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db97c2d4-0fed-4b4a-82b2-d1bcab9367d5 | Why a TB patient is recommend a regimen of 4 drugs on 1st visit - | To avoid emergence of persistors | To avoid side effects | To cure early | None | 0a | multi | Ans. is *a' i.e., To avoid emergence of persistors 6. Two phase chemotheraphyo There are two phase of treatment of tuberculosisIntensive phaseThis is short phase in the early course of treatment and lasts for 1-3 months.Three or more drugs are given to kill as many bacilli as possible, w hich prevents emergence of pers... | Social & Preventive Medicine | Communicable Diseases |
dffcf095-396b-4068-a15f-b652e06c07d4 | The agent of choice for controlling heparin induced bleeding is | Protamine sulphate | Injectable vitamin K | Whole blood | Fresh frozen plasma | 0a | single | null | Medicine | null |
f16dd8e1-dcb4-45bf-84f1-76e40c3181e6 | Gallow's traction is used for fracture - | Shaft femur | Neck femur | Shaft tibia | Tibial tuberosity | 0a | multi | Gallows traction is used for treatment of fracture shaft femur, in infants and children < 2 yrs of age. | Orthopaedics | null |
6b12637c-86f0-45d0-ae62-57248494864c | Critical period of development of fixation reflex is | 2-4 months of age | 6-8 months of age | 2 years | 3 years | 0a | single | A. i.e. 2-4 months Unilateral cataract in children should be operated early in life because the critical period for development of fixation reflex is between 2" & 4th months of age.Q Age Visual Development At Bih * * * * Eye appear to move randomly & there is no central fixation Fovea is not fully developed & visual ac... | Ophthalmology | null |
1bf3873a-9655-4742-b1cf-b0bf676783ea | Over extension of complete denture for a prolonged period without adjustment may cause. | Epulis fissuratum | Pyogenic granuloma | Papillary hyperplasia | Giant cell reparative granuloma | 0a | single | null | Dental | null |
89bbe76b-71fc-4051-a7e0-04a2c33d8ad4 | Which of the following is involved in peristalsis by causing relaxation ? | Substance P | Acetylcholine | VIP | Norepinephrine | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., VIP In peristlasis :- Acetylcholine & substance P - Causing smooth muscle contraction. VIP, NO & ATP - Producing relaxation ahead of stimulus. | Physiology | null |
6549bed4-6f07-41bf-b1ba-4854c7c20573 | Function of phospholipid in cell membrance is: | Cell to cell variation | Transduction of Signals | Transmembrane preparation of protein | DNA replication | 1b | single | B i.e. Transduction of signals | Physiology | null |
077ae14b-099b-42da-ad69-9af24d5e4762 | Which of the following is an atypical antidepressant? | Citalopram | Sealine | Venlafaxine | Reboxetin | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Venlafaxine Antidepressants A. Typical Tricyclic antidepressants NA + 5HT reuptake inhibitors :- Imipramine, Trimipramine, Amitriptyline, Clomipramine. Predominantly NA reuptake inhibitors :- Desipramine, Noriptyline, Amoxapine, Reboxetine. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors :- Fluoxetine, Paroxe... | Psychiatry | null |
badd402a-995d-4d1b-9c26-74c12505fb79 | Surfactant deficiency causes ? | Transient tachypnea of newborn | Respiratory distress syndrome | Neonatal jaundice | Hypeensive encephalopathy of newborn | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Respiratory distress syndromeInfant respiratory distress syndrome is due to deficiency of surfactant. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (Dipalmitoyllecithin) is the major constituent of surfactant.SurfactantSurfactant is a Soap-like substance secreted by the type-II pneumocytes of the alveolar epithelium... | Physiology | null |
78b2011a-3d61-4594-a04d-1a1b5d831640 | Which of the following is seen in Churg-Strauss syndrome? | Sinusitis | Raynaud's phenomenon | Allergic rhinitis | Epistaxis | 2c | multi | Churg-Strauss syndrome is a small vessel vasculitis. The acute presentation includes skin lesions, eosinophilia and asymmetric mononeuritis multiplex. There can be a prodromal period lasting many years in which the patient can have allergic rhinitis, nasal polyposis and asthma. Treatment is by high dose steroids and cy... | Medicine | All India exam |
6a6fc2f7-ba60-4205-bb1e-ac71de21e57b | Which of the following pontic designs require surgical procedure? | Modified ridge lap | Saddle | Ovate | Sanitary | 2c | single | The ovate pontic is the pontic design that is most esthetically appealing. Its convex tissue surface resides in a soft tissue depression or hollow in the residual ridge, which makes it appear that a tooth is literally emerging from the gingiva.
