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"may be". Q.Do you have any other analysis to make concerning any of the other notations on the back of this Chart #23 as set forth in the translation that you have before you? A.No. Q.Have I pointed out to you clearly the remarks which are indicative of illness on the part of the patient? A.Yes, I think it is obvious ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,610,000 | 2,610,500 |
pneumonia, on is that too difficult? A:No, I would have to see the actual film. Q:Now, you state that one should have certainly followed up the subjects 21, 23, and 30, and number 25? A:Yes, and number 3. Q:And number 3. Now, the subjects that supposedly received 1,000 cc. of Berkatit treated seawater daily from about ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,610,450 | 2,610,950 |
opinion based on the data that are available. Q:On page 8762 of the official transcript of this trial, Doctor, the testimony of the defendant Biegelboeck, which will be found in the afternoon a session of 9 Jame 1947 - A:What was the page, please? Q:That is page 8762. A question put to Dr. Biegelboeck reads as follows,... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,610,900 | 2,611,400 |
direct you attention in particular to that paragraph which be with the Arabic numeral 2. Prior to that paragraph these words appear: "duration of experiments maximum 6 days. In addition to these experiments a further experiment should be conducted as follows: 2. Persons given seawater and as a diet also the emergency s... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,611,350 | 2,611,850 |
what his physical condition was at the time he broke into the experiment by gaining access to water or to fresh water as the case may be? A.The record will show that I did not include subject No. 27 in my list of the subjects who appeared to be sick on the basis of the study of these records. Q.The defendant has made t... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,611,800 | 2,612,300 |
to fresh water they again became fit enough so that they could safely be put on a second routine of salt water, or hunger and thirst; do I make myself clear, Sir? A.Yes, in the case of Subject No. 27, and we are talking about that subject, the chart indicates that the pluse was quite slow and unstable and that is the o... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,612,250 | 2,612,750 |
you wanted me to take them up one at a time on the basis of my study of these records of the group of subjects who were exposed to two experimental regimes without more than four or five days between. All of them were in good condition at the time the second period was carried out. Now they had not all gained as much w... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,612,700 | 2,613,200 |
I forced him to continue he would not be reliable and cooperative and I could not expect to obtain reliable data from him; so I permit them to drop out as soon as they express their desire -- the reason of humanitarian and pragmatic ethical philosophy. Q Let us assume that at the outset and prior to the beginning of th... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,613,150 | 2,613,650 |
that "HP" stood for cisternal puncture and "LP" for lumbar puncture. I don't understand that "LP" refers to liver puncture and "HP" to intravenous medication. Q Would where be any purpose whatsoever in performing a lumbar puncture in these experiments? AWell, I do not think so. From a scientific standpoint one could sa... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,613,600 | 2,614,100 |
believe, up to thirty minutes because of lack of oxygen and they were disoriented for a period of from thirty up to ninty minutes. Q.Well, now the extremeness of these conditions are recorded by the authors on page 97 of Document Book II. Therein they report that no lasting injury due to oxygen lack occured. Is that st... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,614,050 | 2,614,550 |
consciousness. With that knowledge one can determine the amount of oxygen that has to be put in a bale out bottle in order to preserve consciousness from one high altitude to a lower safe altitude. Q.Was that knowlege known, were those facts known generally in the medical world in the year 1942, doctor? A.Yes, in 1942.... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,614,500 | 2,615,000 |
deceased become a so-called medical hero a martre to medical science? A.Yes, we consider Major Boynton a hero, a medical hero, in the field of aviation medicine and I might say that on the occasion of his death the causes were investigated very carefully by the Air Surgeon. Q.Dr. Ivy, because of the fact that you are s... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,614,950 | 2,615,450 |
of this witness in the manner in which it has been done so far, and as apparently the Prosecution intends to continue. This witness was introduced into this trial by an affidavit which concerned itself exclusively with seawater experiments. Now, the attempt is being made to submit a whole series of documents to the wit... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,615,400 | 2,615,900 |
to make it clear to Dr. Seidl in as much as he was not present when I requested this Tribunal to call Dr. Ivy out of of order, as a rebuttal witness of the Prosecution due to the fact Dr. Ivy must return to the states immediately, and on that particular day Dr. Seidl wasn't here, and the Tribunal ruled that we can call... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,615,850 | 2,616,350 |
