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de84fb62-5f53-4f8e-b724-a673dde4c52d | Morula is how many ceiled - | 4 | 8 | 12 | 16 | 3d | single | Ans. is 'd' i.e., 16 o At about 16 cells stage the blastomeres tightly align by the process of compaction to form a compact ball of cells called morula (mulberry ).o This process of compaction leads to segregation of cells into two groups :Inner cells (inner cell mass)Outer cells (outer ceil mass)o Morula enters uterin... | Anatomy | Fertilization and Development of Embryo |
12e83d4d-366d-47c8-8eca-ba22feef4308 | Culex mosquito transmits: | Yellow fever | Dengue fever | Tularemia | Japanese encephalitis | 3d | single | Ans: D (Japanese encephalitis) Ref: 21st edition Park.Explanation:The diseases transmitted by various insects are* Anopheles mosquito- MalariaFilaria (not in India)Culex mosquitoBancroftian FilariasisJapanese EncephalitisWest Nile feverViral Arthritis (epidemic / polyarthritis)Aedes mosquitoYellow fever (not in India)D... | Social & Preventive Medicine | Environment and Health |
97eb77dd-fec1-437b-9e1c-7d6937701ddf | Carbohydrate tumor marker for breast cancer: | CA 15-3 | CA 125 | CA 34 | CA 19-9 | 0a | single | Carbohydrate-rich tumor markers are specific antigens found either on the surface of tumor cells or may also be secreted as products by the tumor cells. CA: carbohydrate antigen/cancer antigen. Specific Proteins Immunoglobulins Multiple myeloma and other gammopathies Prostate-specific antigen and prostate-specific memb... | Pathology | JIPMER 2017 |
c47bcdfe-7e7f-42bd-8f9a-ea9ea21cdc18 | Which of the following is the action of the lateral pterygoid muscle on the temporomandibular joint? | Elevation | Depression | Adduction | Abduction | 1b | single | Depression of the mandible or opening of the mouth is produced mainly by the lateral pterygoid helped by gravity.Elevation is produced by the medial pterygoid, temporalis and masseter.Reference: Textbook of anatomy, Head Neck, and Brain, Vishram Singh, 2nd edition, page no.148 | Anatomy | Head and neck |
0840315d-19cb-4836-89bb-704187ee49ed | Oedema aquosum occurs in : | Wet drowning | Dry drowning | Secondary drowning | Immersion syndrome | 0a | single | A i.e. Wet drowning | Forensic Medicine | null |
f747bf68-aa24-4ceb-a245-b439736bd960 | Absolute contraindication for Transvaginal sonography | Placenta previa | Imperforate hymen | Abruptio placenta | Abnormal uterine bleeding | 1b | single | Imperforate hymen and patient refusal are the only absolute contraindications for Transvaginal sonography. | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
b2faae8d-fee0-41cd-88ef-cf02f3a2eba1 | Learned Behaviour which is permanent and consistent but liable to change | Culture | Practice | Attitude | Socialism | 1b | single | null | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
faa8361e-efb7-4ffd-a488-2bbbb4ecb821 | 65 year old Ramdeen presents with Abdominal pain and distension of abdomen. His stools were maroon coloured and he gives a past history of cerebrovascular accident and myocardial infarction. What will be the probable diagnosis - | Ulcerative colitis | Acute mesentric ischemia | Irritable bowel syndrome | Chron's disease | 1b | single | null | Surgery | null |
d6ceba3a-ab48-4bbc-bf01-0aa902b84641 | Checkpoint for stability of fixation of ZMC fracture: | Zygomaticomaxillary | Zygomaticofrontal | Arch symmetry | Infraorbital rim | 0a | single | null | Surgery | null |
5a19103e-852c-491f-bb50-5dd71fecc368 | Peripheral smear may show vacuolated lymphocytes in all of the following EXCEPT? | Abetalipoproteinemia | Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis | Fucosidosis | Sialidosis | 0a | multi | Peripheral smear may show vacuolated lymphocytes in: Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis Fucosidosis Sialidosis Abetalipoproteinemia- acanthocytosis | Pediatrics | Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism |
54f6671d-dbda-41de-bf6f-645bbcbb119e | Vocal cord palsy is not associated with: | Veebral secondaries | Left atrial enlargement | Bronchogenic carcinoma | Secondaries in mediastinum | 0a | single | Vocal cord paralysis is most commonly iatrogenic in origin following surgery to Thyroid, parathyroid, carotid or cardiothoracic structures. Neck trauma Benign or malignant thyroid disease Thyroid surgery Carcinoma cervical oesophagus Cervical lymphadenopathy | ENT | null |
a70e281b-30b6-48e9-bfb2-c5bd0d7a7a4f | The sequence of events in glycogenolysis? | Phosphorylase, Glucan transferase, Debranching, Phosphorylase | Debranching, Phosphorylase, transferase, phosphorylase | Transferase, phosphorylase, Debranching, phosphorylase | Any of the above | 0a | multi | Phosphorylase, Glucan transferase, Debranching, Phosphorylase
Enzymes of glycogenolysis come into play in the following sequence : (i) Glycogen phosphorylase → (ii) Glucan transferase → (iii) Debranching enzyme. | Biochemistry | null |
538dabe7-9dda-49ef-b826-2bd65ec7b9bc | Which of the following amino acid in a protein is involved in urea cycle and is required for synthesis of Nitric Oxide? | Arginine | Histidine | Tryptophan | Lysine | 0a | single | . | Pathology | All India exam |
3bf214da-c0b2-477e-ac1b-394229c84f20 | Changes in the respiratory system in pregnancy; | Vital capacity is increased | Subcostal angle remains unchanged | Tidal volume remains unaltered | Residual volume Is decreased | 3d | single | Anatomical changes:The lower ribs flare out,the subcoastal angles increases from 68 to 103 degree,transverse diameter of chest increases by 2 cm and the diaphragm rises about 4cm in pregnancy. Functional changes:Increase in ventilation in pregnancy is achieved by an increase in tidal volume by 40%.Minute ventilatory vo... | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Medical, surgical and gynaecological illness complicating pregnancy |
