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crime introduced by Justice Jackson, as Chief Prosecutor for the United States at the Nuremberg Trials, with applications to today Nuremberg opening statement Archived October 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Nuremberg closing statement Archived October 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Robert H. Jackson at IMDb Justice... | Wikipedia (person): Robert H. Jackson | 8,550 | 8,622 |
Telford Taylor American lawyer (1908–1998) Telford Taylor (February 24, 1908 – May 23, 1998) was an American lawyer and professor. Taylor was known for his role as lead counsel in the prosecution of war criminals after World War II , his opposition to McCarthyism in the 1950s, and his outspoken criticism of American ac... | Wikipedia (person): Telford Taylor | 0 | 500 |
returned to the US, Taylor was promoted to brigadier general and succeeded him on October 17, 1946, as chief counsel for the remaining twelve trials before the US Nuremberg Military Tribunals . In these trials at Nuremberg, 163 of the 200 defendants who were tried were found guilty in some or all of the charges of the ... | Wikipedia (person): Telford Taylor | 450 | 950 |
limits" of civil disobedience . Taylor was very critical of the conduct of US troops in the Vietnam War , and in 1971 urged President Richard Nixon to set up a national commission to investigate the conflict. He strongly criticized the court-martial of Lieutenant William Calley , the commanding officer of the US troops... | Wikipedia (person): Telford Taylor | 900 | 1,400 |
professor at Harvard and Yale Law School , accepted a new post at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law at Yeshiva University , becoming a founding member of the faculty while continuing to teach at Columbia. His 1979 book, Munich: The Price of Peace, won the National Book Critics Circle Award for the "best work of gen... | Wikipedia (person): Telford Taylor | 1,350 | 1,850 |
the Cardozo School of Law at the Yeshiva University . Other sources: ↑ Lowenthal, Max ; Hess, Jerry N. (1967). "Oral History Interview with Max Lowenthal" . Harry S. Truman Library & Museum . Retrieved August 19, 2017 . ↑ "Telford Taylor Leaves FCC To Accept Majority in Army". Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising . 2... | Wikipedia (person): Telford Taylor | 1,800 | 2,281 |
Thomas J. Dodd U.S. federal and Nuremberg Trials prosecutor, Congressman, and Senator Thomas Joseph Dodd (May 15, 1907 – May 24, 1971) was an American attorney and diplomat who served as a United States Senator and Representative from Connecticut . Dodd came from a political family; his father Thomas Joseph Dodd was a ... | Wikipedia (person): Thomas J. Dodd | 0 | 500 |
violating the Espionage Act of 1917 by conspiring to gather and deliver US Army, Navy, and defense information to Germany or Japan. Four of the five pleaded guilty; Dodd tried and won the conviction of the fifth man, Reverend Kurt Emil Bruno Molzahn. Dodd became vice chairman of the Board of Review and later executive ... | Wikipedia (person): Thomas J. Dodd | 450 | 950 |
October 1, 1946. Dodd assisted the Allied prosecuting team in convicting all but three of the defendants. All but one of the defendants had claimed innocence, including Hermann Göring , whom Dodd had charged with ordering Reinhard Heydrich to set the Holocaust in motion. In addition to prosecuting the individual defend... | Wikipedia (person): Thomas J. Dodd | 900 | 1,400 |
handle its legal affairs in the U.S. Of course I will not represent the government of Guatemala or any other private client if I am elected to the Senate." In 1961, Dodd visited the Congo to investigate the civil war caused by the secession of the Province of Katanga . In addition to his work in the Congo, Dodd opened ... | Wikipedia (person): Thomas J. Dodd | 1,350 | 1,850 |
, Dodd worked to restrict the purchase of mail order handguns and later shotguns and rifles. Those efforts culminated in the Gun Control Act of 1968 , which Dodd introduced, including certain registration requirements. Dodd played an instrumental role in the prohibition of LSD in the United States by presiding over sub... | Wikipedia (person): Thomas J. Dodd | 1,800 | 2,300 |
Dodd Prize in International Justice and Human Rights . The state of New Hampshire proclaimed April 25, 2008, as Thomas J. Dodd Day; that same day, the New Hampshire Institute of Politics at Saint Anselm College renamed its Center for International Affairs as the Senator Thomas J. Dodd Center for the Study of Internatio... | Wikipedia (person): Thomas J. Dodd | 2,250 | 2,750 |
Season 18. Episode 6. January 30, 2006. PBS . Archived from the original on February 15, 2006. Transcript . ↑ "TimesMachine: Tuesday October 1, 1946 - NYTimes.com" – via TimesMachine. ↑ McLaughlin, Kathleen (September 1, 1946). "20 of 21 Nazis Claim Innocence As Nuremberg Trial Is Concluded". The New York Times . p. 1.... | Wikipedia (person): Thomas J. Dodd | 2,700 | 3,200 |