experiments. The expert, without keeping the prescribed time limit, is called and immediately he starts testifying about high altitude experiments when it had not been announced he would testify about these at all. Now, for the defense the result is a very great difficulty from this way of treating the case. I am a law... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,616,300 | 2,616,800 |
We think that the unjust part of the question of this expert speaking about all these questions is that he appears as a foreigner while the experts for which we made application has been refused. The Frenchman, Georges Blanc, even stated to defense counsel he was ready to appear here and we would all have been ready to... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,616,750 | 2,617,250 |
evidence, new evidence is not to be introduced, but just as in the arguments the prosecution offers its arguments, the defense replies and the prosecution replies to the arguments of the defendants The order of acceptance of evidence follows that same principle. The witness of course is called out of order but he is ca... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,617,200 | 2,617,700 |
expert. Yesterday and today the expert, at the questioning of the prosecution, will and has possibly quite extensively discussed a number of questions regarding the problem of altitude experiments. It is my duty immediately following tho direct examination to ask the expert questions and I am not able to do so, as I am... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,617,650 | 2,618,150 |
Ruff coming down and sitting with his counsel and possibly asking some of the questions himself to the witness. The defendant Ruff, after the witness has testified concerning questions in which the Defendant Ruff is interested. The Defendant Ruff would be excused from the dock to consult with his counsel if his counsel... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,618,100 | 2,618,600 |
amount of air embolism was found in the vessels of the brain, the coronary vessels and the vessels of the liver and the intestines, etc. "That proves that air embolism, so far considered as absolutely fatal, is not fatal at all but that it is reversible as shown by the return to normal conditions of all the other VP's.... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,618,550 | 2,619,050 |
of pressure drop sickness had combined with the results of severe oxygen lack." Now, I should like to know, Professor Ivy, whether the sentence we have just read - that is, the first sentence we read in the Rascher report - that was DocumentNO 220which says: "To find out whether the severe psychological and physical ef... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,619,000 | 2,619,500 |
base your opinion on, Doctor. AIt has been the theory for some time that the symptoms associated with decompression or pressure drop sickness may be due to the formation of gas bubbles in the blood vessels of the brain or collection of gas bubbles in the regions of the joints or the collection of gas bubbles in the blo... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,619,450 | 2,619,950 |
German. THE PRESIDENT:The Counsel's request will be complied with. Now, in regard to the defendant Romberg's Counsel not being present, I would ask him if he will chose any other Counsel that is present to sit beside him, if he desires. (No reply from defendant Romberg) I understand defendant Romberg is content to sit ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,619,900 | 2,620,400 |
experiment; would you, then, have assumed responsibility and stopped me? AI should have, yes. QIs that your duty to stop me? AI personally should consider it so. QAssume that you were not my superior, that is, I was not working as your assistant, but that you were an observer, but a senior investigator; in the same pro... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,620,350 | 2,620,850 |
this particular subject was one of the subjects referred to as being a subject of slow decent or one of the subjects in the Rascher report. I simply want to correct scientifically the interpretation which the witness himself on page 6583 gave. QOn page 6592 of the record - what page is that in German? INTERPRETER:Page ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,620,800 | 2,621,300 |
tell tale remarks of this connection....." This is the last sentence in that paragraph of the question which I will repeat: "Now, you had not other clues to pressure drop sickness than Rascher's air bubbles which he had shown to you during an autopsy, had you?" To this Romberg replied: "No, the air bubbles which one se... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,621,250 | 2,621,750 |
he was a murderer, neither morally or legally is it quite clear, I said already." As a physician and a scientist having studied the circumstances surrounding the death of this prisoner, what is your opinion? AIt appears to me that the killing could only be viewed as an execution or as a deliberate killing or murder. If... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,621,700 | 2,622,200 |
Q.Would you make an attempt to also report it to your superiors if you had people to whom you were subordinated? A.Certainly. DR.SEIDL: (Seidl for Gebhardt, Fisher and Oberhauser.) Mr. President, I object to that question. THE PRESIDENT:The objection is sustained. The question and answer will be stricken from the recor... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,622,150 | 2,622,650 |
high altitude chamber; do you know anything about that? AI know of no deaths which have occurred in the course of real experimentation in aviation medicine in the United States during the war, I know of some deaths which occurred, however, in the course of routine indoctrination of medical officers, pilots, and aviatio... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,622,600 | 2,623,100 |