Careful treatment planning is necessary for successful results. Socket-pre... | Dental | null |
e354f9c1-380f-4912-84aa-5a53f89a4a1c | Mild hoarseness with stridor is seen in: | Unilateral abductor palsy | Bilateral abductor palsy | Laryngomalacia | Tracheal stenosis | 1b | single | (b) Bilateral abductor palsy(Ref. Current Diagnosis & Treatment Otolaryngology, Lalwani, 3rd ed., 478)Laryngomalacia and tracheal stenosis do not affect the VC hence voice remain normal in these though stridor is present. | ENT | Larynx |
145af935-fb3f-411c-9965-f8d385f39902 | Mechanism of action of bromocriptine is: | Agonism at D2 receptors | Antagonism at D2 receptors | Antagonism at D1 receptors | Antagonism at α receptors | 0a | single | null | Pharmacology | null |
9e4a1a85-feb4-4357-bc60-02e6051ddd7e | Bruxism occurs in _______ phase of sleep | ReM | NREM I | NREM II | NREM III | 2c | single | Bruxism can occur in any stage of sleep or at arousal from sleep. It is most common in stage N1 and N2 and least common during REM sleep Ref: guyton and hall textbook of medical physiology 12 edition page number: 721,722,723 | Physiology | Nervous system |
b4a6c3e9-30fe-4c5c-9d1f-87e0e43e5dcd | Which of the following is not a type of teukoplakia: | Ulcerative | Bullous | Speckled | Homogenous | 1b | single | null | Pathology | null |
2a25ac10-2bd9-40b7-aa7e-66829da11cec | An infant presents with hypotonia and hyporeflexia. During his intrauterine period there was polyhydramnios and decreased fetal movements. Most probable diagnosis is - | Spinal muscular atrophy | Congenital myasthenia | Congenital myotonia | Muscular dystrophy | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Spinal muscular atrophy o Out of the given options only spinal muscular atrophy is able to cause hypotonia and hyporeflexia during infancy. Rest of them either present late in childhood or do not give the symptoms. o Polyhydromnios and decreased fetal movements can occur in any neuromuscular disorder ... | Pediatrics | null |
77abd1ce-c704-406e-8a3d-b1687782bac7 | Sterilization control used in membrane filters is | B pumilis | B stereo thermophilus | C tetani | Brevundimonas diminuta | 3d | single | Sterilization control for membrane filters is Brevundimonas diminuta and sarratia marcescens. | Microbiology | null |
a30f10bf-1c87-487f-ae7d-e719cb8fc2ab | Halo sign and handkerchief test are positive in- | CSF Rhinorrhoea | Deviated nasal septum | Nasal Myiasis | Choanal atresia | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., CSF Rhinorrhoea Detection of CSF Leak in CSF Rhinorrhoea1) Biochemical testso Concentrations of Glucose are higher in CSF than in nasal discharge. Glucose value > 30-40 mg% protein value <100 mg % (max 200 mg %) support a diagnosis of CSF leako Presence of b2 transferrin is the most definitive test fo... | ENT | Trauma of Nose and Face |
b19f67cd-a8be-482f-b760-2109a43092c2 | A sea snake is - | Neurotoxic | Hemotoxic | Musculotoxic | All of the above | 2c | multi | null | Forensic Medicine | null |
b91a8673-4f24-4d83-a9b2-3dea567855f0 | Rotavirus vaccine- contraindication are all of the following EXCEPT? | SCID | Intussusception | Severe allergic reaction | Child on top feeds | 3d | multi | ROTAVIRUS VACCINE- - Live oral vaccine - Given at 6,10 & 14 weeks (maximum age- 1 year) - Strain used- 116E strain of Indian origin - Contraindications: SCID Previous history of Intussusception / severe allergic reaction to a previous dose of the vaccine. | Pediatrics | Types of vaccines |
109d3ec5-7c75-4181-884f-65ff0741c1b0 | Which of the following prostaglandin analogues used in Glaucoma | Misoprostol | Latanoprost | Enprostil | Rioprostil | 1b | single | (Latenoprost): Ref: 88-KDT, 394-Khurana 3rd (147-KDT 6th)* Prostagland analogues used in Peptic ulcer are - Misoprostol Enprostil, Rioprostil (588-KDT)* LATANOPROST (0.0005%) It is synthetic drug which is an ester analogue of prostagland in F2a* It acts by increasing uveoscleral outflow and by causing reduction in epis... | Pharmacology | Prostaglandins |
4409c8da-0b8a-4df2-8b4f-a5cb0f24cd6f | Which can cause loose body in the joint - | RA | Ankylosing spondylitis | OA | SLE | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., OA o Causes of loose bodies includei) Osteoarthritisiii) Osteochondral fracture (injury) v) Synovial chondromatosisii) Osteochondritis dessicansiv) Charcot's disease o Among these, osteochondral fracture causes single loose bodies, while all other can cause multiple loose bodies, maximum by synovial c... | Orthopaedics | Arthritis |
5ecd4ade-4b2d-4563-9161-08d1c41e8029 | Which of the following is an example of disability limitation? | Reducing occurrence of polio by immunization | Arranging for schooling of child suffering from PRPP | Resting affected limbs in neutral position | Providing calipers for walking | 2c | single | Resting affected limbs in neutral position Repeat from May 06 & 07 Disability limitation is the mode of intervention used if the patient presents in late pathogenic phase. The objective is to prevent the transition of the disease proecess from impairment to handicap. The sequence of events leading to disability and han... | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
b1c1b9bc-4ac2-4775-959e-c2367ca89f96 | MRI is the investigation of choice in all of the following complications of CSOM except: | Extradural abscess | Bezold abscess | Coalescent mastoiditis | Cerebral abscess | 2c | multi | MRI gives little information in bone disease and is not useful in coalescent mastoiditis' in which CT scan would be the investigation of choice. It shows bone destruction and coalescence of mastoid air cells. In Bezold abscess, size, extent and location of abscess in soft tissues can be appreciated.Similarly, extradura... | ENT | Ear |
edf72077-5bc7-4157-aa8a-ff41f348bad1 | When launching a study, many respondents are invited, some of whom fail to come, this is called | Response bias | Volunteer bias | Selection bias | Berkesonian bias | 0a | multi | . | Social & Preventive Medicine | Epidemiology |
9602a861-4056-4800-9bd2-ea8f1e285434 | A patient with salicylic acid poisoning has the following arterial blood gas analysis report: pH = 7.12; PCO2 = 18 mmHg; HCO3 = 12 mmol/L. The resulting acid-base abnormality can be best labeled as: | Metabolic acidosis with respiratory alkalosis | Metabolic acidosis with respiratory acidosis | Respiratory acidosis with metabolic alkalosis | Metabolic acidosis | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e. Metabolic acidosis with respiratory alkalosisRef. Harrison 17th/e p 288 & 16th/e p 2591, 266 (15th/e page 284, 286,187)Also see June 2000 Q. No. 94.In patients with salicylate poisoning, initially the acidic metabolites of salicylic acid accumulate and cause metabolic acidosis.This causes the following... | Medicine | Fluid & Electrolyte |