A Compelling Indictment of Corruption on Capitol Hill". New York: Simon and Schuster. {{ cite journal }} : Cite journal requires | journal= ( help ) . ↑ Pearson v. Dodd. 11 Prosser, Wade and Schwartz's Torts Cases and Materials 81-84. United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit. 1969. Print. ↑ Dodd Cen... | Wikipedia (person): Thomas J. Dodd | 3,150 | 3,339 |
Hartley Shawcross English barrister and politician Hartley William Shawcross, Baron Shawcross , GBE , PC , QC (4 February 1902 – 10 July 2003), known from 1945 to 1959 as Sir Hartley Shawcross , was an English barrister and Labour politician who served as the lead British prosecutor at the Nuremberg War Crimes tribunal... | Wikipedia (person): Hartley Shawcross | 0 | 500 |
argument in respect of millions of other people "annihilated in the gas chambers or by shooting" and maintained that each of the 22 defendants was a party to "common murder in its most ruthless forms". Attorney-General and UN Factotum As Attorney-General , he prosecuted William Joyce (" Lord Haw-Haw ") and John Amery f... | Wikipedia (person): Hartley Shawcross | 450 | 950 |
1974. From 1974 to 1978, he was chairman of the Press Council and is described as "forthright in his condemnation both of journalists who committed excesses and of proprietors who profited from them" and as a "doughty defender of press freedom". In October 1974, he poured scorn on a Labour Party pamphlet that recommend... | Wikipedia (person): Hartley Shawcross | 900 | 1,400 |
him placed under the supervision of the Court of Protection ; they won a court ruling "after the humiliation of medical and psychological tests" concluded Shawcross was "was incapable of rational decision", but Shawcross and his future wife eloped to Gibraltar, where the courts ruled the opposite. Lady Shawcross died o... | Wikipedia (person): Hartley Shawcross | 1,350 | 1,850 |
Library access or UK public library membership required.) ↑ "United Nations Flag Approved by General Assembly's Legal Committee" . United Nations Photo . ↑ Shawcross, Hartley (29 January 1951). "Prosecutions (Attorney-General's Responsibility)" . Hansard . House of Commons Debates (c681). ↑ Heintzman, Ralph (16 May 202... | Wikipedia (person): Hartley Shawcross | 1,800 | 2,190 |
François de Menthon French politician (1900–1984) François de Menthon Count François de Menthon (8 January 1900 – 2 June 1984) was a French politician and professor of law. Early and private life Menthon was born in Montmirey-la-Ville in Jura . He was a son of an old noble family from Menthon-Saint-Bernard . He studied... | Wikipedia (person): François de Menthon | 0 | 500 |
He gave his opening speech, defining a crime against humanity as: "crime contre le statut d'être humain motivé par une idéologie qui est un crime contre l'esprit visant à rejeter l'humanité dans la barbarie" ("crime against human laws, motivated by an ideology that is a crime against the spirit, returning humanity to b... | Wikipedia (person): François de Menthon | 450 | 696 |
Roman Rudenko Soviet lawyer Roman Andreyevich Rudenko ( Russian : Рома́н Андре́евич Руде́нко , Ukrainian : Роман Андрійович Руденко ; 7 August [ O.S. 25 July ] 1907 – 23 January 1981) was a Soviet lawyer and statesman. Procurator-General of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1944 to 1953, Rudenko became Procu... | Wikipedia (person): Roman Rudenko | 0 | 500 |
July 7, 1907. ↑ Utley, Freda (1949). "6. The Nuremberg Judgments". The High Cost of Vengeance . Henry Regnery Company. ↑ "The Soviet special camp No.7 / No. 1 1945 – 1950" . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 22 April 2009 . ↑ Powers, Francis (2004). Operation Overflight: A Memoir of the U-2 In... | Wikipedia (person): Roman Rudenko | 450 | 576 |
Geoffrey Lawrence, 1st Baron Oaksey British judge (1880–1971) Geoffrey Lawrence, 3rd Baron Trevethin, 1st Baron Oaksey , DSO , TD , PC , DL (2 December 1880 – 28 August 1971) was the lead British judge during the Nuremberg trials after Second World War , and President of the International Military Tribunal. Biography T... | Wikipedia (person): Geoffrey Lawrence, 1st Baron Oaksey | 0 | 500 |
Norman Birkett in the British delegation to the Judicial group in the Nuremberg trials , though not (as some thought) arising out of his friendship with Attlee who was by then Prime Minister. He was then elected as President of all the Judges, more through the lack of enemies than any other factor. His conduct of the t... | Wikipedia (person): Geoffrey Lawrence, 1st Baron Oaksey | 450 | 950 |
2021 . ↑ "Lord Oaksey, Presiding Judge at Nuremberg Trials, Is Dead" . The New York Times . London, England. 30 August 1971. Archived from the original on 15 June 2021 . Retrieved 28 June 2021 . ↑ Debrett's Peerage . 1936. External links Portraits of Geoffrey Lawrence, 3rd Baron Trevethin and 1st Baron Oaksey at the Na... | Wikipedia (person): Geoffrey Lawrence, 1st Baron Oaksey | 900 | 961 |
