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prostitution rings. Real unsolved killings in Germany, especially of children or women, were often confidently explained in the pages of Der Stürmer as cases of "Jewish ritual murder ". One of Streicher's constant themes was the sexual violation of ethnic German women by Jews, a subject which he used to publish semi- p... | Wikipedia (defendant): Julius Streicher | 1,800 | 2,300 |
dress-rehearsal for other antisemitic commercial measures. As he consolidated his hold on power, he came to more or less rule the city of Nuremberg and his Gau Franken , and boasted that every Jew had been removed from Hersbruck . Among the nicknames provided by his enemies were "King of Nuremberg" and the "Beast of Fr... | Wikipedia (defendant): Julius Streicher | 2,250 | 2,750 |
party leadership; chief among his enemies in Hitler's hierarchy was Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring , who loathed him and later claimed that he forbade his own staff to read Der Stürmer . Despite his special relationship with Hitler, after 1938 Streicher's position began to unravel. He was accused of keeping Jewish prop... | Wikipedia (defendant): Julius Streicher | 2,700 | 3,200 |
and therefore as culpable as those who actually ordered the mass extermination of Jews. They further argued that he kept up his antisemitic propaganda even after he was aware that Jews were being slaughtered. Streicher was acquitted of crimes against peace , but found guilty of crimes against humanity , and sentenced t... | Wikipedia (defendant): Julius Streicher | 3,150 | 3,650 |
As with at least several others, the bungled hanging was caused by the hangman, Master Sergeant John C. Woods . Streicher's body, along with those of the other nine executed men and the corpse of Hermann Göring, was cremated at Ostfriedhof (Munich) and the ashes were scattered in the Isar River. In literature Streicher... | Wikipedia (defendant): Julius Streicher | 3,600 | 4,100 |
1 2 3 Evans 2003 , p. 189. ↑ Bracher 1970 , pp. 81–82. ↑ Longerich 2010 , pp. 12–13. ↑ Kershaw 2000 , pp. 137–138. ↑ Miller & Schulz 2021 , p. 345. ↑ Kershaw 2000 , pp. 138–139. 1 2 Bracher 1970 , p. 93. 1 2 Kershaw 2000 , p. 138. ↑ Franz-Willing 1962 , p. 89. ↑ Bytwerk 2001 , pp. 12–14. ↑ Rees 2017 , p. 22. ↑ Miller &... | Wikipedia (defendant): Julius Streicher | 4,050 | 4,550 |
2000 , pp. 381–389. ↑ Wistrich 1995 , p. 252. ↑ Conot 2000 , p. 506. ↑ Radlmeier 2001 , pp. 345–346. ↑ Duff 1999 , p. 130. ↑ Manvell & Fraenkel 2011 , p. 393. ↑ Kerr 1993 , pp. 385–392. Bibliography "Avalon Project – Yale University" . Judgement: Streicher . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Bartrop, Paul R.; Grimm, Eve E. (... | Wikipedia (defendant): Julius Streicher | 4,500 | 5,000 |
von (1999). Beseitigung des jüdischen Einflusses: Antisemitische Forschung, Eliten und Karrieren im Nationalsozialismus (in German). Frankfurt am Main; New York: Campus Verlag. ISBN 978-3-59336-098-0 . Kerr, Philip (1993). Berlin Noir . Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-140-23170-0 . Kershaw, Ian (2000). Hitler: 1889–1936, Hub... | Wikipedia (defendant): Julius Streicher | 4,950 | 5,450 |
ISBN 978-3-631-54499-0 . Snyder, Louis L. (1976). Encyclopedia of the Third Reich . London: Robert Hale. ISBN 978-1-56924-917-8 . Snyder, Louis L. (1989). Hitler's Elite: Biographical Sketches of Nazis Who Shaped the Third Reich . New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 978-0-87052-738-8 . Steigmann-Gall, Richard (2003). The ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Julius Streicher | 5,400 | 5,792 |
Walther Funk German economist, Nazi politician and convicted war criminal (1890–1960) Walther Immanuel Funk (18 August 1890 – 31 May 1960) was a German economist , Nazi official and convicted war criminal who served as Reichsminister for the Economy from 1938 to 1945 and president of the Reichsbank from 1939 to 1945. F... | Wikipedia (defendant): Walther Funk | 0 | 500 |
, becoming close to Gregor Strasser , who arranged his first meeting with Adolf Hitler . Partially because of his interest in economic policy , he was elected a Reichstag deputy in July 1932 and made chairman of the party's Committee on Economic Policy in December 1932, a post that he did not hold for long. After the N... | Wikipedia (defendant): Walther Funk | 450 | 950 |
of the Reichsbank . Funk recorded that by 1938 the German state had confiscated Jewish property worth two million Reichsmarks , using decrees from Hitler and other top Nazis to force German Jews to leave their property and assets to the state if they emigrated, such as the Reich Flight Tax . On 30 August 1939, immediat... | Wikipedia (defendant): Walther Funk | 900 | 1,400 |
