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This is a corrected copy of transcript for 5 December 1946. Please destroy your old copies Official Transcript of the American Military Tribunal in the matter of the United States of America, against Karl Brandt, et al, defendants, sitting at Nurnberg, Germany, on 5 December 1946, 1015-1200 hours, Justice Beal presidin... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 0 | 500 |
in the previous trial it will hardly be possible to get my witnesses here in that time since I do not know where some of them are. There is the same difficulty with the experts. They would have to be here from the beginning of the trial. Whoever is inclined to appear as an expert and who is possible as an expert for th... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 450 | 950 |
requirement that we furnish these documents. We are indeed bound by custom here to give them all documents 24 hours in advance of their use. They have received these documents nearly a week in advance of the trial and it is just a privilege which we extend because we are in a position to do so and think it will assist ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 900 | 1,400 |
perform their duties. In many respects, because of the language situation in this trial, I think their difficulties are no greater than our own on the Prosecution side. I must finally point out that a postponement of this trial means a postponement of other trials which are to follow this one. Under Ordinance Number 7,... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,350 | 1,850 |
or in other places which we do not now have, which, of course, are not in the Defendants' Information Center, but a few instances will come up where we will find documents that we will want to use, but, by and large, I think that the 300 which we made available will pretty well cover the case in chief. THETRIBUNAL (Jud... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 1,800 | 2,300 |
quite briefly to the argument made by General Taylor. It is a matter cf course that as far as the claim is concerned, we have none for the presentation of such documents. In practice, the situation is different. It is such that during the proceedings we will have to make our applications. I must be in a position to pre... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,250 | 2,750 |
the Prosecution's case that would require the presence of your expert witnesses throughout that phase of the Prosecution? DR. SERVATIUS:According to German legal procedure, the expert ought to be present during the entire proceedings, and the expert, in particular, ought to be in a position to judge from his own expert... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,700 | 3,200 |
the fact that the trial was scheduled to start as early as 9th of December I had requested to be given the possibility of calling these doctors who reside in Heidelberg, Wurtzberg, Cologne, and as far as I know, Tuebingen, and that I night be given the opportunity to visit there. I still have not received a reply to th... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,150 | 3,650 |
Defense, Dr. Servatius, I believe, has said that although many of these documents are now in the Defense Information Center, yet there is no list of the documents and from which they can work adequately. Can you advise the Court about that, sir? GENERAL TAYLOR:Prosecution furnished the Information Center with a list of... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,600 | 4,100 |
much better position to review because they can understand them. They do not have to deal with translators. Sometimes if is very late when they are translated. I have had access to very few documents. May I make a comment while at the podium about Dr. Nelte's point about expert witnesses. I do not know of circumstances... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 4,050 | 4,550 |
48 hours, I should think, at least. THE PRESIDENT:It is not the idea of the Tribunal that the statement should be very long. I know nothing of your translation facilities. I would assume that if a brief statement in English were filed, it would probably materially assist the counsel for the defendants, just to give eac... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 4,500 | 5,000 |
Waldemar Hoven, Wilhelm Beiglb?? Adolf Porkorny, Herta Oberhauser, Fritz Fischer.) THE SECRETARY GENERAL:All of the defendants are present and accounted for. THE PRESIDENT:The Secretary General will note for the record the prose of the defendants. I have two questions now to propound to the defendants. As the name of e... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 4,950 | 5,450 |
to this indictment and do you now plead Not Guilty to the indictment? RUDOLF BRANDT:Yes. THE PRESIDENT:Siegfried Handloser. Is your name Siegfried Handloser? SIEGFRIED HANDLOSER:Yes THE PRESIDENT:Have you received and have you had an opportunity to read the indictment filed against you? SIEGFRIED HANDLOSER:Yes. THE PRE... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 5,400 | 5,900 |
VIKTOR BRACK:Yes. THE PRESIDENT:Have you entered your plea of Not Guilty to this indictment and do you now plead Not Guilty to this indictment? VIKTOR BRACK:I plead Not Guilty. THE PRESIDENT:You may be seated. Hermann Becker-Freyseng. Is your name Hermann Becker-Freyseng? HERMANNBECKER-FREYSENG: Yes. THE PRESIDENT:Have... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 5,850 | 6,350 |
to read the indictment filed against you? FRITZ FISCHER:Yes. THE PRESIDENT:Have you entered your plea of Not Guilty to this indictment and do you now plead Not Guilty to this indictment? FRITZ FISCHER:Yes, Not Guilty. THE PRESIDENT:The Secretary General will note the questions and answers propounded to the defendants. ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 6,300 | 6,800 |
an original and six copies of a memorandum which shall disclose: 1. The name of the witness. 2. His nationality, 3. His residence or station. 4. His official rank or position. 5. Whether he is called as an expert witness or as a witness to testify to facts, and if the latter, a prepared statement of the subject matter ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 6,750 | 7,250 |
