with the development of vaccines against virus diseases. Virus production on a large scale, however, never interested me. Since this is not the duty f a research wo... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,704,050 | 2,704,550 |
remember any such assignments in my field of bacteriology and particularly virus research. Tho third group one cannot call research assignments, but simply production assignments, which the institute did not like to accept, for instance, vaccine production, that was the duty of industry, in this case, the serum and vac... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,704,500 | 2,705,000 |
an independent scientific position and no one got the idea of exercising any control. If one had a research assignment one was merely obligated at certain intervals to report on the progress of the work and with the aid of these reports the agency that issued the assignment decided whether it was worth while to continu... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,704,950 | 2,705,450 |
TIPP: Virulent is the adjective. 3). The action of virulence is establishes essentially by the presence of a pathogen and an antigen factor. a) pathogen - pathogen action - capacity to produce a typical manifest disease. pathogen for human being - the virus produces a disease in human being. pathogen for animals - the ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,705,400 | 2,705,900 |
Tribunal will now be in recess until 9:30 o'clock tomorrow morning. Official transcript of the American Military Tribunal in the matter of the United States of America against Karl Brandt, et al, defendants, sitting at Nurnberg, Germany, on 18 June 1947, 0930, Justice Beals presiding. THE MARSHAL:Persons in the court r... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,705,850 | 2,706,350 |
qualities of which were soon ascertained by animal experiments. Attempts to breed this virus followed, and a number of immunology works. In approximately 1936, we heard the first news, again from America, that it had been possible to develop a living virus vaccine against influenza, and soon we could begin to realize a... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,706,300 | 2,706,800 |
carry the germs to the other barracks. So that there was an outspoken need of immunization here for this group. Here again there were no reactions which in any way effected the working ability of these women. Q.Professor, how did the developmental work for this vaccine take place? A.Well, vaccine production was essenti... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,706,750 | 2,707,250 |
was in the conditions when a research assignment was issued. Q.With whom, Professor, did you speak within the medical Inspectorate about your work? A.In general I spoke to the Consulting Hygienist, to the Chief of the Medical Service, Professor Rose, and to the competent gentleman in the hygiene refer at, that was Stab... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,707,200 | 2,707,700 |
this question only became acute in the summer of 1944. Q.I shall now leave this subject, witness, and go on to the next charge of the indictment to be dealt with, jaundice experiments. Professor Schroeder and Dr. Becker-Freyseng are charged wish responsibility for experiments on epidemic jaundice, which, according to t... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,707,650 | 2,708,150 |
bacteria through and in the mouse it causes characteristic changes in the liver, kidneys and lungs and was made visible microscopely for the first time by me. Unfortunately because of the war conditions this work could not be published, but it is now printed. The virus can be built in mice and also in tissue cultures a... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,708,100 | 2,708,600 |
test a vaccine. The prosecution has alleged that experimental subjects in these two camps were infected with epidemic jaundice; what have you to say about that? A.I can only say that no such experiments were performed by me or at my institution either in Natzweiler or Sachsenhausen. Q.Fitness, to prove their assertion,... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,708,550 | 2,709,050 |
the meeting of the consulting physicians in May of 1944, I repeatedly expressed my opinion to other colleagues, my regret that I had not been able to consult with Dr. Dohmen on this important subject, that we had been working in what I might call splendid isolation. It seemed to me that he had made considerable advance... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,709,000 | 2,709,500 |
AYes, Dr. Dohmen came about the middle of July, 1944, for a few days. We discussed our animal experiment work and other laboratory work. QOn this occasion did you visit the concentration camp Natzweiler together with Dr. Dohmen, witness? ANo. I am sure that Dr. Dohmen was never in Natzweiler. I was never there with him... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,709,450 | 2,709,950 |
