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this program, but was overshadowed by Fritz Sauckel , General Plenipotentiary for the Distribution of Labour ( Generalbevollmächtigter für den Arbeitseinsatz ) from March 1942. Nevertheless, Ley was deeply implicated in the mistreatment of foreign slave workers . In October 1942 he attended a meeting in Essen with Paul... | Wikipedia (defendant): Robert Ley | 2,250 | 2,750 |
event of a British victory: ... the German people, man, woman, and child would be exterminated [ausgerottet]... The Jew would be wading in blood. Funeral pyres would be built on which the Jews would burn us... we want to prevent this. Hence it should be rather the Jews who fry, rather they who should burn, they who sho... | Wikipedia (defendant): Robert Ley | 2,700 | 3,200 |
to death in his prison cell using a noose made by tearing a towel into strips, fastened to the toilet pipe. The Chief Medical Office of the Military Tribunal , Lt. Col Rene Juchli , made a report to Major General William J. Donovan regarding the effect the suicide had on other prisoners, stating "It appears to be the u... | Wikipedia (defendant): Robert Ley | 3,150 | 3,650 |
Propaganda Ministry". Holocaust and Genocide Studies . 19 (1): 51– 80. doi : 10.1093/hgs/dci003 . S2CID 143944355 . Jackson, Robert (July 26, 1946). "Summation of Robert Jackson in the Nuremberg Major War Figures Trial" . law2.umkc.edu . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Kershaw, Ian (2000). Hitler, 1936–45: Nemesis . New Y... | Wikipedia (defendant): Robert Ley | 3,600 | 3,935 |
Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach German foreign service official, businessman and accused war criminal (1870–1950) Gustav Georg Friedrich Maria Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach (born Gustav von Bohlen und Halbach ; 7 August 1870 – 16 January 1950) was a German diplomat and industrialist. From 1909 to 1945, he headed Fri... | Wikipedia (defendant): Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach | 0 | 500 |
the wedding that Gustav would be allowed to add the Krupp name to his own. Gustav became company chairman in 1909. After 1910, the Krupp company became a member and major funder of the Pan-German League (Alldeutscher Verband) which mobilised popular support in favour of two army bills, in 1912 and 1913, to raise German... | Wikipedia (defendant): Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach | 450 | 950 |
Friedrich Ebert as "that saddlemaker" (Der Sattelhersteller) . Krupp initially opposed the Nazis . However, after Hitler became chancellor of Germany, at the secret meeting with Adolf Hitler and leading German industrialists on February 20, 1933, he contributed one million Reichsmark to the Nazi party's fund for the Ma... | Wikipedia (defendant): Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach | 900 | 1,400 |
made extensive use of forced labor during the war. On 25 July 1943 the Royal Air Force attacked the Krupp Works with 627 heavy bombers, dropping 2,032 long tons of bombs in an Oboe -marked attack. Upon his arrival at the works the next morning, Krupp suffered a fit from which he never recovered. Nuremberg Trials Follow... | Wikipedia (defendant): Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach | 1,350 | 1,850 |
von Bohlen und Halbach is not and never will be physically available for trial with the other major German war criminals ... ↑ Clapham, Andrew (2003). "Issues of complexity, complicity and complementarity: from the Nuremberg Trials to the dawn of the International Criminal". In Philippe Sands (ed.). From Nuremberg to t... | Wikipedia (defendant): Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach | 1,800 | 1,966 |
Nuremberg trials Trials of Nazi German leaders "International Military Tribunal" redirects here. For the Tokyo Trial, see International Military Tribunal for the Far East . For the 1947 film, see Nuremberg Trials (film) . The Nuremberg trials were international criminal trials held by France , the Soviet Union , the Un... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 0 | 500 |
extraordinary nature of Nazi criminality, particularly the perceived singularity of the systematic murder of millions of Jews . In early 1942, representatives of nine governments-in-exile from German-occupied Europe issued a declaration to demand an international court to try the German crimes committed in occupied cou... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 450 | 950 |
it Ruins of Nuremberg , c. 1945 At the London Conference, held from 26 June to 2 August 1945, representatives of France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States negotiated the form that the trial would take. Until the end of the negotiations, it was not clear that any trial would be held at all. ... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 900 | 1,400 |