da1479d3-dc75-4a01-b255-b11fe5d9fbf1 | Which of the following drugs is best for reducing pro teinuria in a diabetic patient? | Metoprolol | Perindopril | chlohiazide | Clonidine | 1b | single | ACE inhibitors like lisinopril, perindopril, ramipril and ARBs like losaan, telmisaan could decrease the incidence of diabetic nephropathy by decreasing protein levels in the urine especially albumin They r DOC for diabetes with HTN. Ref: KD Tripathi 8th ed. | Pharmacology | Cardiovascular system |
b2e65332-8691-44d0-819c-91eb2c26a32f | Drug of choice for precocious pubey: | Cyproterone acetate | Danazol | Medroxyprogesterone | GnRH agonists | 3d | single | Treatment of precocious pubey: Rx the underlying cause Long acting GnRH analogues (Leuprolide) | Pediatrics | Disorders of Pubey |
172853cc-506a-4da4-bef0-9295fa1fa79d | Awareness of having a disease is | Insight | Perseveration | Delusion | Incoherence | 0a | single | Ans. a (Insight). (Ref. Psychiatry by Niraj Ahuja, 5th ed., 14, 41, 57, 72, 85, 95, 171)Term DefinitionPerseverationis persistent repetition of words beyond their relevance.Verbigerationis senseless repetition of same words or phrases.Delusionsare false unshakable belief in something that is not true.Insightis awarenes... | Psychiatry | Miscellaneous |
ec8ce4a8-a881-4e63-a1a9-24b3c710d034 | Carbohydrate-related to blood grouping? | Arabinose | Xylulose | Xylose | Fucose | 3d | single | The major blood groups of this system are A, B, AB, and O.O type RBCs lack A or B antigens. These antigens are carbohydrates attached to a precursor backbone, may be found on the cellular membrane either as glycosphingolipids or glycoproteins, and are secreted into plasma and body fluids as glycoproteins. H substance i... | Surgery | General surgery |
d4a2c9b1-018d-4a49-bd7a-f173c5ad9dae | All of the following factors decrease the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of an inhalational anaesthetic agent except | Hypothermia | Hyponatremia | Hypocalcemia | Anemia | 2c | multi | MINIMUM ALVEOLAR CONCENTRATION: The MAC of an inhaled anesthetic is the alveolar concentration that prevents movement in 50% of patients in response to a standardized stimulus (eg, surgical incision). MAC is a useful measure because it mirrors brain paial pressure, allows comparisons of potency between agents, and prov... | Anaesthesia | Fundamental concepts |
29dc1dd9-b79a-408a-a2b8-89544613b6ce | A 27-year-old patient with a chief complaint of mild veigo of 3-months duration is seen by a neurologist. Examination reveals a positional (horizontal and veical) nystagmus that is bidirectional. The patient repos the absence of tinnitus. Which of the following is the most likely etiology of veigo? | Labyrinthitis | Meniere's syndrome | Lesion of the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum | Lesion of the spinocerebellum | 2c | single | Pathologic veigo is generally classified as peripheral (labyrinthine) or central (brainstem or cerebellum).The clinical presentation, in this case, is most consistent with central veigo. Positional (especially horizontal) nystagmus (to-and-fro oscillation of the eyes) is common in the veigo of central origin, but absen... | Microbiology | All India exam |
bfdd8469-050c-4a06-b4bd-e7047e590ff7 | Cephalosporin that does not require dose reduction in patient with any degree of renal impairment is: | Cefuroxime | Cefoperazone | Ceftazidime | Cefotaxime | 1b | single | CEPHALOSPORINS These are a group of semisynthetic antibiotics derived from &;cephalosporin-C&; obtained from a fungus Cephalosporium. They are chemically related to penicillins; the nucleus consists of a P-lactam ring fused to a dihydrothiazine ring, (7-aminocephalosporanic acid). By addition of different side chains a... | Pharmacology | Chemotherapy |
a302a433-875d-446f-855b-2f8dfc39d874 | Germ cell tumor(s) of paediatric includes all except? | Pure yolk sac tumor | Leydig cell tumor | Choriocarcinoma | Embryonal cell carcinoma | 1b | multi | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Leydig cell tumor Germ cell tumors o Germ cell tumors, as the name suggests, arise from Primordial germ cells (Precursor germ cells or gametocytes), o Germ cells develops early in life. In growing fetus, germ cells migrate from their point of origin to the gondal area. o Germ cells that still have to ... | Pediatrics | null |
598e0602-1fc3-4364-91ff-d6f5a4be0754 | Regarding the action of Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH) all are true, except: | Post operative secretion is more | ADH secretion occurs when plasma osmolality is low | Acts on DCT | Neurosecretion | 1b | multi | ADH/Vasopressin is stored in the posterior hypothalamus and is released into the blood stream when the effective osmotic pressure of plasma is increased above 285mOsm/kg. Its secretion is regulated by osmoreceptors located in the anterior hypothalamus. Vasopressin secretion is increased in: Increased effective osmotic ... | Physiology | null |
7944f612-642b-4e97-a7ff-2e8f7380548b | The medium of choice culturing yeast form of dimorphic fungi is: | BHI | SDA | SDA with antibiotics | Any medium incubated at 35-37deg C | 2c | single | Ans. is 'c' i.e., SDA with antibioticsSDA with antibiotics (Chloramphenicol) is always preferred over plain SDA to avoid bacterial contamination and make it more selective. | Microbiology | Mycology |
6dcb3757-04e2-4e4d-82ad-a4a093ddd3ab | True statements regarding DMPA includes all the following except : | 3% failure rate | Protects against ovarian cancer | Can be given in women with seizures | Useful in treatment of menorrhagia | 1b | multi | Risk of endometrial cancer is substantially reduced by past use of DMPA Noncontraceptive benefits of DMPA:Anemia, PID, Ectopic pregnancy, and Endometrial cancer are repoedDMPA benefits women with sickle cell diseaseRef: Novak and Bereks Gynecology; 15th Edition; Chapter 10 | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | Contraception |
