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Deutschvölkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund , the largest and most influential anti-Semitic organization in Weimar Germany . He served as its local manager for Lower Franconia until 1921. Moving to Thuringia , he studied engineering at a technical school in Ilmenau from 1922 to 1923, but was expelled for his political acti... | Wikipedia (defendant): Fritz Sauckel | 450 | 950 |
well as the interior minister from which portfolio he controlled all the State police and security apparatus. Following Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, Sauckel was appointed to the new position of Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) of Thuringia on 5 May 1933, a post he would retain unt... | Wikipedia (defendant): Fritz Sauckel | 900 | 1,400 |
Sauckel worked directly under Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring within the Four Year Plan Office, obtaining and allocating labour for German industry and agriculture. On 27 March 1942, Göring issued a decree naming Sauckel the Leader of the Department of Labor Allocation within the Four Year Plan. In response to increased... | Wikipedia (defendant): Fritz Sauckel | 1,350 | 1,850 |
a day after declaring Weimar a fortress city and exhorting his Volkssturm forces to resist the approaching American Army, Sauckel fled the city by car. After the end of the war, he was arrested in Salzburg by members of the US Army Counterintelligence Corps on 12 May 1945. He was interned in the 7th Army Interrogation ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Fritz Sauckel | 1,800 | 2,300 |
" Ich sterbe unschuldig, mein Urteil ist ungerecht. Gott beschütze Deutschland. Möge es leben und eines Tages wieder groß werden. Gott beschütze meine Familie. " ("I die an innocent man, my sentence is unjust. God protect Germany. May it live and one day become great again. God protect my family.") Albert Speer escaped... | Wikipedia (defendant): Fritz Sauckel | 2,250 | 2,750 |
Grabert-Verlag, 1986, p.282, ISBN 3-87847-163-7 . 1 2 Williams 2017 , p. 116. ↑ Der Große Ploetz: Die Enzyklopädie der Weltgeschichte, Verlag Herder GmbH, 2019, Page 978, ISBN 978-3-451-80892-0 . ↑ Broszat, Martin : The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development of the Internal Structure of the Third Reich. New York:... | Wikipedia (defendant): Fritz Sauckel | 2,700 | 3,115 |
Alfred Jodl German general and war criminal (1890–1946) "Jodl" redirects here. For other people with the surname Jodl, see Jodl (disambiguation) . Alfred Josef Ferdinand Jodl ( German: [ ˈjoːdl̩ ] ; born Alfred Josef Baumgärtler ; 10 May 1890 – 16 October 1946) was a German Army Generaloberst (the rank was equal to a f... | Wikipedia (defendant): Alfred Jodl | 0 | 500 |
He was chosen by Hitler to be Chief of the Operations Staff of the newly formed Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW) on 23 August 1939, just prior to the German invasion of Poland . Jodl acted as chief of staff during the invasion of Denmark and Norway . Following the Fall of France , Jodl was optimistic of Germany's succe... | Wikipedia (defendant): Alfred Jodl | 450 | 950 |
upon capture. When confronted with the 1941 mass shootings of Soviet POWs , Jodl claimed the only prisoners shot were "not those that could not, but those that did not want to walk". Additional charges at his trial included unlawful deportation and abetting execution. Presented as evidence was his signature on an order... | Wikipedia (defendant): Alfred Jodl | 900 | 1,400 |
28 September 1921 Rittmeister (Captain) with effect from 1 July 1921 1 February 1922 received Rank Seniority (RDA) from 18 October 1918 30 August 1922 renamed to Hauptmann with effect from 1 October 1922 He was initially promoted to cavalry captain (Rittmeister) as he was serving in Fahr-Abteilung 7 in 1920. He rank de... | Wikipedia (defendant): Alfred Jodl | 1,350 | 1,850 |
on 30 January 1943 Order of Michael the Brave (Romania), 3rd and 2nd Class on 23 December 1943 Wound Badge "20 July 1944" in Black Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 10 May 1945 as Generaloberst and Chef des Wehrmachtführungsstabes im OKW (Dönitz-Erlaß) References ↑ Tofahrn 2008 , pp. 129–130. ↑ O'Keef... | Wikipedia (defendant): Alfred Jodl | 1,800 | 2,300 |
the Fraueninsel to be removed, grave will remain ] (in German). Passauer Neue Pressee, (newspaper). 23 February 2018. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018 . Retrieved 24 August 2020 . Buchheim, Eveline; Futselaar, Ralf (2014). Under Fire: Women and World War II: Yearbook of Women's History/Jaarboek voor Vrouwenge... | Wikipedia (defendant): Alfred Jodl | 2,250 | 2,750 |
