Split (1)

train · 115k rows

text stringlengths 2 4.67k	source dict
Language model benchmarks are standardized tests designed to evaluate the performance of language models on various natural language processing tasks. These tests are intended for comparing different models' capabilities in areas such as language understanding, generation, and reasoning. Benchmarks generally consist of...	{ "page_id": 79100184, "title": "Language model benchmark" }
software agent that operates a computer for a user, such as editing images, browsing the web, etc. Adversarial: A benchmark is "adversarial" if the items in the benchmark are picked specifically so that certain models do badly on them. Adversarial benchmarks are often constructed after SOTA models have saturated a benc...	{ "page_id": 79100184, "title": "Language model benchmark" }
use (explicitly). Growth: More papers and models use the benchmark, and the performance on the benchmark grows. Maturity, degeneration or deprecation: A benchmark may be saturated, after which researchers move on to other benchmarks. Progress on the benchmark may also be neglected as the field moves to focus on other b...	{ "page_id": 79100184, "title": "Language model benchmark" }
but only k {\displaystyle k} attempts out of them are selected for submission. If any submission is correct, the model earns a point. The k@n score is the model's average score over all problems. cons@n: The model is given n {\displaystyle n} attempts to solve each problem. If the most common answer is correct, the mod...	{ "page_id": 79100184, "title": "Language model benchmark" }
solved by an "unintended" shortcut. For example, in the SNLI benchmark, having a negative word like "not" in the second sentence is a strong signal for the "Contradiction" category, regardless of what the sentences actually say. contamination/leakage: Some benchmark questions may have answers already present in the tra...	{ "page_id": 79100184, "title": "Language model benchmark" }
Model Assessment): A collection of English and code texts, divided into 546 domains. Used to measure the perplexity of a model on specific domains. === General language understanding === See for a review of over 100 such benchmarks. WSC (Winograd schema challenge): 273 sentences with ambiguous pronouns. The task is to ...	{ "page_id": 79100184, "title": "Language model benchmark" }
Activities for SWAG): A harder version of SWAG. Contains 10K items. RACE (ReAding Comprehension Examinations): 100,000 reading comprehension problems in 28,000 passages, collected from the English exams for middle and high school Chinese students in the age range between 12 to 18. LAMBADA: 10,000 narrative passages fro...	{ "page_id": 79100184, "title": "Language model benchmark" }
string. Written by crowd workers. ARC (AI2 Reasoning Challenge): Multiple choice questions, with a Challenge Set (2590 questions) and an Easy Set (5197 questions). Designed specifically to be adversarial against models that had saturated SNLI and SQuAD. CoQA (Conversational QA): 127k questions with answers, obtained fr...	{ "page_id": 79100184, "title": "Language model benchmark" }
sports summaries and history), often involving multi-step numerical reasoning over several text spans. Adversarial against 2019 SOTA. GRS-QA: Graph Reasoning-Structured Question Answering Dataset. A dataset designed to evaluate question answering models on graph-based reasoning tasks. ChartQA: 32,719 questions about 20...	{ "page_id": 79100184, "title": "Language model benchmark" }
multimodal multiple-choice questions. Each containing an image and a question. Designed to test spatial understanding. Images are drawn from various real-world scenarios, including those captured from vehicles. OpenEQA (Open Embodied QA): over 1600 questions accompanying about videos, scans of real-world environments, ...	{ "page_id": 79100184, "title": "Language model benchmark" }
30 subjects. The questions require image-understanding to solve. Includes multiple-choice questions and open-ended QA (which are scored by regex extraction). Human expert baseline is 89%. MMMU-Pro: 1730 multiple-choice multimodal questions in the same format as MMMU, designed to be adversarial against text-only models....	{ "page_id": 79100184, "title": "Language model benchmark" }
a specification. Released in 3 versions, with 1760, 2251, and 1000 items respectively. Some calls are evaluated by parsing into an AST and comparing against the reference answer, while others are evaluated by calling and comparing the response against the reference response. Includes Python, Java, JavaScript, SQL, and ...	{ "page_id": 79100184, "title": "Language model benchmark" }
datasets across 6 task categories in both English and Chinese, with an average length of 6,711 words (English) and 13,386 characters (Chinese). Updated with LongBench v2 that contained 503 more tasks, that require a context length ranging from 8K to 2M words, with the majority under 128K. RULER: 13 tasks in 4 categorie...	{ "page_id": 79100184, "title": "Language model benchmark" }