treated in mitigation. The trial was held under modified common law . The negotiators decided that the tribunal's permanent seat would be in Berlin, while the trial would be held at the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg . Located in the American occupation zone , Nuremberg was a symbolic location as the site of Nazi ralli... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 1,350 | 1,850 |
an orator. The Soviet judges and prosecutors were not permitted to make any major decisions without consulting a commission in Moscow led by Soviet politician Andrei Vyshinsky ; the resulting delays hampered the Soviet effort to set the agenda. The influence of the Soviet delegation was also constrained by limited Engl... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 1,800 | 2,300 |
role of the German–Soviet pact in starting World War II. Jackson also separated out an overall conspiracy charge from the other three charges, aiming that the American prosecution would cover the overall Nazi conspiracy while the other delegations would flesh out the details of Nazi crimes. The division of labor, and t... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 2,250 | 2,750 |
claiming it did not have jurisdiction against the accused, but this motion was rejected. Defense lawyers saw themselves as acting on behalf of their clients and the German nation. Initially, the Americans had planned to try fourteen organizations and their leaders, but this was narrowed to six: the Reich Cabinet , the ... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 2,700 | 3,200 |
of Nazi crimes, establish individual responsibility and the crime of aggression in international law, provide a history lesson to the defeated Germans, delegitimize the traditional German elite, and allow the Allies to distance themselves from appeasement . Jackson maintained that while the United States did "not seek ... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 3,150 | 3,650 |
Shawcross gave the opening speech, much of which had been written by Cambridge professor Hersch Lauterpacht . Unlike Jackson, Shawcross attempted to minimize the novelty of the aggression charges, elaborating its precursors in the conventions of Hague and Geneva , the League of Nations Covenant , the Locarno Treaty , a... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 3,600 | 4,100 |
for the invasion of the Soviet Union. Paulus incriminated his former associates, pointing to Keitel, Jodl, and Göring as the defendants most responsible for the war. More so than other delegations, Soviet prosecutors showed the gruesome details of German atrocities, especially the death by starvation of 3 million Sovie... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 4,050 | 4,550 |
prosecution finished, it was clear that their general case was proven, but it remained to determine the individual guilt of each defendant. None of the defendants tried to assert that the Nazis' crimes had not occurred. Some defendants denied involvement in certain crimes or implausibly claimed ignorance of them, espec... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 4,500 | 5,000 |
heard. The defendants' witnesses sometimes managed to exculpate them, but other witnesses—including Rudolf Höss , the former commandant of Auschwitz, and Hans Bernd Gisevius , a member of the German resistance —bolstered the prosecution's case. In the context of the brewing Cold War —for example, in early March 1946, W... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 4,950 | 5,450 |
conspiracy to commit crimes against peace, whose goals were "the disruption of the European order" and "the creation of a Greater Germany beyond the frontiers of 1914 ". Contrary to Jackson's argument that the conspiracy began with the founding of the Nazi Party in 1920, the verdict dated the planning of aggression to ... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 5,400 | 5,900 |
January 1948. Monowitz prisoners unload cement from trains for IG Farben , presented as evidence at the IG Farben trial . Initially, it was planned to hold a second international tribunal for German industrialists, but this was never held because of differences between the Allies. Twelve military trials were convened s... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 5,850 | 6,350 |
October 1946 In all, 249 journalists were accredited to cover the IMT and 61,854 visitor tickets were issued. In France, the sentence for Rudolf Hess and acquittal of organizations were met with outrage from the media and especially from organizations for deportees and resistance fighters, as they were perceived as too... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 6,300 | 6,800 |
negative, but has become more positive over time. The selective prosecution exclusively of the defeated Axis and hypocrisy of all four Allied powers has garnered the most persistent criticism. Such actions as the German–Soviet pact, the expulsion of millions of Germans from central and eastern Europe , deportation of c... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 6,750 | 7,250 |