A–K [ The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K ] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2299-6 . Tofahrn, Klaus W. (2008). Das Dritte Reich und der Holocaust (in German). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang GmbH. ISBN 978-3-63157-702-8 . External links Alfred Jodl – United States Holocaust Memo... | Wikipedia (defendant): Alfred Jodl | 2,700 | 2,780 |
Franz von Papen German politician (1879–1969) "Papen" redirects here. For other people with the surname, see Papen (surname) . Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von Papen, Erbsälzer zu Werl und Neuwerk ( German: [ ˈfʁants fɔn ˈpaːpn̩ ] ; 29 October 1879 – 2 May 1969) was a German politician, diplomat, Prussian noblema... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 0 | 500 |
have acted as the main culprit in crimes relating to the Nazi government . Papen was given a sentence of eight years' imprisonment at hard labour, but was released on appeal in 1949. Papen's memoirs were published in 1952 and 1953; he died in 1969. Early life and education Papen was born into a wealthy and noble Cathol... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 450 | 950 |
he travelled to Mexico (to which he was also accredited) and observed the Mexican Revolution . At one time, when the anti-Huerta Zapatistas were advancing on Mexico City, Papen organised a group of European volunteers to fight for Mexican General Victoriano Huerta . In the spring of 1914, as German military attaché to ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 900 | 1,400 |
arming and financing of a planned invasion of Mexico. Papen departing New York City on 22 December 1915, after being declared persona non grata by the U.S. government and recalled to Germany Papen's covert operations were known to British intelligence , which shared its information with the US government. His correspon... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 1,350 | 1,850 |
on the General Staff in the Middle East, and then as an officer attached to the Ottoman army in Palestine . During his time in Constantinople, Papen befriended Joachim von Ribbentrop . Between October–December 1917, Papen took part in the heavy fighting in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign . He was promoted to the rank ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 1,800 | 2,300 |
attended Landtag sessions and never spoke at them during his elected mandate. He subsequently tried to have his name entered as a candidate for the Centre Party for the Reichstag elections of May 1924, but this was blocked by the party leadership. In February 1925, Papen was one of the six Centre deputies in the Landta... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 2,250 | 2,750 |
in order to forestall being expelled from the party, Papen resigned from it. The cabinet over which Papen presided was labelled the "cabinet of barons" or "cabinet of monocles". Papen had little support in the Reichstag ; the only parties committed to supporting him were the national conservative German National People... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 2,700 | 3,200 |
due to the Centre Party's hostility to its deserter Papen. On 11 July 1932 Papen received the support of the cabinet and the President for a decree allowing the national government to take over the Prussian government, which was dominated by the SPD. This move was later justified through the false rumour that the Socia... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 3,150 | 3,650 |
into a dictatorship. Two days later, Schleicher and Papen offered the position of vice-chancellor to Hitler, who rejected it. Reichstag on 12 September 1932 – Papen (standing, left) demands the floor and is ignored by Speaker Göring (right). When the new Reichstag assembled on 12 September, Papen hoped to destroy the g... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 3,600 | 4,100 |
opportunity to attack Schleicher in these visits. Schleicher had promised Hindenburg that he would never attack Papen in public when he became chancellor, but in a bid to distance himself from the very unpopular Papen, Schleicher in a series of speeches in December 1932 – January 1933 did just that, upsetting Hindenbur... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 4,050 | 4,550 |
11:30 am on 30 January 1933, with Papen as vice-chancellor. While Papen's intrigues appeared to have brought Hitler into power, the crucial dynamic was in fact provided by the Nazi Party's electoral support, which made military dictatorship the only alternative to Nazi rule for Hindenburg and his circle. At the formati... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 4,500 | 5,000 |
of 1933. On 5 April 1933, Papen founded a new political party called the League of German Catholics Cross and Eagle, which was intended as a conservative Catholic party that would hold the NSDAP in check while at the same time working with the NSDAP. Both the Centre Party and the Bavarian People's Party declined to mer... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 4,950 | 5,450 |