Francis Biddle Lawyer, judge, and 58th US Attorney General Francis Beverley Biddle (May 9, 1886 – October 4, 1968) was an American lawyer and judge who was the United States Attorney General during World War II . He also served as the primary American judge during Nuremberg trials following World War II and a United St... | Wikipedia (person): Francis Biddle | 0 | 500 |
Authority from 1938 to 1939. World War II During World War II , Biddle used the Espionage Act of 1917 to attempt to shut down "vermin publications", which included Father Coughlin 's publication entitled Social Justice . Biddle prosecuted several prominent left-wing individuals and organizations under the Smith Act . I... | Wikipedia (person): Francis Biddle | 450 | 950 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Francis Biddle to All U.S. Attorneys: Circular No. 3591 Re: Involuntary Servitude, Slavery, and Peonage . Biddle strengthened his department's efforts on behalf of African-American civil rights by instructing United States attorneys to direct their prosecutions against forced labo... | Wikipedia (person): Francis Biddle | 900 | 1,400 |
biography of the jurist, Mr. Justice Holmes , which was adapted into a 1946 Broadway play and a 1950 film entitled The Magnificent Yankee . Democratic Thinking and the War was published in 1944. His 1949 book, The World's Best Hope , looked at the role of the United States in the post-war era. He was elected a fellow o... | Wikipedia (person): Francis Biddle | 1,350 | 1,850 |
FDR's Concentration Camps, Censorship, and Mass Surveillance (First ed.). Oakland: Independent Institute. pp. 194– 195. ISBN 978-1598133561 . ↑ Neiwert, David (2005). Strawberry Days . Palgrave Macmillan. p. 195. ISBN 978-1403967923 . ↑ Weglyn, Michi Nishiura (1976). Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America's Conce... | Wikipedia (person): Francis Biddle | 1,800 | 2,214 |
Schutzstaffel Nazi paramilitary organisation (1925–1945) "SS" and "German SS" redirect here. For the German letter 'ss', see ß . For other uses, see SS (disambiguation) . The Schutzstaffel ( German: [ ˈʃʊtsˌʃtafl̩ ] ; lit. ' Protection Squadron ' ; SS ; also stylised with SS runes as ᛋᛋ ) was a major paramilitary organ... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 0 | 500 |
Security) to provide security at their meetings in Munich . The same year, Hitler ordered the formation of a small bodyguard unit dedicated to his personal service. He wished it to be separate from the "suspect mass" of the party, including the paramilitary Sturmabteilung ("Storm Battalion"; SA), which he did not trust... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 450 | 950 |
Himmler assumed the position of Reichsführer-SS in January 1929. There are differing accounts of the reason for Heiden's dismissal from his position as head of the SS. The party announced that it was for "family reasons". Under Himmler, the SS expanded and gained a larger foothold. He considered the SS an elite, ideolo... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 900 | 1,400 |
back to 1750 and for other ranks to 1800. Once the war started and it became more difficult to confirm ancestry, the regulation was amended to proving only the candidate's grandparents were Aryan, as spelled out in the Nuremberg Laws . Other requirements were complete obedience to the Führer and a commitment to the Ger... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 1,350 | 1,850 |
during World War II, the SS oversaw the isolation and displacement of Jews from the populations of the conquered territories, seizing their assets and deporting them to concentration camps and ghettos , where they were used as slave labour or immediately murdered. Chosen to implement the Final Solution ordered by Hitle... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 1,800 | 2,300 |
the Night of the Long Knives , in which most of the SA leadership were arrested and subsequently executed. The SS and Gestapo carried out most of the murders. On 20 July 1934, Hitler detached the SS from the SA, which was no longer an influential force after the purge. The SS became an elite corps of the Nazi Party, an... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 2,250 | 2,750 |
and police leaders held the rank of SS- Gruppenführer or above and answered directly to Himmler in all SS matters within their district. Their role was to police the population and oversee the activities of the SS men within their district. By declaring an emergency, they could bypass the district administrative office... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 2,700 | 3,200 |