Sellars 2010 , p. 1092. ↑ Sayapin 2014 , pp. 151–159. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , pp. 27–28. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , p. 56. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , p. 22. ↑ Priemel 2016 , pp. 32, 64. 1 2 Priemel 2016 , p. 64. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , pp. 30–31. 1 2 Heller 2011 , p. 9. ↑ Gemählich 2019 , paragraph 4. 1 2 Hirsch 2020 , p. 8. ↑ Sellars 2013 , pp. 49–50. ↑ H... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 7,200 | 7,700 |
Fleming 2022 , p. 209. ↑ Fleming 2022 , pp. 209, 220. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , p. 80. ↑ Priemel 2016 , p. 101. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , pp. 80–81. 1 2 Priemel 2016 , p. 102. 1 2 3 Priemel 2016 , p. 111. ↑ Priemel 2016 , pp. 112–113. ↑ Priemel 2016 , pp. 18, 69, 111. ↑ Sellars 2013 , p. 69. ↑ Priemel 2016 , p. 99. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , pp. 82–... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 7,650 | 8,150 |
↑ Priemel 2016 , pp. 110–111. ↑ Gemählich 2019 , paragraph 16. ↑ Gemählich 2019 , paragraph 17. 1 2 Priemel 2016 , p. 115. 1 2 Gemählich 2019 , paragraph 18. 1 2 Gemählich 2019 , paragraphs 20–21. ↑ Douglas 2001 , p. 70. ↑ Gemählich 2019 , paragraphs 17–18. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , pp. 216–218. 1 2 Priemel 2016 , p. 109. ↑ Hirs... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 8,100 | 8,600 |
2 Priemel 2016 , p. 147. ↑ Priemel 2016 , pp. 143–144. ↑ Brüggemann 2018 , p. 405. ↑ Brüggemann 2018 , pp. 405–406, 447–448. ↑ Priemel 2016 , pp. 147–148. ↑ Echternkamp 2020 , pp. 163–164. ↑ Priemel 2016 , p. 145. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , pp. 387, 390–391. ↑ Priemel 2016 , p. 146. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , p. 380. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , pp. 353... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 8,550 | 9,050 |
Further information: Nuremberg Trials bibliography Acquaviva, Guido (2011). "At the Origins of Crimes Against Humanity: Clues to a Proper Understanding of the Nullum Crimen Principle in the Nuremberg Judgment" . Journal of International Criminal Justice . 9 (4): 881– 903. doi : 10.1093/jicj/mqr010 . Bassiouni, M. Cheri... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 9,000 | 9,500 |
Crime of Aggression in International Criminal Law: Historical Development, Comparative Analysis and Present State . T.M.C. Asser Press . ISBN 978-90-6704-927-6 . Sellars, Kirsten (2010). "Imperfect Justice at Nuremberg and Tokyo" . European Journal of International Law . 21 (4): 1085– 1102. doi : 10.1093/ejil/chq070 . ... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg trials | 9,450 | 9,689 |
Nuremberg principles Guidelines for determining what constitutes a war crime For the denaturalization of German Jews, see Nuremberg Laws . For the set of research ethics principles for human experimentation, see Nuremberg Code . The Nuremberg principles are a set of guidelines for determining what constitutes a war cri... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg principles | 0 | 500 |
has the right to a fair trial on the facts and law. Principle VI The crimes hereinafter set out are punishable as crimes under international law: (a) Crimes against peace : (i) Planning, preparation, initiation or waging of a war of aggression or a war in violation of international treaties, agreements or assurances; (... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg principles | 450 | 950 |
rule is customary one has to show that it is reflected in state practice and that there exists a conviction in the international community that such practice is required as a matter of law. (For example, the Nuremberg Trials were a "practice" of the "international law" of the Nuremberg Principles; and that "practice" w... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg principles | 900 | 1,400 |
was not manifestly unlawful. 2. For the purposes of this article, orders to commit genocide or crimes against humanity are manifestly unlawful. There are two interpretations of this Article: This formulation, especially (1)(a), whilst effectively prohibiting the use of the Nuremberg Defense in relation to charges of ge... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg principles | 1,350 | 1,850 |
26, 1945. Archived from the original on November 28, 2010 . Retrieved December 23, 2010 . ↑ "International Law Commission" . legal.un.org . Archived from the original on 2021-05-06 . Retrieved 2021-05-09 . ↑ International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) Customary international humanitarian law Archived 2009-06-28 at ... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg principles | 1,800 | 2,300 |