ec757832-af61-4b2b-9ecf-cfecb272cee7 | SLE like syndrome is caused by: | Hydralazine | Phenytoin | Procainamide | All of the above | 3d | multi | Ans: dRef: Harrison, 16thed, p. 1967 | Medicine | Immunology and Rheumatology |
4e337a61-cad4-4dbf-953e-1a6f2a473ea8 | Cefoxitin - cycloserine fructose agar is used for ? | Neisseria | Clostridium difficle | Bacillus anttacis | Reiter's treponema | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Clostridium difficle Cefoxitin - cycloserine fructose agar (CCFA) is an enriched selective and differential medium recommended for the isolation and cultivation of clostridium difficle from fecal specimens. | Microbiology | null |
abd04190-0bfb-4e74-82b5-37fa2c42a4a4 | Type I Tyrosinemia is caused by: | Tyrosine transaminase | Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase | 4 Hydroxy phenyl pyruvate hydroxylase | Maleyl acetoacetate isomerase | 1b | single | Ans. B. Fumarylaceto Acetate HydrolaseAmino acidurias and enzyme defectClassic Phenyl KetonuriaPhenylalanine HydroxylaseAlkaptonuriaHomogentisate OxidaseTyrosinemia Type I (Most common Tyrosinemia)Fumaryl Aceto Acetate HydrolaseTyrosinemia Type IITyrosine TransaminaseTyrosinemia Type IIIPara Hydroxy Phenyl Pyruvate hyd... | Biochemistry | Proteins and Amino Acids |
9421c64d-b57b-470f-a4d1-f8381cad4844 | Drug used in Toxoplasmosis is : | Pyrimethamine | Ribovarin | Ganciclovir | Tetracycline | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e. Pyrimethamine Doc for Toxoplasmosis - Pyrimethamine and Trimethoprim | Pharmacology | Anti-Helminths |
6e90e8c7-b27a-46d0-aff2-65c8e0911839 | The best method to assess the adequacy of replacement of fluid in a case of shock is: | Decrease in thirst | Increased PaO | Increase in urine output | Blood pressure | 2c | single | The primary goal in fluid resuscitation for all forms of shock is the same: restoration of adequate end organ perfusion. Urine output is a quantitative and relatively reliable indicator of organ perfusion. It is a reflection of kidney perfusion and function and an indicator of renal, cardiovascular, and fluid volume st... | Physiology | null |
c8f975c2-b1ef-4a3a-93dc-5b20f3074f41 | True regarding gypsum bonded investments is: | After dehydration all forms of gypsum shrink between 200-400 degree Celsius. | Between 400-700 degree Celsius a slight expansion is noted. | Lateral shrinkage in gypsum is caused due to decomposition and release of sulphur dioxide. | All of the above | 3d | multi | After dehydration all forms of gypsum shrink between 200-400° C.
Between 400 and 700° C, a slight expansion is noted.
Lateral shrinkage in gypsum is caused due to the decomposition and the release of sulfur dioxide.
It is imperative, that gypsum investment should not be heated above 700° C.
Phillip’s 12th edition page... | Dental | null |
0311329a-a88c-4f5b-b3f2-ce9151819a3e | True about primary gastric lymphoma is | Affects young adults | Surgery is never indicated | T cell lymphoma | H pylori infection increases the risk | 3d | multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., H pylori infection increases the risk o The stomach is the most common site for extranodal lymphoma. Nearly al! gastric lymphomas are B-cell lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MAL T lymphoma),o Majority of cases (80%) are associated with chronic gastritis and H. Pylori infection. The most... | Pathology | Hallmarks of Cancer |
380c6e27-583b-410b-8651-cb3f39ff8202 | Which of the following is not discarded in yellow bag? | Human waste | Microbiological waste | Solid waste | Sharp waste | 3d | single | Answer: D. Sharp waste. Types of Bio-medical waste Bio-medical waste means "any solid and/or liquid waste including its container and any intermediate product, which is generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or research activities pertaining thereto or in the production or ... | Unknown | null |
d402c87c-d37a-4038-b6ba-5ee6b8580c53 | Spongiosis is seen in ? | Acute eczema | Lichen Planus | Psoriasis | Pemphigus | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Acute eczemao Spongiosis is the accumulation of edema fluid within the intercellular space of epidermis and is characteristic of acute eczematous dermatitis. | Pathology | null |
98767c25-11d4-40b4-b493-5ff9891ff726 | who gave the psychosocial stage of development | erikson | bleuler | freud | lorenz | 0a | single | ERIC ERIKSON ERIC ERIKSON gave the psychosocail stages of development There are 8 psychosocial stages A person has to succesfully pass one stage to move to the next stage If he gets arrested in one stage he may develop some disorders Ref. kaplon and sadock, synopsis of psychiatry, 11 th edition, pf no. 485 | Anatomy | Treatment in psychiatry |
2d3924af-facd-4bba-8994-68ef95c64d64 | Unilateral clubbing seen in -a) Samilial clubbingb) Pancoast tumorc) Pulmonary A-V fistula d) Aortic aneurysm (arch)e) Congenital cyanotic heart ds. | bcd | acd | ac | bd | 0a | single | null | Medicine | null |
64723181-2aac-413e-97dd-320479889e1a | Which of the following medicaments is indicated to obturate the canals of a primary tooth in which a pulpectomy was performed? | Gutta-percha | Calcium hydroxide | Zinc oxide-eugenol | Calcium hydroxide-CMCP paste | 2c | single | Zinc Oxide Eugenol
Most commonly used.
Bonastre (1837) discovered zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) and it was subsequently used in dentistry by Chisholm (1876).
Zinc oxide eugenol paste, the first root canal filling material to be recommended for primary teeth, as described by Sweet in 1930.