again, please? QCould you say whether or not there are any scientific conclusions or whether there is any scientific information contained in that report, which could not have been obtained or gained solely from the experiments supposed to have been conducted by Ruff, Romberg and Rascher in collaboration at Dachau. I m... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,623,050 | 2,623,550 |
altitude, that is with the parachute opened after bailing out from the plane, associated with a long period of oxygen lack and they were dangerous experiments for that reason. QAnd would you be reluctant to perform them yourself? AI would be reluctant to perform them, yes. Q In the course of this trial, Dr. Ivy, we hav... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,623,500 | 2,624,000 |
with the matter referred to by counsel's question. MR. HARDY:Unfortunately, Your Honor, all these reports are not available. I might say that, without exception, most of the defendants have brought up the subject when they were on direct examination about various experiments. I remember, I believe that Mrugowsky mentio... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,623,950 | 2,624,450 |
Colonel Strong, with Dr. B.C. Crowell, hos collaborator in the beri-beri experiments. Q Have you discussed these matters with any other physicians who participated in or have direct knowledge of the experiments? A Not of the experiments which your questions have referred up to the present time. Q Are you in a position ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,624,400 | 2,624,900 |
from a defense document book; secondly, if the witness claims to be a member of a committee and in his capacity is a member of that committee to have such and such knowledge, then I think it is necessary for him to state how long he has been a member of that committee how long that committee has been in existence and h... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,624,850 | 2,625,350 |
as Professor Lightburn did. Professor Lightburn indicated that he knows personally from his own knowledge of the nature of the medical history. THE PRESIDENT: Propound the witness some further questions to show to the Tribunal his knowledge concerning this matter. BY DR. HARDY: Q From your knowledge of yellow fever exp... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,625,300 | 2,625,800 |
cap saying respectfully, "Gentlemen, I salute you." BY MR. HARDY: Q What is the date of that publication? A The date of this publication is 1911. Q In the course of Dr. Reed's experiments, did he use any natives? A I am not certain. Q Did you ever hear tell whether or not he used natives, and offered them a money rewar... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,625,750 | 2,626,250 |
were not offered a pardon? A No, they were not offered a pardon or commutation of sentence? Q Were they offered any reward? A They were offered only extra cigarettes or cigars if they desired them. Q Did any of the experimental subjects used by Colonel Strong and Dr. Crowell in their Beri-beri experiments die? ANo. Q W... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,626,200 | 2,626,700 |
you know under what circumstances these convicts volunteered for these experiments? AThe details are not given in the published article. QHave you ever had the opportunity to talk to Dr. Josef Goldberger or Dr. T. A. Wiehl? ANo, I have not. QThen your knowledge is limited to the publication in the archives of Internal ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,626,650 | 2,627,150 |
which they signed when they decided to volunteer. I can submit that if it is desired. QCould you outline for the Tribunal the method used in procuring these experimental subjects, first of all, what was the manner of selection? AWell, a written statement was posted in the penitentiary in which the importance of the pro... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,627,100 | 2,627,600 |
used in these malaria experiments in the Stateville Penitentiary? AThe exact number I do not know but I know that in the entire program of malaria study eighty compounds were tested on human volunteers who were prisoners in the penitentiaries. QNow, in this connection do you know whether or not any statement was made c... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,627,550 | 2,628,050 |
reactions were of the prisoner volunteers? A.Yes, that was made a subject of a radio broadcast in the United States. Q.Did the prisoners talk over the radio? A.That's right. Q.Do you know what they said over the radio? A.I have the script of that broadcast and can read what some of them said. Q.That won't be necessary,... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,628,000 | 2,628,500 |
A.I talked to the subjects as a group right after they reported and had been subjected to a thorough physical examination, and I told them again the purpose of the experiment, its nature and the possible hazards. I also explained that, when any symptoms of a mental or physical disturbance became manifest, therapy would... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,628,450 | 2,628,950 |
taken the stand and they have given their opinion. I am now asking that of Dr. Ivy. DR.FLEMMING (Counsel for the defendant Mrugowsky): Mr. President, it is my opinion that this is a question which only the Tribunal can decide. The opinion of an individual, of a man who is even a medical expert, is not, in any way, desi... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,628,900 | 2,629,400 |