063bcfd8-17ce-4ff2-9640-d5f11871b53a | Which of the following does not come in contact with anterolateral surface of left kidney? | Spleen | Liver | Stomach | Pancreas | 1b | single | A small medial area of the superior pole is related to the left suprarenal gland. Approximately the upper two-thirds of the lateral half of the anterior surface is related to the spleen. A central quadrilateral area lies in contact with the pancreas and the splenic vessels. Above this a small variable triangular region... | Anatomy | null |
5fc9ca86-7657-40af-8f42-ac6b9241184b | Which of the following is TRUE regarding classical spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ? | Ascitic fluid neutrophil count is > 250/mm' | Bowel perforation should be present | Multiple organisms are isolated from ascitic fluid | Board-like rigidity is present in abodmen | 0a | multi | Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is one of the potentially lethal complications of cirrhosis and is defined as infected ascites in the absence of any recognizable secondary cause of infection. .UGI bleeding and abdominal pain were the most common presenting symptoms of SBP SBP is an acute ascites infection an as... | Medicine | G.I.T |
52e42883-d6cb-4ad2-a34c-20900948ffcb | Non specific esterase is positive in all the categories of AML except | M3 | M4 | M5 | M6 | 3d | multi | Non specific esterase on cytochemistry is strongly positive in M5(acute monocytic leukemia- Schilling type) and M4(acute myelomonocytic leukemia -Naegeli type) which have monocytic component.It is also positive in M3(acute promyelocytic leukemia).But non specific esterase is negative in M6(acute erythroleukemia-Di Gugl... | Pediatrics | Childhood tumors |
f1156838-0cdb-4583-b8bf-39448a505f39 | A young patient presents with enlargement of costocondral junction and with the white line of fraenkel at the metaphysis. The diagnosis is- | Scurvy | Rickets | Hyperparathyroidism | Osteomalacia | 0a | single | *Enlargement of costochondral junction and white line of Frankel are seen both in scurvy and rickets. *However, best answer here is scurvy as white line frankel is seen in healing rickets, not in active rickets. And rickets refers to active disease. ref : maheswari 9th ed | Anatomy | Metabolic and endocrine disorders |
009c43cf-5ce9-4e6f-9dc6-130d19eeed65 | A 54-year-old woman presents with prominent scattered erythematous papules on the right side of her forehead. She had "burning" pain and hypersensitivity in that area for the past 2 days. Her pain is localized to the right supraorbital area and the right aspect of the dorsum of her nose. She denies headaches, mental st... | Early Cellulitis | Varicella zoster | Giant cell aeritis with ulceration | Erysepalas | 1b | single | Woman is suffering from herpes zoster, or "shingles" - a late complication of prior infection with varicella zoster virus. The virus remains latent in the ganglia of sensory nerves after the primary infection. The characteristic shingles rash is always confined to a dermatome and does not cross the midline. Specificall... | Dental | Viral infections |
5de00d7a-0cab-4f17-9fc7-5b89e186a30d | Atropine is used in organophosphate poisoning because of its | Reactivate acetylcholinesterase | Compete with acetylcholine release | Binds with both nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors | It is competitive antagonist of acetylcholine | 3d | multi | Refer kDT 6/e p 106 atropine acts as antagonist in muscarinic receptors. It has no activity on nicotinic receptors and do not interfere with the release of acetylcholine | Anatomy | General anatomy |
72d08e62-576f-4568-af0d-b08d3dfc59a5 | The major functional difference between DNA and RNA is | RNA contains ribose | DNA carries the information in all living organisms | DNA is localized in nucleus | RNA does not contain thymine | 1b | multi | null | Physiology | null |
06ac2735-96b1-4ef2-b0c2-cd7b39749e8f | Most "Radiosensitive" Tissue is: | Gonads | Bone-marrow | RBC | GIT epithelium | 1b | single | Bone-marrow | Radiology | null |
f4d29428-7d26-4ac0-8d6e-106e91127de1 | Which of the following drugs is associated with the untoward side effect of renal tubular damage? | Cisplatin | Streptozocin | Methysergide | Cyclophosphamide | 0a | single | Cisplatin is a highly emetic and nephrotoxic agent.
Streptozocin causes the destruction of β-cells of the pancreas and may result in hyperglycemia.
Methysergide can cause retroperitoneal fibrosis on long-term use.
Cyclophosphamide can result in hemorrhagic cystitis. | Pharmacology | null |
5d3dcce3-bc5c-4014-a53e-7d5c5faaf805 | If urine sample darkens on standing, the most likely condition is : | Phenylketonuria | Alkaptonuria | Maple syrup disease | Tyrosinemia | 1b | single | Alkaptonuria a condition d/t defective homogentisate 1, 2- dioxygenase (1/t defective tyrosine degradation) usually presents after age of 40 with characteristic triad of Homogentisic aciduria (which blacken/darkens on exposure to air /standing and is strongly Benedict's positive), Ochronosis (i.e black pigmentation of ... | Biochemistry | null |
d588dcab-db70-4a04-bd1c-20228f28da86 | The different semen in case of gang rape is identified by:- | Acid phosphatase test | Christmas tree stain | PSA | Single photon flourimetry | 3d | single | Single photon fluorimetry has been used to differentiate between different semen in a gang rape case TESTS FOR SEMINAL STAINS Creatine phosphokinase test Acid phosphatase testQ Florence testQ (Choline iodide crystals) Barberio's test (crystals of spermin picrate) | Forensic Medicine | Trace evidences |
794f3bf4-844d-438f-930b-fcfaa1b35201 | Submucosal fibroid is detected by : | Hysteroscopy | Hysterosalpingography | USG (Transabdominal) | All | 3d | multi | Ans. is a, b and c i.e. Hysteroscopy; Hysterosalpingography; and USG (Transabdominal) USG * Ultrasound is the main diagnostic tool in case of fibroid.deg It checks the numberdeg, locationdeg and sizedeg of fibroids and helps to reduce overlooking small fibroids during surgery (which might lead to persistence or recurre... | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
1fc30362-91fd-424a-9b6e-d3f2f5a7e8f9 | The tumor causing polycythemia due to erythropoietin production is - | Cerebellar hemangioma | Medulloblastoma | Ependymoma | Ougodendroglioma | 0a | single | <p>The tumors causing inappropriate rise in erythropoietin are renal cell caarcinoma,hepatocellular carcinoma ,cerebellar hemangioblastoma.</p><p>Reference :Harsh mohan textbook of pathology sixth edition pg no 359.</p> | Medicine | Haematology |