Hitler's protection throughout Germany. The FSK was renamed the Reichssicherheitsdienst (Reich Security Service; RSD) in August 1935. Johann Rattenhuber , chief of the RSD, for the most part, took his orders directly from Hitler. The current FBK chief acted as his deputy. Wherever Hitler was in residence, members of th... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 3,150 | 3,650 |
tandem with them, especially with the Heer (German Army). However, it never obtained total "independence of command", nor was it ever a "serious rival" to the German Army. Members were never able to join the ranks of the German High Command and it was dependent on the army for heavy weaponry and equipment. Although SS ... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 3,600 | 4,100 |
When the army leadership registered complaints about the brutality being meted out by the Einsatzgruppen , Heydrich informed them that he was acting "in accordance with the special order of the Führer ." Murder of civilians by Einsatzgruppen in Kórnik , Poland, 1939 Satisfied with their performance in Poland, Hitler al... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 4,050 | 4,550 |
the face of frustrated objectives" exhibited by the SS-Totenkopf division during the invasion were typical of the SS troops as a whole. At the close of the campaign, Hitler expressed his pleasure with the performance of the SS-Leibstandarte , telling them: "Henceforth it will be an honour for you, who bear my name, to ... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 4,500 | 5,000 |
SS. Rapid acquisition of vast territories in the East placed considerable strain on the SS police organisations as they struggled to adjust to the changing security challenges. The 1st and 2nd SS Infantry Brigades, which had been formed from surplus concentration camp guards of the SS-TV, and the SS Cavalry Brigade mov... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 4,950 | 5,450 |
in occupied eastern Poland and the Soviet Union. The greatest extent of Einsatzgruppen action occurred in 1941 and 1942 in Ukraine and Russia. Before the invasion there were five million registered Jews throughout the Soviet Union, with three million of those residing in the territories occupied by the Germans; by the ... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 5,400 | 5,900 |
in the area were rounded up and killed. Communists and people of Asiatic descent were killed presumptively under the assumption that they were Soviet agents. Death camps Jews from Carpathian Ruthenia arriving at Auschwitz concentration camp , 1944 After the start of the war, Himmler intensified the activity of the SS w... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 5,850 | 6,350 |
camps, making the entire organisation liable for war crimes and crimes against humanity . Business empire At Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp , inmates were forced to carry heavy granite blocks out of the quarry on the "Stairs of Death". In 1934, Himmler founded the first SS business venture, Nordland-Verlag , a pub... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 6,300 | 6,800 |
extant brickworks. The DWB also founded the Ost-Deutsche Baustoffwerke (East German Building Supply Works; GmbH or ODBS) and Deutsche Edelmöbel GmbH (German Noble Furniture). These operated in factories the SS had confiscated from Jews and Poles. The SS owned experimental farms, bakeries, meat packing plants, leather w... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 6,750 | 7,250 |
landing craft and impede the movement of tanks. In addition to several static infantry divisions, eleven panzer and Panzergrenadier divisions were deployed nearby. Four of these formations were Waffen-SS divisions. In addition, the SS-Das Reich was located in Southern France , the LSSAH was in Belgium refitting after f... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 7,200 | 7,700 |
December 1944 Waffen-SS units that had survived the summer campaigns were withdrawn from the front line to refit. Two of them, the 9th SS and 10th SS Panzer Divisions , did so in the Arnhem region of Holland in early September 1944. Coincidentally, on 17 September, the Allies launched in the same area Operation Market ... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 7,650 | 8,150 |
Hron River, stalling the Allied advance towards Vienna. The 1st and 2nd SS Panzer Corps made their way towards Austria but were slowed by damaged railways. Budapest fell on 13 February. Hitler ordered Dietrich's 6th Panzer Army to move into Hungary to protect the Nagykanizsa oilfields and refineries, which he deemed th... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 8,100 | 8,600 |
, who had been chief of operations for the Gestapo, was appointed Gestapo chief at this time. Arthur Nebe was chief of the Kripo, and the two branches of SD were commanded by a series of SS officers, including Otto Ohlendorf and Walter Schellenberg . The SD was considered an elite branch of the SS, and its members were... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 8,550 | 9,050 |