Zinc oxide eugenol is said to h... | Dental | null |
5bf1c089-0478-42c8-87f7-7a3f82da64b7 | A 55-year-old woman who has a history of severe depression and had a radical mastectomy for carcinoma of breast one year back develops polyuria nocturia and excessive thirst -
Laboratory values are as follows: Serum sodium 149 m Eq/L, Serum potassium 3.6 m Eq/L, Serum calcium 9.5 mg/dl, Glucose 110 mg.dl, Bun 30 mg/dl... | Psychogenic polydipsia | Renal glycosuria | Hypercalcicuria | Diabetes insipidus | 3d | single | null | Medicine | null |
368267bb-96ce-4563-bb63-04a328a807e2 | B cell maturation takes place in - | thymus | Lymph node | Bone marrow | Spleen | 2c | single | The key cells in our immune system are lymphocytes known as B cells and T cells, which originate in our bone marrow. After T cells fuher develop in our thymus. Reff: www.mayoclinic.com | Microbiology | Immunology |
b33fc86c-bb34-4555-bb52-56dbe4b3814b | In type I collagen, telopeptide corresponds to- | COOH-terminal with super helical conformation NH2- terminal with super helical conformation | Both COOH and NH2-terminals are not super helical conformation | Both COOH and NH2-terminals super helical conformation | Both COOH and NH2-terminals super helical conformation | 3d | multi | Ans. D. Both COOH and NH2-terminals superhelical conformationStructure of collagen molecule:-Pro-collagen is comprised of two alpha-1 chains and one alpha-2 chain intertwined into a triple helix. Pro-peptide domains at the carboxy-terminals and amino-terminals are cleaved, resulting in formation of mature collagen. Whe... | Biochemistry | Structure & Function of Protein |
16dd4748-aee5-457a-83e9-bfb2a7378180 | Arrange the following nerves according to incidence of their involvement in Supra-condylar fracture of humerus a. Median nerve b. Radial nerve c. Anterior interosseous nerve d. Ulnar nerve | c,a,d,b | c,a,b,d | a,c,b,d | d,a,b,c | 1b | single | AMRU- Sequence of nerve involvement in SCF A- Anterior Interior Nerve M- Median Nerve R- Radial Nerve U- Ulnar nerve =Mechanism of injury-fall on outstretched hand(FOOSH) =TYPES- extension type most common (95-98%),flexion type less common (<5%). =Complications of supracondylar fracture of the humerus: Malunion leading... | Orthopaedics | Peripheral Nerve Injury |
10d15f5d-d15d-4f3d-b802-57a7c4d41586 | Movements taking place during abduction of shoulder joint are all except: | Medial rotation of scapula | Axial rotation of humerus at acromioclavicular joint | Elevation of humerus | Movements at clavicular end of sternoclavicular joint | 0a | multi | Medial rotation of scapula Abduction of the ann involves rotation of the scapula as well as movement at the shoulder joint.For every 3deg abduction, a 2 deg abduction occurs in the shoulder joint & 1 deg abduction occurs by rotation of the scapula (forward rotation round the chest wall i.e. lateral rotation). Rotation ... | Anatomy | null |
ab8d61d8-21ee-4a71-b63f-4f86e97654c4 | A newborn baby has severe facial abnormalities, as shown below. What could be the underlying CNS abnormality in this baby? | Lissencephaly | Dandy walker malformation | Holoprosencephaly | Iniencephaly | 2c | single | c. HoloprosencephalySingle eye (cyclopia) with a tubular-shaped nose (proboscis), are usually seen in a child with Holoprosencephaly | Pediatrics | Central Nervous System |
9aa7e592-2a9b-41a9-9cd6-60fcee550c62 | Method of chromatography in which molecules that are negatively charged are selectively released from stationary phase into the positively charged molecules in mobile phase is termed as:Affinity chromatography | Affinity chromatography | Ion - Exchange chromatography | Adsorbtion chromatography | Size - Exclusion chromatography | 1b | single | Ion exchange chromatography is the chromatography in which molecules are separated on the basis of charge. Ref: Applications of High Performance Liquid Chromatography By Andrew Pryde, Mary T. Gilbe, Pages 50, 53; Biochemistry By Reginald Garrett, Charles M. Grisham, Page 127. | Biochemistry | null |
3ff2d048-e172-4416-b9b9-fd66360ce294 | Sphenopalatine foramen is 1 cm behind | Superior Turbinate | Middle Turbinate | Inferior Turbinate | Tonsil | 2c | single | null | ENT | null |
d2c098bd-da85-48e2-8c87-a97e1e79539e | Which ion is added in OPV vaccine acts as stabilizer | Sodium | Magnesium | Chloride | Potassium | 1b | single | null | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
8ca1b583-183b-41f1-a1c2-e7ce8e72927c | Costochondral junction swelling are seen in - | Scurvy | Rickets | Chondrodystrophy | All of the above | 3d | multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., All of the above | Pediatrics | null |
d2881fcf-d579-4c3d-a4c0-580379efe52d | Hirschberg test is used to detect | Optic atrophy | Squint | Glaucoma | Field defects | 1b | single | Hirschberg corneal reflex test: It is a rough but handy method to estimate the angle of manifest squint. In it the patient is asked to fixate at point light held at a distance of 33 cm and the detion of the corneal light reflex from the centre of pupil is noted in the squinting eye. Roughly, the angle of squint is 15de... | Ophthalmology | Ocular motility and squint |
a3bf0256-65a1-4eeb-a3d7-976e0834d6e4 | A 6 yr old child with Acute onset of fever of 104o fever developed febrile seizure was treated. To avoid recurrence of seizure attack what should be given ? | Paracetamol 400 mg and phenobarbitone | Oral diazepam 6 hourly | Paracetamol 400 mg 6 hourly | IV Diazepam infusion over 12 hourly | 1b | single | Oral clobazam (benzodiazepines) is an effective prophylaxis and is given during fever episodes for 3 days Ref Ghai pediatrics eighth edition pg no 557 | Pediatrics | Central Nervous system |
4b4c6c6e-2fbf-415e-b429-aeca394b48d4 | Probing and irrigation is not done in - | Lacrimal fistula | Acute dacryocystitis | Congenital dacryocystitis | Trauma to eye | 1b | single | Main treatment consist of topical and systemic antibiotics and anti inflamatory analgesics . Ref :ak khurana 6th edition pg no:395 | Ophthalmology | Diseases of orbit, Lids and lacrimal apparatus |
a54ceda6-6f14-415c-86d7-f2fdad9e1410 | Candidiasis is associated with all except - | Neutropenia | IUCD user | Diabetes | Pregnancy | 1b | multi | 1. Predisposing factors of Candidiasis are: Extremes of age (infancy, old age) Pregnancy Low immunity Patients on broad spectrum antibiotics Diabetes mellitus, febrile neutropenia, Zinc or Iron deficiency. Candida is not associated with IUCD users It can increase chances of PID. | Microbiology | Mycology |