0960aa1f-42fc-48db-bf36-94d098a4807e | A female with IUCD develops pelvic inflammatory disease. which of the following should be done: | Keep the IUCD, give antibiotic, follow up for antibiotic response & then take decision regarding IUCD removal | Sta antibiotic & remove IUCD | Remove IUCD & sta antibiotic | Wait for next menstrual cycle for any intervention | 0a | single | Ans. is 'a' i.e., Keep the IUCD, give antibiotic, follow up for antibiotic response & then take decision regarding IUCDremoval If an IUD user receives a diagnosis of PID, the IUD does not need to be removed. However, the woman should receive treatment according to these recommendations and should have close clinical fo... | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
ed9da13f-c9c0-401d-87db-696fc9e09ff7 | Which of the following culture medium is made by adding Agar: | Solid medium | Liquid medium | Selective medium | Transport medium | 0a | single | Ans. (a) Solid mediumRef: Microbiology by Ananthanarayan and Paniker 8th ed. / 39-40GROWING BACTERIAL CULTURES IN LIQUIDNUTRIENT BROTH* Nutrient broth is a liquid bacterial growth medium made of powdered beef extract and short chains of amino acids that have been dissolved in water.* Liquid medium is convenient to use ... | Microbiology | Culture media and method |
1d17bad7-792e-4122-a4f1-ff9f32fa1307 | Amphiphatic helices are | α helices having predominantly hydrophobic R-groups projecting from one side and predominantly hydrophilic R-groups projecting from the other side of the axis of the helix | Clusters of twisted strands of β sheet | Short segments of amino acids that join two units of the secondary structure | Supersecondary structures | 0a | single | Many α helices have predominantly hydrophobic R-groups projecting from one side of the axis of the helix and predominantly hydrophilic R-groups projecting from the other side. These amphipathic helices are well adapted to the formation of interfaces between polar and nonpolar regions such as the hydrophobic interior of... | Biochemistry | null |
3ded4e6d-f5b6-4ff1-a91d-7d00e8c6bb7f | In Duke's classification of cancer rectum, B2 denotes - | Growth extends to perirectal fat | Regional nodes involved | Limited to thickness of bowel wall | Hepatic metastasis | 2c | multi | null | Pathology | null |
6576cf14-bd25-4d13-bf8c-cf1e634d918d | Maximum density of goblet cells is seen in | Superior conjunctiva | Inferior conjunctiva | Temporal conjunctiva | Nasal conjunctiva | 3d | single | Goblet cells form the mucus layer of the tear film They are maximum nasally and least superiorly REF:Refer Khurana 6th edition page number 59 | Ophthalmology | Conjunctiva |
f4cca320-2458-488e-b44c-868116f03d10 | Which is the most common cytogenetic abnormality in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)? | Trisomy 8 | 20q- | 5q- | Monosmy 7 | 3d | single | Monosomy 7 is most common cytogenetic abnormality in children whereas 5q - is seen frequently in adults and is very rare in children. Although 5q may be commoner than monosomy 7 in some settings, overall monosomy 7 appears more common. Myelodysplastic syndromes are a group of stem cell disorders with altered hematopoes... | Pathology | null |
d7eae1cb-dfc2-4e82-b300-166ee4e8709e | Appendicitis-like syndrome is caused by | Y. pestis | Y. pseudotuberculosis | Pasturella septica | Brucella abois | 1b | single | Yersinia enterocolitica: Type 1- Enterocolitis and gastroenteritis; Type 2- mesenteric adenitis and inflammatory terminal ileitis that may mimic appendicitisYersinia pseudotuberculosis: also mimics appendicitisRef: Ananthanarayan 9th edition, p324 | Microbiology | Bacteriology |
62d24ba7-2223-4392-a811-8065c7838246 | Which of the following parameters adds predictive information regarding cardiovascular risk stratification and the measurement of serum cholesterol? | Anti-chlamydia pneumoniae antibodies | C-reactive protein | Homocysteine | Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 | 1b | single | Recent studies have demonstrated that markers of inflammation correlate with coronary risk and that inflammation plays a role in atheromatous plaque instability. Elevations of C-reactive protein, (CRP) identify patients at increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and poor outcome of acute coronary syndromes. Measur... | Medicine | null |
eddb09b4-7e94-4b0a-b8ea-efadc38f2140 | Side effects of oxygen therapy are all except: | Absorption atelactasis | Increased pulmonary compliance | Decreased vital capacity | Endothelial damage | 1b | multi | B i.e., Increased pulmonary compliance Hyperoxia (oxygen toxicity) may lead to hypoventilation, hypercapnia (but not necessarily hypoxia), absorption atelectasis, decreaed vital capacity, deterioration of pulmonary compliance & blood gasesQ, interstitial edema, pulmonary fibrosis, tonic clonic seizure & retinopathy of ... | Anaesthesia | null |
5e4d2fdd-8412-49dc-804a-7207fded32c8 | Irresistible urge to do a thing repeatedly is seen in | Obsessive - compulsive disorder | Schizophrenia | Schizoaffective disorder | Depression | 0a | single | An obsession is defined as an idea, impulse or image which intrudes into the conscious awareness repeatedly, patient tries to resist against it but is unable to . an obsession is usually associated with compulsion and a compulsion is defined as a form of behaviour which usually follows obsessions,the behaviour is not r... | Psychiatry | Anxiety disorders stress disorders and grief |
472c9c79-3263-4324-bbb8-8254948cfd0c | Duret haemorrhage is/are seen in: | Conjunctiva | Middle ear | Endocardium of hea | Brain | 3d | single | D i.e. Brain Whiplash injury results from acute hyperextension of cervical spineQ in the region of C4 - C6 veebrae. Coup & Count-re coup lesions are most commonly seen in brainQ. Lucid interval is seen in insanity & epidural haemorrhageQ Fracture - ala - signature / signature fracture is also known as depressed fractur... | Forensic Medicine | null |
39130a40-67a1-4dd9-a494-cc1dbfb14eef | CD 19 positive, CD22 positive, CD103 positive monoclonal B-cells with bright kappa positivity were found to comprise 60% of the peripheral blood lymphoid cells on flow cytometric analysis in a 55 year old man with massive splenomegaly and a total leucocyte count of 3.3 x 109/L. Which one of the following is the most li... | Splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes | Mantle cell lymphoma | B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia | Hairy cell leukemia | 3d | single | Answer is D (Hairy cell leukemia) Presence of massive splenomegaly, and granulocytopenia, alongwith characteristic immunophenotypic features (specially CD103) suggests the diagnosis of Hairy cell leukemia. CD103 is exclusively positive in Hairy cell leukemia and thus leaves no doubt as regards the correct diagnosis. | Medicine | null |