much understanding of the heavily Catholic region, and he gave numerous speeches urging the Saarlanders to vote to return to Germany. Papen was successful in persuading the majority of the Catholic clergy in the Saarland to campaign for a return to Germany, and 90% of the Saarland voted to return to Germany in the 1935... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 5,400 | 5,900 |
and promised that the SA would be put in their place, provided Papen agreed not to resign and would meet with Hindenburg in a joint interview with him. Papen accepted Hitler's suggestions. Night of the Long Knives The architects of the purge: Hitler, Göring , Goebbels , and Hess . Only Himmler and Heydrich are missing.... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 5,850 | 6,350 |
Vienna to lead the Deutsche Front ("German Front") in the Saarland plebiscite on 13 January 1935, where the League of Nations observers monitoring the vote noted Papen's "ruthless methods" as he campaigned for the region to return to Germany. Papen on his way to Berchtesgaden , 21 February 1938 Papen also contributed t... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 6,300 | 6,800 |
keen to return to Turkey, where he had served during World War I. Papen arrived in Turkey on 27 April 1939, just after the signing of a UK-Turkish declaration of friendship. İnönü wanted Turkey to join the UK-inspired "peace front" that was meant to stop Germany. On 24 June 1939, France and Turkey signed a declaration ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 6,750 | 7,250 |
of the Auswärtige Amt ' s records does not support him. During the war, Papen used his connections with Turkish Army officers with whom he served in World War I to try to influence Turkey into joining the Axis, held parties at the German embassy which were attended by leading Turkish politicians and used "special funds... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 7,200 | 7,700 |
Bishop of Berlin , rejected this proposal. In August 1944, Papen had his last meeting with Hitler after arriving back in Germany from Turkey. Here, Hitler awarded Papen the Knight's Cross of the War Merit Cross . In September 1944, Papen settled at his estate at Wallerfangen in the Saarland that had been given to him b... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 7,650 | 8,150 |
the charge that he had played a crucial role in having Hitler appointed chancellor and that he had served a criminal regime; these led to vitriolic exchanges with West German historians, journalists and political scientists. Franz von Papen died in Obersasbach , West Germany, on 2 May 1969 at the age of 89. In popular ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 8,100 | 8,600 |
New York Times . 4 December 1915. p. 1. ProQuest 97693015 . Retrieved 25 June 2025 . ↑ Bisher 2016 , p. 71. ↑ Current Biography 1941 , pp. 651–653. 1 2 Jones 2005 , p. 194. ↑ Rolfs 1995 , p. 25. ↑ Rolfs 1995 , pp. 25–26. 1 2 3 4 Rolfs 1995 , p. 26. ↑ Ihrig, Stefan (2016). Justifying Genocide: Germany and the Armenians ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 8,550 | 9,050 |
1964 , p. 363. 1 2 Evans 2003 , pp. 297–298. ↑ Kolb 1988 , p. 121. ↑ Dorplaen 1964 , p. 368. ↑ Bird, Keith (2006). Erich Raeder Admiral of the Third Reich . Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. p. 90. 1 2 3 Kolb 1988 , p. 122. ↑ Longerich 2019 , p. 261. 1 2 Longerich 2019 , p. 264. ↑ Kershaw 1998 , pp. 395–396, 417. ↑ Tur... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 9,000 | 9,500 |
Churchill, W. (1948). The Gathering Storm , p. 132. ↑ Weinberg 1970 , p. 236. ↑ Rolfs 1995 , pp. 330–331. ↑ Wheeler-Bennett 1967 , p. 376. ↑ Weinberg 1970 , p. 270. ↑ Rolfs 1995 , p. 331. ↑ Weinberg 1980 , p. 279. ↑ Weinberg 1980 , p. 281. ↑ German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945, A Guide to Current Research and Resources By... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 9,450 | 9,950 |
Princeton University Press. Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich . New York City : Penguin Press . ISBN 978-0141009759 . Evans, Richard (2005). The Third Reich in Power . New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14303-790-3 . Grzebyk, Patrycja (2013). Criminal Responsibility for the Crime of Aggression . New Yo... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 9,900 | 10,400 |
Ring-Verlag, 1971. Bracher, Karl Dietrich. The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism . New York: Praeger Publishers, 1970. Evans, Richard J. The Third Reich in Power . New York: Penguin, 2006. Fest, Joachim C. and Bullock, Michael (trans.) "Franz von Papen and the Conservative C... | Wikipedia (defendant): Franz von Papen | 10,350 | 10,560 |