20538a9a-b5e9-4879-9ff2-d648b2ae083f | A 17-year-old boy is diagnosed with schizophrenia. What is the risk that one of his siblings will develop the disease? | 2% | 5% | 9% | 20% | 2c | single | The risk of developing schizophrenia in first degree relatives of schizophrenic patients is elevated compared to the risk of the general population (0.9%). Parents of schizophrenic patients have a lifetime prevalence of 11%, and siblings have a prevalence of 9%. Identical twins have a 50% chance of suffering from schiz... | Psychiatry | Mood disorders |
0a4074c4-d530-4e2c-a2d5-75a4e05ea1eb | A 6 year old female child reported with a chief complaint of proclined upper anteriors. Parents give a history of prolonged bottle-feeding and a persistent thumb sucking habit. Clinical examination reveals anterior open bite with proclined upper anterior and retroclined lower anterior teeth and associated tongue thrust... | When the pollex is held upward against the palate | When the pollex is held downward against the tongue | When the pollex is held inward against the cheek | None of the above | 0a | multi | null | Dental | null |
26c3e903-15dc-4d01-b815-21f968d37342 | Which of the following functionally componetent of largest unit of the ribosomes | tRNA | mRNA | Catalyze formation of the peptides | Formation of the polyribosomes | 2c | multi | (Catalyzes formation of the peptides) (436 - Lippincott's 4th)Polyribosome {Polysome) is used when several ribosomes simultaneously translate on a singe mRNA* The large ribosomal subunit catalyzes formation of the peptide bonds that link amino acids residues in a protein.* The small subunit binds mRNA and is responsibl... | Biochemistry | Molecular Genetics |
f7b895c8-2529-4e78-b2e7-091bd28a46e3 | River blindness is caused by - | Onchocerca | Loa loa | Ascaria | B. Malayi | 0a | single | pathogenesis and clinical features The infective larvae deposited in the skin by the bite of the vector develop at the site to adult worms .Adult worms are seen singly, in pairs , or in tangled masses in the subcutaneous tissues ocular manifestations range from photophobia to gradual blurring of vision , progressing to... | Microbiology | parasitology |
05a7e41a-058a-4540-85fb-ef6b011837e5 | Which of the following is false regarding HPV virus regarding oncogenesis | Express oncogenic proteins | Inactivate tumor suppressors, | Inactivate cyclins | Inhibit apoptosis, | 2c | multi | High-risk HPV types express oncogenic proteins that inactivate tumour suppressors, activate cyclins, inhibit apoptosis, and combat cellular senescence.Thus, it is evident that HPV proteins promote many of the hallmarks of cancer.(Refer: Robbins & Cotran's - Pathologic Basis of Disease, SAE, 1st edition, Vol I-pg no: 32... | Anatomy | All India exam |
b57d30e2-94bd-4576-a56a-2d7c53e6ecf2 | The contraction of gold alloys on solidifying is
approximately: | 0.40% | 1.40% | 2.40% | 3.40% | 1b | multi | All alloys shrink when they change from liquid to solid. The casting shrinkage in gold alloys is less (1.25 to 1.65%) when compared to base metal alloys.
Mannapalli 3 ed page no 276 | Dental | null |
00e0dcac-97a3-4624-b07f-8cef1b672d5e | A 9-year-old girl develops widespread pinpoint skin hemorrhages. She recovered from a fl u-like illness 1 week earlier. Laboratory findings reveal a platelet count of 20,000/mL but no other abnormalities. Her bone marrow shows an increased number of megakaryocytes. The platelet count is normal after 2 months. Which of ... | Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome | Disseminated intravascular coagulation | Hemolytic-uremic syndrome | Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura | 3d | single | Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura -quantitative disorder of platelets caused by antibodies directed against platelet or megakaryocytic antigens -related to antibody-mediated immune destruction of platelets or their precursors. -The peripheral blood smear in ITP exhibits numerous large platelets, and the bone marrow s... | Pathology | Bleeding disorder |
584237b5-e777-4d84-bd33-9b6fa9292e5c | When an antigen is administered for the first time to an animal or a human being who has never been exposed to it, the first antibody to develop- | IgG type | IgM type | IgA type | IgE type | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., IgM type | Microbiology | null |
37bd58b5-2993-4c1d-ba26-5b96c67657fd | In chronic alcoholism which of the following is seen | Delirium tremens | Wernike's syndrome | Korsakoff psychosis | All of the above | 3d | multi | D i.e. All | Forensic Medicine | null |
dd3c398f-01f1-4f50-94c5-b7991b721e08 | What is the definition of society – | System of social relationship between individuals | Social relationship between families | Interaction of individuals and people | Relationship of individual family and the country | 1b | single | Society
A society is a body of individuals of species, generally seen as a community or group, that is outlined by the bounds of functional interdependence, comprising also possible characters or conditions such as cultural identity, social solidarity or eusociality.
Human societies are characterized by patterns of re... | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
06ddfdaf-d088-42fd-b6d0-224da90f2eac | A 50 year old lady comes to your OPD. What is the most probable diagnosis ? | Aoic Stenosis | Aoic Regurgitation | Mitral Regurgitation | Mitral Stenosis | 3d | single | The above image shows Mitral facies which are seen in Mitral stenosis. Mitral stenosis may present with rosy cheeks, whilst the rest of the face has a bluish tinge due to cyanosis. In severe Mitral stenosis low cardiac output state produces vasoconstriction, peripheral cyanosis is often seen in lips, tip of nose and ch... | Medicine | Murmurs |
0b3794b1-2ce9-41c3-a5e5-d23d76ba9abb | About Cushing syndrome all are true except: | Purple striae | Plethora | Hypoglycemia | Obesity | 2c | multi | c. Hypoglycemia(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 2714-2723, Ghai 8/e p 526-527)Hyperglycemia is a feature of Cushing's syndrome and not hypoglycemia. | Pediatrics | Endocrinology |
9fc8b8ee-4a3b-424c-b539-bd13f6be6d40 | Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is a disease of – | Neuromuscular junction | Sarcolemmal proteins | Muscle contractile proteins | Disuse atrophy due to muscle weakness | 1b | single | DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY (PSEUDO HYPERTROPHIC MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY)
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the most common hereditary neuromuscular disease affecting all races and ethnic groups.