83965e8c-d334-49ad-a40a-ff226ba11e09 | Most specific marker for myeloid series is | CD 34 | CD 45 | CD 99 | CD 117 | 3d | single | The markers for myeloid series are CD13, CD33, CD 11b, CD15, CD117 and cMPO. c MPO is the most lineage specific marker amongst these. Regarding other options, CD 34 - Myeloid and lymphoid blasts, stem cells, CD 45 - Leukocyte common antigen (nonerythroid hematopoietic cells), CD 99 - Ewing's sarcoma/primitive neuroecto... | Pathology | Diagnostic procedures |
07822661-2aca-4f91-a6b9-3406e2d6b956 | Which surgical procedure has the highest incidence of ureteric injury? | Vaginal hysterectomy | Abdominal hysterectomy | Weheim's hysterectomy | Anterior colporraphy | 2c | single | The Weheim type of radical hysterectomy for cancer of the cervix is notorious for ureteric injury for which over-dissection of the ureter or accidental injury is most often responsible. Ref: Shaw's Gynaecology, 13th Edition, Pages 180-81; Dutta Gynecology, 4th Edition, Pages 391-92; Management of Common Problems in Obs... | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
328dc4a1-e76f-4e5a-b0a2-22cd463dcb00 | An 18 year old student complains of lack of interest in studies for last 6 months. He has frequent quarrels with his parents and has frequent headaches. The most appropriate clinical approach would be: | Leave him as normal adolescent problem | Rule out depression. | Rule out migraine. | Rule out an oppositional defiant disorder. | 1b | single | B i.e. Rule out depressionLet us consider the options one by one. This can be a normal behaviour but use definitely need to rule out of few disorders before reaching this conclusion. Recent studies have suggested a possible correlation b/w migraine and behavioural problems. There is nothing in the question to point out... | Psychiatry | null |
403f2990-e071-45f6-a054-0695a148a5e5 | Which of the following is FALSE regarding Kishori Shakti Yojana? | Targets pregnant woman | Targets girls in the age group 11 - 18 year | It addresses the needs of literacy and numerical skills | It addresses the nutritional needs | 0a | multi | It is a scheme for adolescent girls and is being implemented using the ICDS infrastructure. It targets girls between 11 - 18 years of age. It addresses their needs of self development, nutrition and health state's, literacy and numerical skills, vocational skills etc. Ref: Park, Edition 21, Page - 545. | Social & Preventive Medicine | null |
0c16496f-2d57-4e32-9e17-db977170d626 | All of the following statements about synovial fluid are true. Except- | Follows Non - Newtonian fluid kinetics | Secreted primarily by type A synovial cells | Contains hyaluronic acid | Viscosity is variable | 1b | multi | synovial fluid is plasma transudate from synovial capillaries, modified by secretory activities of type-B synovial lining cells. | Orthopaedics | null |
79f45476-3669-45d1-8f9f-226e20d829e4 | A 25 year old male was hospitalized with liver cyst due to Echinococcus granulosus. He refused to undergo surgery for removal of cyst. Therefore, albendazole was used at high dose for 3 months. This patient should be monitored for the toxicity to : | Gonads | Kidney | Liver | Peripheral nerves | 2c | single | null | Pharmacology | null |
efd08e7f-c8a3-4ec4-92e1-8fa9b0479bf6 | ln which of the following transmission, meiosis occurs : | Primary to secondary spermatocyte | Secondary spermatocyte to globular spermatid | Germ cells to spermatogonium | Spermatogonium to primary spermatocyte | 0a | single | Primary to secondary spermatocyte | Anatomy | null |
8e4f61b0-cd26-4647-913d-136f0d3e6e16 | Copper-T is preferably inseed postnatal, after: | 2 weeks | 4 weeks | 5 weeks | 8 weeks | 3d | single | Timings of IUD inseion During menstruation or within 10 days of begining of menstrual period: Best time for IUD inseion Cervical canal diameter greatest, lesser expulsive, least risk of pregnancy. Immediate post-paum inseion: During 1st week after delivery before woman leaves hospital. High chance of perforation High c... | Social & Preventive Medicine | Demography and family planning |
938eb978-7b45-469e-a265-ac3e364aaa4e | Consider the following statements regarding thyroid hormones- | Majority of the circulating T3 remains in bound form | Only 50% of the circulating T3 is secreted by Thyroid | TSH estimation is not a sensitive test for diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism | Fatel pituitary-thyroid axis is dependent to a large extent on maternal pituitary-thyroid axis | 0a | multi | Thyroid Hormones physiology The thyroid secretes predominantly thyroxine (T4) and only a small amount of triiodothyronine (T3); approximately 85% of T3 in blood is produced from T4 by a family of monodeiodinase enzymes that are active in many tissues, including liver, muscle, hea and kidney. Selenium is an integral com... | Medicine | Endocrinology |
2cd4fb6d-17b8-40be-bd3f-2ea92b341648 | who gave the concept of la belle indiffernce | seligman | lorenz | freud | bleuler | 2c | single | CONTRIBUTIONS OF FREUD o Father of psychoanalysis He founded a type of psychotherapy called psychoanalysis. It is nothing but analyzing the psych(MIND) o Interpretation of dreams According to Freud dreams are royal road to unconscious In dreams several conflicts that are present in the unconscious comes to the consciou... | Anatomy | Treatment in psychiatry |
b5988495-d56c-42ab-a01d-3a769711b7cf | Vitamin A is stored in:- | Kupfer cells | Hepatocytes | Ito cells | Endothelial cells of liver | 2c | single | HSCs (Hepatic Stellate Cells) are: Pericytes which exist in the space between parenchymal cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells of the hepatic lobule. Also called Vitamin A-storing cells, Lipocytes, Interstitial cells, Fat-storing cells or Ito cells, Perisinusoidal cells Store 50-80% of vitamin A in the whole bo... | Biochemistry | NEET 2019 |
80004ad9-1a07-4bf4-ab19-852425e0b1f6 | The best bone graft which can be utilized for reconstruction is: | Costo chondral graft | Calvarial graft | lilac crest graft | Metatarsal bone graft | 2c | single | null | Dental | null |
54648451-e155-4f8f-87ba-1584183aeb4e | The best parameter for assessment of chronic malnutrition is - | Weight of age | Weight for height | Height for age | Any of the above | 2c | multi | parks textbook of preventive and social medicine 23rd edition * height is a stable measurement of growth as opposed to body weight .whereas the weight reflects only the present health status of the child,height indicate the events in the past also. *low height for age also knownn as nutritional stunting or drawfting.it... | Social & Preventive Medicine | obstetrics,pediatrics and geriatrics |