correct myself on Document No. 010. I said the letter was dated the first of July 1942, but it is really the first of June, 1943. Now to go back to the human experiments. The Tribunal will remember the witness Edith Schmidt testified for the Prosecution here. She testified on the 9th of January 1947, Page 1378 of the E... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,709,900 | 2,710,400 |
and yourself. Is that so? A.- This letter of the 24th of June 1944 from the consulting internist of the Army Medical Inspector I have before me. This is the letter I mean. Gutzeit refers to his statement at the hepatitis meeting in Breslau and he had said that the final proof of the nature of the germ, the various type... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,710,350 | 2,710,850 |
what counsel says. Can the Prosecutor clarify any of these matters? MR. HARDY:I have no comment in this respect, Your Honor. I think the record and the document speak for themselves. I might request, Your Honor, that I might be permitted to see the notes that Dr. Haagen is testifying from? THE PRESIDENT:For what purpos... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,710,800 | 2,711,300 |
proceed. DR.SAWLIK (Counsel for Defendant Hoven): Mr. President, I request the Tribunal to rule that the Defendant Hoven may remain absent from this afternoon's session, in order to prepare his defense. THEPRESIDENT; Upon request of counsel for the defendant Hoven, the defendant Hoven nay be excused from attendance bef... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,711,250 | 2,711,750 |
we shall continue in our discussion of the last mentioned document. No, I will turn to a new document. Please take a look atNO-125, Exhibit 194 of the Prosecution, which is a letter from you to Prof. Dr. Gutzeit. In the first paragraph, regarding the fact that Herr Dohmen will come, I quote: "We shall then review all c... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,711,700 | 2,712,200 |
most appropriately met all these necessary pre-requisites. Q.Now, witness, the next document in the same document book, page 14, Exhibit 195 of the Prosecution, DocumentNO-126. It is a letter from you to Kalk, of the 27th of June 1944. It is addressed to Oberstarzt Prof. Dr. Kalk with the Chief of the Luftwaffe Medical... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,712,150 | 2,712,650 |
so that the question of accommodating the volunteer experimental subjects could be most easily solved by him. It was my view that the use of students from student companies would, as a basic principle, first have to be approved by the Chief of the Medical Service and since Kalk was living near him, it is obvious that I... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,712,600 | 2,713,100 |
in the negative. All research in this field was interrupted by the effects of the war. Q.In the field of Hepatitis did you receive a research assignment from the Medical Inspectorate, witness? A.I did not receive a research assignment from the Medical Inspectorate but let me point out Document 137, Exhibit No.189, No. ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,713,050 | 2,713,550 |
the basis of this a vaccine against yellow fever was developed which is used everywhere in the world now and which undoubtedly has already saved the lives of innumerable persons. During the war the Robert-Koch Institute of which I was then a member received from the navy an assignment to manufacture yellow fever vaccin... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,713,500 | 2,714,000 |
so, did the research orders issue from the Medical Inspectorate or from the Reich Air Ministry; or where did they issue from? It seems to me five or six questions along that line would cover the entire field. This Tribunal has heard, considerable evidence concerning the effect of various fevers and so forth. The witnes... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,713,950 | 2,714,450 |
witness here is the man who is alleged to have conducted the experiments. If he conducted the experiments ho can testify whether he did or whether he didn't and who gave him the orders. I don't see the necessity for going into all those particular matters that are so far afield. We have had export witnesses testify on ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,714,400 | 2,714,900 |
This is in Document Book No. 12, and please turn to page 80 in the English and 79 in the German text. Here is DocumentNO-137, Prosecution Exhibit 189. This is a letter to the Rector of the University of Strassbourg of the 7th of October, 1943. This document contains the research assignments that you received in detail.... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,714,850 | 2,715,350 |
Professor Hoering on the 17th of April, 1947, before this Tribunal on page 6047 of the English transcript. Now, in conclusion I want to put to you a few more documents on these yellow fever experiments that the prosecution put in evidence and from which they draw the conclusion that you did carry out animal experiments... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,715,300 | 2,715,800 |