Arthur Seyss-Inquart Austrian Nazi politician (1892–1946) Arthur Seyss-Inquart ( German : Seyß-Inquart ; Austrian German pronunciation: [ ˈartuːɐ̯ saɪs ˈɪŋkvart ] ; 22 July 1892 – 16 October 1946) was an Austrian Nazi politician and convicted war criminal who served as Chancellor of Austria in 1938 for two days before ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Arthur Seyss-Inquart | 0 | 500 |
He was decorated for bravery on a number of occasions and he completed his final examinations for his degree while recovering from wounds in 1917. Seyss-Inquart had five older siblings: Hedwig (born 1881), Richard (born 3 April 1883, became a Roman Catholic priest, but left the priesthood, married in a civil ceremony a... | Wikipedia (defendant): Arthur Seyss-Inquart | 450 | 950 |
Germany as the province of Ostmark . Only then, on 13 March 1938, did Seyss-Inquart join the Nazi Party. Head of Ostmark and Southern Poland Seyss-Inquart drafted the legislative act reducing Austria to a province of Germany and signed it into law on 13 March. With Hitler's approval, he became Governor ( Reichsstatthal... | Wikipedia (defendant): Arthur Seyss-Inquart | 900 | 1,400 |
18 million guilders was imposed. During the occupation, Seyss-Inquart authorized about 800 executions, although some reports put the total at over 1,500. These included executions under the so-called "Hostage Law", the killing of political prisoners who were close to being liberated , the Putten raid , and the reprisal... | Wikipedia (defendant): Arthur Seyss-Inquart | 1,350 | 1,850 |
Minister Albert Speer over the futility of such actions, and with the open connivance of many military commanders, they greatly limited the implementation of the scorched-earth orders. At the very end of the Dutch " hunger winter " in April 1945, Seyss-Inquart was with difficulty persuaded by the Allies to allow airpla... | Wikipedia (defendant): Arthur Seyss-Inquart | 1,800 | 2,300 |
Germany." Seyss-Inquart was acquitted of conspiracy, but convicted on all other counts and sentenced to death by hanging. The final judgment against him cited his involvement in harsh suppression of Nazi opponents and atrocities against the Jews during all his billets, but particularly stressed his reign of terror in t... | Wikipedia (defendant): Arthur Seyss-Inquart | 2,250 | 2,750 |
Criminality, 1946, Retrieved 3 January 2021. ↑ Biondi, Robert (2000). SS Officers List: SS-Standartenführer to SS-Oberstgruppenführer (As of 30 January 1942) . Schiffer Publishing . p. 7. ISBN 978-0764310614 . ↑ "Biographical Sketch: Seyss-Inquart, Arthur" . Donovan Nuremberg Trials Collection . Cornell University Law ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Arthur Seyss-Inquart | 2,700 | 3,200 |
(ÖBL). Vol. 12, Austrian Academy of Sciences , Vienna 2005, ISBN 3-7001-3580-7 , p. 213 f. (Direct links to " p. 213 ", " p. 214 ") Graf, Wolfgang: Österreichische SS-Generäle. Himmlers verlässliche Vasallen. Hermagoras-Verlag, Klagenfurt/Ljubljana/Wien 2012, ISBN 978-3-7086-0578-4 . Koll, Johannes: Arthur Seyß-Inquart... | Wikipedia (defendant): Arthur Seyss-Inquart | 3,150 | 3,374 |
Albert Speer German architect (1905–1981) For other uses, see Albert Speer (disambiguation) . Berthold Konrad Hermann Albert Speer ( / ʃ p ɛər / ; German: [ ˈʃpeːɐ̯ ] ; 19 March 1905 – 1 September 1981) was a German architect who served as Minister of Armaments and War Production in Nazi Germany during most of World Wa... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 0 | 500 |
"absurd". Martin Kitchen , writing in Speer: Hitler's Architect , stated that much of the increase in Germany's arms production was actually due to systems instituted by Speer's predecessor ( Fritz Todt ) and that Speer was intimately aware of and involved in the Final Solution , evidence of which has been conclusively... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 450 | 950 |
assistant and moved to Mannheim, hoping to make a living as an architect. After he failed to do so, his father gave him a part-time job as manager of his properties. In July 1932, the Speers visited Berlin to help out the Party before the Reichstag elections . While they were there his friend, Nazi Party official Karl ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 900 | 1,400 |
wealth. Nazi architect (1934–1937) Main article: Nazi architecture The Cathedral of Light above the Zeppelintribune When Troost died on 21 January 1934, Speer effectively replaced him as the Party's chief architect. Hitler appointed Speer as head of the Chief Office for Construction, which placed him nominally on Hess'... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 1,350 | 1,850 |
Reich Chancellery had been underway since 1934. Land had been purchased by the end of 1934 and starting in March 1936 the first buildings were demolished to create space at Voßstraße . Speer was involved virtually from the beginning. In the aftermath of the Night of the Long Knives , he had been commissioned to renovat... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 1,800 | 2,300 |