1d772eff-6181-49b2-baee-8ed7c6574d1e | True about the basic structure of atherosclerosis plaque is ? | Concave pa formed by fibrous cap | Convex pa formed by tunica media of the vessel | Convex pa formed by fibrous cap | Necrotic core contains collagen, elastin and proteoglycans | 2c | multi | Ans. is 'c' i.e., Convex pa formed by fibrous cap | Pathology | null |
31af59cc-67d0-4056-8338-8f028f26eb5d | Right border of heart is formed by all except - | Right atrium | Rightventricle | SVC | IVC | 1b | multi | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Right ventricle o Dont get confused with above question. Most probably this question has been framed by a radiologist. Read following factsi) Right border of heart is formed by (anatomically) - Right atrium.ii) Right border of heart is formed by (on X-ray PA view) - Right atrium (majority), SVC, I VC.... | Anatomy | Pericardium & Heart |
3abf388a-5cc3-4b14-a00b-d2ddc8fc2740 | Rao and Singh's index is? | Age-dependent index | Age-independent index | Age and sex-dependent index | Independent of wt and ht | 1b | single | RAO & SINGH'S INDEX: - It is calculated as Weight (in kg) x 100/height2 (in cm) - Normal value: 0.14 - In children with malnutrition: 0.12 - 0.14 | Pediatrics | Growth |
f0ba3c8f-0f3b-47d4-a3c4-15f6a495f26f | Adult scabies is characterized by? | Involve palm & soles | Involve face | Involve anterior abdomen | All | 0a | multi | A i.e. Involve palm & soles | Skin | null |
e69da445-8863-4ac0-9d9e-a27d5b9fd260 | All are elevators of the larynx except - | Thyrohyoid | Digastric | Stylohyoid | Sternohyoid | 3d | multi | Elevators : Primary elevators act directly as they are attached to the thyroid cartilage and include stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus and thyrohyoid. Secondary elevators act indirectly as they are attached to the hyoid bone and include mylohyoid (main), digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid.
Depressors... | ENT | null |
538ef57b-9b58-4be3-b70e-49f492885264 | Leukemia associated with Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation is: | Acute lymphocytic leukemia | Acute promyelocytic leukemia | Chronic myeloid leukemia | Chronic lymphoid leukemia | 1b | single | Major Disorders Associated With Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Obstetric Complications
Abruptio placentae
Retained dead fetus
Septic Abortion
Amniotic fluid embolism
Toxemia
Infections
Sepsis (gram-negative and gram-positive)
Meningococcemia
Rocky Mountain spotted fever
Histoplasmosis
Aspergillosis
... | Pathology | null |
2643d26f-638f-4d2c-ad5b-387ff1481556 | The effect of morphine which has least tolerance is? | Analgesia | Respiratory depression | Constipation | Bradycardia | 2c | single | ANSWER: (C) ConstipationREF: KDT 6th edition page 457Tolerance is exhibited to all actions except meiosis and constipation | Pharmacology | Opioids |
7f3d49bb-f723-436b-9c34-de28dfb5e911 | Stability of denture can be increased by | V-Y plasty procedure | Z plasty procedure | Both | None | 2c | multi | V-Y plasty procedure or Z plasty procedure is used for frenectomy procedure to increase the stability of denture. | Surgery | null |
ae711017-66be-45f1-87f0-293e670c88b1 | 'Meralgia paresthetica' is due to the compression of which off the follwoing nerves? | Medial cutaneous nerve of thigh | Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh | Sural nerve | Femoral nerve | 1b | single | Meralgia Paraesthetica results from compression neuropathy of the lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh. It is also called Bernhardt-Roth syndrome. This nerve can be compressed as it runs through the inguinal ligament, just medial to the Anterior superior Iliac spine. Pain, numbness, tingling and paresthesia localised to an... | Surgery | null |
af336b40-2603-4fb5-b889-3d26e32ad926 | Example of secondary active transport- | K+ transport | Water Transport | Transport of oxygen | Na+-amino acid transport | 3d | single | Ans. is 'd' i.e., Na+-amino acid transport Transport mechanismExamplesSimple diffusionMovement of fats, oxygen, CO2 through lipid portion of membraneFacilitated diffusionMovement of glucose and some amino-acidsOsmosisMovement of water into and out of the cellPrimary active transportIons K+, Na+, Ca++, H+Secondary activ... | Physiology | Transport Across Cell Membrane |
4a7e2645-fa04-4e3a-9527-db58296dee3d | Microscopic examination of a specimen shows 'Schiller-Duval bodies'. This most probably will have: | Seminoma | Choriocarcinoma | Yolk sac tumor | Embryonal carcinoma | 2c | single | Yolk sac tumor only occurs as a pure tumor in young males (at about 3 years of age). In adults, yolk sac tumors are pa of mixed germ cell tumors. One characteristic feature of yolk sac tumor is Schiller-Duval bodies, which resemble endodermal sinuses. Schiller-Duval bodies have a capillary at the core and are surrounde... | Gynaecology & Obstetrics | null |
a84f80bb-febe-49d3-8290-4ecda820da87 | Pre-anaesthetic medication is given to ? | Reduce anxiety and fear | Reduction of secretion of saliva | To prevent undesirable reflexes | All of the above | 3d | multi | Ans. is 'd' i.e., All of the above Preanaesthetic medication Premedication (Preanaesthetic medication) refers to the use of drugs before anaesthesia to make it more pleasant and safe. The aims are : Relief of anxiety and apprehension preoperatively and to facilitate smooth induction. Amnesia for preoperative and postop... | Anaesthesia | null |
65c4d2d3-b886-48c3-b65f-bd9098894659 | Rate limiting step in facilitated diffusion? | Availability of contranspo | Conformational change in transpoer | Synthesis of carrier protein | Polarization of solute | 1b | multi | Ans. is'b'i.e., Conformational change in transpoer(Ref: Essentials of membrane Biophysics p. 25I).The relative slowness of the rate constant for conformational change reorienting the Solute-unoccupied transpoer (Step-4) makes it the rate-limiting step in the process of facilitated diffusion. | Physiology | null |
e11e0a84-54e0-4678-9060-26a198f5bce8 | Fixed performance device is – | Ventury mask | Nasal cannula | Simple mask | Non rebreathing mask | 0a | single | Ventimask (venturi mask) is a fixed performance (high flow) oxygen delivery device.