to await trial. Nuremberg Gold rings of victims from Buchenwald concentration camp . Funk as Reichsminister for the Economy and President of the Reichsbank accepted the rings from the SS to be melted down. Eyeglasses of victims at Auschwitz concentration camp . Luggage taken from victims at Auschwitz. Funk was tried wi... | Wikipedia (defendant): Walther Funk | 1,350 | 1,850 |
a way that stirred my pity" in the witness box. Göring meanwhile described Funk as "an insignificant subordinate", but documentary evidence and his wartime biography Walther Funk, A Life for the Economy were used against him during the trial, leading to his conviction on counts 2, 3 and 4 of the indictment and his sent... | Wikipedia (defendant): Walther Funk | 1,800 | 2,280 |
Hjalmar Schacht German politician and economist (1877–1970) Horace Greeley Hjalmar Schacht ( German: [ ˈjalmaʁ ˈʃaxt ] ; 22 January 1877 – 3 June 1970) was a German economist, banker, politician, and co-founder of the German Democratic Party . He served as the Currency Commissioner and President of the Reichsbank durin... | Wikipedia (defendant): Hjalmar Schacht | 0 | 500 |
des Johanneums , Schacht studied medicine, philology , political science , and finance at the Universities of Munich , Leipzig , Berlin , Paris and Kiel before earning a doctorate at Kiel in 1899 – his thesis was on mercantilism . He joined the Dresdner Bank in 1903. In 1905, while on a business trip to the United Stat... | Wikipedia (defendant): Hjalmar Schacht | 450 | 950 |
November 1923. On 22 December 1923, after Schacht's economic policies had helped battle German hyperinflation and stabilize the German Reichsmark ( Helfferich Plan), he was appointed President of the Reichsbank at the requests of president Friedrich Ebert and Chancellor Gustav Stresemann . In 1926, Schacht provided fun... | Wikipedia (defendant): Hjalmar Schacht | 900 | 1,400 |
movement could use the existing conditions to regain Germany's sovereignty and equality as a world power." Schacht believed that if the German government was ever to commence a wholesale reindustrialization and rearmament despite the restrictions imposed by Germany's treaty obligations, it would have to be during a per... | Wikipedia (defendant): Hjalmar Schacht | 1,350 | 1,850 |
1935–36, Schacht, together with the Price Commissioner Dr. Carl Friedrich Goerdeler , helped lead the "free-market" faction in the German government. They urged Hitler to reduce military spending, turn away from autarkic and protectionist policies, and reduce state control in the economy. Schacht and Goerdeler were opp... | Wikipedia (defendant): Hjalmar Schacht | 1,800 | 2,300 |
Haavara Agreement allowing German Jews to emigrate to Mandatory Palestine under similar terms had been signed in 1933. On 20 January 1939, Hitler dismissed Schacht from his post as President of the Reichsbank and replaced him with Funk. Schacht remained a Reichsminister without portfolio, receiving the same salary, but... | Wikipedia (defendant): Hjalmar Schacht | 2,250 | 2,750 |
, Italy . After the war Schacht in an Allied internment camp, 1945 Schacht had supported Hitler's gaining power and had been an important official of the Nazi regime. Thus, he was arrested by the Allies in 1945. He was put on trial at Nuremberg for "conspiracy" and "crimes against peace" (planning and waging wars of ag... | Wikipedia (defendant): Hjalmar Schacht | 2,700 | 3,200 |
publisher both civilly and criminally liable; on appeal, the appellate court reversed the criminal conviction, but found that the publisher had violated Schacht's general right of personality. Schacht died in Munich , West Germany, on 3 June 1970. Works Schacht wrote 26 books during his lifetime, of which at least six ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Hjalmar Schacht | 3,150 | 3,650 |
the 1943 United States propaganda film Mission to Moscow Władysław Hańcza in the 1971 Polish film Epilogue at Nurnberg James Bradford in the 2000 Canadian/U.S. TV production Nuremberg Stoyan Aleksiev in the 2006 British television docudrama Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial Hjalmar Schacht appears in the following works of fic... | Wikipedia (defendant): Hjalmar Schacht | 3,600 | 4,100 |
Mifflin, 1956), 105. 1 2 Peterson, Edward Norman. Hjalmar Schacht: For and Against Hitler . Christopher Publishing House (Boston: 1954) pg. 24–31 1 2 Tooze, Adam (2007) . The Wages of Destruction: The Making & Breaking of the Nazi Economy . London: Penguin. pp. 12– 17. ISBN 978-0-14-100348-1 . ↑ Marsh, David (1992). Th... | Wikipedia (defendant): Hjalmar Schacht | 4,050 | 4,550 |
Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 374– 377. ↑ Gisevius, Hans Bernd (1998). To the Bitter End: An Insider's Account of the Plot to Kill Hitler, 1933–1944 . New York: Da Capo Press. pp. 304–306 . ISBN 0-306-80869-2 . ↑ Peterson, Edward Norman. Hjalmar Schacht: For and Against Hitler . Christopher Publishing House (Bo... | Wikipedia (defendant): Hjalmar Schacht | 4,500 | 5,000 |