feeling struck me as I drove past. I presumably had a sense of somber events." Matthias Schmidt said Speer had personally inspected concentration camps and described his comments as an "outright farce". Martin Kitchen described Speer's often repeated line that he knew nothing of the "dreadful things" as hollow—not only... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 2,250 | 2,750 |
fight his contemporaries in the regime for power and control. As an example, he wanted to be given power over all armaments issues under Göring's Four Year Plan . Göring was reluctant to grant this. However, Speer secured Hitler's support, and on 1 March 1942, Göring signed a decree naming Speer "General Plenipotentiar... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 2,700 | 3,200 |
and Heer general Eduard Dietl at Rovaniemi Airport in Finland, December 1943 As head of Organisation Todt, Speer was directly involved in the construction and alteration of concentration camps. He agreed to expand Auschwitz and some other camps, allocating 13.7 million Reichsmarks for the work to be carried out. This a... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 3,150 | 3,650 |
Otto Merker ( de ) believed that the shipbuilding industry was being held back by outdated methods, and revolutionary new approaches imposed by outsiders would dramatically improve output. This belief proved incorrect, and Speer and Merker's attempt to build the Kriegsmarine ' s new generation of submarines, the Type X... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 3,600 | 4,100 |
endemic; over half a million workers were arrested. By this time, 140,000 people were working in Speer's underground factories. These factories were death-traps; discipline was brutal, with regular executions. There were so many corpses at the Dora underground factory, for example, that the crematorium was overwhelmed.... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 4,050 | 4,550 |
in February, and asked Heinrich Himmler to supply concentration camp prisoners to work on their repair. Survivors of the Mühldorf concentration camp upon liberation in 1945. Mühldorf supplied slave workers for the Weingut I project. By mid-March, Speer had accepted that Germany's economy would collapse within the next ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 4,500 | 5,000 |
the surrender of German forces, British troops arrested the members of the Flensburg Government and brought Nazi Germany to a formal end. Post-war Nuremberg trial Main article: Nuremberg trials Speer at the Nuremberg trial Speer was taken to several internment centres for Nazi officials and interrogated. In September 1... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 4,950 | 5,450 |
those architects and industrialists who had benefited from Speer's activities during the war. Initially, the funds were used only to support Speer's family, particularly for the children's education. However, increasingly the money was used for other purposes, such as for payments to messengers including Proost and for... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 5,400 | 5,900 |
night. He said little, reserving most comments for a major interview published in Der Spiegel in November 1966. Although he stated he hoped to resume an architectural career, his sole project, a collaboration for a brewery, was unsuccessful. Instead, he revised his Spandau writings into two autobiographical books, Insi... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 5,850 | 6,350 |
BBC Midweek programme. In the same year, he appeared on the television programme The World at War . Speer returned to London in 1981 to participate in the BBC Newsnight programme. He suffered a stroke and died in London on 1 September. He had remained married to his wife, but he had formed a relationship with a German ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 6,300 | 6,800 |
political power; his keen intelligence diagnosed the nature and observed the mutations of Nazi government and policy; he saw and despised the personalities around him; he heard their outrageous orders and understood their fantastic ambitions; but he did nothing. Supposing politics to be irrelevant, he turned aside and ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 6,750 | 7,250 |
of Hitler's leadership. Despite his opposition to the 20 July plot , he falsely claimed in his memoirs to have been sympathetic to the plotters. He maintained Hitler was cool towards him for the remainder of his life after learning they had included him on a list of potential ministers. This formed a key element of the... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 7,200 | 7,700 |