invaded Hungary . Their task was to take a direct role in the deportation of Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz. The SS-Sonderkommandos enlisted the aid of antisemitic elements from the Hungarian gendarmerie and pro-German administrators from within the Hungarian Interior Ministry. Round-ups began on 16 April, and from 14 May... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 9,000 | 9,500 |
SS-Gericht ) was an internal legal system for conducting investigations, trials, and punishment of the SS and police. It had more than 600 lawyers on staff in the main offices in Berlin and Munich. Proceedings were conducted at 38 regional SS courts throughout Germany. It was the only authority authorised to try SS per... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 9,450 | 9,950 |
Amt V as the central office for SS medical units. An SS medical academy was established in Berlin in 1938 to train Waffen-SS physicians. SS medical personnel did not often provide actual medical care; their primary responsibility was medicalised genocide. At Auschwitz, about three quarters of new arrivals, including al... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 9,900 | 10,400 |
the SS-Helferinnenkorps , in addition to 15,000 police auxiliaries. They were present in diverse areas, from the offices of the Reich Security Main Office in Berlin to the concentration camps . In 1942, Himmler set up the Reichsschule für SS Helferinnen (Reich School for SS Helpers) in Oberehnheim to train women in com... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 10,350 | 10,850 |
the beginning of World War II resulted in volunteers for Latvian and Estonian Waffen-SS units. The Estonian Legion had 1,280 volunteers under training by the end of 1942. Approximately 25,000 men served in the Estonian SS division, with thousands more conscripted into Police Front battalions and border guard units. Mos... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 10,800 | 11,300 |
By 1942 all activities of the SS were managed through twelve main offices. Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS (Command Staff Reichsführer-SS ) SS Main Office (SS-HA) SS-Führungshauptamt (SS Main Operational Office; SS-FHA) Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) SS Main Economic and Administrative Of... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 11,250 | 11,750 |
mass deportation of Austrian Jews. Post-war activity and aftermath Following Nazi Germany's collapse, the SS ceased to exist. Numerous members of the SS, many of them still committed Nazis, remained at large in Germany and across Europe. On 21 May 1945, the British captured Himmler, who was in disguise and carrying a f... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 11,700 | 12,200 |
Auschwitz took place in Kraków in November 1947. Most were found guilty, and 23 received the death penalty. The twelve subsequent Nuremberg trials took place in 1946–1949; also, an estimated 37,000 members of the SS were tried and convicted in Soviet courts. Sentences included hangings and long terms of hard labour. Pi... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 12,150 | 12,650 |
aide Otto von Bolschwing , and accused war criminal Theodor Saevecke , were employed by American intelligence agencies against the Soviets. As CIA officer Harry Rositzke noted, "It was a visceral business of using any bastard so long as he was anti-Communist. ... The eagerness or desire to enlist collaborators means th... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 12,600 | 13,100 |
2008 , pp. 308–314. ↑ Baranowski 2010 , pp. 196–197. ↑ Zentner & Bedürftig 1991 , p. 901. ↑ Zentner & Bedürftig 1991 , p. 903. ↑ Laqueur & Baumel 2001 , p. 606. ↑ Allen 2002 , p. 112. ↑ Höhne 2001 , pp. 146, 147. ↑ Stackelberg 2002 , p. 116. 1 2 Jacobsen 1999 , pp. 82, 93. ↑ Weale 2010 , pp. 62–67. ↑ Weale 2010 , pp. 6... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 13,050 | 13,550 |
Padfield 2001 , pp. 128–129. ↑ Weale 2010 , p. 95. ↑ Evans 2005 , p. 85. ↑ Hilberg 1985 , p. 222. ↑ Hein 2015 , p. 63. ↑ Wachsmann 2010 , p. 22. ↑ Weale 2010 , pp. 106–108. ↑ Weale 2010 , p. 108. ↑ Evans 2008 , pp. 366–367. ↑ Weale 2010 , pp. 108–109. ↑ Ayçoberry 1999 , p. 273. ↑ Stein 2002 , p. 23. 1 2 Flaherty 2004 ,... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 13,500 | 14,000 |
↑ Bessel 2006 , pp. 118–119. ↑ Stackelberg 2007 , p. 163. ↑ Laqueur & Baumel 2001 , p. 164. ↑ Bessel 2006 , p. 119. ↑ Zentner & Bedürftig 1991 , p. 227. ↑ Evans 2008 , pp. 256–257. ↑ Longerich 2012 , p. 547. ↑ Gerwarth 2011 , p. 199. ↑ Rhodes 2003 , p. 243. ↑ Blood 2006 , pp. 70–71. ↑ Longerich 2012 , p. 625. ↑ Longeri... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 13,950 | 14,450 |