days, and each defendant having had ample opportunity to read the indictments, and having regularly entered his plea of not guilty to the indictments the Tribunal is ready to proceed with the trial. This Tribunal will conduct the trial in accordance with controlling laws, rules, and regulations, and with due regard to ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 7,200 | 7,700 |
tried by a court of American judges. The responsibilities thus imposed upon the representatives of the United States, prosecutors and judges alike, are grave and unusual. They are owed not only to the victims, and to the parents and children of the victims, that just punishment be imposed on the guilty, and not only to... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 7,650 | 8,150 |
punish have been so calculated, so malignant, and so devastating that civilization cannot tolerate their being ignored because it cannot survive their being repeated." To the German people we owe a special responsibility in these proceedings. Under the leadership of the Nazis and their war lords, the German nation spre... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 8,100 | 8,600 |
the German people have as yet any conception of how deeply the criminal folly that was Nazism bit into every phase of German life, or of how utterly ravaging the consequences were. It will be our task to make these things clear. These are the high purposes which justify the establishment of extraordinary courts to hear... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 8,550 | 9,050 |
those which Mr. McHaney will offer in evidence. The chart in the front of the courtroom to which I now referring will not be offered in evidence; it is intended merely as a convenient guide to the Court and to defense counsel to enable them to follow the opening statement and to comprehend the over-all structure of the... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 9,000 | 9,500 |
the medical service of the Navy is not of much importance. During most of the war the defendant Handloser was the chief of the medical service of the German Army; in 1944 he was succeeded in this capacity by Dr. Walther. The chief of the medical service of the German Air Force until 1943 was Dr. Erich Hippke; from Janu... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 9,450 | 9,950 |
1942, Hitler issued a decree, a copy of which will later be read before the Court, which established the defendant Handloser as chief of the medical services of the Wehrmacht. Shown on the chart here Handloser's name appears in this capacity. Handloser was given supervisory and professional authority over the medical s... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 9,900 | 10,400 |
activities of the medical societies, the medical colleges, and the Reich Research Council. Brandt also appointed Admiral Fickentscher, who had theretofore been the chief medical officer of the German Navy, as his subordinate to head the Office for Planning and Production. In this field, Fickjentscher dealt with the pri... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 10,350 | 10,850 |
appear in the course of presenting the evidence concerning sterilization experiments (paragraph 6 (I) of the Indictment. The three defendants who are not doctors are shown in the top righthand corner of the chart. Two of them--Rudolf Brandt and Brack--are administrative officers. Rudolf Brandt had the rank of Colonel i... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 10,800 | 11,300 |
defendant Rudolf Brandt held the rank of Colonel in the general (Allgemeine) SS, and was a personal assistant to Himmler in Himmler', capacity as Reichsfuehrer SS. The defendant Brack held officer rank in both the SS and the Waffen SS. The defendant Sievers held the rank of Colonel in the SS, was manager of the Ahnener... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 11,250 | 11,750 |
to research or experimentation and will be dealt with later. What I will cover now comprehends all the experiments charged as war crimes in Paragraph 6 and as crime against humanity in Paragraph 11 of the Indictment, and the murders committed so-called anthropological purposes which are charged as war crimes in Paragra... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 11,700 | 12,200 |
the techniques for genocide, a policy of the Third Reich exemplified in the "euthenasia" program and in the widespread slaughter of Jews, gypsies, Poles and Russians. This policy of mass extermination could not have been so effectively carried out without the active participation of German medical scientists. I will no... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 12,150 | 12,650 |
was altered to simulate the atmospheric conditions prevailing at extremely high altitudes. The pressure in the chamber could be varied with great rapidity, which permitted the defendants to to duplicate the atmospheric conditions which an aviator might encounter in falling great distances through space without a parach... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 12,600 | 13,100 |
later. A heavy subarchnoid edema was found in the brain. In the veins and arteries of the brain, a considerable quantity of air was discovered. Furthermore, the blood vessels in the heart and liver were enormously obstructed by embolism." After seeing this report, Himmler ironically ordered that if a subject should be ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 13,050 | 13,550 |
a former delicatessen clerk, who was given an oxygen mask and raised in the chamber to an atmospheric elevation of over 47,000 feet, at which point the mask was removed and a parachute descent was simulated. The report describes the victim's reactions -- "spasmodic convulsions", "agonal convulsive breathing", "clonic c... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 13,500 | 14,000 |