2011. ISBN 978-1258126742 . ↑ Gilbert, Gustave (1947). Nuremberg Diary . New York: Da Capo Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-306-80661-2 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ↑ Fergusson, Adam. "Chapter 13: Schacht". When Money Dies: The Nightmare of the Weimar Collapse . Archived from the original on 24 May ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Hjalmar Schacht | 4,950 | 5,193 |
Karl Dönitz German grand admiral (1891–1980) "Dönitz" redirects here. For the German municipality, see Dönitz (Altmark) . For people with the surname "Dönitz", see Dönitz (surname) . Karl Dönitz ( German: [ ˈdøːnɪts ] ; 16 September 1891 – 24 December 1980) was a German grand admiral and convicted war criminal who, fol... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 0 | 500 |
Commander of the Armed Forces until his cabinet was dissolved by the Allied powers on 23 May de facto and on 5 June de jure . By his own admission, Dönitz was a dedicated Nazi and supporter of Hitler. Following the war, he was indicted as a major war criminal at the Nuremberg trials on three counts: conspiracy to commi... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 450 | 950 |
They had three children, whom they raised as Protestant Christians: a daughter named Ursula (1917–1990) and their sons Klaus (1920–1944) and Peter (1922–1943). Both of Dönitz's sons were killed in action during the Second World War. Peter was killed on 19 May 1943 when U-954 was sunk in the North Atlantic with all hand... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 900 | 1,400 |
future, perhaps not until the mid-1940s. Dönitz came to recognise the need for more of these vessels. Only 26 were in commission or under construction that summer. In the time before his command of submarines, he perfected the group tactics that first appealed to him in 1917. At this time Dönitz first expressed his pro... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 1,350 | 1,850 |
Plan , remained low. In 1935 shipyards produced 14 submarines, 21 in 1936, 1 in 1937. In 1938 nine were commissioned and in 1939 18 U-boats were built. Dönitz's vision may have been misguided. The British had planned for contingency construction programmes for the summer, 1939. At least 78 small escorts and a crash con... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 1,800 | 2,300 |
of Prize Regulations in the North Sea was withdrawn; and on 2 October complete freedom was given to attack darkened ships encountered off the British and French coasts. Two days later the Prize Regulations were cancelled in waters extending as far as 15° West, and on 17 October the German Naval Staff gave U-boats permi... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 2,250 | 2,750 |
From September until December 1939, U-boats sank 221 ships for 755,237 gross tons, at the cost of nine U-boats. Only 47 merchant ships were sunk in the North Atlantic , a tonnage of 249,195. Dönitz had difficulty in organising Wolfpack operations in 1939. A number of his submarines were lost en route to the Atlantic, t... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 2,700 | 3,200 |
( 195,193 GRT ) in a reversal of the previous months. Germany's defeat of Norway gave the U-boats new bases much nearer to their main area of operations off the Western Approaches. The U-boats operated in groups or 'wolf packs' which were coordinated by radio from land. With the fall of France , Germany acquired U-boat... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 3,150 | 3,650 |
, and Günther Prien were the most famous, but others included Hans Jenisch , Victor Oehrn , Engelbert Endrass , Herbert Schultze and Hans-Rudolf Rösing . Although they were skilled and had impeccable judgement, the shipping lanes they descended upon were poorly defended. The U-boat force did not escape unscathed. Withi... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 3,600 | 4,100 |
never as open to new ideas or thinking of war in intelligence terms. According to one analyst BdU "lacked imagination and intellectual daring" in the naval war. These Allied advantages failed to avert heavy losses in the June 1940 to May 1941 period, known to U-boat crews as the " First Happy Time ." In June 1941, 68 s... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 4,050 | 4,550 |
have increased, not lowered the number of sightings and the reasons for this made Dönitz uneasy. Despite several investigations, the conclusion of the BdU staff was that Enigma was impenetrable. His signals officer responded to the U-459 incident with answers ranging from coincidence, direction finding, to Italian trea... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 4,500 | 5,000 |
into 1944, but countermeasures were strong. In 1942, the global ratio of ships-to-U-boats sunk in Canadian waters was 112:1. The global average was 10.3:1. The solitary kill was achieved by the RCAF . Canadian operations, as with American efforts, were a failure during this year. Along with conventional U-boat operatio... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 4,950 | 5,450 |