2013 , p. 297. ↑ McNab 2009 , p. 73. ↑ Wilmot 1997 , pp. 399–400. ↑ Stein 2002 , pp. 222–223. ↑ Wilmot 1997 , p. 420. ↑ McNab 2013 , p. 197. ↑ Shirer 1960 , pp. 1085–1086. ↑ Weinberg 1994 , p. 701. ↑ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 439–442. ↑ Weinberg 1994 , pp. 765–766. ↑ Murray & Millett 2001 , p. 465. ↑ Weinberg 1994 , ... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 14,400 | 14,900 |
, p. 308. ↑ Pieper 2015 , pp. 52–53. ↑ Pieper 2015 , pp. 81–90. ↑ Pieper 2015 , pp. 81–82. ↑ Pieper 2015 , pp. 119–120. ↑ Miller 2006 , p. 310. ↑ Pieper 2015 , p. 120. ↑ Pieper 2015 , pp. 146–147. ↑ McNab 2013 , p. 182. ↑ Stockert 1997 , p. 229. ↑ McNab 2013 , pp. 225–230. ↑ Proctor 1988 , p. 86. ↑ Lifton 1986 , p. 147... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 14,850 | 15,350 |
↑ Stackelberg 2007 , p. 302. ↑ Browder 1996 , pp. 205–206. ↑ Art 2006 , p. 43. ↑ Gerwarth 2011 , pp. 120–121. ↑ Weale 2012 , p. 107. ↑ Gerwarth 2011 , p. 121. ↑ Anderson 2011 . ↑ Mang 2003 , pp. 1–5. ↑ Höhne 2001 , p. 580. ↑ Evans 2008 , pp. 739–741. ↑ Longerich 2012 , p. 736. ↑ Weale 2012 , p. 410. ↑ Burleigh 2000 , p... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 15,300 | 15,800 |
with Glass Houses: The Soviet Recruitment and Deployment of SS Men as Spies and Saboteurs". Intelligence and National Security . 15 (3): 131– 145. doi : 10.1080/02684520008432620 . ISSN 0268-4527 . S2CID 153452361 . Bishop, Chris (2005). Hitler's Foreign Divisions: 1940–45 . London: Amber. ISBN 978-1-904687-37-5 . Bloo... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 15,750 | 16,250 |
Red Storm on the Reich: The Soviet March on Germany, 1945 . Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books. ISBN 978-0-7858-1624-9 . Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich . New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-14-303469-8 . Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power . New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 978-0-14-3... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 16,200 | 16,700 |
Police and the Security Service, 1941–1943 . Rutherford, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-3418-9 . Heer, Hannes ; Naumann, Klaus (2000). War of Extermination: The German Military in World War II 1941–1944 . New York: Berghahn. ISBN 978-1-57181-232-2 . Hein, Bastian (2015). Die SS: Gesch... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 16,650 | 17,150 |
University Press. ISBN 978-1-58544-285-0 . Laqueur, Walter ; Baumel, Judith Tydor (2001). The Holocaust Encyclopedia . New Haven; London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08432-0 . Levy, Alan (2006) . Nazi Hunter: The Wiesenthal File (Revised 2002 ed.). London: Constable & Robinson. ISBN 978-1-84119-607-7 . Lichtb... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 17,100 | 17,600 |
Jose, California: R. James Bender. ISBN 978-1-932970-21-0 . Mollo, Andrew (1991). Uniforms of the SS: Volume 3: SS-Verfügungstruppe . London: Windrow & Greene. ISBN 978-1-872004-51-8 . Moorhouse, Roger (2012). Berlin at War . New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-02855-9 . Montague, Patrick (2012). Chelmno and the Holo... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 17,550 | 18,050 |
Frank (1997). Steel Inferno: I SS Panzer Corps in Normandy: The Story of the 1st and 12th SS Panzer Divisions in the 1944 Normandy Campaign . Steelhurst: Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-873376-90-4 . Rhodes, Richard (2003). Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust . New York: Vintage. ISBN 978-... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 18,000 | 18,500 |
History of the Nazi Concentration Camps . New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-11825-9 . Weale, Adrian (2010). The SS: A New History . London: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1-4087-0304-5 . Weale, Adrian (2012). Army of Evil: A History of the SS . New York: Caliber Printing. ISBN 978-0-451-23791-0 . Weinberg, G... | Wikipedia (organization): Schutzstaffel | 18,450 | 18,927 |
Gestapo Secret police of Nazi Germany Not to be confused with the Gestapu , a military faction in Indonesia. Law enforcement agency The Geheime Staatspolizei ( [ ɡəˈhaɪmə ˈʃtaːtspoliˌtsaɪ ] , lit. ' Secret State Police ' ), abbreviated Gestapo ( [ ɡəˈstaːpo ] ), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in Ger... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 0 | 500 |
too similar to those of the Soviet State Political Directorate ( Gosudarstvennoye Politicheskoye Upravlenie , or GPU). The first commander of the Gestapo was Rudolf Diels , a protégé of Göring. Diels was appointed with the title of chief of Abteilung Ia (Department 1a) of the Prussian Secret Police . Diels was best kno... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 450 | 950 |