Archived 2013-09-11 at the Wayback Machine Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 1 Charter of the International Military Tribunal Archived 2014-02-14 at the Wayback Machine contained in the Avalon Project archive at Yale Law School Judgment : The Law Relating to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity Archived 2011-07-20 at ... | Wikipedia (trial): Nuremberg principles | 2,250 | 2,323 |
Nuremberg trials Trials of Nazi German leaders "International Military Tribunal" redirects here. For the Tokyo Trial, see International Military Tribunal for the Far East . For the 1947 film, see Nuremberg Trials (film) . The Nuremberg trials were international criminal trials held by France , the Soviet Union , the Un... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 0 | 500 |
extraordinary nature of Nazi criminality, particularly the perceived singularity of the systematic murder of millions of Jews . In early 1942, representatives of nine governments-in-exile from German-occupied Europe issued a declaration to demand an international court to try the German crimes committed in occupied cou... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 450 | 950 |
it Ruins of Nuremberg , c. 1945 At the London Conference, held from 26 June to 2 August 1945, representatives of France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States negotiated the form that the trial would take. Until the end of the negotiations, it was not clear that any trial would be held at all. ... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 900 | 1,400 |
treated in mitigation. The trial was held under modified common law . The negotiators decided that the tribunal's permanent seat would be in Berlin, while the trial would be held at the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg . Located in the American occupation zone , Nuremberg was a symbolic location as the site of Nazi ralli... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 1,350 | 1,850 |
an orator. The Soviet judges and prosecutors were not permitted to make any major decisions without consulting a commission in Moscow led by Soviet politician Andrei Vyshinsky ; the resulting delays hampered the Soviet effort to set the agenda. The influence of the Soviet delegation was also constrained by limited Engl... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 1,800 | 2,300 |
role of the German–Soviet pact in starting World War II. Jackson also separated out an overall conspiracy charge from the other three charges, aiming that the American prosecution would cover the overall Nazi conspiracy while the other delegations would flesh out the details of Nazi crimes. The division of labor, and t... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 2,250 | 2,750 |
claiming it did not have jurisdiction against the accused, but this motion was rejected. Defense lawyers saw themselves as acting on behalf of their clients and the German nation. Initially, the Americans had planned to try fourteen organizations and their leaders, but this was narrowed to six: the Reich Cabinet , the ... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 2,700 | 3,200 |
of Nazi crimes, establish individual responsibility and the crime of aggression in international law, provide a history lesson to the defeated Germans, delegitimize the traditional German elite, and allow the Allies to distance themselves from appeasement . Jackson maintained that while the United States did "not seek ... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 3,150 | 3,650 |
Shawcross gave the opening speech, much of which had been written by Cambridge professor Hersch Lauterpacht . Unlike Jackson, Shawcross attempted to minimize the novelty of the aggression charges, elaborating its precursors in the conventions of Hague and Geneva , the League of Nations Covenant , the Locarno Treaty , a... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 3,600 | 4,100 |
for the invasion of the Soviet Union. Paulus incriminated his former associates, pointing to Keitel, Jodl, and Göring as the defendants most responsible for the war. More so than other delegations, Soviet prosecutors showed the gruesome details of German atrocities, especially the death by starvation of 3 million Sovie... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 4,050 | 4,550 |
prosecution finished, it was clear that their general case was proven, but it remained to determine the individual guilt of each defendant. None of the defendants tried to assert that the Nazis' crimes had not occurred. Some defendants denied involvement in certain crimes or implausibly claimed ignorance of them, espec... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 4,500 | 5,000 |
heard. The defendants' witnesses sometimes managed to exculpate them, but other witnesses—including Rudolf Höss , the former commandant of Auschwitz, and Hans Bernd Gisevius , a member of the German resistance —bolstered the prosecution's case. In the context of the brewing Cold War —for example, in early March 1946, W... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 4,950 | 5,450 |