for Yellow Fever Vaccine". You have already said that the manufacture of yellow fever vaccine was stopped after the loss of Africa and I wish to ask you whether that stopping had anything to do with this document here? A.Yes, this letter of the 14th of July asks the Medical Inspectorate of the Luftwaffe to stop further... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,715,750 | 2,716,250 |
did you negotiate in the Medical Inspectorate regarding the production of this vaccine? ANegotiations about this production assignment were carried on, first of all, with the hygiene referents. That was Stabsarzt Atmer, then the department chief, Dr. Martius, and then, of course also with the consulting hygienist, Prof... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,716,200 | 2,716,700 |
put on this report - namely, that it is an experience report - if one reads through it carefully and objectively. I have never seen a report of an American army doctor in the field of hygiene, but I can't imagine that it differs in any essential particulars from this report. Of human experiments or of criminal human ex... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,716,650 | 2,717,150 |
you heard the Tribunal's wish. In the opinion of the Tribunal, the typhus danger for Germany has already been sufficiently proved. Please go on to the subject itself now. Perhaps you could speak of the usual preventive measures that are used against typhus, particularly as concerns vaccines. ATo prevent typhus there ar... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,717,100 | 2,717,600 |
that they were non-pathogenic. At any rate that is the Way I understood the reproach of the Prosecution, but first before we go into this, witness, will you please tell the court how did it ever happen that you in this matter came into contact with the concentration camp Natzweiler? A.The development of typhus througho... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,717,550 | 2,718,050 |
I was right there in Strassbourg. Q.You said further that it was roughly in the spring of 1943 that these requests for assistance were made to you; was there an. epidemic in the camp already, at that time, or why did they think they needed your help? A.At that time there was no epidemic in the camp, but the general epi... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,718,000 | 2,718,500 |
or by being preserved in a vaccuum, or at very low temperatures and only somewhat attenuated in strain. Q. witness, you still haven't answered my question fully whether you carried out his work on your own initiative or on the basis of an order, directive or assignment that came to you from elsewhere? A.In developing t... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,718,450 | 2,718,950 |
simply without expostulating on matters while scientific and important the Tribunal has already been advised. Kindly instruct him and to explain him to answer those questions. The Tribunal will now be in recess until 1:30 (Thereupon the noon recess was taken.) AFTERNOON SESSION. (The hearing reconvened at 1330 hours, 1... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,718,900 | 2,719,400 |
institute and students, you tested the tolerability of the vaccine; the immunizing effect of the vaccine, if I understood you correct, could not be proven by these experiments? A.Yes, the immunizing effect can also be determined. One needs merely to make the Weil-Felix reaction, which has been mentioned in this trial, ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,719,350 | 2,719,850 |
danger. In this mart of the camp the danger was greater than in the parts of the camp where there were Germans and Alsatians who did not come from the East. Q.- You said, witness, the persons were selected from the group of prisoners in special danger of contracting typhus. You just mentioned the east block. Can you te... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,719,800 | 2,720,300 |
of eight persons who were given 0.5 CC of the living vaccine only once, three had a reaction that was a short fever of over 39 degrees. The rest of the persons, however, had no reaction. In the second group, among the ten persons in Group A there were no noticeable reactions. In the other group there were very negligib... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,720,250 | 2,720,750 |
the titer. I believe that is enough. Q.- You said that after the vaccinations you determined the immunity of the various persons from the blood serum, I assume that was done by determining the titer values. I don't believe that the Court is interested in the individual figures, professor, I should merely like to know w... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,720,700 | 2,721,200 |
English record. Hirz said that at Schirmeek you injected 20 to 25 persons and the following days these had a high fever. The fever is said to have began after 36 to 48 hours and two of these people died. The witness also said who had vaccinated him, the head of the camp and the Captain the hospital. Will you explain th... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,721,150 | 2,721,650 |