Inheritance: X linked recessive
Presentation occurs between ages 3 and 5
Pathogenesis
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by ... | Pediatrics | null |
45c49f9b-1952-45c9-aaa5-b81cec4a1699 | The ratio of chest compressions to ventilation in a newborn is | 1:01 | 2:01 | 3:01 | 4:01 | 2c | single | If the hea rate does not improve after 30 sec with bag-and-mask (or endotracheal) ventilation and remains below 100 beats/min, ventilation is continued and chest compression should be initiated over the lower third of the sternum at a rate of 90 compressions/min. The ratio of compressions to ventilation is 3 : 1 (90 co... | Pediatrics | New born infants |
3710bd21-b8b8-48a3-a6d7-bf0ef7126c6d | Auenbrugger's sign is seen in - | Pericardial Effusion | Constrictive pericarditis | Aortic Regurgitation | Mitral Stenosis | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Pericardial Effusion o Auenbruger 's sign is an epicardial bulging due to massive pericardial effusion.Auenbrugeer frsieno It represents bulging of the epigastrium that may be seen in case of severe pericardial effusion.o The auenbrugger s sign is seen in large pericardial effusion.o During a large pe... | Medicine | Pericardial Disease |
fa405930-1d11-4304-ab81-ae2483082e15 | Reverse transcriptase is | DNA dependent RNA polymerase | RNA dependent DNA polymerase | DNA dependent DNA polymerase | RNA dependent RNA polymerase | 1b | single | null | Biochemistry | null |
b120e064-f3e0-422d-a127-e32216d9fdd2 | The most sensitive index for renal tubular function is | Specific gravity of urine | Blood urea | GFR | Creatinine clearance | 0a | single | The main function of renal tubules is the concentration of urine and this can be measured by the specific gravity of urine. | Physiology | null |
c578e074-2063-40bd-bcb2-e46852c541f6 | Skip lesions are seen in | Ulcerative colitis | Crohn's disease | Typhoid | Tuberculosis | 1b | single | in ileocaecal tuberculosis,.Ulcerative--commonest 60%. Circumferential transverse often multiple 'girdle' ulcers - with skip lesions. It i common in old, malnourished people. skip lesions are typical in the case of crohn&;s diseaseskip lesions are also observed in wet gangrene and necrotizing enterocolitis . ref:SRB&;s... | Surgery | G.I.T |
58cf02fc-c186-41e4-bcca-ff8c8bcc53c1 | In TRIAGE system for disaster management, Red colour code indicates? | About to die patients | Uninjured patients | High priority or transferable cases | Dead or moribund cases | 2c | single | Ans. c (High priority or transferable cases) (Ref. Park Textbook of PSM 22nd/pg.741)TRIAGEIt consists of rapidly classifying the injured on the basis of the severities of their injuries and the likelihood of their survival with prompt medical intervention.Four colour coding# Red - High priority or transferable cases# Y... | Social & Preventive Medicine | Hospital waste, disaster management and occupational health |
e2b859fe-53e8-4c9b-8233-307992d061f0 | Following are common features of malignant gastric ulcer on barium meal except: | Location on the greater curvature | Carman's meniscus sign | Radiating folds which do not reach the edge of the ulcer | Lesser curvature ulcer with a nodular rim | 0a | multi | Ans. Location on the greater curvature | Radiology | null |
7812346b-b0b5-4627-8154-6dd2904b98c6 | A 6-year-old boy had been in his normal state of good health until a few hours prior to presentation to the emergency department. His mother reports that he began to have difficulty walking, and she noticed that he was falling and unable to maintain his balance. Which of the following is the most likely to allow diagno... | Obtain urine drug screen. | MRI to evaluate his corpus callosum. | Close scrutiny of his skin for telangiectasia. | Perform a muscle biopsy of the gastrocnemius muscle. | 0a | multi | Cerebellar ataxia in childhood can occur in association with infection, metabolic abnormalities, ingestion of toxins, hydrocephalus, cerebellar lesions, multiple sclerosis, labyrinthitis, polyradiculopathy, and neuroblastoma. Although a muscle biopsy might help identify muscular dystrophy, the finding of a triplet repe... | Pediatrics | Musculo Skeletal Disorders |
44a09039-0397-4409-88eb-5bcd181c7135 | False positive test of protein in dipstick test seen in -a) Chlorpropamideb) IV contrast agentc) Viral infectiond) IV administration of drugs | ab | a | ad | bc | 0a | multi | False positive dipstick test is given by- Concentrated urine, gross hematuria, presence of mucus, semen or leukocytes, highly alkaline urine (>7pH), iodinated IV contrast agent, contaminated with chlorhexidine, benzalkonium, penicillin, aspirins, oral hypoglycemic agents (e.g. chlorpropamide).