conspiracy to commit crimes against peace, whose goals were "the disruption of the European order" and "the creation of a Greater Germany beyond the frontiers of 1914 ". Contrary to Jackson's argument that the conspiracy began with the founding of the Nazi Party in 1920, the verdict dated the planning of aggression to ... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 5,400 | 5,900 |
January 1948. Monowitz prisoners unload cement from trains for IG Farben , presented as evidence at the IG Farben trial . Initially, it was planned to hold a second international tribunal for German industrialists, but this was never held because of differences between the Allies. Twelve military trials were convened s... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 5,850 | 6,350 |
October 1946 In all, 249 journalists were accredited to cover the IMT and 61,854 visitor tickets were issued. In France, the sentence for Rudolf Hess and acquittal of organizations were met with outrage from the media and especially from organizations for deportees and resistance fighters, as they were perceived as too... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 6,300 | 6,800 |
negative, but has become more positive over time. The selective prosecution exclusively of the defeated Axis and hypocrisy of all four Allied powers has garnered the most persistent criticism. Such actions as the German–Soviet pact, the expulsion of millions of Germans from central and eastern Europe , deportation of c... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 6,750 | 7,250 |
Sellars 2010 , p. 1092. ↑ Sayapin 2014 , pp. 151–159. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , pp. 27–28. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , p. 56. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , p. 22. ↑ Priemel 2016 , pp. 32, 64. 1 2 Priemel 2016 , p. 64. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , pp. 30–31. 1 2 Heller 2011 , p. 9. ↑ Gemählich 2019 , paragraph 4. 1 2 Hirsch 2020 , p. 8. ↑ Sellars 2013 , pp. 49–50. ↑ H... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 7,200 | 7,700 |
Fleming 2022 , p. 209. ↑ Fleming 2022 , pp. 209, 220. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , p. 80. ↑ Priemel 2016 , p. 101. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , pp. 80–81. 1 2 Priemel 2016 , p. 102. 1 2 3 Priemel 2016 , p. 111. ↑ Priemel 2016 , pp. 112–113. ↑ Priemel 2016 , pp. 18, 69, 111. ↑ Sellars 2013 , p. 69. ↑ Priemel 2016 , p. 99. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , pp. 82–... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 7,650 | 8,150 |
↑ Priemel 2016 , pp. 110–111. ↑ Gemählich 2019 , paragraph 16. ↑ Gemählich 2019 , paragraph 17. 1 2 Priemel 2016 , p. 115. 1 2 Gemählich 2019 , paragraph 18. 1 2 Gemählich 2019 , paragraphs 20–21. ↑ Douglas 2001 , p. 70. ↑ Gemählich 2019 , paragraphs 17–18. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , pp. 216–218. 1 2 Priemel 2016 , p. 109. ↑ Hirs... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 8,100 | 8,600 |
2 Priemel 2016 , p. 147. ↑ Priemel 2016 , pp. 143–144. ↑ Brüggemann 2018 , p. 405. ↑ Brüggemann 2018 , pp. 405–406, 447–448. ↑ Priemel 2016 , pp. 147–148. ↑ Echternkamp 2020 , pp. 163–164. ↑ Priemel 2016 , p. 145. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , pp. 387, 390–391. ↑ Priemel 2016 , p. 146. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , p. 380. ↑ Hirsch 2020 , pp. 353... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 8,550 | 9,050 |
Further information: Nuremberg Trials bibliography Acquaviva, Guido (2011). "At the Origins of Crimes Against Humanity: Clues to a Proper Understanding of the Nullum Crimen Principle in the Nuremberg Judgment" . Journal of International Criminal Justice . 9 (4): 881– 903. doi : 10.1093/jicj/mqr010 . Bassiouni, M. Cheri... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 9,000 | 9,500 |
Crime of Aggression in International Criminal Law: Historical Development, Comparative Analysis and Present State . T.M.C. Asser Press . ISBN 978-90-6704-927-6 . Sellars, Kirsten (2010). "Imperfect Justice at Nuremberg and Tokyo" . European Journal of International Law . 21 (4): 1085– 1102. doi : 10.1093/ejil/chq070 . ... | Wikipedia (trial): London Charter of the International Military Tribunal | 9,450 | 9,689 |
Subsequent Nuremberg trials 1946–1949 trials of Nazi leadership Judges of the Nuremberg Military Tribunals pose for a group photo. Auschwitz survivor Philipp Auerbach ( de ) testifies for the prosecution in the Ministries Trial . The subsequent Nuremberg trials (also Nuremberg Military Tribunals ; 1946–1949) were twelv... | Wikipedia (trial): Subsequent Nuremberg trials | 0 | 500 |
Judges See also Auschwitz Trial held in Kraków , Poland in 1947 against 40 SS-staff of the Auschwitz concentration camp death factory Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials , 1963–1965 Majdanek Trials , held against Majdanek extermination camp officials. Longest Nazi war crimes trial in history, spanning over 30 years Chełmno Tria... | Wikipedia (trial): Subsequent Nuremberg trials | 450 | 826 |