any disturbances or stammering. If Hirz had seen them at the time, I am convinced he would have reported them to me. He was a nurse for these persons and was responsible for them; I cannot imagine that he would have fulfilled the interest of these prisoners by keeping these things secret. Q.You say that neither you obs... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,721,600 | 2,722,100 |
I can only say that I cannot understand it at all. I have no idea what experiments to determine typhus in connection with this disease are supposed to by. First of all, there ware no experiments to determine typhus since there was no typhus. And I don't know any method for performing experiments on human beings to dete... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,722,050 | 2,722,550 |
been tested in animal experiments in self-experiments and in experiments on volunteers. But experiments as 1 have just described were rot performed at Schirmeek, is that correct? A.Yes, that is correct. We were merely introducing a vaccine which was already being used on a large scale in other countries. perhaps I may ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,722,500 | 2,723,000 |
because it is your point of view that for vaccinations it is legally permissible to make them compulsory, that you were merely carrying out a legal measure under international law? A.Yes, this was a vaccination with a vaccine which was already being used elsewhere in the world within the framework of general vaccinatio... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,722,950 | 2,723,450 |
the manufacturing of 100,000 doses." You said this refers to the establishment of a production plant for vaccine but this formulation, thirty to forty persons needed for the reduction of 100,000 doses monthly, but the prosecution drew the conclusion that thirty to forty experimental subjects were needed. Can you please... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,723,400 | 2,723,900 |
Anatomical Institute in Strassbourg, was a member of the SS and researcher of the Ahnenerbe. As SS officer he had learned through the camp that I wanted to perform vaccinations there. He then intervened because he thought if persons outside the SS or the WVHA wanted to work in the camp in some form or other we had to h... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,723,850 | 2,724,350 |
If we disregard the fact that for epidemiological reasons the vaccinations were justified and even necessary, this letter I believe gives us a justification to perform them. Q.Now, were you able to carry out the vaccinations? A.No, that wasn't as simple as that unfortunately - I say "unfortunately" because precious tim... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,724,300 | 2,724,800 |
the document seems to indicate that. You write, "their suitability for the typhus vaccinations." Further down, however, in the document you speak of testing a new vaccine. Again, further down, material which can be compared." One might conclude that these are not vaccinations but experiments. Is this not in contradicti... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,724,750 | 2,725,250 |
guinea pigs. For this reason alone I think the word, "experiment," is used in different senses. Q.- One term has not been cleared up yet in this document, and that is the last words, "comparable material," Can you please explain what that means? What did you mean by "comparable material"? A.- That means that the invest... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,725,200 | 2,725,700 |
Q:Now the fact that the prisoners first to be vaccinated came from other camps is not to be attributed to your influence. If I understand you correctly that was a measure taken by the competent SS office over which you had no influence? A:Correct. I had no influence over where the persons to be vaccinated came from. Q:... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,725,650 | 2,726,150 |
the new vaccinations in Natzweiler, I had carried my work to the point where I no longer needed a dead vaccine. But the previous history was this; Professor Rose, by sending me this Kopenhagen vaccine thought he was supporting me and giving me assistance. And he suggested that I include this dead vaccine in my series o... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,726,100 | 2,726,600 |
again one cc. of vaccine introduced intramuscularly. This was no longer pathogenic to human beings. To complete the story I have to say that between the Schirmek vaccinations in May and these vaccinations, I had truned to the production of a louse typhus vaccine; and this vaccine contained living virus. Before it was u... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,726,550 | 2,727,050 |
the Reich Research Council and yourself. First of all I am interested in here in your letter to the President of the Reich Research Council of 12 January 1944, Particularly number two which concerns itself with typhus. You refer here to vaccinations that you carried out, and you say, and I quote, "The effects could be ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,727,000 | 2,727,500 |