with the previous GSM8K. MATH: 12,500 competition-level math problems divided into difficulty levels 1 to 5 (as the Art of Problem Solving), with AIME problems being level 5. There are 1,324 level 5 items. An adversarial version is MATH-P, obtained by modifying a few characters in the original questions. MathQA: 37,200...	{ "page_id": 79100184, "title": "Language model benchmark" }
5 difficulty levels (basic arithmetic, primary school, middle school, high school, college). Divided into 2,209 questions of MathBench-T (theoretical) and 1,500 questions of MathBench-A (applied). PutnamBench: 1709 formalized versions of Putnam competition questions during 1962 - 2023. The task is to compute the numeri...	{ "page_id": 79100184, "title": "Language model benchmark" }
exercises from Exercism, in languages of C++, Go, Java, JavaScript, Python and Rust. BigCodeBench: 1140 tasks that requires multiple function calls. The benchmark involves 139 libraries and 7 domains. A subset BigCodeBench-Hard involves just a 148-task subset of the full benchmark. SWE-bench: 2,294 software engineering...	{ "page_id": 79100184, "title": "Language model benchmark" }
would be necessary for replicating 20 Spotlight and Oral papers from ICML 2024 from scratch. The human baseline of ML PhDs (best of 3 attempts) at 48 hours of effort is 41.4%. ==== General ==== GPQA (Google-Proof Q&A): 448 multiple-choice questions written by domain experts in biology, physics, and chemistry, designed ...	{ "page_id": 79100184, "title": "Language model benchmark" }
covering spatio-temporal reasoning, social intelligence, and linguistic adversarial robustness (or trick questions). It is designed to test "everyday human reasoning". == See also == List of large language models List of datasets for machine-learning research == External links == Epoch AI - AI Benchmarking Hub == Refer...	{ "page_id": 79100184, "title": "Language model benchmark" }
In solar physics, a coronal loop is a well-defined arch-like structure in the Sun's atmosphere made up of relatively dense plasma confined and isolated from the surrounding medium by magnetic flux tubes. Coronal loops begin and end at two footpoints on the photosphere and project into the transition region and lower co...	{ "page_id": 9173273, "title": "Coronal loop" }
strong interaction of the magnetic field with the dense plasma on and below the Sun's surface tends to tie the magnetic field lines to the motion of the Sun's plasma; thus, the two footpoints (the location where the loop enters the photosphere) are anchored to and rotate with the Sun's surface. Within each footpoint, t...	{ "page_id": 9173273, "title": "Coronal loop" }
due to the intense magnetic field present. Active regions produce 82% of the total coronal heating energy. === Dynamic flows === Many solar observation missions have observed strong plasma flows and highly dynamic processes in coronal loops. For example, SUMER observations suggest flow velocities of 5–16 km/s in the so...	{ "page_id": 9173273, "title": "Coronal loop" }
in solar physics came in December 1995, with the launch of the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. SOHO originally had an operational lifetime of two years. The mission was extended to March 2007 due to its resounding success, allowing SOHO to observe a complete 11-year sola...	{ "page_id": 9173273, "title": "Coronal loop" }
Innovation Reports NASA/GSFC description of the coronal heating problem FAQ about coronal heating Animated explanation of Coronal loops and their role in creating Prominences Archived 2015-11-16 at the Wayback Machine (University of South Wales)	{ "page_id": 9173273, "title": "Coronal loop" }
Albert "Al" Pratt is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is the first character to use the name Atom. He initially had no superpowers and was originally a diminutive college student and later a physicist, usually depicted as a "tough-guy" character. Al Pratt is also the fa...	{ "page_id": 4978976, "title": "Atom (Al Pratt)" }
active member of the All-Star Squadron. During World War II, Pratt served as a tank driver for the United States Army. According to Jess Nevins' Encyclopedia of Golden Age Superheroes, the Atom "fights the Emperor of America, agents of the Black Dragon Society, and the Carnival of Crime, in addition to the Cootie Gang,...	{ "page_id": 4978976, "title": "Atom (Al Pratt)" }
Pratt is a professor of nuclear physics at Calvin College and has a dimensional vibrator integrated into his belt. The Atom's status with the Justice Society of America was as a reserve member up until after the formation of Infinity, Inc. In Last Days of the Justice Society Special (1986), the Society enter a magical ...	{ "page_id": 4978976, "title": "Atom (Al Pratt)" }
physicist, and superb athlete. After being bombarded by Cyclotron's energies, Pratt gained immense strength, stamina, durability, and speed, as well as the ability to focus radioactive energy into a punch. In addition, the Atom has resistance to certain types of radiation. He also gained eternal youth after the battle ...	{ "page_id": 4978976, "title": "Atom (Al Pratt)" }