menacing as more than 4.5 million men fell under his command once the militias and veterans organisations were absorbed by the SA, a fact which fuelled Röhm's aspirations; his dream of fusing the SA and Reichswehr together was undermining Hitler's relationships with the leadership of Germany's armed forces. Several Naz... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 900 | 1,400 |
acting legally". On 27 September 1939, the security and police agencies of Nazi Germany—with the exception of the Order Police—were consolidated into the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), headed by Heydrich. The Gestapo became Amt IV (Department IV) of RSHA and Müller became the Gestapo Chief, with Heydrich as his imm... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 1,350 | 1,850 |
Germany. As late as 6 June 1944, Heinrich Müller—concerned about the leakage of information to the Allies—set up a special unit called Sonderkommando Jerzy that was meant to root out the Polish intelligence network in western and southwestern Europe. In Austria, there were groups still loyal to the Habsburgs , who unli... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 1,800 | 2,300 |
move the trade union leaders welcomed. With their trade union flags waving, Hitler gave a rousing speech to the 1.5 million people assembled on Berlin's Tempelhofer Feld that was nationally broadcast, during which he extolled the nation's revival and working class solidarity. On the following day, the newly formed Gest... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 2,250 | 2,750 |
them their special concern". In Dachau: The Official History 1933–1945 , Paul Berben wrote that clergy were watched closely, and frequently denounced, arrested and sent to Nazi concentration camps : "One priest was imprisoned in Dachau for having stated that there were good folk in England too; another suffered the sam... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 2,700 | 3,200 |
arrested by the police and turned over to the Gestapo. For several leaders the punishment was death. During the first five months of 1943, the Gestapo arrested thousands suspected of resistance activities and carried out numerous executions. Student opposition leaders were executed in late February, and a major opposit... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 3,150 | 3,650 |
not want to deal with anti-Nazis because they were fearful that the Soviet Union would believe they were attempting to make deals behind their back. The German opposition was in an unenviable position by the late spring and early summer of 1943. On one hand, it was next to impossible for them to overthrow Hitler and th... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 3,600 | 4,100 |
of concentration camps for that purpose, and even went on to claim that excesses were committed in the beginning, recounting how beatings took place here and there. On 26 April 1933, he reorganised the force's Amt III as the Gestapa (better-known by the " sobriquet " Gestapo), a secret state police intended to serve th... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 4,050 | 4,550 |
or Office IV") with Heinrich Müller as its chief. In January 1943, Himmler appointed Ernst Kaltenbrunner RSHA chief; almost seven months after Heydrich had been assassinated . The specific internal departments of Amt IV were as follows: Department A (Political Opponents) Communists (A1) Counter-sabotage (A2) Reactionar... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 4,500 | 5,000 |
one-year course, if they had several years professional experience. Later, nurses, kindergarten teachers, and trained female commercial employees with an aptitude for police work were hired as female detectives after a two-year course as Kriminaloberassistentin and could promote to a Kriminalsekretärin . After another ... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 4,950 | 5,450 |
process ( authorisation , bolstering, routinisation, and dehumanisation ) in effect, which legitimised the psycho-social atmosphere conditioning members of the Gestapo to radicalised violence. Browder also describes a sandwich effect, where from above; Gestapo agents were subjected to ideologically oriented racism and ... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 5,400 | 5,900 |
work such as service with the Einsatzgruppen , the level of overwork and understaffing at the local offices increased. For information about what was happening in German society, the Gestapo continued to be mostly dependent upon denunciations. 80% of all Gestapo investigations were started in response to information pr... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 5,850 | 6,350 |
with only 18 investigations in 1938, 13 in 1939, two in 1941, seven in 1942, four in 1943 and one in 1944. The "other" category associated with non-conformity included everything from a man who drew a caricature of Hitler to a Catholic teacher suspected of being lukewarm about teaching National Socialism in his classro... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 6,300 | 6,800 |