Speer dated 23 December 1971, had been found in a collection of his correspondence with Hélène Jeanty, the widow of a Belgian resistance fighter. In the letter, Speer says, "There is no doubt—I was present as Himmler announced on October 6, 1943, that all Jews would be killed." Armaments miracle The German city of Colo... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 7,650 | 8,150 |
projects such as the Humboldt University , Mohrenstraße metro station and Soviet war memorials in Berlin. See also Biography portal Speer Goes to Hollywood Downfall , 2004 German film where he was portrayed by actor Heino Ferch Nuremberg , 2000 Canadian-American miniseries where he was portrayed by actor Herbert Knaup ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 8,100 | 8,600 |
, pp. 46–47. ↑ Kitchen 2015 , p. 45. ↑ Kitchen 2015 , pp. 46–49. 1 2 3 Kitchen 2015 , pp. 53–56. ↑ Kitchen 2015 , p. 72. ↑ Sereny 1995 , p. 164. ↑ Fest 1999 , p. 116. ↑ Fest 1999 , p. 120. 1 2 Schmidt 1984 , p. 189. ↑ Schmidt 1984 , p. 190. 1 2 Kitchen 2015 , p. 322. ↑ Fest 1999 , p. 115. 1 2 Kitchen 2015 , p. 78. ↑ Ki... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 8,550 | 9,050 |
der Vat 1997 , p. 234. ↑ Kitchen 2015 , p. 277. ↑ Fest 1999 , pp. 273–281. ↑ Jaskot 2002 , pp. 140–141. ↑ Kitchen 2015 , p. 288. ↑ Sereny 1995 , p. 561. ↑ Fest 1999 , p. 285. ↑ Conot 1983 , p. 471. ↑ Priemel 2016 , pp. 139–140. ↑ Fest 1999 , pp. 287–288. 1 2 Connolly 2007 . ↑ van der Vat 1997 , pp. 281–282. ↑ Sereny 19... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 9,000 | 9,500 |
↑ Tooze 2006 , p. 555. ↑ Tooze 2006 , pp. 552–557. ↑ van der Vat 1997 , p. 75. ↑ Museen der Stadt Nürnberg . ↑ Kitchen 2015 , p. 56. Bibliography Printed sources Boog, Horst ; Krebs, Gerhard; Vogel, Detlef (2006), Germany and the Second World War: Volume VII: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 9,450 | 9,950 |
PA and Newbury, England: Casemate Publishers, ISBN 978-1-932033-68-7 Tooze, Adam (2006), The Wages of Destruction , London: Allen Lane, ISBN 978-0-7139-9566-4 Trevor-Roper, Hugh (1995) , The Last Days of Hitler (seventh ed.), London: Pan Books, ISBN 978-1-4472-1861-6 Trommer, Isabell (2016), Rechtfertigung und Entlastu... | Wikipedia (defendant): Albert Speer | 9,900 | 10,338 |
Konstantin von Neurath German diplomat and war criminal (1873–1956) Konstantin Hermann Karl Freiherr von Neurath (2 February 1873 – 14 August 1956) was a German politician, diplomat and convicted Nazi war criminal who served as Foreign Minister of Germany between 1932 and 1938. Born to a Swabian noble family, Neurath b... | Wikipedia (defendant): Konstantin von Neurath | 0 | 500 |
by Secretary of State Alfred von Kiderlen-Waechter . In 1914, he was sent to the embassy in Constantinople . During World War I , he served as an officer with an infantry regiment until 1916, when he was badly wounded. In December 1914, he was awarded the Iron Cross . He returned to the German diplomatic service in the... | Wikipedia (defendant): Konstantin von Neurath | 450 | 950 |
anniversary of the regime on 30 January 1937, Hitler determined to enroll all the remaining non-Nazi ministers in the Nazi Party and to confer upon them personally the Golden Party Badge . By his acceptance, Neurath officially joined the Nazi Party (membership number 3,805,229). Additionally, in September 1937, he was ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Konstantin von Neurath | 900 | 1,400 |
von Ribbentrop but remained in government as a minister without portfolio to allay the concerns that his removal would have caused internationally. Neurath was also named as president of the Secret Cabinet Council , a purported super-cabinet to advise Hitler on foreign affairs. On paper, it appeared that Neurath had be... | Wikipedia (defendant): Konstantin von Neurath | 1,350 | 1,850 |
held no such prominent position during the height of the Third Reich's tyranny and so had been only a minor adherent to the atrocities committed. He was found guilty by the Allies on all four counts and was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment. Neurath was held as a war criminal in Spandau Prison until November 1954, wh... | Wikipedia (defendant): Konstantin von Neurath | 1,800 | 2,300 |
Times . Retrieved 6 July 2025 . ↑ "Daluege Shift Confirmed" . The New York Times . 31 May 1942 . Retrieved 6 July 2025 . ↑ "Neurath Ouster Stressed" . The New York Times . 25 August 1943 . Retrieved 6 July 2025 . 1 2 "Konstantin von Neurath" . encyclopedia.ushmm.org . Retrieved 13 February 2024 . ↑ "Konstantin, baron v... | Wikipedia (defendant): Konstantin von Neurath | 2,250 | 2,453 |
Hans Fritzsche German Nazi official "Hans Fritsche" redirects here. For the German Wehrmacht officer, see List of Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients (F) . August Franz Anton Hans Fritzsche (21 April 1900 – 27 September 1953) was a German journalist and broadcaster who was the Ministerialdirektor at the Reich M... | Wikipedia (defendant): Hans Fritzsche | 0 | 500 |