character summon in Scribblenauts Unmasked: A DC Comics Adventure. == References ==	{ "page_id": 4978976, "title": "Atom (Al Pratt)" }
In chemistry a convergent synthesis is a strategy that aims to improve the efficiency of multistep synthesis, most often in organic synthesis. In this type of synthesis several individual pieces of a complex molecule are synthesized in stage one, and then in stage two these pieces are combined to form the final product...	{ "page_id": 1702177, "title": "Convergent synthesis" }
Uncertainty or incertitude refers to situations involving imperfect or unknown information. It applies to predictions of future events, to physical measurements that are already made, or to the unknown, and is particularly relevant for decision-making. Uncertainty arises in partially observable or stochastic environmen...	{ "page_id": 63778, "title": "Uncertainty" }
of frequencies of multiple instances of the quantity, derived from observed data. === Knightian uncertainty === In economics, in 1921 Frank Knight distinguished uncertainty from risk with uncertainty being lack of knowledge which is immeasurable and impossible to calculate. Because of the absence of clearly defined sta...	{ "page_id": 63778, "title": "Uncertainty" }
is unknown whether or not it will rain tomorrow, then there is a state of uncertainty. If probabilities are applied to the possible outcomes using weather forecasts or even just a calibrated probability assessment, the uncertainty has been quantified. Suppose it is quantified as a 90% chance of sunshine. If there is a ...	{ "page_id": 63778, "title": "Uncertainty" }
vary widely. In cognitive psychology, uncertainty can be real, or just a matter of perception, such as expectations, threats, etc. Vagueness is a form of uncertainty where the analyst is unable to clearly differentiate between two different classes, such as 'person of average height' and 'tall person'. This form of vag...	{ "page_id": 63778, "title": "Uncertainty" }
when there are no means available to acquire the knowledge which would resolve the uncertainty, is it considered 'radical'. === In measurements === The most commonly used procedure for calculating measurement uncertainty is described in the "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement" (GUM) published by ISO....	{ "page_id": 63778, "title": "Uncertainty" }
a tenth up and half a tenth down, so 10.5 means between 10.45 and 10.55. Thus it is understood that 10.5 means 10.5±0.05, and 10.50 means 10.50±0.005, also written 10.50(5) and 10.500(5) respectively. But if the accuracy is within two tenths, the uncertainty is ± one tenth, and it is required to be explicit: 10.5±0.1 a...	{ "page_id": 63778, "title": "Uncertainty" }
of the true values lie outside the doubled interval, and if the width is tripled, probably only 0.3% lie outside. These values follow from the properties of the normal distribution, and they apply only if the measurement process produces normally distributed errors. In that case, the quoted standard errors are easily c...	{ "page_id": 63778, "title": "Uncertainty" }
be managed to reach certain goals. For example, climate change deniers took the advice of Frank Luntz to frame global warming as an issue of scientific uncertainty, which was a precursor to the conflict frame used by journalists when reporting the issue. "Indeterminacy can be loosely said to apply to situations in whic...	{ "page_id": 63778, "title": "Uncertainty" }
than it is in reality. There is often a "product over process" approach to science journalism that aids, too, in the downplaying of uncertainty. Finally, and most notably for this investigation, when science is framed by journalists as a triumphant quest, uncertainty is erroneously framed as "reducible and resolvable"....	{ "page_id": 63778, "title": "Uncertainty" }
include data on the degree of uncertainty in a weather forecast. Uncertainty or error is used in science and engineering notation. Numerical values should only have to be expressed in those digits that are physically meaningful, which are referred to as significant figures. Uncertainty is involved in every measurement,...	{ "page_id": 63778, "title": "Uncertainty" }
such as the stock market involves Knightian uncertainty when the probability of a rare but catastrophic event is unknown. == Philosophy == In Western philosophy the first philosopher to embrace uncertainty was Pyrrho resulting in the Hellenistic philosophies of Pyrrhonism and Academic Skepticism, the first schools of p...	{ "page_id": 63778, "title": "Uncertainty" }
Guide Archived 2008-05-27 at the Wayback Machine Bibliography of Papers Regarding Measurement Uncertainty Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results Strategic Engineering: Designing Systems and Products under Uncertainty (MIT Research Group) Understanding Uncertainty site from ...	{ "page_id": 63778, "title": "Uncertainty" }