Doctors' Trial Not to be confused with Doctors' plot or clinical trial . For a list of Nazi doctors, see List of Nazi doctors . Post-World War II trial of German doctors for war crimes United States of America v. Karl Brandt, et al. , commonly known as the Doctors' Trial , was the first of the twelve " Subsequent Nurem... | Wikipedia (trial): Doctors' trial | 0 | 500 |
their murderers, these wretched people were not individuals at all. They came in wholesale lots and were treated worse than animals." Indictment The accused faced four charges, including: Conspiracy to commit war crimes and crimes against humanity as described in counts 2 and 3; War crimes: performing medical experimen... | Wikipedia (trial): Doctors' trial | 450 | 950 |
: An Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO . ISBN 9781598849264 . Works cited Hamilton, Charles (1984). Leaders & Personalities of the Third Reich . Vol. 1. R. James Bender Publishing. ISBN 0-912138-27-0 . "The Doctors Trial: The Medical Case of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings" . Holocaust Encyclopedia . United States Holocaust... | Wikipedia (trial): Doctors' trial | 900 | 1,327 |
Judges' Trial Post-WWII war crimes trial A witness testifies in the Judges' Trial View of Judges' trial from visitors' gallery 49°27.2603′N 11°02.9103′E / 49.4543383°N 11.0485050°E / 49.4543383; 11.0485050 The Judges' Trial ( German : Juristenprozess ; or, the Justice Trial , or, officially, The United States of ... | Wikipedia (trial): Judges' Trial | 0 | 500 |
applied only to Altstötter, Cuhorst, Engert, Joel (with respect to the SS) and to Cuhorst, Oeschy, Nebelung, and Rothaug concerning the NSDAP leadership. Both organizations had been found criminal previously by the IMT . Count 1 was dropped: the court declared the charge to be outside its jurisdiction. Judge Blair file... | Wikipedia (trial): Judges' Trial | 450 | 950 |
already in the early 1950s; some (Lautz, Rothenberger, Schlegelberger) even received retirement pensions in West Germany . The guide to German law entitled Das Recht der Gegenwart is still being published under the name Franz Schlegelberger ( ISBN 3-8006-2260-2 ). In popular culture The Judges' Trial was the inspiratio... | Wikipedia (trial): Judges' Trial | 900 | 1,138 |
Einsatzgruppen trial Ninth of the 12 trials for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by the Nazis The United States of America vs. Otto Ohlendorf, et al. , commonly known as the Einsatzgruppen trial , was the ninth of the twelve " subsequent Nuremberg trials " for war crimes and crimes against humanity afte... | Wikipedia (trial): Einsatzgruppen trial | 0 | 500 |
July 3 and then amended on July 29, 1947, to also include the defendants Steimle, Braune, Haensch, Strauch, Klingelhöfer, and von Radetzky. The trial lasted from September 29, 1947, until April 10, 1948. Indictment Crimes against humanity through persecutions on political, racial, and religious grounds, murder , exterm... | Wikipedia (trial): Einsatzgruppen trial | 450 | 950 |
in the contemplation of a human degradation beyond the power of language to adequately portray. The number of deaths resulting from the activities with which these defendants have been connected and which the prosecution has set at one million is but an abstract number. One cannot grasp the full cumulative terror of mu... | Wikipedia (trial): Einsatzgruppen trial | 900 | 1,400 |
from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum. Einsatzgruppen trials. Another description. Ferencz, Benjamin , “A Prosecutor's Personal Account: From Nuremberg to Rome", Journal of International Affairs, 52: No. 2, Columbia University, Spring 1999 Benjamin Ferencz, Mémoires de Ben, procureur à Nuremberg et avocat de la Paix ... | Wikipedia (trial): Einsatzgruppen trial | 1,350 | 1,456 |
IG Farben Trial Post-WWII war crimes trial Telford Taylor opens the case against the defendants. The United States of America vs. Carl Krauch, et al. , also known as the IG Farben Trial , was the sixth of the twelve trials for war crimes the U.S. authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany after the end of Wor... | Wikipedia (trial): IG Farben trial | 0 | 500 |
3, 1947; the trial lasted from August 27, 1947, until July 30, 1948. Of the 24 defendants arraigned , 13 were found guilty on one or the other counts of the indictment and sentenced to prison terms ranging from one and one half to eight years, including time already served; 10 defendants were acquitted of all charges. ... | Wikipedia (trial): IG Farben trial | 450 | 950 |
it developed. Disregard of basic human rights did not deter these defendants. Willing cooperation with the slave labor utilization of the Third Reich was a matter of corporate policy that permeated the whole Farben organization ... For this reason, criminal responsibility goes beyond the actual immediate participants a... | Wikipedia (trial): IG Farben trial | 900 | 1,282 |