rebuttal. THE PRESIDENT:The documents may be marked with a prosecution number for identification, given numbers especially. MR. HARDY:Will you kindly pass up that photostat of the publication "Yellow Fever", Dr. Ivy? At this time, Your Honor, I do not propose to pass them over to the Tribunal and give them to the Secre... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,629,350 | 2,629,850 |
whether or not at this time it will be necessary for the Tribunal to rule whether or not this evidence concerning experiments in other countries will be admissible or will be inadmissible, or am I too premature. If the ruling is favorable, it will necessitate processing, filing copies with defense counsel; if not favor... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,629,800 | 2,630,300 |
pertaining to the plague experiments of Colonel Strong purport to be a true copy of the original? AYes. QFrom these reports concerning the beri-beri and plague experiments is it possible to ascertain that deaths occurred in either of those experiments? AIn the plague experiments it is a page photo stated in which it st... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,630,250 | 2,630,750 |
been testifying to? AI have a copy of the agreement which prisoners in the Federal Penitentiary sign when they volunteer for subjects in medical experiments. QDo you have any experience from your own knowledge of the subjects in Federal Penitentiaries, that is, do you know of any experiments wherein Federal inmates wer... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,630,700 | 2,631,200 |
you were beginning to discuss medical ethics in the United States. I wish to inform you that we have had Professor Leibbrandt, many of the defendants and other defense and prosecution witnesses testify concerning medical ethics in general and in your report would you kindly outline for tho Tribunal the procedures follo... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,631,150 | 2,631,650 |
Performance of Scientific Experiments on Human Beings" contains all the principles which I have read. I have that decree in the form of a mimeographed document with me here. QAnd that purports to be a rule of medical ethics for the experimentation upon human beings drafted by the American Medical Association based on i... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,631,600 | 2,632,100 |
medical profession over the civilized world generally? AThey are identical, according to my information, and with that idea in mind I cited the principles which were mentioned in this circular letter from the Reich Minister of the Interior dated February 28, 1931 to indicate that the ethical principles for the use of h... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,632,050 | 2,632,550 |
his patient or experimental subject or is that responsibility solely the moral responsibility of the physician or scientist? A.I do not believe the state can assume the moral responsibility that a physician has for his patient or experimental subject. DR. SEIDL:I object to this question in that it is a purely legal que... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,632,500 | 2,633,000 |
patient or experimental subject? A.That is my opinion. Q.What do you base your opinion on? What is the reason for that opinion? A.I base that opinion on the principles of ethics and morals that are contained in the oath of Hippocrates. I think it should be obvious that a state cannot follow a physician around in his da... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,632,950 | 2,633,450 |
ascertain from the entire report written by Ruff, Romberg, and Rascher that they had knowledge of the work of Rascher as solicited in the other reports? A.No, my testimony in answer to those two questions was not inconsistent. I said that in view of the circumstances and because of the similarity of the subject matter ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,633,400 | 2,633,900 |
AMy answer was no, by which I mean that the Ruff, Romberg, Rascher report as it stands could have been written if Rascher had not done his autopsy work on the subject in question. BY MR. HARDY: QIn that connection, doctor, may I ask you to refer to page 91 of Document Book II. This paragraph reads "In spite of the rela... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,633,850 | 2,634,350 |
due to the combination of oxygen lack and of low pressure. QThen, in the first sentence of that paragraph - that sentence could have been written also without knowledge of the Rascher work? That is the sentence starting out with "In spite of......" AYes, because the expression" relatively large number of experiments" r... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,634,300 | 2,634,800 |
my colleagues about the form that the cross examination shall assume. THE PRESIDENT:Very well, counsel. I would suggest that the Prosecution identification documents be gathered up and returned to the counsel for Prosecution. The Tribunal will now be in recess. THE MARSHAL:Persons in the courtroom will please find thei... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,634,750 | 2,635,250 |
periodical? A.One appears in the Journal of Aviation Medicine either in September or October of 1946. The other appears in the Journal of the American Medical Association in either December or January of 1946 or 1947. The publication on the effect of repeated exposure to mild degrees of oxygen, lack oat altitude appear... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,635,200 | 2,635,700 |