John Michael Dudley is a physicist and currently Professor of Physics at the University Bourgogne Franche-Comté working at the joint University-CNRS research Institute FEMTO-ST in Besançon, France. Originally from New Zealand, he is known for his research in nonlinear and ultrafast optical physics, for service to inter...	{ "page_id": 41875747, "title": "John Dudley (physicist)" }
he is particularly recognized for his contributions in ultrafast optical pulse metrology, nonlinear fiber optics, the study of nonlinear localized soliton structures, and especially broadband fiber supercontinuum generation. Dudley has published extensively in peer-reviewed journals with his work receiving over 30000 G...	{ "page_id": 41875747, "title": "John Dudley (physicist)" }
into the Science of Light, which recognizes scientific excellence in the area of electromagnetic science in its broadest sense. == References ==	{ "page_id": 41875747, "title": "John Dudley (physicist)" }
Cell signaling can be divided into three major categories: autocrine regulation, endocrine regulation, and paracrine regulation. Autocrine signaling occurs when regulator molecules are secreted by a cell and received by receptor molecules on the same cell. In endocrine signaling, regulator molecules are released by end...	{ "page_id": 15202596, "title": "Paracrine regulator" }
activate receptors on pancreatic beta cells to increase insulin secretion. This will only occur in slightly hyperglycemic conditions because these conditions stimulate a depolarization of the cell by closing potassium channels and opening calcium channels that is necessary for the release of insulin to occur, as previo...	{ "page_id": 15202596, "title": "Paracrine regulator" }
flow. Mast cells, a type of white blood cell, also contribute to the paracrine regulation of blood flow by releasing histamine. During an immune response, histamines are released by the mast cells and stimulate the endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide and prostacyclin. Again, this signals the relaxation of the vas...	{ "page_id": 15202596, "title": "Paracrine regulator" }
methods have been found to work relatively effectively for the treatment of psoriasis. PD-169540 is a drug that antagonistically affects the EGFR RTK, and has been shown to decrease the symptoms of psoriasis. Additionally, cetuximab is a drug commonly used for chemotherapy that is an anti-EGFR antibody. Cetuximab has b...	{ "page_id": 15202596, "title": "Paracrine regulator" }
PathVisio is a free open-source pathway analysis and drawing software. It allows drawing, editing, and analyzing biological pathways. Visualization of ones experimental data on the pathways for finding relevant pathways that are over-represented in your data set is possible. PathVisio provides a basic set of features f...	{ "page_id": 40565028, "title": "PathVisio" }
Food technology is a branch of food science that addresses the production, preservation, quality control and research and development of food products. It may also be understood as the science of ensuring that a society is food secure and has access to safe food that meets quality standards. Early scientific research i...	{ "page_id": 1636646, "title": "Food technology" }
short time at a relatively high temperature and filling aseptically into sterile containers. Decaffeination of coffee and tea – Decaffeinated coffee and tea was first developed on a commercial basis in Europe around 1900. The process is described in U.S. patent 897,763. Green coffee beans are treated with water, heat a...	{ "page_id": 1636646, "title": "Food technology" }
restaurant of the future with robotics and CloudKitchens. Consumer Tech – technology allows what we call consumer electronics, which is the equipment of consumers with devices that facilitates the cooking process. Food delivery – as the food delivery market is growing, companies and startups are rapidly revolutionizing...	{ "page_id": 1636646, "title": "Food technology" }
Apeel Sciences has developed an edible coating that extends the shelf life of fruits and vegetables, reducing spoilage and waste. == Consumer acceptance == Historically, consumers paid little attention to food technologies. Nowadays, the food production chain is long and complicated and food technologies are diverse. C...	{ "page_id": 1636646, "title": "Food technology" }
Food biotechnology Food packaging Food grading Molecular gastronomy Optical sorting Standard components (food processing) List of food and drink awards § Food technology awards == General references == Hans-Jürgen Bässler und Frank Lehmann : Containment Technology: Progress in the Pharmaceutical and Food Processing Ind...	{ "page_id": 1636646, "title": "Food technology" }