they were forced to remain in a tank of iced water for three hours at a time. The water experiments are described in a report by Rascher written in August 1942. I quote: "Electrical measurements gave low temperature readings of 26.4° in the stomach and 26.5° in the rectum. Fatalities occurred only when the brain stem a... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 13,950 | 14,450 |
under narcosis, likewise the tonic-clonic twitchings. At this point, speech became difficult because the rigor also affected the speech musculature. "Simultaneously with the rigor, a severe difficulty in breathint set in with or without narcosis. It was reported that, so to speak, an iron ring was placed about the ches... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 14,400 | 14,900 |
and several combination of these drugs. Many deaths occurred from excessive doses of neo-salvarsan and pyramidon. According to the findings of the Dachau court, malaria was the direct cause of 30 deaths and 300 to 400 other died was the result of later subsequent complications. D. Mustard Gas Experiments The experiment... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 14,850 | 15,350 |
more completely similar to these prevailing at the front lines would be more completely simulated. Bullet wounds were simulated on the subjects by trying off the blood vessel at both ends of the incision. A gangrene-producing culture was then placed in the wounds. Severe infection resulted within twenty-four hours. Ope... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 15,300 | 15,800 |
Farben. The defendants Becker-Freyseng and Schaefer were among the participants. It was a greed to conduct a series of experiments in which the subjects, fed only with ship-wreck emergency rations, would be divided into four groups. One group would receive no water at all; the second would drink ordinary seawater; the ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 15,750 | 16,250 |
a check. The tests were actually begun in July 1944. The defendant Beiglbeck supervised the experiments, in the course of which the Gypsy subjects underwent terrible suffering, became delirious or developed convulsions, and some died. H. Epidemic Jaundice The epidemic jaundice experiments, which took place at Sachesenh... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 16,200 | 16,700 |
the defendant Pokerny called this to Himmler's attention, and suggested that it should be developed and used against Russian prisoners of war. I quote one paragraph from Pokorny's letter written at that time: "If, on the basis of this research, it were possible to produce a drug which after a relatively short time, eff... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 16,650 | 17,150 |
In my opinion the number of daily deportations will not exceed this figure." In this same report the defendant Brack related that, and I quote "..... the latest X-ray technique and research make it easily possible to carry out mass sterilization by means of X-rays. However, it appears to be impossible to take these mea... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 17,100 | 17,600 |
with typhus vaccines. Two hundred more prisoners were furnished in the summer of 1944. These experiments caused many fatalities among the prisoners. The general pattern of these typhus experiments was as follows. A group of concentration camp inmates, selected from the healthier ones who had some resistance to disease,... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 17,550 | 18,050 |
sick with typhus, except two, who, the fact was established later, already had been sick with typhus during an epidemic at the police prison in Berlin. 9 Jan. 43: By order of the surgeon general of the Waffen SS, SS-Gruppenfuehrer and Maj.Gen. of the Waffen SS, Dr. GENKEN, the hitherto existing typhus research station ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 18,000 | 18,500 |
Poisons were administered to Russian prisoners-of-war in their food and German doctors stood behind a curtain to watch the reactions of the prisoner Some of the Russians died immediately, and the survivors were killed in order to permit autopsies. The defendant Mrugowsky, in a letter written in September 1944, has prov... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 18,450 | 18,950 |
defendants Rudolf Brandt and Sievers. Sievers and his associates in the Ahnenerbe Society were completely obsessed by all the vicious and malignant Nazi racial theories. They conceived the notion of applying these nauseous theories in the field of anthropology. What ensued was murderous folly. In February 1942, Sievers... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 18,900 | 19,400 |
to inform you that our associate, Dr. Boger, who was in change of the above special project, has interrupted his experiments in the Concentration Camp Auschwitz because of the existing danger of epidemics Altogether 115 persons were worked on. 79 were Jews, 30 were Jewesses, 2 were Poles, and 4 were Asiatics. At the pr... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 19,350 | 19,850 |
of witnesses and see pictorial exhibits depicting tho charnal house which was the Anatomy Institute of tho Reich University of Strasbourg. I have now completed the sketch of some of the foul crimes which these defendants committed in the name of research. The horrible record of their degradation needs no underlining. C... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 19,800 | 20,300 |
and training was rather standardized but good. The students spent five or six years at one or several of the medical universities, they took a final examination covering their clinical studies and then spent a year at an authorized hospital under supervision. Thereafter the internes were licensed, and permitted to esta... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 20,250 | 20,750 |
a blue shield with the Star of David and had to add a middle name such as "Sarah" or "Israel." Their prescriptions likewise had to bear the Star of David, which exposed their patients to all kinds of unpleasantness when filling them at pharmacies, most of which had signs in their windows reading "Jews not wanted." At f... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 20,700 | 21,200 |