the witness stated. This number and the concept of a control group the witness apparently took from later writings, which is to be discussed hereafter, but I can imagine what notes she could have been referring to. QPlease do that witness : AThe witness states correctly when these notes were made, because she says the ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,727,450 | 2,727,950 |
at greater length. AIn order to be sure of a diagnosis that typhus really existed in a certain case one carried out the Weil-Felix reaction test, and took blood tests which were sent to the competent medical clinic to be analyzed. This clinic was in my hygenic institute in Strasbourg, Thus in the course cf time we rece... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,727,900 | 2,728,400 |
in the institute who was not vaccinated against typhus, is that so? ANo, in the institute only that personnel was vaccinated against typhus that actually worked in the typhus laboratory. Miss Schmidt was not vaccinated because she was not used in this work. However, despite the fact that she was not vaccinated not real... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,728,350 | 2,728,850 |
the infected guinea pigs to Natzweiler to infect the prisoners. For the reason I have just given that is practically impossible; moreover, you cannot artificially infect human beings with typhus in the way that Miss Schmidt seems to imagine and let guinea pigs run around and spread the germs. That is not the way you ge... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,728,800 | 2,729,300 |
inoculated with this vaccine. There exist publications on this subject, too. The use of living attenuated virus is moreover quite old. The smallpox vaccine is the oldest we know that there is, Pasteur's hydrophobia rabies vaccine and the yellow fever vaccine, all of these are made with living attenuated virus; also the... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,729,250 | 2,729,750 |
the vaccine, but that this virulent vaccine should cause the disease is completly erroneous and simply proves again how difficult it is to use the terms correctly and what little value such testimony can have. Q.Now, Professor, something most confused that the witness said was, when being examined by Mr. Handy, she sai... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,729,700 | 2,730,200 |
it certainly contributed to protecting many of the prisoners from typhus and thus from certain death. I also gave my assistance to the surgical department by turning over sterilization apparatus. I had one steam and two dry sterilizers which I made available. There is some correspondence on this. QI shall have to bring... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,730,150 | 2,730,650 |
was dissolved, I wanted that back because it was valuable apparatus, particularly since we had had a direct bomb hit on our institute and lost a lot of equipment. This apparatus had nothing at all to do with human experimentation. I stress that this was apparatus used exclusively in the surgical department. QYou said t... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,730,600 | 2,731,100 |
itself. You used the same expression in DocumentNO-128, your report to the Reich Research Council, of 21 January 1944, and I believe I am correct in assuming that this concept is the core of the Prosecution's charge. The Prosecution believes that to test the efficacy of this vaccine the persons vaccinated were subseque... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,731,050 | 2,731,550 |
blood or blood serum. These protective bodies in the blood we can demonstrate the existence of by the necessary Serological examination swiftly. That means that the vaccine content of antibodies rapidly decreases, but we know that the absence of antibodies in the blood is no proof that the body is not immune, no protec... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,731,500 | 2,732,000 |
we used them as a control group. I believe I need not go any further into these scientific matters. Further practical proof of the anti-infectious protection is to be found also in the fact that none of those vaccinated fell ill of typhus during the epidemic. Q.- Witness, before I continue in our discussion of those do... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,731,950 | 2,732,450 |
vaccination and serological examination. Now how can these two things what you just said on the stand and what is stated here in this document be brought into any sort of an agreement with one another? It looks to me like a contradiction. AI admit that when you see this statement from the prospective of this trial, it ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,732,400 | 2,732,900 |
and Baltazard, in the publication of the French Academy of Science. This is Volume 201, page 1226, year 1935. The titel reads: "Prescance et premunition an cours du typhus exanthematique et an cours d' une infection inapparante par 1c virus biliaire." QFitness, please speak more slowly, otherwise the correct terms will... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,732,850 | 2,733,350 |