The glossary of wine terms lists the definitions of many general terms used within the wine industry. For terms specific to viticulture, winemaking, grape varieties, and wine tasting, see the topic specific list in the "See also" section below. == A == Abboccato An Italian term for full-bodied wines with medium-level s...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
States government agency that is primarily responsible for the regulation of wines sold and produced in the United States. Amontillado Best described as a matured Fino. After the flor dies, the yeast sinks to the bottom of the wine and is no longer able to protect the Sherry from oxidation. The now unprotected Sherry b...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
French Ministry of Agriculture to better position the wine industry for the future. Bianco, Blanc, Blanco, Branco Italian/French/Spanish/Portuguese terms for a white wine or grape Bin A term originally meant to denote a location in a cellar where wine is stored but now often seen in brand marketing of some wines (e.g. ...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
one or two canes from a vine's previous year's growth are cut back to six to fifteen buds which will be the coming growing season's grape producers. Cantina Italian term for winery. Cantina Sociale Italian term for a co-operative Cap Classique South African wine term for a sparkling wine made according to the tradition...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
sheds. The person in charge of vinification and ageing of all wine made at an estate, or the chais of a négociant, is titled a Maître de Chai. The New World counterpart to the chai may be called the barrel hall. Champagne flute A piece of stemware having a long stem with a tall, narrow bowl on top. Chaptalization The p...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
at its peak (or optimal) drinking quality for as long as it took to reach the point of maturity. For example, if a wine is drinking at its peak at 1 year of age, it will continue drinking at its peak for another year. Colheita Portuguese term for a harvest Commercial wine A mass-produced wine aimed for a wide market of...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
of a hill region that is not contiguous. Country wine A quality level intermediate between table wine and quality wine, which in France is known as vin de pays and in Italy as Indicazione Geografica Tipica (IGT) . Also a synonym for Fruit wine. Crémant French sparkling wine not made in Champagne region. Crianza Spanish...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
where fermentation takes place. Essentially, the room, building, grange, barn, garage or shed, or other building, used for "making wine." When the grapes are first picked, they arrive at the cuverie. C.V. Abbreviation for the French term Coopérative de Vignerons that may appear on wine labels to denote that the wine ha...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
for a sweet wine DOCG The abbreviation for Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita, or controlled and guaranteed place name, which is the category for the highest-ranking wine in Italy. Drip cloth A cover that slips over the neck of a wine bottle and absorbs any drips that may run down the bottle after pouring...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
of grape varieties used in a blend. Entry-level wine The wine from a producer's portfolio that is the lowest cost for purchase and offers the most basic quality. Eraflage The process of removing the grapes from the stems, done either by hand or machine. Known in English as destemming. Erste Lage German vineyards that h...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
must weight of at least 17°KMW and a finished alcohol level between 11 and 12.5% with no more than 4 g/L residual sugar. This classification is between the levels of Steinfeder and Smaragd. Feinherb An unregulated German wine term for an off-dry (or halbtrocken) wine Fermentazione naturale An Italian term for a "natura...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
cholesterol, low alcohol and more exercise lifestyle. Frizzante Italian term for a semi-sparkling wine. Frizzantino Italian term for a wine that has very slight effervescence, more than a still wine but less than a semi-sparkling. Similar to the French term perlant. Fruit wine A fermented alcoholic beverage made from n...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
estate's second or third wine. Gran Reserva Spanish aging designation that for red wine stipulates that it has been aged for a total of 5 years after harvest with at least 18 months in oak (in Rioja and Ribera del Duero the minimum is 24 months). For Spanish white wines the requirement is 4 years of total aging with at...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
holding six litres, the equivalent of eight regular wine bottles. IGT Abbreviation for "Indicazione Geografica Tipica", the lowest-ranking of the three categories of Italian wine regulated by Italian law. International variety Grape varieties grown in nearly every major wine region, for example Cabernet Sauvignon, Char...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