concentrated under Dr. Gütt, who was thus enabled to coordinate the practical application of his policy with his theoretical principles. Even psychiatric social service agencies, which did thorough and well-organized work prior to 1933, were reduced to mere screening stations for hereditary and racial selection. All go... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 21,150 | 21,650 |
organizations to which they were forced to belong. A student whose knowledge of the racial theories and Nurnberg laws was not sufficient would fail his medical examinations. Chaiers in the universities were filled in many cases by Nazi so-called "professors" who might or might not have a scienttific background. The tru... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 21,600 | 22,100 |
elements of the doctor-patient relationship. In this noxious garden of lies, the seeds of the experiments were planted. In the climate of Nazi Germany, they grow with horrible rapidity. CRIMES OF MASS EXTERMINATION: "EUTHANASIA" AND THE MURDER OF FOLISH NATIONALS From the preaching of Gutt and others sprang the nations... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 22,050 | 22,550 |
infectious will be 'specially teated' (sonderbehandelt). All other Polish consumptives will be subjected to an appropriate cure in order to save them for work and to avoid their causing contagion. "According to your request I made arrangements with the offices in question, in order to start and carry out this radical p... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 22,500 | 23,000 |
A considerable number of well known leading men, especially of the police, have been infected lately and are not available for the wareffort because of the necessary medical treatment. The ever increasing risks were also recognized and appreciated by the deputy of the Reich Leader for Public Health (Reichsgesundheitsfu... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 22,950 | 23,450 |
to human judgment, are incurable, can, upon a most careful diagnosis of their condition of sickness, be accorded a mercy death. signed ADOLF HITLER" After the receipt of this order, an organization was set up to execute this program. Karl Brandt headed the medical section and Phillip Bouhler the administrative section.... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 23,400 | 23,900 |
of encephalitis. The ashes are available if so desired. This is plain murder just as in the concentration camps. This measure uniformly emanates from the SS in Berlin. The institutions dare not inform the authorities. Inquire at once at Rottenmuenster, Schassenried, Winzertal, all in Wurttemberg. Have the lists of two ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 23,850 | 24,350 |
polite word for the systematic slaughter of Jews and many other categories of persons useless or unfriendly to the Nazi regime. The evidence before the International Military Tribunal proved this clearly, and the judgment states and I quote from the transcript, pp. 16916-17, 17007: "Reference should also be made to the... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 24,300 | 24,800 |
says that Germany cannot win the war, if there is yet a just God, these expressions are not the result of lack of love for the Fatherland but of a deep concern for our people. High authority as a moral concept has suffered a severe shock as a result of these happenings." I have outlined the particular charges against t... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 24,750 | 25,250 |
government. All of them violated the Hippocratic commandments which they had solemnly sworn to uphold and abide by, including the fundamental principle **************************************** Outstanding men of science, distinguished for their scientific ability in Germany and abroad, are the defendants Rostock and Ro... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 25,200 | 25,700 |
providing the impetus for Ding's fearful typhus researches, and Milch and Hippke at the root of the freezing tests. Under Himmler's authority, the medical leaders of the SS-Grawitz, Genzken, Gebhardt and others -- set the wheels in motion. They arranged for the procurement of victims through other branches of the SS, a... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 25,650 | 26,150 |
be a Jew, or a pole, or a Gypsy, or a Russian prisoner of-war. Whatever book or treatise on medical ethics we may examine, and whatever expert on forensic medicine we may question, will say that it is a fundamental and inescapable obligation of every physician under any known system of law not to perform a dangerous ex... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 26,100 | 26,600 |
permitted but the animals have to be killed immediately and painlessly after such experiments. Individual physicians are not permitted to use dogs to increase their surgical skill by such practices. National Socialism regards it as a sacred duty of German science to keep down the number of painful animal experiments to... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 26,550 | 27,050 |
time. He said: "I should like to make two additional remarks. One of them is, please for God's sake leave our present financial needs out of all these considerations. This is a problem which concerns the entire future of our people, indeed, one may say without being over-emotional about it, the entire future of humanit... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 27,000 | 27,500 |
it was highly systematic -- that "it got things done." The evidence which this Tribunal will hear will explode this myth. The Nazi methods of investigation were inefficient and unscientific, and their techniques of research were unsystematic. These experiments revealed nothing which civilized medicine can use. It was, ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 27,450 | 27,950 |
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