Krupp trial Post WWII war crimes trial Prosecutor Telford Taylor (standing, center) opens the case against the defendants The United States of America vs. Alfried Krupp, et al. , commonly known as the Krupp trial , was the tenth of twelve trials for war crimes that U.S. authorities held in their occupation zone at Nure... | Wikipedia (trial): Krupp trial | 0 | 500 |
and the general disorder there was no opportunity for prosperity. ... We thought that Hitler would give us such a healthy environment. Indeed he did do that. ... We Krupps never cared much about [political] ideas. We only wanted a system that worked well and allowed us to work unhindered. Politics is not our business. ... | Wikipedia (trial): Krupp trial | 450 | 796 |
Ministries Trial Trial Theodor von Hornbostel testifies for the prosecution during the Ministries Trial The Ministries Trial (or, officially, the United States of America vs. Ernst von Weizsäcker, et al. ) was the eleventh of the twelve trials for war crimes the U.S. authorities held in their occupation zone in Germany... | Wikipedia (trial): Ministries Trial | 0 | 500 |
crimes against humanity through atrocities against civilian population Count 6: War crimes and crimes against humanity through the plundering and spoliation of the occupied territories Count 7: War crimes and crimes against humanity through the enslavement and deportation of concentration camp prisoners and civilians i... | Wikipedia (trial): Ministries Trial | 450 | 613 |
High Command Trial War crimes trial The High Command Trial (officially, The United States of America vs. Wilhelm von Leeb, et al. ), also known initially as Case No. 12 (the 13 Generals' Trial), and later as Case No. 72 (the German high command trial: Trial of Wilhelm von Leeb and thirteen others), was the last of the ... | Wikipedia (trial): High Command Trial | 0 | 500 |
Schniewind and Hugo Sperrle were acquitted on all counts. Johannes Blaskowitz committed suicide during the trial and the 11 remaining defendants received prison sentences ranging from three years to lifetime imprisonment. All sentences included time already served in custody since 7 April 1945. The table below shows, w... | Wikipedia (trial): High Command Trial | 450 | 950 |
XII, 1949 of the United Nations War Crimes Commission . Burleigh, Michael (1997). Ethics and Extermination: Reflections on Nazi Genocide . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi : 10.1017/CBO9780511806162 . ISBN 978-0-521-58816-4 . Hebert, Valerie (2010). Hitler's Generals on Trial: The Last War Crimes Tribunal at ... | Wikipedia (trial): High Command Trial | 900 | 1,000 |
Robert H. Jackson US Supreme Court justice from 1941 to 1954 (1892–1954) For the photographer, see Robert H. Jackson (photographer) . Robert Houghwout Jackson (February 13, 1892 – October 9, 1954) was an American lawyer, jurist, and politician who served as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1941 until... | Wikipedia (person): Robert H. Jackson | 0 | 500 |
to Franklin Delano Roosevelt , who was then serving as a member of the New York State Senate . Jackson attended Albany Law School of Union University from 1911 to 1912. At the time, students at Albany Law School had three options: taking individual courses without receiving a degree, completing a two-year program and r... | Wikipedia (person): Robert H. Jackson | 450 | 950 |
), where he was in charge of 300 lawyers who tried cases before the Board of Tax Appeals. In 1936, Jackson became Assistant Attorney General , heading the Tax Division of the Department of Justice , and in 1937, he became Assistant Attorney General, heading the Antitrust Division . Jackson was a supporter of the New De... | Wikipedia (person): Robert H. Jackson | 900 | 1,400 |
1941–1954 On June 12, 1941, Roosevelt nominated Jackson as an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, to fill the vacancy created when Harlan Fiske Stone replaced Charles Evans Hughes as chief justice . Jackson was confirmed by the United States Senate on July 7, 1941, and took the judicial oath of office on July ... | Wikipedia (person): Robert H. Jackson | 1,350 | 1,850 |
the "...only apparent reason behind this proposal was to announce the decision in time to influence the contract negotiations during the coal strike" between the coal company and the miners, which were taking place at the time. Jackson probably regarded Black's conduct as unbecoming of a Supreme Court Justice in anothe... | Wikipedia (person): Robert H. Jackson | 1,800 | 2,300 |
threatened resignation, Jackson rashly fired off a second cable to Congress , on June 10. This cable stated Jackson's reasons for his belief that Justice Black faced a conflict of interest in Jewell Ridge , from which he wrongfully, at least, in Jackson's eyes, did not recuse himself , and ended with Jackson's threat t... | Wikipedia (person): Robert H. Jackson | 2,250 | 2,750 |