== M == Maderized A wine that has been oxidatively aged by maderisation. Often associated with the wines of Madeira Magnum A bottle holding 1.5 litres, the equivalent of two regular wine bottles. Manipulant French term for a grape grower who makes their own wine. Often associated with the Champagne wine region where pr...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
fermentation in a tank (Charmat method) as opposed to the traditional method of fermentation in the bottle that consumers will eventually purchase. Metodo classico/Metodo tradizionale Italian terms for a sparkling wine that has gone through secondary fermentation according to the traditional method Mid palate The balan...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
of many Austrian and German wines. Non-filtré French term for a wine that has not been filtered Nose The aroma or bouquet of a wine. == O == Oenophile A wine aficionado or connoisseur. Oenology The study of aspects of wine and winemaking. Old World wine Wines produced inside of the traditional wine growing areas of Eur...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
PDO wine designation for high quality used in Germany and Austria, based on grape ripeness and must weight. There are several Prädikate ranging from Kabinett (Spätlese in Austria) to Trockenbeerenauslese. The Austrian Prädikat also includes the designation Ausbruch between Beerenauslese and Trockenbeerenauslese. Prädik...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
depth is often thought to be related to wine quality, with better quality wines having a deeper punt. Puttonyos In Hungary, the measurement of sweetness levels for Tokaji ranging from 3 Puttonyos, which contains at least 60 grams/liter of sugar, to 6 Puttonyos containing at least 150 g/L of sugar. == Q == QbA German in...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
are identified by the initials RM (for Récoltant-Manipulant) on wine labels Récolt Redox The reductive-oxidative way that wine ages. As one part gains oxygen and becomes oxidized, another part loses oxygen and becomes reduced. Early in its life, a wine will exhibit oxidative aromas and traits due to the relatively rece...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
== S == Sack An early English term for what is now called Sherry. Salmanazar A large bottle holding nine litres, the equivalent of 12 regular wine bottles. Sangria A tart punch made from red wine along with orange, lemon and apricot juice with added sugar. Satsnakheli A foot-stumping wine press, traditionally used in G...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
usually the most rich and full-bodied wines from the Wachau that are often made from late-harvest grapes. Solera A system of fractional blending used in the production of Sherry where younger wines are added to top up the barrels of older wines as they age in the cellar. Sommelier A wine expert who often works in resta...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
terms that indicate a wine has a higher alcohol level and may have received more aging prior to release. In France, this term is often seen with Bordeaux wines Sur lie French term for a wine that has spent time aging on the lees during which it may have derived some flavors from autolysis. Often associated with the Loi...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
to be of lower quality than the juice that comes from the first pressing (or "cuvee") Talento An Italian sparkling wine made according to the traditional method of Champagne--similar to the Spanish term Cava. Tastevin A silver, shallow cup used for tasting wine. Tasting flight Refers to a selection of wines, usually be...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
UC Abbreviation for the French term Union Coopérative denoting a regional or local cooperative. Ullage The space between the wine and the top of a wine bottle. As a wine ages, the space of ullage will increase as the wine gradually evaporates and seeps through the cork. The winemaking term of "ullage" refers to the pra...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
by hand Vendange tardive French term denoting a late harvest wine. Legally this term can only appear on wine labels from the Alsace wine region to denote wines from exceptionally ripe grapes that have reached a certain pre-determined must weight. For Riesling and Muscat the grapes must be harvested with a potential alc...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
vin de table but below VDQS. Vin de table French term denoting a table wine, the lowest classification of the French AOC system. Viña/Viñedo/Vinha Spanish and Portuguese terms for vineyard Vinho Portuguese for wine. Vinho regional The lowest level of the Portuguese classification system. Similar to a vin de pays. Vin m...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