1942, he became head of the Radio Division. Fritzsche had no involvement in creating policy. During the war, Fritzsche was Germany's most prominent radio commentator. In April 1945, he was present in the Berlin Führerbunker during the last days of Adolf Hitler and Goebbels. After Hitler's suicide on 30 April 1945, Goeb... | Wikipedia (defendant): Hans Fritzsche | 450 | 950 |
why he was charged. Shirer remarked that "no-one in the courtroom, including Fritzsche, seemed to know why he was there – he was too small a fry – unless it were as a ghost for Goebbels". According to the IMT prosecution, he "incited and encouraged the commission of War Crimes by deliberately falsifying news to arouse ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Hans Fritzsche | 900 | 1,400 |
Biography , pp. 949–950, 955. ↑ Fest, Joachim (2004) . Inside Hitler's Bunker , pp. 135–137. ↑ Vinogradov, V. K. (2005). Hitler's Death: Russia's Last Great Secret from the Files of the KGB , p. 324. ↑ Fest (2004) . Inside Hitler's Bunker , p. 137. 1 2 Fest (2004) . Inside Hitler's Bunker , pp. 137–139. 1 2 " Why They ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Hans Fritzsche | 1,350 | 1,706 |
Martin Bormann German Nazi politician (1900–1945) For his son, see Martin Adolf Bormann . Martin Ludwig Bormann (17 June 1900 – 2 May 1945) was a German Nazi Party official and head of the Nazi Party Chancellery , private secretary to Adolf Hitler , and a war criminal. Bormann gained immense power by using his position... | Wikipedia (defendant): Martin Bormann | 0 | 500 |
half-siblings (Else and Walter Bormann) from his father's earlier marriage to Louise Grobler, who died in 1898. Antonie Bormann gave birth to three sons, one of whom died in infancy. Martin and Albert (1902–1989) survived to adulthood. Theodor died when Bormann was three, and his mother soon remarried. Bormann's studie... | Wikipedia (defendant): Martin Bormann | 450 | 950 |
regional press officer, but his lack of public-speaking skills made him ill-suited to this position. He soon put his organisational skills to use as business manager for the Gau (region). In October 1928, Bormann moved to Munich where he worked in the SA insurance office. Initially the Nazi Party provided coverage thro... | Wikipedia (defendant): Martin Bormann | 900 | 1,400 |
was reelected in 1936 and 1938. By June 1934, Bormann was gaining acceptance into Hitler's inner circle and accompanied him everywhere, providing briefings and summaries of events and requests. Bormann in 1939 In 1935, Bormann was appointed as overseer of renovations at the Berghof , Hitler's property at Obersalzberg .... | Wikipedia (defendant): Martin Bormann | 1,350 | 1,850 |
Bormann reviewed the personnel files and made the decisions regarding appointments. This power impinged on the purview of Minister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick , and was an example of the overlapping responsibilities typical of the Nazi regime. Bormann travelled everywhere with Hitler, including trips to Austria in 19... | Wikipedia (defendant): Martin Bormann | 1,800 | 2,300 |
former duties to Bormann, with the title of Head of the Parteikanzlei ( Party Chancellery ). In this position he was responsible for all Nazi Party appointments, and was answerable only to Hitler. By a Führer decree ( Führererlass ) on 29 May, Bormann also succeeded Hess on the six-member Council of Ministers for Defen... | Wikipedia (defendant): Martin Bormann | 2,250 | 2,750 |
campaign against the Catholic Church , hundreds of monasteries in Germany and Austria were confiscated by the Gestapo and their occupants were expelled. In 1941, the Catholic Bishop of Münster, Clemens August Graf von Galen , publicly protested against this persecution and against Action T4 , the Nazi involuntary eutha... | Wikipedia (defendant): Martin Bormann | 2,700 | 3,200 |
permanent Final Solution in Greater Germany could no longer be solved by emigration, but only by the use of "ruthless force in the special camps of the East", that is, extermination in Nazi death camps . A further decree, signed by Bormann on 1 July 1943, gave Adolf Eichmann absolute powers over Jews, who now came unde... | Wikipedia (defendant): Martin Bormann | 3,150 | 3,650 |
of the city centre. The Battle of Berlin , the final major Soviet offensive of the war, began on 16 April 1945. By 19 April, the Red Army started to encircle the city. On 20 April, his 56th birthday, Hitler made his last trip above ground. In the ruined garden of the Reich Chancellery, he awarded Iron Crosses to boy so... | Wikipedia (defendant): Martin Bormann | 3,600 | 4,100 |
Bormann, Stumpfegger, and several others eventually crossed the river on their third attempt. Bormann, Stumpfegger, and Axmann walked along the railway tracks to Lehrter station , where Axmann decided to leave the others and go in the opposite direction. When he encountered a Red Army patrol, Axmann doubled back. He sa... | Wikipedia (defendant): Martin Bormann | 4,050 | 4,550 |