secure "confessions". Beyond that, sleep deprivation and various forms of harassment were also used as investigative methods. The Gestapo periodically was known for planting evidence to resolve a case, especially if it concerned a Jewish person. Historical research based on surviving Gestapo files has shown that tortur... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 6,750 | 7,250 |
was strapped to a table in a room and "a German turned the lever and the table moved apart in sections like a rack. The man screamed and his leg bones snapped through his skin. The lever turned again and his arms ripped in jagged tears. After the man fainted, his torturers shot him dead." He also claimed that he had be... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 7,200 | 7,700 |
upwards of 30,000 to 32,000; they conducted operations nearly indistinguishable from their German equivalents. Nuremberg trials Main articles: Nuremberg trials and the Holocaust Gestapo building at Prinz-Albrecht-Straße 8, after the 1945 bombing Between 14 November 1945 and 3 October 1946, the Allies established an Int... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 7,650 | 8,150 |
, the Soviet Union , and France . These groups—the Nazi Party and government leadership, the German General staff and High Command (OKW); the Sturmabteilung (SA); the Schutzstaffel (SS), including the Sicherheitsdienst (SD); and the Gestapo—had an aggregate membership exceeding two million, making a large number of the... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 8,100 | 8,600 |
und des SD) . Senior career = leitender Vollzugsdienst der Sicherheitspolizei (Laufbahn XIV: SS-Führer der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD) Sources: Rank insignia Source: See also Geheime Feldpolizei Hamburg State Police Headquarters Notes ↑ Operation Crossbow was one preliminary missions for Operation Overlord . See: Op... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 8,550 | 9,050 |
2010 , p. 132. ↑ Dams & Stolle 2014 , p. 17. ↑ McNab 2009 , p. 156. ↑ Shirer 1990 , p. 271. 1 2 Longerich 2012 , pp. 469, 470. 1 2 Weale 2010 , p. 131. 1 2 Longerich 2012 , p. 661. ↑ Weale 2010 , p. 145. ↑ USHMM, "Law and Justice in the Third Reich" . ↑ Gruchmann 1981 , p. 395. ↑ Manchester 2003 , p. 519. ↑ Smith 2004 ... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 9,000 | 9,500 |
2009 , p. 47. ↑ Buchheim 1968 , pp. 146–147. ↑ McDonough 2017 , p. 49. ↑ McDonough 2017 , p. 48–49, 230–233. ↑ State of Israel 1992 , p. 69. ↑ Kershaw 2008 , p. 671. ↑ Ahlers 2001 , pp. 33–36. 1 2 Gellately 1992 , p. 50. 1 2 3 Dams & Stolle 2014 , p. 34. 1 2 Gellately 1992 , p. 51. ↑ Gellately 1992 , pp. 54–55. 1 2 Gel... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 9,450 | 9,950 |
2014 , pp. 176–177. ↑ Bernstein 1947 , pp. 246–259. ↑ Dams & Stolle 2014 , pp. 158–161. ↑ Dams & Stolle 2014 , pp. 159–161. ↑ The National Socialist Document Center of Cologne . ↑ Bönisch & Wiegrefe 2011 . ↑ Frei 1993 , pp. 106–107. ↑ Mollo 1992 , pp. 33–36. ↑ Banach 2013 , p. 64. ↑ Mollo 1992 , pp. 38–39, 54. Bibliogr... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 9,900 | 10,400 |
Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-45165-113-3 . Craig, William (1973). Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad (1st ed.). Old Saybrook, CT: Konecky & Konecky. ISBN 1-56852-368-8 . Crankshaw, Edward (2002). Gestapo: Instrument of Tyranny . Mechanicsburg, PA: Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-481-5 . Dams, Carsten; Stol... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 10,350 | 10,850 |
York; Walker and Company. ISBN 978-0-00-211026-6 Lemkin, Raphael (2008). Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress . Clark, NJ: Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-58477-901-8 . Longerich, Peter (2012). Heinrich Himmler: A Life . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN ... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 10,800 | 11,300 |
Reich . New York: MJF Books. ISBN 978-1-56731-163-1 . Smith, Michael (2004). "Bletchley Park and the Holocaust". Intelligence and National Security . 19 (2): 262– 274. doi : 10.1080/0268452042000302994 . S2CID 154692491 . Skibińska, Alina (2012). "Perpetrators Self-Portrait: The Accused Village Administrators, Commune ... | Wikipedia (organization): Gestapo | 11,250 | 11,745 |
Sturmabteilung Nazi Party's original paramilitary wing For the assault detachments of the German Army during World War I, see Stormtroopers (Imperial Germany) . For the youth groups, see Jungsturm (disambiguation) . For other uses of stormtrooper, see Stormtrooper (disambiguation) . The Sturmabteilung ( [ ˈʃtʊʁmʔapˌtaɪ... | Wikipedia (organization): Sturmabteilung | 0 | 500 |
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