Germany, on 19 June, 1947, 0930-045, Justive Beals, presiding. THE MARSHAL:Persons in the courtroom will please find their seats. The Honorable, the Judges of Military Tribunal 1. Military Tribunal 1 is now in session. God save the United States of America and this Honorable Tribunal There will be order in the courtroo... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,733,300 | 2,733,800 |
misgivings, following the example of other authors in speaking of this as an infection or subsequent infection, but I must again emphasize that this vaccine contained no components pathogenic to human beings of, after this renewed introduction are formed, which will manifest itself in a new increase in the titer values... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,733,750 | 2,734,250 |
the organism for 25-30 days. The subsequent innoculation was administered at the time when the vaccinated persons had a hidden infection. From comparison it was ascertain that a virus killed with phenal had no effect on a virulent infection. I believe that is all I have to repeat of this particular work. Now, if one lo... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,734,200 | 2,734,700 |
persons twice in the normal way, namely, by intramuscular injection. This group, after a lapse of four weeks, was to be given a subsequent vaccination through scarification, such as is carried out in smallpox vaccination and which I explained yesterday. This scarification was to be a third inoculation to test the immun... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,734,650 | 2,735,150 |
time in the second case, so that we anticipated that the vaccine would have matured further; thus we could expect a further reduction in the reaction to the vaccine, but it could be proved only in practice to what extent this would actually be the case. This again was a testing of the tolerability of the vaccine. Q.Do ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,735,100 | 2,735,600 |
lice typhus with which you manufactured your vaccine? A.This lice typhus strain was a virus sent us by Professor Giroud from the Institut Pasteur in Paris; this typhus virus had gone through several animal passages and it was sent to us in this form from Paris. This was the only laboratory strain that we had. Q.Profess... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,735,550 | 2,736,050 |
on your own initiative and that to receive aid, particularly financial aid, in this research you applied for research assignments, is that correct? A.Yes, it is. Q.Would you please tell us again from whom you received these assignments? A.Some of them I received from the Reich Research Council, others from the Medical ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,736,000 | 2,736,500 |
number 55, and also the Referat number 2 II B. These are the numbers of the Referat for aviation medicine. Consequently the prosecution has assumed that Dr. Becker-Freyseng had something to do with the giving of these assignments, because he was the competent Referent in the Referat of which this is the file note. What... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,736,450 | 2,736,950 |
Dr. Becker-Freyseng visited me the end of July 1944, at Professor Schroeder's suggestion, in order to discuss with me the problem of acquiring experimental animals. He was to find out my specific wishes in this matter, because at that time he was in charge of acquiring experimental animals in the Medical Inspectorate D... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,736,900 | 2,737,400 |
we described the progress the work was making, My reports were sent in, first of all, when I was specifically asked to send in a report; or secondly, when I had used up all my funds and had to give some reason for wishing additional funds. These reports were much the same in form as the one here to the Reich Research C... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,737,350 | 2,737,850 |
myself, this vaccine used not only the irtelline sac but-- QWitness, I don't think the details are of interest to the Tribunal. This, then was a vaccine manufactured, by somebody else, the Behring Works, and you were to test it. Now, how were you to test it and how did you test it? A.- The testing was carried out in th... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,737,800 | 2,738,300 |
fault, your Honor. BY DR. TIPP: *' Q.- From this file notation, witness, the Prosecution has drawn the conclusion that all the contents of this letter, numbers 1 to 4 were worked on by Dr. Becker-Freyseng, the Referent for Aviation Medicine. What do you have to say to that? A.- To that I can only say that this was a hy... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,738,250 | 2,738,750 |
was finished? THE PRESIDENT:Counsel, how long will your further examination of this witness continue? DR. TIPP:I think I shall be done by the intermission. THE PRESIDENT:You mean you estimate fifteen minutes further? The Tribunal will now be in recess for a few minutes. (Thereupon a recess was taken.) THE MARSHAL:The T... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,738,700 | 2,739,200 |