to sink more ships than American industry could build, so he targeted the tanker fleet in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico in the hope that depleting oil transports would paralyse shipyard output. 33 transports were sunk in July before Dönitz lost his first crew. The USN introduced effective convoy systems thereafter, ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 5,400 | 5,900 |
desired number both he and Raeder had hoped for in 1939. Unaware of it, Dönitz and his men were aided by the Ultra blackout. The addition of a fourth rotor to the Enigma left radio detection the only way to gather intelligence on dispositions and intentions of the German naval forces. German code breakers had their own... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 5,850 | 6,350 |
promotion earned Hitler his undying loyalty. For Dönitz, Hitler had given him a "true home-coming at last, to a country in which unemployment appeared to have been abolished, the class war no longer tore the nation apart, and the shame of defeat in 1918 was being expunged." When war came, Dönitz became more firmly wedd... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 6,300 | 6,800 |
out of the range of land-based aircraft. Allied air forces had few aircraft equipped with ASV radar for U-boat detection into April and May 1943, and such units would not exist in Newfoundland until June. Convoys relied on RAF Coastal Command aircraft operating from Northern Ireland and Iceland. The aircraft imposed re... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 6,750 | 7,250 |
largest convoy battle, with 40 U-boats involved. Each operation was successful but all were fought in the mid-Atlantic. Allied losses reached a peak in March 1943. The Admiralty later issued a report on the matter; "The Germans never came so near [to] disrupting communications between the new world and the old as in th... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 7,200 | 7,700 |
completely by surprise. We now know that, in fact, a downward trend in the U-boats' recent accomplishments could have forewarned him, but was concealed from him by the exaggerated claims made by their commanders." In April Dönitz lost five crews to the Coastal Command ASV Biscay offensive. Encouraged by the isolated su... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 7,650 | 8,150 |
Aside from problems of seaworthiness among machines and crew, there were not enough Submarine pens to store idle boats and they were a target for aircraft in port. Dönitz would not withdraw his submarines from combat operations, for he felt the ships, men and aircraft engaged in suppressing the U-boats could then be tu... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 8,100 | 8,600 |
destroyed U-boats fell from one every four days, to one every 27 until June 1944. US hunter–killer groups extended their patrols to the central Atlantic in the summer. They sank 15 U-boats from June through to August 1943. A number of supply submarines were destroyed crippling the Germans' ability to conduct long range... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 8,550 | 9,050 |
one final success. The end of 1943 ended the attempt of the U-boat arm to achieve a strategic victory in the Atlantic. That left only the Arctic convoys to the Soviet Union . On Christmas Eve, this became the sole preserve of the U-boats after the dispatch of Scharnhorst at the Battle of the North Cape . From left to r... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 9,000 | 9,500 |
U-boats were ordered into action with the awareness that the western flank of the invasion would be well protected at sea. Operational experience with the snorkel was too scant to devise instructions for its use. The narrow, shallow, waters of the English Channel provided few opportunities for charging the batteries. D... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 9,450 | 9,950 |
On 1 January 1945, Dönitz had 425 submarines; 144 operational. On 1 April 1945, it was 166 from 429. He threw into battle every available weapon as the German Reich collapsed. Dönitz supported the use of Human torpedoes ; the Neger , Marder , Seehund and Biber were all used in suicide missions on his orders, perhaps in... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 9,900 | 10,400 |
in planning an attack on an isolated island in the far north. Hitler's willingness to listen to the naval commander was based on his high opinion of the navy's usefulness at this time. It reinforced isolated coastal garrisons along the Baltic and evacuated thousands of German soldiers and civilians in order that they m... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 10,350 | 10,850 |