Nasal cannula, non-rebreathing mask (Hudson mask) and simple mask are variable performance (low flow) devices. | Anaesthesia | null |
8a0b0d9a-79c0-4f79-9880-e590026bad08 | Hemivertebra is a defect of: | Body | Transverse process | Spine | Posterior vertebral arches | 0a | single | Ans. A. Bodya. Vertebral bodies mainly develop from ventral sclerotome (VS) and thus hemivertebra is a defect of VS.b. Hemivertebra can lead to defects in the vertebral column - scoliosis.c. Posterior vertebral arches (PVA) contribute mainly to the lamina & spines. PVA are contributed by the dorsal sclerotome. | Anatomy | Thorax |
d518d93d-6d27-499d-bdd9-68814eeef581 | Not a metabolic product of urea cycle- | Citrulline | Ornithine | Alanine | Arginine | 2c | single | Biosynthesis of urea occurs in five steps.
1) Carbamoyl phosphate synthase-I (CPS-I), a mitochondrial enzyme, catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate by condensation of CO2 and ammonia.
Two molecules of ATP are required for the reaction. CPS-I is the rate-limiting enzyme of the urea cycle. It is an allosteric e... | Biochemistry | null |
2b7b3a5f-af45-4cb8-a84f-72959bb9bdf1 | A patient was operated for forearm fracture under general anesthesia under tourniquet. Following surgery, he was unable to move his fingers and there was sensory loss over the whole hand. Most common type of injury is: | Neuropraxia | Axonotmesis | Neurotmesis | None of the above | 0a | multi | Ans. A. NeuropraxiaTourniquet paralysis is usually Neuropraxia. Application of tourniquet may press on all the nerves passing beneath it, resulting in mostly neuropraxia. | Orthopaedics | Peripheral Nerve Injuries |
feccd93c-1c40-4e26-84af-a0e4849eb878 | Most common source of error in a false positive finding of dental caries is: | Cervical burnout | Fluorosis | Dental pigmentation | All of the above | 0a | multi | Although this can be caused by a variation in the morphology of the tooth, the most common source of error is the misinterpretation of cervical burnout as dental caries. Cervical burnout produces an artifact that mimics a carious lesion near the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) area of the tooth.
As the X-ray beam meets th... | Radiology | null |
2efc4520-cef6-49ab-8eac-ff9557b543b8 | Tophi in gout found in all regions except | Prepatellar bursae | Muscle | Helix of ear | Synol membrane | 1b | multi | Ans. is 'b' i.e., Muscle Location of Tophi They are classically located along the helix of the ear. Can also be seen in :- Fingers Toes Prepattelar bursa Olecranon Although gout typically cuases joint inflammation, it can also cause inflammation in other synol-based structures, such as bursae and tendons. Tophi are col... | Medicine | null |
74cebd18-4025-4732-b117-fde9b4d81453 | A mother comes with her 3 year old female child with complain of that child is not eating anything. Her weight is 11 kg (50th percentile) and height is 88 cm. (75th percentile). What should be done next – | Vitamin rich tonic to be given | Forceful eating | Nothing should be done actively and assure the parent | Complete investigation for UTI | 2c | single | "Allowable normal range of variation in observation, is conventionally taken between 3'd and 97th percentile curves" -Ghai
This female child has weight (50 th percentile) and height (75th percentile) in normal range of variation (3rd-97th percentile).
So, nothing should be done actively and the parent should be assur... | Pediatrics | null |
3f70d001-441a-4b6e-8499-b4120fb5f56d | Fornication and delusion of persecution, both are together seen in - | LSD psychosis | Amphetamine psychosis | Cocaine psychosis | Cannabis psychosis | 2c | multi | This question is tricky one as tactile hallucination (fornication) and delusion of persecution are seen both in cocaine as well as amphetamine abuse.
Read the question carefully, examiner has asked about the presence of fornication and delusion of persecution together.
In amphetamine abuse these two do not occur togeth... | Forensic Medicine | null |
52cb9242-2bc1-4e8f-9a9f-6651a0674322 | Lingual tonsils arise: | As developmental anomalies | From carcinomatous transformation | As a result of hyperplasia | Due to repeated trauma in the area | 0a | single | null | Pathology | null |
ddcf5f2f-c9a2-4c2e-ba72-904e1c5e2b78 | IUCD must not be used in a woman with- | Genital herpes with severe non-purulent discharge | Pelvic tuberculosis | AIDS on ARV therapy | Recto-vaginal fistula | 1b | single | Pelvic tuberculosis is an absolute contraindication for IUD inseion. Absolute contraindications for IUD Relative contraindications for IUD Suspected Pregnancy PID Vaginal Bleeding of undiagnosed etiology Ca Cervix,Uterus or Adnexa and other pelvic tumours Previous Ectopic Pregnancy Anaemia Menorrhagia History of PID si... | Social & Preventive Medicine | Natural Methods, Barrier Methods, IUDs, OCPs |
2af68c98-1f39-4900-b275-515bebed135f | All enveloped helical RNA viruses belong to one large group, which includes all of the following except: | Influenza | Parainfluenza | Mumps | Herpes | 3d | multi | Ans. d. Herpes | Microbiology | null |
92e6d38b-7f7b-480d-b81e-07533d8f24d8 | Which toll like receptors are involved in action of bacterial endotoxins - | I | II | III | V | 1b | single | Ans. is 'b' i.e., II o Ten different mammalian Toll like receptors (TRRs) have been identified --> TLR 1 to 10. o TLRs are involved in responses to widely divergent types of molecules that are commonly expressed by microbial but not mammalian cells. TLR Microbial ligand molecules Peptidoglycan of Gram (+)ve bacteria zy... | Pathology | null |
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