It is the letter with the heading: "Medical Academy of the Luftwaffe" Training Group Science and Research, 7 July, 1944, and it is signed by Oberstarzt Professor Dr. Luxenburger, Witness, from that document I should like to discuss merely one point with you, and that is the following: It is mentioned here, about the mi... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,739,150 | 2,739,650 |
that notation already when it was submitted for approval for publication? ANo, that can be seen beyond doubt from the dates. Document 128, which contains approval for publication of my study, was dated 7 July 1944, whereas the document just mentioned, where that passage can be found, dates from 10 July 1944. So that th... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,739,600 | 2,740,100 |
every three months I reported to the Medical Inspectorate about vaccinations, because that was hardly possible, since altogether vaccinations were administered only twice -- in May 1943 and in the winter, that is December 1943 to January 1944. It is incorrect that from any report it could have been seen that I had inno... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,740,050 | 2,740,550 |
already shows that our fields of work were entirely different. No close cooperation on any scientific or any similar field ever took place with Professor Hirt. In particular, we never made any scientific studies together at Natzweiler. QThen you were at no time an assistant of Professor Hirt in his work, as the Prosecu... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,740,500 | 2,741,000 |
not supposed to use for vaccinations, As I have already explained, these were protective vaccinations which, first of all, were to protect the vaccinees themselves, and then also protect the rest of the inmates, and, in case of an epidemic, if the camp could have been vaccinated to a large extent it would have been a g... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,740,950 | 2,741,450 |
President, I have no further questions to this witness. THE PRESIDENT:Dr. Fritz for the defendant Rose may examine the witness. BY DR. FRITZ (Defense counsel for the defendant Rose): Q.Professor, due to the very detailed examination by my colleague, Dr. Tipp, a large portion of the questions which I intended to put to ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,741,400 | 2,741,900 |
course, my list of medical literature is not complete. One may say there are several classical studies here. One by Jersin and Vasalle. Vasalle was one of the discoverers of the plague germ. QExcuse me, Professor, may I ask you to distinguish between these two groups I have just mentioned? AYes, yes. I will just speak ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,741,850 | 2,742,350 |
subjects, of whom only two fell ill. Then there is the study by Vontemillas from 1939; here also, vaccinations were first carried out and then an infection was brought about with typhus rickettsia. Here also it came to an outbreak of the disease. Finally there is to be mentioned a study by Blanc and Baltazard, who inoc... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,742,300 | 2,742,800 |
say about your work as consultant or your work in carrying out research assignments? AMy reports as consultant went to theAir Fleet Physician, as I have mentioned already, and then through channels to the Inspectorate. A direct report could not take place, because there was no subordination. Also as far as my scientifi... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,742,750 | 2,743,250 |
THE PRESIDENT:If Dr. Nelte on behalf of the defendant Handloser has some questions he may proceed. BY DR. NELTE: Q.In the direct examination you have already told us that if in the fields of your research you had any requests to make you turned to the Reich Research Council or the Chief of the Medical Service of the Lu... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,743,200 | 2,743,700 |
occur. Q.To the question of hepatitis you have given us sufficient answers already, but concerning hepatitis I should like to ask you, at the conference on hepatitis in June 1944 at Breslau did anyone of the lecturers report on experiments on human beings within the scope of hepatitis research? A. There were six or sev... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,743,650 | 2,744,150 |
the Luftwaffe wanted to have an additional source, and the simplest thing, was of course, to establish its own production as the Army had done. Q.Therefore, the fundamental reason was the effort of the Lufewaffe to become somewhat independent as far as priority or urgency was concerned from the distribution, that came ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,744,100 | 2,744,600 |
was the Air Fleet Physician Reich. Q.Was Professor Handloser as the Chief of the Medical Service of the Wehrmacht in a position to give you any orders? A.No. As far as I know military channels, that was not possible. Q.Now, if he had wanted to get some information about something which you might have been in a position... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,744,550 | 2,745,050 |
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