provisions of the Bill of Rights ..." Jackson's concurrence In Dennis , Jackson concluded that the "clear and present danger test" should not be applied. To this end, Jackson analyzed: the effect Communism had outside the United States; the nature of Communists; and the problems with applying the test. Jackson's analys... | Wikipedia (person): Robert H. Jackson | 2,700 | 3,200 |
proposed here, it means that the Communist plotting is protected during its period of incubation; its preliminary stages of organization and preparation are immune from the law; the Government can move only after imminent action is manifest, when it would, of course, be too late. Conclusion In the end, the Court applie... | Wikipedia (person): Robert H. Jackson | 3,150 | 3,650 |
allowance of executive power presented, through the War Department's ability to deprive individuals of their rights in favor of national security in time of war: But if we cannot confine military expedients by the Constitution, neither would I distort the Constitution to approve all that the military may deem expedient... | Wikipedia (person): Robert H. Jackson | 3,600 | 4,100 |
questioned about the matter. His explanation of the memorandum was disputed in both 1971 and 1986 by Jackson's former secretary, and scholars have questioned its plausibility. However, the papers of Justices Douglas and Frankfurter indicate that Jackson voted for Brown in 1954 only after changing his mind. The views of... | Wikipedia (person): Robert H. Jackson | 4,050 | 4,550 |
action." Finally, in Part 4 of the draft memorandum, "Changed Conditions", Jackson began by stating that prior to Brown , segregation was legal. According to Jackson, the premise for overruling Plessy was the now erroneous "factual assumption" that "there were differences between the Negro and the white races, viewed a... | Wikipedia (person): Robert H. Jackson | 4,500 | 5,000 |
did], does it matter what the procedure is? Only the untaught layman or the charlatan lawyer can answer that procedure matters not. Procedural fairness and regularity are of the indispensable essence of liberty. Severe substantive laws can be endured if they are fairly and impartially applied. Indeed, if put to the cho... | Wikipedia (person): Robert H. Jackson | 4,950 | 5,450 |
were held in Washington's National Cathedral and later in Jamestown's St. Luke's Church. All eight of the other Supreme Court Justices traveled together to Jamestown, New York, to attend his funeral service; the last time, for security purposes, that the Supreme Court all traveled together. Other prominent guests inclu... | Wikipedia (person): Robert H. Jackson | 5,400 | 5,900 |
31, 2014 . Retrieved September 23, 2022 . ↑ Watts v. Indiana Archived January 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine , 338 U.S. 49, 59. ↑ Brown v. Allen , 344 U.S. 443 , 540 (1953). ↑ Gibson, Tobias. "Robert Jackson" . The First Amendment Encyclopedia . University of Minnesota . Retrieved August 18, 2022 . ↑ Garner, Bryan A. ... | Wikipedia (person): Robert H. Jackson | 5,850 | 6,350 |
2017 . ↑ New York, State Government of (1939). Manual for the use of the Legislature of the State of New York . Albany, New York: J. B. Lyon Company Printers. p. 661 . Retrieved April 14, 2022 . ↑ New York, State Government of (1931). Manual for the use of the Legislature of the State of New York . Albany, New York: J.... | Wikipedia (person): Robert H. Jackson | 6,300 | 6,800 |
. Retrieved March 11, 2017 . ↑ "Of the World: The Court Loses a Justice" . LIFE . New York, NY: Time, Inc. October 18, 1954. p. 51. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017 . Retrieved March 11, 2017 . ↑ Cushman, Clare (2013). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Press. p. 3... | Wikipedia (person): Robert H. Jackson | 6,750 | 7,250 |
73 UCINLR 9, 51 (2004). ↑ William C. Banks; Rodney Smolla (May 6, 2010). Constitutional Law: Structure and Rights in Our Federal System . LexisNexis. pp. 462– 465. ISBN 978-0-327-17509-4 . Archived from the original on August 19, 2020 . Retrieved June 25, 2017 . ↑ Randy E. Barnett; Howard E. Katz (December 9, 2014). Co... | Wikipedia (person): Robert H. Jackson | 7,200 | 7,700 |
from the original on March 1, 2018 . Retrieved June 25, 2017 . ↑ Barrett, John Q. (2016). "President Eisenhower and Justice Jackson's Funeral (1954)" (PDF) . The Jackson List . ↑ Leslie Alan Horvitz; Christopher Catherwood (May 14, 2014). Encyclopedia of War Crimes and Genocide . Infobase Publishing. pp. 250– 251. ISBN... | Wikipedia (person): Robert H. Jackson | 7,650 | 8,150 |
1938 . 1938. Jackson, Robert H. The Nürnberg Case, as Presented by Robert H. Jackson . New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1947. Jackson, Robert H. The Reminiscences of Robert H. Jackson . Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of United States, 1955. Jackson, Robert H. Struggle for Judicial Supremacy . New York, NY: Alfred A. Kno... | Wikipedia (person): Robert H. Jackson | 8,100 | 8,600 |
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