False positive dipstick t... | Biochemistry | null |
66aff348-070c-4e54-9ca6-c0c398c4c438 | 17-year-old boy presented with complain of petechiae. O/E ,sternal tenderness is present. BM biopsy show hypercellularity and more than 20% Lymphoblast. Peripheral smear show ||| TLC and presence of lymphoblast . On X ray. retrosternal mass is seen. All are true about condition patient is suffering except? | It has good prognosis | Notch gene mutation present | An immature T-cell phenotype (Tdt/CD34/CD7 positive) | Thymic involvement is seen | 0a | multi | Above patient is most likely suffering from T-cell ALL. Points in our of above diagnosis: Peak at pubey Retrosternal mass More than 20% Lymphoblast( Tdt +, PAS +) in BM ||| TLC Lymphoblast present in blood Less common than B cell ALL Thymus ++ Notch gene mutation Gain of function Poor prognosis CD1/2/5/7 positive Immun... | Pathology | Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia |
107ef114-86cc-412b-882d-9252b6ab4445 | Best Investigation to assess tubal patency: | Rubin's test | HSG | Laparotomy | Laparoscopic chromtubation | 3d | single | null | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
982bc630-53b0-4431-bc0c-24dfad256bed | Posterior gastric aery is a branch of | Splenic aery | Hepatic aery | Left Gastric aery | Right Hastric aery | 0a | single | The fundic branches of the stomach can be defined as a group of vessels that can arise either directly or indirectly from the following source aeries: the left inferior phrenic aery, the accessory left hepatic aery, the left gastric aery, the left middle suprarenal aery, the main trunk of the splenic aery Ref - BDC 6e ... | Anatomy | Abdomen and pelvis |
81828e15-a701-49b0-9a34-2ba5fc1e35fb | All are derived from branchial arch EXCEPT? | Ultimobranchial body | Stapes | Laryngeal cartilage | Mandible | 0a | multi | Ans. (a) Ultimobranchial bodyRef: Inderbir Singh's Embroyology, 7th ed. /119-120* In humans, the ultimobranchial body is an embryological structure that gives rise to the calcitonin-producing cells--also called parafollicular cells or C cells--of the thyroid gland.* In humans, this body is a derivative of the ventral r... | ENT | Embryology of Ear and Malformations |
8e6c3f69-7d9a-454b-ad38-d9770867e635 | In atropine instillation, all are seen except: | Dilated pupil | Paralysis of accommodation | Increased water content to tear | Decreased water content to tear | 2c | multi | Ans. C.)Increased water content to tear. Causes of decreased tear formation: Idiopathic, congenital alacrima, xerophthalmia, lacrimal gland ablation, and sensory denervation. Collagen vascular diseases, including relapsing polychondritis, rheumatoid ahritis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and systemic lupus erythema... | Ophthalmology | null |
23787236-6241-44b3-b752-cfafe9180a86 | Chalcosis is seen with- | Pb | Cu | Fe | Hg | 1b | single | *Chalcosis refers to the specific changes produced by the alloy of copper in the eye. Ref: Khurana 7th/e p.452 | Ophthalmology | Ocular trauma |
42a6f6e3-e758-433a-bc9e-0d42a9e08043 | In juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), which is the most common presentation? | GTCS during sleep | GTCS on awake state | Myoclonus | Absence seizures | 2c | single | Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JANZ syndrome) - Polygenetic inheritance, Strong family history - Onset: 10 -19 yrs. - Myoclonic Jerk (early morning) and prominent in morning after awakening. Consciousness is preserved unless severe - EEG: 4-6 Hz Polyspike pattern seen. - May develop GTCS in future and in 30% will also de... | Medicine | Epilepsy and EEG |
c61e1ba9-8e7f-44d4-bda5-0e04fe2d46f4 | The aim of post marketing pharmacokinetics is | Efficacy of the drug | Dosage of the drug | Deals with alteration of the drug includes absorption, distribution, binding / storage | Safety and comparisions with other medicines | 3d | single | (Safety and comparisons with other medicines) (43-Bennett & Brown) (61-62-GG)Pharmacokinetics - what the body does to the drag. This refers to movements of the drug in and alteration of the drug by the body; includes absorption, distribution, binding/localization/storage, biotransformation and excretion of the drug (1-... | Pharmacology | General Pharmacology |
b7d8ea1d-aee4-4344-884c-b34a8fe78e3e | Women receiving estrogen therapy have an increased risk of development of all of the following EXCEPT: | Breast cancer | Endometrial cancer | Carcinoma of the gall bladder | Hepatocellular carcinoma | 2c | multi | null | Pharmacology | null |
a6c2dd05-bbda-4de4-aef4-b02a19c6ddb1 | Efferent pathway for milk ej ection reflex - | Prolactin | Oxytocin | ACTH | Growth hormone | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Oxytocin Milk ejection reflexo Milk ejection is normally initiated by a neuroendocrine reflex.o The receptors involved are the touch receptors, which are plentiful in the breast-especially around the nipple,o Impulses generated in these receptors are relayed to the supraoptic and paraventricular nucle... | Physiology | Pituitary |
a1f703e1-ef63-486d-98bf-bf8ac525a113 | All of the following are features of wet gangrene except | Spreads faster | Line of demarcation | Arterial and venous block | Not Localised | 1b | multi | In wet gangrene there is no line of demarcation. | Surgery | null |
02a8a7a8-223d-4fa2-8eb1-eb80307dbe73 | A 8 yr old boy presents with upper GI bleeding. On examination, he is found to have splenomegaly; there are no signs of ascites, or hepatomegaly; esophageal varices are found on upper GI endoscopy. Most likely diagnosis is: | Budd chiari syndrome | Cirrhosis | Veno-occlusive disease | Non cirrhotic poal fibrosis | 3d | single | The diagnostic criteria of NCPF includes splenomegaly, normal liver function test, esophageal varices (90-95% cases), patent hepatic and poal veins and no evidence of cirrhosis on biopsy. Based on this criteria, the most probable diagnosis in this patient is Non cirrhotic poal fibrosis. Ref: Arun J. Sanyal, Vijay H. Sh... | Pediatrics | null |
e882bbe7-e64e-4381-ad21-740766e34e87 | Which of the following NSAID is preferred in treatment of dysmenorrhoea | Indomethacin | Ketorolac | Mefenamic acid | Naproxen | 2c | single | null | Pharmacology | null |
f3f3db02-5a89-4d17-a1a7-d8c1f6921fdf | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors should not be given in | Sulfonamide hypersensitivity | Glaucoma | High altitude sickness | Metabolic acidosis | 0a | single | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors(CAIs)are more likely to produce acidosis in patients of COPD,CRF and DM.They are contraindicated in COPD as they may precipitate respiratory acidosis. They are sulfonamides in structure,so should not be given in hypeensitive persons. | Pharmacology | Endocrinology |