- Mürwik . That night, 2 May, Dönitz made a nationwide radio address in which he announced Hitler's death and said the war would continue in the East "to save Germany from destruction by the advancing Bolshevik enemy." Dönitz remained in Flensburg–Mürwik until his arrest on 23 May 1945. Dönitz knew that Germany's posit... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 10,800 | 11,300 |
seen in the regimental museum of the King's Shropshire Light Infantry in Shrewsbury Castle . His Kriegsmarine flag, which was removed from his headquarters, can be seen at the RAF Regiment Heritage Centre at RAF Honington and his car pennant in the regimental museum of the Herefordshire Light Infantry . Nazism and anti... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 11,250 | 11,750 |
of Jewry" was regarding "the endurance, the power to endure, of the people, as it was composed, could be better preserved than if there were Jewish elements in the nation." Later, during the Nuremberg trials, Dönitz claimed to know nothing about the extermination of Jews and declared that "nobody among my men thought a... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 11,700 | 12,200 |
nothing to stop it. Dönitz was unable to defend himself on this charge convincingly when cross-examined by prosecutor Sir David Maxwell Fyfe . On 25 February 1945, Hitler asked Dönitz whether the Geneva Convention should be denounced. Hitler's motives were twofold. The first was that reprisals could be taken against We... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 12,150 | 12,650 |
the day the US officially entered the war. Thus, Dönitz was not charged of waging unrestricted submarine warfare against unarmed neutral shipping by ordering all ships in designated areas in international waters to be sunk without warning. Dönitz was imprisoned for 10 years in Spandau Prison in what was then West Berli... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 12,600 | 13,100 |
with collectors of German naval history. Around 1974, Dönitz was contacted by the neo-Nazi conspiracy theorist and early Reichsbürger Manfred Roeder , who tried to prove that the German Reich still existed. Roeder assumed that Dönitz remained the legal head of state, but the former admiral considered the idea ridiculou... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 13,050 | 13,550 |
also Biography portal Germany portal Politics portal B-Dienst Glossary of German military terms Glossary of Nazi Germany List of Nazi Party leaders and officials Notes 1 2 as Chancellor 1 2 as Leading Minister ↑ The Berlin Declaration , signed by the Allies on 5 June 1945, did not recognize Dönitz’s civilian government... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 13,500 | 14,000 |
2010 , p. 111. ↑ Neitzel 2003 , pp. 448–462. ↑ Neitzel 2003 , p. 450. ↑ Terraine 1989 , pp. 261–262. ↑ Milner 2011 , pp. 52–53. ↑ Milner 2011 , p. 36. ↑ Stern 2003 , p. 137. ↑ Terraine 1989 , pp. 230–231. ↑ Gardner 1999 , pp. 1–218. ↑ Syrett 1994 , p. 117. ↑ Gardner 1999 , p. 58. ↑ Boog et al. 2001 , p. 343. ↑ Stern 20... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 13,950 | 14,450 |
Roskill 1954 , p. 365. ↑ Rohwer 2015 , pp. 95–191. ↑ Price 1980 , p. 132. 1 2 Terraine 1989 , pp. 588, 593–594. ↑ Blair 1998 , pp. 62, 218, 778. ↑ Roskill 1954 , p. 364. ↑ Milner 2011 , pp. 157–158. ↑ Roskill 1954 , pp. 366–368. ↑ Roskill 1954 , pp. 367–368. 1 2 Roskill 1954 , p. 371. ↑ Milner 2011 , p. 179. ↑ Roskill ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 14,400 | 14,900 |
Karl Dönitz Announcement of German Capitulation- 8 May 1945 , 12 December 2022 , retrieved 16 August 2023 ↑ Last Wehrmacht Report – 9 May 1945 , 22 September 2022 , retrieved 16 August 2023 ↑ Oliver 2002 , p. 118. ↑ Soldiers of the Shropshire Museum: Arrest of the Flensburg Government, 1945 ↑ Terraine 1989 , p. 519. 1 ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 14,850 | 15,350 |
(2001). Germany and the Second World War: Volume 6: The Global War . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978-0-1982-2888-2 . Buckley, John (1995). The RAF and Trade Defence, 1919–1945: Constant Endeavour . Ryburn Publishing. ISBN 1-85331-069-7 . Busch, Rainer; Röll, Hans-Joachim (2003). Der U-Boot-Krieg 1939–1945 – Die Ritt... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 15,300 | 15,800 |
publisher ( link ) Grier, Howard D. (2007). Hitler, Dönitz, and the Baltic Sea. The Third Reich's last hope . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978-1-59114-345-1 . Haarr, Geirr H. (2012). The Gathering Storm: The Naval War in Northern Europe September 1939 – April 1940 . Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-140-3 . Hadley,... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 15,750 | 16,250 |
War College Review, 1978–1994 . Vol. 65. Naval War College. ISBN 978-0-385-04961-0 – via Internet Archive . Morgan, Daniel; Taylor, Bruce (2011). U-Boat Attack Logs: A Complete Record of Warship Sinkings from Original Sources, 1939–1945 . Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-118-2 . Mosley, Leonard (1974). The Reich M... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 16,200 | 16,700 |