under the term "explosive decompression" experiment, and my question is: whether you also carried out such experiments and if so when and to what extent? A.I carried out over one hundred experiments on explosive decompresion in various laboratories on animals, the rabbit, the dog, the pig and the monkey. I did not serv... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,635,650 | 2,636,150 |
used, have been medical students or dental students, who besides serving as subjects had to attend their studies in schools. In the experiments we did on the conscientious objectors, they could not attend school at the same tame and carry on or perform all the tests they were supposed to perform. For example, we used a... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,636,100 | 2,636,600 |
into the service they registered the fact that they were conscientious objectors and then were placed in a special organization for public service if they would agree to do public service or, if they would agree to do nothing, were placed in prison. A.That is according to my information. JUDGE SEBRING:Thank you. BY DR.... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,636,550 | 2,637,050 |
and necessary for me to use prisoners, I believe that we could have gotten prisoner volunteers for this work. Q.Witness, were you ever in a penitentiary as a visitor? A.Yes. Q.Did you see there how the criminals condemned to death were housed? A.Yes. Q.Are they completely at liberty there or are the criminals condemned... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,637,000 | 2,637,500 |
was condemned, was sentenced by a regular court or a court martial or an extraordinary court? A.None of these prisoners would have been sentenced by a court martial; they would have been sentenced by an ordinary civilian court. Q.How do you know? Did you see the personal files of these prisoners or did you see the opin... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,637,450 | 2,637,950 |
QThat, I cannot understand, Doctor. I can imagine that the State gives an experimenter the order, particularly during war time, to carry out certain experiments, and that in peace time, on his own initiative, the researcher would not carry out such experiments unless he was ordered to by the State. You must recognize t... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,637,900 | 2,638,400 |
the course of the day you stated that in America a compilation was published regarding the prerequisite under which experiments on human being may be carried out. You know what I am speaking of, do you not? ANo. You, told us that a committee, I believe or an association had made a compilation regarding the ethics of me... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,638,350 | 2,638,850 |
Q.To what experiments or to what medical actions docs his decree refer? A.It refers to a decree of the Ministry of Public Welfare regarding the carrying out of scientific experiments on human beings or concerning regulations for modern therapy and the performance of scientific experiments on human beings. Q.You didn't ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,638,800 | 2,639,300 |
countries, why don't you take free persons for experiments? A.Well, in part it is for the same reason that we used conscientious objectors. Conscientious objectors had. nothing else to do except to render public service, Prisoners in a penitentiary can give their full time or full attention to the experiments, and of c... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,639,250 | 2,639,750 |
brain as to how it was possible that there were 900 persons condemned to death in such a small city as Manila, how come there could be so many volunteers. But, now something else in this context. In many regions where these experiments were carried out, the Strong experiments in the Philippines and in other areas such ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,639,700 | 2,640,200 |
been pretty well covered; but counsel may proceed. BY DR. SAUTER: Q.- I shall turn then to another theme, although I do remember cases where individual questions were asked by the prosecution and were kept on the floor for two or three times as long as this question of mine which the witness has still not answered. Wit... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,640,150 | 2,640,650 |
the Luftwaffe and Ruff was a civilian. How do you know that Rascher knew much less about the field of aviation medicine in which he was working that Ruff did? A.- I know that Dr. Ruff has been working in the field of aviation medicine for some time and has done important work in that field, and I learned from reading t... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,640,600 | 2,641,100 |
the circumstances surrounding it, and then have that carefully investigated, At least, my responsibility extends that far. Q.- Your responsibility consists of this, that if you find out about abuses or offenses you should return to America, investigate the case and draw the necessary conclusions? In that you say is you... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,641,050 | 2,641,550 |
attending physician or sergeant". The meaning of "extenuation" is not clear. Q.Let me express myself differently. If such a valve fails, would that constitute for you an act of providence that led to this accident and a reason for declaring that the sergeant in question was morally and legally innocent of any crime? A.... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,641,500 | 2,642,000 |