75c002c4-46a3-4c3f-a9eb-9a74de435959 | True about Insulinoma is: | Alpha cell tumor | Most of them are malignant | C-peptide level is elevated | It is not associated with MEN 1 syndrome | 2c | multi | Insulinoma b-cell tumor Benign C peptide level is elevated Most common of pancreatic Neuro-endocrine neoplasms Produce sufficient insulin to induce clinically significant hypoglycaemia MEN 1 syndrome- Associated with 3-Ps Pancreas:- Gastrinoma, Insulinoma Pituitary tumor Parathyroid | Pathology | Miscellaneous |
ab4f2185-9e5c-45b3-9877-e7330db26804 | A 5-year-old boy presents with Severe ptosis associated with poor levator function. Which of the following will be the treatment? | Frontalis Suspension surgery | Levator resection | Mullerectomy | Fasnella servat operation | 0a | single | Ans. (a) Frontalis Suspension surgery(Ref: Kanski 8/e, p. 45; Parsons 22/e, p. 464; Yanoff 4/e, p. 1273)Brow (frontalis) suspension is used for severe ptosis (> 4 mm) with very poor levator function (< 4 mm) in simple congenital ptosis or occurring due to 3rd nerve palsy, blepharophimosis syndrome and following unsatis... | Ophthalmology | Orbit |
cc326ba5-8dce-434d-a32f-e8b13fced49b | A complicated case of diveicular disease is defined as diveicula with? | Abdominal pain | Abscess and perforation | Constipation or diarrhea | Diveicular bleeding | 1b | single | .DIVEICULAR DISEASE OF THE COLON * They are acquired herniations of colonic mucosa through circular muscles at the points where blood vessels penetrate (points of least resistance). * It is more commonly localised to sigmoid colon (90%) but occasionally seen in full length of the colon. Rectum is not affected. saint's ... | Surgery | Urology |
85bb7548-0b76-4294-b963-d9f3e6d7b2f5 | Which of the following is a voluntary organization - | TB association of India | Directrate of Health Service | Indian Medical Council | Council of Medical Research | 0a | single | Voluntary health organisations of India: 1.Indian red cross 2.Hind kusht nivaran sangh 3.Indian council for child welfare 4.Tubercukosis association of India 5.Bharath sevak samaj 6.Central social welfare board 7.The Kasthurba memorial fund 8.Famaily planning association of India 9.All India womens conference 10.All In... | Social & Preventive Medicine | Health care of community & international health |
ce726946-4c40-447b-ab9f-064b43256c69 | SA Node is located at | Upper end crista terminalis | Lower end of crista terminalis | At opening of IVC | At ostium primum | 0a | single | SA node is situated at the atriocaval junction in the upper pa of the sulcus terminalis B D CHAURASIA'S HUMAN ANATOMY UPPER LIMB THORAX-VOLUME 1 SIXTH EDITION Page no-262 | Anatomy | Thorax |
8143b3da-31f0-454d-b761-8ab6dc47e1a6 | Process by which an individual gradually aquires cultureand becomes a member of a social group is called ? | Socialization | Accultration | Socialism | Custom | 0a | multi | Socialization
It is the process by which an individual gradually acquires culture ad becomes a member of a social group.
Example → Internship training programme of doctors gives them an opportunity to learn how to become acceptable to the public at large as doctors.
Socialism
It is a system of production and distr... | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
41204550-cd7c-4610-812b-e640d126e230 | Amphotericin B treatment mandates the monitoring of which of the following electrolytes:- | Ca2+ | Na+ | K+ | Cl- | 2c | single | Hypokalemia is a serious adverse effect of Amphotericin B hence treatment mandates the monitoring of serum K+levels. ADVERSE EFFECTS OF AMPHOTERICIN B: Infusion related reactions are most common adverse effects and require premedication with antihistaminics or glucocoicoids. Dose limiting toxicity is nephrotoxicity man... | Pharmacology | Anti-Fungal Drugs |
245a75d3-470d-407e-a0dc-1c31b3ed245b | A 35 year old woman comes to you for routine gynecological examination. You examined her and takes a pap smear which turns out to be normal. She was determined to be a low risk case. At what intervals will you recommend a pap smear examination for her? Note :- She had normal smear in the last 3 consecutive years. | Annually | Every 2 year | Every 3 year | Every 5 yaer | 2c | multi | For a woman over the age of 30 years a pap smear is recommended once every 3 years if : HPV DNA is negative, is at low risk for Ca cervix and 3 consecutive annual screening are negative. Also know An annual screening is recommended in women over 30 years if she is : HPV DNA +ve or is at high risk for Ca cervix. Note:- ... | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
1226aa86-9e33-40a1-ba64-7f3143e68dca | Enzyme deficient in alkaptonuria - | Phenylalanine hydroxylase | Homogentisate oxidase | Tyrosinase | None | 1b | multi | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Homogentisate oxidaseo Has been explained in previous sessions | Biochemistry | Amino Acid Metabolic Disorder |
bf2d413c-1741-453f-8623-23a909586133 | Feature of fat embolism includes all except: (PGI Dec 2010) | Tachypnoea | Systemic hypoxia may occur | Fat globules in urine are diagnostic | Commonly Manifests after several days of trauma | 3d | multi | Ans: D Commonly Manifests after several days of trauma Commonly Manifests after several days of trauma- this is rarely seen . Hence, this statement is wrong. Correct statement is- Usually manifests itself within 24-48 hours of trauma "Sputum & urine mav reveal the presence of fat a lobulesQ"- Maheswari 3rd/34 Fat Embol... | Unknown | null |
6bd76703-29fe-4064-b2d7-9969a31568ba | All of the following hereditary conditions predispose to CNS tumors, except | Neurofibromatosis 1 & 2 | Tuberous sclerosis | Von-Hippel-Lindau syndrome | Xeroderma pigmentosum | 3d | multi | Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a genetic disorder in which there is a decreased ability to repair DNA damage such as that caused by ultraviolet (UV) light. Symptoms may include a severe sunburn after only a few minutes in the sun, freckling in sun exposed areas, dry skin and changes in skin pigmentation.it doesn't cause... | Medicine | C.N.S |
15ef7e48-1d2a-497f-9266-8b9428d0c759 | ACL prevents | Anterior displacement of fibula | Posterior displacement of tibia | Anterior displacement of femur | Posterior displacement of femur | 3d | single | Anterior cruciate ligament prevents Posterior dislocation of femur on tibia Anterior displacement of tibia on femur Ref: Gray's Anatomy The Anatomical Basics of Clinical Practice 41 e pg 1394. | Anatomy | Lower limb |