978-3-938845-17-2 . Shirer, William (1983). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Fawcett Crest. ISBN 978-0-449-21977-5 . Sprecher, Drexel (1999). Inside the Nuremberg Trial: A Prosecutor's Comprehensive Account . Vol. 2. University Press of America . ISBN 978-0-7618-1284-5 . Steinweis, Alan E.; Rogers, Dani... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 16,650 | 17,150 |
400 Years of Military History [4 volumes]: 400 Years of Military History . ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-981-3 . Zillmer, Eric A. (1995). The Quest for the Nazi Personality: a Psychological Investigation of Nazi War Criminals . Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 978-0-8058-1898-7 – via Internet Archive . Attr... | Wikipedia (defendant): Karl Dönitz | 17,100 | 17,279 |
Erich Raeder German admiral (1876–1960) Erich Johann Albert Raeder ( [ ˈeːʁɪç ˈʁɛːdɐ ] ; 24 April 1876 – 6 November 1960) was a German admiral who played a major role in the naval history of World War II and was convicted of war crimes after the war. He attained the highest possible naval rank, that of grand admiral , ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Erich Raeder | 0 | 500 |
process. Owing to his cold and distant personality, Raeder was a man whom even his friends often admitted to knowing very little about. The dominating figure of the Navy was Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , the autocratic State Secretary of the Navy. Tirpitz's preferred means of obtaining "world power status" was through h... | Wikipedia (defendant): Erich Raeder | 450 | 950 |
an Entscheidungsschlacht , and so the best use of German naval strength was to build a fleet of cruisers and submarines that would wage a guerre de course (commerce raiding against an enemy's merchant shipping). After reading all three of Wegener's papers setting out his ideas, Admiral Hipper decided to submit them to ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Erich Raeder | 900 | 1,400 |
naval officer corps, strongly backed by the Defense Minister Gustav Noske to disband the workers' and soldiers' councils established after the Kiel mutiny. Noske was a Majority Social Democrat with firm "law and order" views. During this period, Raeder served as the liaison between the naval officer corps and Noske, an... | Wikipedia (defendant): Erich Raeder | 1,350 | 1,850 |
World War II Main article: Erich Raeder during World War II Erhard Milch , Wilhelm Keitel , Walther von Brauchitsch , Raeder and Maximilian von Weichs at the 1938 Nuremberg Rally Raeder believed the navy was unprepared for the start of World War II by at least five years. The surface fleet was inadequate to fight the R... | Wikipedia (defendant): Erich Raeder | 1,800 | 2,300 |
the Kriegsmarine to base itself in ports on France's west coast. This was strategically important as German warships would no longer have to navigate through the dangerous English Channel in order to return to friendly ports, as well as allow them to range farther out into the Atlantic to attack convoys. With the surre... | Wikipedia (defendant): Erich Raeder | 2,250 | 2,750 |
to threaten the Lend-Lease convoys to the Soviet Union, to deter an invasion of Norway, and to tie down elements of the Home Fleet that might otherwise have been used in the Atlantic against the U-boat wolfpacks. After the attack on Pearl Harbor Raeder, along with Field Marshal Keitel and Reichsmarschall Göring , urged... | Wikipedia (defendant): Erich Raeder | 2,700 | 3,200 |
Leutnant zur See (Lieutenant): 01 January 1899 Oberleutnant zur See (Senior Lieutenant): 09 April 1900 Kapitänleutnant (Captain-Lieutenant): 21 March 1905 Korvettenkapitän (Lieutenant-Commander): 15 April 1911 Fregattenkapitän (Commander): 26 April 1917 Kapitän zur See (Captain): 29 November 1919 Konteradmiral (Rear-Ad... | Wikipedia (defendant): Erich Raeder | 3,150 | 3,650 |
clasp (Sudetenspange) (19 September 1939) Memel Medal (26 October 1939) Clasp to the Iron Cross , 1st and 2nd class (30 September 1939) Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (nr.1) (30 September 1939) as Großadmiral and Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Sword (Sweden, 18 October 194... | Wikipedia (defendant): Erich Raeder | 3,600 | 4,100 |
Wistrich, Robert (1982). Who's Who in Nazi Germany . Macmillan Publishing Co. p. 239. ISBN 0-02-630600-X . ↑ Murray, Williamson & Millet, Alan A War to Be Won Fighting the Second World War, Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2000, ISBN 9780674006805 ., p. 248 ↑ "The Big Leak" . Archived from the original on 18 August 2018 . Ret... | Wikipedia (defendant): Erich Raeder | 4,050 | 4,550 |
. Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio Verlag. 1996. ISBN 3-7648-2497-2 . Fischer, Kurt (in German). Großadmiral Dr. phil. h.c. Erich Raeder . In: Gerd R. Ueberschär (ed.): Hitlers militärische Elite Band 1: Von der Anfängen des Regimes bis zum Kriegsbeginn (pp. 185–194). Darmstadt, Germany: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. 1... | Wikipedia (defendant): Erich Raeder | 4,500 | 5,000 |
978-3-938845-17-2 . Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York: Simon & Schuster. LCCN 60-6729 . Thomas, Charles. The German Navy in the Nazi Era , Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990, ISBN 0-87021-791-7 . Wette, Wolfram The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality , Cambridge: Harvard Unive... | Wikipedia (defendant): Erich Raeder | 4,950 | 5,127 |
Baldur von Schirach German Nazi politician (1907–1974) Baldur Benedikt von Schirach ( German pronunciation: [ ˈbaldʊʁ ˈbeːnedɪkt fɔn ˈʃiːʁax ] ; 9 May 1907 – 8 August 1974) was a German Nazi politician and convicted war criminal who was the leader ( Reichsjugendführer ) of the Hitler Youth from 1931 to 1940. From 1940 ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 0 | 500 |
Hermann Lietz . He then returned to Weimar where he attended the Realgymnasium at Museumplatz 3. On 31 March 1932 Schirach married the 19-year-old Henriette Hoffmann , the daughter of Heinrich Hoffmann , Adolf Hitler 's personal photographer and friend. Schirach's family was at first vehemently opposed to this marriage... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 450 | 950 |
founded the School Children's Leagues ( Schülerbünde ) to create competition to the Hitler Youth. He made an ally of Joseph Goebbels . In 1929 he defeated Kurt Gruber in an internal election, and later convinced Hitler to sideline Gruber. In 1929, he was selected as a Reichsredner (national speaker) and was active in P... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 900 | 1,400 |
Schirach organised a "Reich Youth Day" on 1 October 1932, with between 50,000 and 70,000 adolescents of the Hitler Youth and the League of German Girls attending the Luftschiffhafen Potsdam ( de ) (Potsdam Airship Port). It was financed by sales of badges and other propaganda materials. The Hitler Youth also published ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 1,350 | 1,850 |
with almost eight million members aged 10 and older. On 1 December 1936, Schirach was given the position of State Secretary to the Reich Government, as head of a Supreme Reich Authority ( Oberste Reichsbehörde ). Some sections of the church scouts and Bundische Jugend resisted forced incorporation. For example, in 1934... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 1,800 | 2,300 |
exams were equal to those of state high schools. Schirach formed numerous links with other international youth organisations, particularly Fascist Italy. His deputy Hartmann Lauterbacher met Robert Baden-Powell , founder of the Boy Scouts, and Hitler Youth made cycling trips to England. Trips to England and Hungary wer... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 2,250 | 2,750 |
Lucas Cranach the Elder was bought by Schirach, with special permission from Hitler, for 30,000 Reichsmark, more than Schirach's father's annual salary. It was rediscovered in 1999 and sold for $600,000. Another painting by Pieter Brueghel the Younger was stolen from Jews who were deported to Theresienstadt where they ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 2,700 | 3,200 |
and well-founded reply". Schirach also desired to expand Vienna's economic influence, using the Southeastern European Company ( Südosteuropa-Gesellschaft , SOEG) founded by Josef Bürckel, and the Vienna Autumn Trade Fair. However, the SOEG was dismissed as a "Viennese breakfast and speeches club without economic impact... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 3,150 | 3,650 |
Thomas was to be sent to the Eastern front, but he was found medically unfit for service. Hitler summoned Schirach to the Berghof, saying "It was my mistake to have sent you to Vienna. It was a mistake that I ever brought these Viennese into the Greater German Reich. I know these people. In my youth I lived among them.... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 3,600 | 4,100 |
had asked Hitler to send Baldur to Munich as Gauleiter , swapping positions with Paul Giesler ; Hitler refused. Hugo Jury later declined to succeed Schirach. Jury and Karl Scharizer ( de ) defended Schirach, but Scharizer increasingly took over his work. While generally positive about Schirach, Scharizer wrote "Schirac... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 4,050 | 4,550 |
1944, Schirach became the commander of the Volkssturm units in his Gau. On 24 February 1945, Hitler called a meeting of most of his Gauleiter in Berlin. Attendees included Schirach and Hugo Jury. Hitler ordered that Vienna was to be held at any price, as part of a policy of "total warfare". Schirach ignored recommendat... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 4,500 | 5,000 |