army intelligence officer Reinhard Gehlen claimed that Bormann had been a Soviet spy and had escaped to Moscow. Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal believed that Bormann was living in South America. The West German government declared that its hunt for Bormann was over in 1971. In 1963, a retired postal worker named Albert Kr... | Wikipedia (defendant): Martin Bormann | 4,500 | 5,000 |
testing on fragments of the skull. The testing was led by Wolfgang Eisenmenger , Professor of Forensic Science at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich . Tests using DNA from one of his relatives identified the skull as that of Bormann. After being released to his family, Bormann's remains were cremated and his ashes ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Martin Bormann | 4,950 | 5,450 |
also Glossary of Nazi Germany List of Nazi Party leaders and officials List SS-Obergruppenführer SS- Standartenführer Wilhelm Zander , Bormann's adjutant Notes ↑ Höss, who later served as commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp , was sentenced to ten years. He was released in 1928 as part of a general amnesty. ↑ In ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Martin Bormann | 5,400 | 5,900 |
742. ↑ Sereny 1996 , p. 240. ↑ Shirer 1960 , p. 838. ↑ McGovern 1968 , p. 63. ↑ Lang 1979 , p. 191. 1 2 McGovern 1968 , p. 77. 1 2 Hamilton 1984 , p. 94. ↑ Kershaw 2008 , pp. 749–753. ↑ Griech-Polelle 2023 , p. 126. ↑ Evans 2005 , p. 253. ↑ Shirer 1960 , pp. 234, 240. ↑ Bullock 1999 , p. 389. ↑ Kershaw 2008 , p. 382. ↑... | Wikipedia (defendant): Martin Bormann | 5,850 | 6,350 |
Whiting 1996 , p. 200. ↑ Whiting 1996 , pp. 136–137. ↑ Lang 1979 , pp. 421–422. 1 2 3 Whiting 1996 , pp. 217–218. ↑ Joachimsthaler 1999 , p. 285. ↑ Kershaw 2016 , p. 481. 1 2 3 Lang 1979 , p. 432. ↑ Lang 1979 , p. 436. ↑ Lang 1979 , pp. 343–344, 410, 437. ↑ BBC News 1998 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1... | Wikipedia (defendant): Martin Bormann | 6,300 | 6,800 |
Karacs, Imre (4 May 1998). "DNA test closes book on mystery of Martin Bormann" . The Independent . London: Independent Print Limited . Retrieved 8 January 2020 . Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography . New York: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6 . Kershaw, Ian (2016). To Hell and Back: Europe 1914–1949 . New ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Martin Bormann | 6,750 | 7,250 |
Sword. ISBN 0-85052-527-6 . Williams, Max (2015). SS Elite: The Senior Leaders of Hitler's Praetorian Guard . Vol. I. Fonthill Media LLC. ISBN 978-1-78155-433-3 . Wilson, James (2013). Hitler's Alpine Headquarters . Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-78303-004-0 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Mar... | Wikipedia (defendant): Martin Bormann | 7,200 | 7,293 |
Robert Ley German Nazi politician (1890–1945) For the cruise ship, see Robert Ley (ship) . For the American sportscaster, see Bob Ley . Robert Ley ( German: [ ˈlaɪ ] ; 15 February 1890 – 25 October 1945) was a German Nazi politician and head of the German Labour Front during its entire existence, from 1933 to 1945. He ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Robert Ley | 0 | 500 |
the rest of his life he spoke with a stammer and suffered bouts of erratic behaviour, aggravated by heavy drinking. He earned the Iron Cross , 2nd class and the Wound Badge , in silver. After the war Ley was released from captivity in January 1920 and returned to university, gaining a doctorate later that year. He was ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Robert Ley | 450 | 950 |
the various Gaue . On 10 June 1932, following a further organizational restructuring by Strasser, Ley was named one of two Reichsinspecteurs with oversight of approximately half the Gaue . Furthermore, he was made the Acting Landesinspekteur for Bavaria with direct responsibility for the six Bavarian Gaue . This was a ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Robert Ley | 900 | 1,400 |
factory organisations, even Nazi ones, and put questions of wages and conditions in the hands of the Trustees of Labour ( Treuhänder der Arbeit ), dominated by the employers. Around this time Muchow died in a tavern brawl and Ley's control over the DAF was re-established. The NSBO was completely suppressed and the DAF ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Robert Ley | 1,350 | 1,850 |
Germany and in "safe" countries abroad (particularly Italy ). Two of the world's first purpose-built cruise-liners, the Wilhelm Gustloff and the Robert Ley , were built to take KdF members on Mediterranean cruises. Other KdF programs included concerts, opera and other forms of entertainment in factories and other workp... | Wikipedia (defendant): Robert Ley | 1,800 | 2,300 |
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