chamber but in a medical experiment in an aeroplane. The director of the experiment had the subjects carry out gymnastic exercises in the plane at 35,000 feet. Following this exercise bends occurred; there was a collapse; when they returned to earth, there were severe headaches and subsequent death. Is this one of the ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,641,950 | 2,642,450 |
Ivy on this particular report of Dr. Gray, then I ask that he submit a copy of the report to Dr. Ivy so he can refresh his recollection. THE PRESIDENT:Has the witness his copy of the report by Dr. Gray? If so, he should submit it to Dr. Ivy for identification. BY TEE DEFENDANT RUFF: QWe would have put this in as eviden... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,642,400 | 2,642,900 |
from the fact that you had fatalities in America and in Germany we did not? AThe time factor was probably significant. We were training our men in long flights at high altitude and in bombers for 3, 4 and 5 hours. Now, let us turn to the last fatality, the one you mentioned yesterday, in which a major descended by para... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,642,850 | 2,643,350 |
I misunderstood you yesterday, I understand you to mean that the free falling experiments that my colleague Romberg carried out in Dachau and are mentioned in Document No.NO-402you consider necessary for the clarification of this problem? AI qualified my answer in this way and I said the slow descent experiments were u... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,643,300 | 2,643,800 |
explosive decompression in the laboratory at Wright Field. QDr. Ivy, we have been saying now for some time that explosive decompression experiments are made during indoctrination and for other purposes; would you please describe briefly to the Tribunal why this is done and why flying practise makes such explosive decom... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,643,750 | 2,644,250 |
to Dr. Beiglboeck. I understand that Dr. Servatius will conduct the cross examination of the witness on at least some of the general subjects. Will any other counsel cross examine the witness upon any general matter? DR. FLEMMING: I will need about ten minutes. THE PRESIDENT: That will be allocated to you. DR. NELTE: I... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,644,200 | 2,644,700 |
Professor Ivy, if for reasons of aviation medicine one makes experiments with explosive decompression is it not sensible to carry out experiments on the course of the parachute descent following explosive decompression? A Yes, I think up to a certain point. Q Do you agree with me if I say that only explosive decompress... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,644,650 | 2,645,150 |
as simple as I can make the matter. Q.Now, Professor Ivy, you mentioned two factors which have to be considered in these calculations. Do you agree with me if I say that in addition to these two factors, the carbon dioxide in the lungs has to be considered because this influences the amount of oxygen in the lungs? A.Th... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,645,100 | 2,645,600 |
wants to come to reasonably valid results? A.Yes. I agree with that question the way you have worded it. Q.Now, one more brief question about respiration. We just said that the character of the respiration of the aviator in question is a factor in this calculation. You no doubt know that the time, reserve, for example,... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,645,550 | 2,646,050 |
one can rescue aviators for sure? Do you consider that so slight? A Will you repeat those figures again? Q 14,000 meters which was the maximum height as the result of animal experiments, and 21,000 meters which was the result of our human experiments. Do you consider this difference between 14,000 meters and 21,000 met... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,646,000 | 2,646,500 |
know that you were ahead of us in our developments as far as the ejection seat is concerned. Q Do you also agree with me that with these rocket planes one can reach any altitude desired and that the altitude reached depends only on the amount of fuel? A Yes. Q Professor Ivy, you know, you surely know, of modern de velo... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,646,450 | 2,646,950 |
experiments: "1) The question of rescue from extremely high altitudes constituted a problem of the utmost importance for aviation medicine. The experiments yielded unexpected results which were of importance for technical development. "2) Experiments with animals yield no quantitative, binding values. "3) The experimen... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,646,900 | 2,647,400 |
of learning ability which to a certain extent can be tested on animals too? AYes, because an intelligence test as applied by psychologists is nothing more than a test of ability to learn. QProfessor Ivy, I do not know whether the psychologists would quite agree with your opinion, but we will leave that aside. AYou have... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,647,350 | 2,647,850 |
from chronic carbon monoxide poisoning and from literature. AYes, that is morphologically speaking. In such experiments learning ability tests, to my knowledge, have not been applied. There is particular reference to carbon monoxide poisoning. QProfessor Ivy, you will no doubt agree with me that in these cases of brain... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,647,800 | 2,648,300 |
I submit that he should restrict his remarks to direct questions to the witness. THE PRESIDENT:The objection is well taken. That was purely an augumentative statement in testimony. I would also call Dr. Ruff's attention to the fact that he has already exceeded the time which he stated he desired to be allocated to him ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,648,250 | 2,648,750 |