up to the end of the war. On 10 September 1945 he was flown to Nuremberg to be put on trial, believing he would be sentenced to death. Deportation of the Jews Schirach was an anti-Semite , responsible for sending most of the Jews from Vienna to Nazi concentration camps . During his tenure, 65,000 Jews were deported. In... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 4,950 | 5,450 |
did not want to stay in the ghetto at all, because they didn't like it there, and they wanted to be better situated and make their peace with their Jew god, and we gave them a hand with that and... [Great amusement and strong applause]." Schirach had also heard a speech by Heinrich Himmler in Posen on 6 October 1943, i... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 5,400 | 5,900 |
Hitler Youth. At the trial, Schirach was one of only a few defendants (along with Albert Speer and Hans Frank ) to denounce Hitler. Schirach's strategy was very different from other defendants such as Göring, who didn't want any of the defendants to say anything against Hitler. Like Speer, Schirach rejected legal respo... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 5,850 | 6,350 |
Ross, in 1944. Regarding the accusation of crimes against peace for his leadership of the Hitler Youth, he presented the Hitler Youth as a youth organisation like the Boy Scouts, rather than a paramilitary organisation responsible for war crimes: I have educated this generation in faith and loyalty to Hitler. The Youth... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 6,300 | 6,800 |
Hitler regime which were established during this Trial, that it never wanted this war, and that neither in peace nor in war did it participate in any crimes. Dodd also presented a telegram from Schirach arguing for a violent air attack on a British cultural town in response to the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich. On... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 6,750 | 7,250 |
the retina of his right eye, which was unsuccessful. After the operation, he suffered a thrombosis. Schirach was released from prison on 1 October 1966, after serving his full sentence. He agreed to a series of interviews with Stern magazine. Schirach described his trial as a " show trial ". The 1,500 pages of transcri... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 7,200 | 7,700 |
died there on 8 August 1974, aged 67, of coronary thrombosis, and was buried in Kröv. Käthe Müllen chose his epitaph, "I was one of you" ( Ich war einer von Euch ). Schirach did not leave a large fortune: his mother's American property had been seized in 1944 and his father's American assets were confiscated in 1947. A... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 7,650 | 8,150 |
Charles Langer (1972). Mind Of Adolf Hitler . Basic Books / United States Office of Strategic Services. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-465-04620-1 . Retrieved 17 July 2023 . His family was violently opposed to the marriage but Hitler insisted. ↑ Strasser, Otto (1940). Hitler and I . Houghton Mifflin. p. 71 . Retrieved 17 July 2023 ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 8,100 | 8,600 |
findings of a bombshell report prepared by the London-based Commission for Looted Art in Europe (CLAE) showing that, after World War II, Germany returned Nazi-looted artworks to Nazi-connected families, rather than the victims they were stolen from. The CLAE's investigation was sparked by a claim from the family of Got... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 8,550 | 9,050 |
(This article is very different from the one in the 1980 Grove ; in particular, the analysis of Strauss's behavior during the Nazi period is more detailed.) ↑ "Music; Richard Strauss and Hitler's Reich: Jupiter in Hell" . The New York Times . 6 January 2002. ↑ "Baldur von Schirach" . Archived from the original on 3 Apr... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 9,000 | 9,500 |
↑ "Vienna Philharmonic acknowledges honouring Nazi war criminal" . Reuters . 11 March 2013 . Retrieved 17 July 2023 . ↑ "Ich war einer von Euch" (PDF) . Trierischer Volksfreund . 11–12 January 2014 . Retrieved 15 January 2024 . ↑ "Diskussion um letzte Ruhestätte des Kriegsverbrechers Baldur von Schirach" . Trierischer ... | Wikipedia (defendant): Baldur von Schirach | 9,450 | 9,679 |
Fritz Sauckel German Nazi politician (1894–1946) Ernst Friedrich Christoph Sauckel (27 October 1894 – 16 October 1946) was a German Nazi politician and convicted war criminal . As General Plenipotentiary for Labour Deployment ( Arbeitseinsatz ) from March 1942 until the end of the Second World War , he oversaw the mobi... | Wikipedia (defendant): Fritz Sauckel | 0 | 500 |
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