66ed606d-1eed-4925-85c3-dafe90683fd5 | Which of the following is not true about bulimia nervosa? | Invariable weight loss with endocrine disorder | Occurrence of both binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors | Recurrent episodes of binge eating | Recurrent self - induced vomiting | 0a | multi | Bulimia nervosa: Characterized by episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate ways of stopping weight gain - Purging (self-induced vomiting Weight is normal but there is fear of gaining weight Hypokalemia and Hypochloremia alkalosis Endocrine disorders are seen in anorexia nervosa and not bulimia nervosa. | Psychiatry | Eating Disorders |
442fa731-65c1-461b-ab3c-368b35e26cfa | Excessive sexual desire in males is known as | Nymphomania | Satyriasis | Triabadism | Sadism | 1b | single | Disorders of Appetitive Phase (Sexual Desire Disorders)1. Hypoactive sexual desire disorder:This disorder is characterised by an absence of fantasies and desire for sexual activity which is not secondary to other sexual dysfunctions, such as premature ejaculation or dyspareunia.This disorder is many times more common i... | Psychiatry | Sleep disorders and eating disorders |
4e0f3355-c351-4849-ade5-fcdeb96c35d6 | All are true regarding chloroquine, except ? | Acts only on exo erythrocytic cycle | Acts on DNA and RNA of parasite | Causes pigmentation of nail and mucosa | Infected RBC has more drug | 0a | multi | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Acts only on exoerythrocytic cycle o It is a rabidly acting erythrocytic Schizontacide against all species of plasmodium. o It has no effect on pre and exoerythric stage. | Pharmacology | null |
3bfe5c54-64f5-40ad-900c-01e12f641224 | In the cell membrane, the following is true - | Lipids are regularly arranged | Lipids are symmetrical | Protein displaced laterally | None | 2c | multi | There is lateral diffusion of protein and lipids in membrane. | Physiology | null |
0232a481-b59b-4f54-bc0b-a2b8b35469fa | Which of the following benign condition can mimic cancer in the breast? | Accessory Axillary Breast Tissue | Fat necrosis | Fibrocystic disease | Granulomatous Mastitis | 1b | single | The presentations of fat necrosis are protean and can closely mimic cancer as a painless palpable mass, skin thickening or retraction, or mammographic densities or calcifications. About half of affected women have a history of breast trauma or prior surgery.Duct ectasia too can mimic cancerDuct ectasia presents as a pa... | Pathology | Breast |
8a55330d-4ca5-4177-bdbc-ea2cdff4d78b | A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus very much wants to become pregnant. What should her physician tell her regarding pregnancy in lupus patients? | There is no increased risk to the baby. | There may be an increase in cardiovascular malformations | There may be an increase in nervous system malformations. | There may be an increase in spontaneous aboions and prematurity. | 3d | single | Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) predominantly affects younger women, and so the question of lupus and pregnancy may arise frequently in clinical practice. Patients with SLE have an increased incidence of spontaneous aboion, fetal death in utero, and prematurity. The mother may experience an exacerbation in the activ... | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
bcf20c86-9d86-4ca4-b3bf-400fae24d563 | Not true regarding meibomian glands | Arranged veically | More in upper lid than in lower lid | Modified sebaceous glands | Open in follicles of eyelashes | 3d | multi | * Meibomian glands open in eyelid margins Meibomian glands Arranged veically More in upper lid than in lower lid Modified sebaceous glands Open in eyelid margins Constitute the oily layer of tear film Internal Hordeolum is the infection of meibomian gland | Ophthalmology | Lacrimal Apparatus and Eyelid Disorders |
72db3d9b-bc82-44ad-bb37-cc24a9710be2 | The laser procedure, most often used for treating iris neovascularization is - | Goniophotocoagulation | Laser trabeculoplasty | Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) | Laser iridoplasty | 2c | single | Panretinal photocoagulation is used to prevent fuher neovascularization Ref:Comprehensive ophthalmology-AK Khurana 6th edition chapter-10 page no:250 Ref:Comprehensive ophthalmology-AK Khurana 6th edition chapter-10 page no:250 | Ophthalmology | Glaucoma |
ab4e4eb4-4b81-4b58-8801-79e8d581e24b | All of the following drugs are used in the treatment of Pneumocystis carni pneumonia, except? | Pentamidine | Dapsone | Cotrimoxazole | Fluoroquinolones | 3d | multi | Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Cotrimoxazole) is the drug of choice of Pneumocystis carini pneumonia. Other drugs effective in its treatment are dapsone, pentamidine, atovaquone, primaquine and clindamycin. Methylprednisolone is also indicated in HIV positive patients with moderate to severe PCP. Fluoroquinolones are n... | Medicine | null |
8e666d76-e390-42a4-8390-9fe031088129 | Best marker for chronic PEM is - | Weight for age | Height for age | Weight for Height | Head circumference | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Height for age Assessment of PEM* Weight for age = Acute* Height for age = Chronic* Weight for Height = Acute on chronicAge dependent factors* Weight# Height* Head circumference# Chest circumferenceAge independent factor* Mid arm circumference# Kanawati index* Me Laren's index# Quae stick* Shakir tape... | Pediatrics | Nutrition, Food Security, and Health |
4d479168-dc99-4de6-8775-854e41dedb80 | All are seen in reiter's syndrome except? | Subcutaneous nodules | Oral ulcers | Keratoderma blenorrhagicum | Circinate balanitis | 0a | multi | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Subcutaneous nodules Arthropathy following a recent leisure trip suggests reactive arthritis.Eye involvement points towards Reiter's syndrome.Reactive arthritis refers to acute nonpurulent arthritis, complicating an infection elsewhere in the body.Reiter's syndrome is one of the classic forms of react... | Skin | Autoimmune Skin Disorders |
9a400d12-b925-48f6-8180-e5512e0c594a | L1 L2 L3 serovar of chlamydia trachomatis cause ? | Trachoma | Inclusion conjuctivitis | NGU | LGV | 3d | single | Ans. is 'd' i.e., LGV | Microbiology | null |
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