that the question of bends is not yet clear in certain points? A:Yes, in that the bubble theory theory has not been absolutely established, but it is the theory that has the most evidence in its support and it is the only way, in my opinion, that we can explain the prevention of pressure drop sickness by the pre-breath... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,648,700 | 2,649,200 |
Becker-Freyseng, I worked for one year on this decompression sickness. Now, Professor, we have examined these reports of Rascher carefully, not only forthis trial but also we worked on them from the scientific point of view as far as possible on the basis of the records rather inadequate for a scientist, and it seemed ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,649,150 | 2,649,650 |
subjects in medical experiments. Q:And, in the literature which you have read, witness, there was not a single case where deaths occurred? Did I understand you correctly? A:Yes. In the yellow fever experiments I indicated that Dr. Carroll and Dr. Lazare died. Q:That is the only case you know of? A:That's all that I kno... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,649,600 | 2,650,100 |
were given insurance against possible damage or injury. QInsurance. Why did your subjects get this insurance, and why did the prisoners have to give up all claims? Why this distinction? A A I do not know. QWitness, on the basis of your great experience, don't you have any idea why there was this distinction? You are an... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,650,050 | 2,650,550 |
the first prerequisite for human experimentation. Previously you had said that you yourself had been reluctant to apply for volunteers; is that so? A.No. Q.Didn't you say just now that you didn't want to ask your students to volunteer but left that to other agencies so that your authority might not constitute some form... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,650,500 | 2,651,000 |
report I shall read the answers of the experimental subjects to you. One Mr. Quall is asked and he says: "I expect Captain Jones, that these men have many reasons for their volunteering for this war. Captain Jones: Yes, they have. Many have sons and brothers in the armed services, other have other patriotic motives, bu... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,650,950 | 2,651,450 |
will stop here. I shall stop reading; I believe this gives the general impression. Is it correct that all of them are giving idealistic reasons as the motive MR. HARDY:Prior to the question I suggest that the document be handed to Dr. Ivy if he wishes to refer to other sections of it in his answer. DR. SERVATIUS:I shal... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,651,400 | 2,651,900 |
before a German denazification court, namely, that he wanted to help the army. AI did not get the question. Will you please repeat it? QNever mind, No, witness, of the experiments we have here there were none of those volunteered who were outside the penitentiary, now, why did not persons outside the penitentiary volun... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,651,850 | 2,652,350 |
one not weight the advantages against the disadvantages? AI believe so. QThe disadvantage here is the risk of a serious disease, the advantage is fifty-or a hundred dollars. AI should say the advantage is being able to serve for the good of humanity. QFor what reason w as tho money not paid immediately--but in two paym... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,652,300 | 2,652,800 |
in sentence, in being placed on parole sooner than otherwise, was not a prospect. However, since some of these malaria experiments have been terminated a reduction of sentences in addition to that allowed for ordinary "good time" has been granted by the parole board. For that reason Governor Green of the State of Illin... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,652,750 | 2,653,250 |
prisoner. It is believed that a 100% increase in ordinary good time during the duration of the experiments would not be excessive in these experiments requiring the maximum forebearance. "Conclusion 2: A prisoner incapable of becoming a law abiding citizen should be told in advance, if he desires to serve as a subject ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,653,200 | 2,653,700 |
not to go into the way's of wrong doing again. Q.- Do you not think that it has a very practical usefulness? Do you not think that it could lead the police to treat one a little more leniently? A.- I doubt it, although I can't testify regarding what the police might do. Q.- Don't you think that it would be of some aid ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,653,650 | 2,654,150 |
should presume so. QI will put a document to you. For identification purposes it will get Exhibit number KB 113. MR. HARDY:Your Honors, I must object to the admission of this document in evidence. This is merely an opinion of a Staff Sergeant in the United States Army in what might be the B bag section. It looks to me ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,654,100 | 2,654,600 |
the witness? DR. SERVATIUS:I wish to put it to the witness in order to hear from him whether this also is an expression of the idea of atonement of which the witness has already spoken. And I should like to add the thought is expressed in this newspaper which is well known to us defense counsel from the main trial IMT.... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,654,550 | 2,655,050 |
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