adhered to the side of a wine bottle. Wine lake Refers to the continuing surplus of wine over demand (glut) being produced in the European Union. Wine tasting The sensory evaluation of wine, encompassing more than taste, but also mouthfeel, aroma, and color. Winzergenossenschaft German term for a co-operative winery ==...	{ "page_id": 4389159, "title": "Glossary of wine terms" }
In chemistry, a (redox) non-innocent ligand is a ligand in a metal complex where the oxidation state is not clear. Typically, complexes containing non-innocent ligands are redox active at mild potentials. The concept assumes that redox reactions in metal complexes are either metal or ligand localized, which is a simpli...	{ "page_id": 12253478, "title": "Non-innocent ligand" }
showing a partial singlet diradical character, is therefore better described as a Ni2+ derivative of the radical anion S2C2Ph2•−. The diamagnetism of this complex arises from anti-ferromagnetic coupling between the unpaired electrons of the two ligand radicals. Another example is higher oxidation states of copper compl...	{ "page_id": 12253478, "title": "Non-innocent ligand" }
=== Hemes === === Galactose oxidase === == See also == Electromerism Isomerism Chiral molecules Redox == References == == Further reading == Dzik, W. I..; Zhang, X. P.; de Bruin, B. (2011). "Redox Noninnocence of Carbene Ligands: Carbene Radicals in (Catalytic) C-C Bond Formation". Inorganic Chemistry. 50 (20): 9896–99...	{ "page_id": 12253478, "title": "Non-innocent ligand" }
Rolling bed dryers are used for efficiently processing large amounts of material that need their respective moisture levels reduced. Rolling bed dryers are most often used for drying wood chips and organic residues and are most often utilized in the biomass, waste/recycling, wood particle board, pellet, and biofuel ind...	{ "page_id": 39647531, "title": "Rolling bed dryer" }
for direct firing and pelletizing/briquetting as well as for more demanding processes such as gasification or torrefaction of biomass. === See also === Rotary dryer Fluidized bed Allgaier (company) == References == == External links == Video of rolling bed dryer in action	{ "page_id": 39647531, "title": "Rolling bed dryer" }
The UK Centre for Astrobiology was set up at the University of Edinburgh in 2011 by Charles Cockell. It was set up as a UK node, formally affiliated as an international partner with the NASA Astrobiology Institute (NAI) alongside other national nodes until the NAI's dissolution in 2019. It was established as a virtual ...	{ "page_id": 67631404, "title": "UK Centre for Astrobiology" }
launched a number of scientific and technical initiatives. It set up the world's first underground astrobiology laboratory in the Boulby Underground Science Laboratory, running a program MINAR (MIne Analog Research) from 2013 which brought in international teams from NASA, ESA, India, and universities across the UK and...	{ "page_id": 67631404, "title": "UK Centre for Astrobiology" }
Given the similarities between prisons and planetary stations (confinement, interdependence), the project tapped into prisoners' experience of confinement to imagine life beyond Earth, involving them in literacy, science, governance and civic responsibility. Life Beyond was cited by EuroPris as an example of best educa...	{ "page_id": 67631404, "title": "UK Centre for Astrobiology" }
Magnetobiology is the study of biological effects of mainly weak static and low-frequency magnetic fields, which do not cause heating of tissues. Magnetobiological effects have unique features that obviously distinguish them from thermal effects; often they are observed for alternating magnetic fields just in separate ...	{ "page_id": 11991342, "title": "Magnetobiology" }
discussed since the late nineteenth century. One of the earliest publications to prove that birds use magnetic information was a 1972 study on the compass of European robins by Wolfgang Wiltschko. A 2014 double blinded study showed that European robins exposed to low level electromagnetic noise between about 20 kHz and...	{ "page_id": 11991342, "title": "Magnetobiology" }
vertebrates mostly in the ethmoid region of the head. Experiments prove that the input from magnetite-based receptors in birds and fish is sent over the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve to the central nervous system. == Safety standards == Practical significance of magnetobiology is conditioned by the growing ...	{ "page_id": 11991342, "title": "Magnetobiology" }
In molecular biology, mir-344 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. The pre-miR-344 is transcribed directly as a precursor microRNA hairpin and thus contains a 5' m7G-cap. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading =...	{ "page_id": 36370737, "title": "Mir-344 microRNA precursor family" }
This is a list of notable academic journals about nursing. AACN Advanced Critical Care AACN Nursing Scan in Critical Care Advances in Neonatal Care American Journal of Critical Care American Journal of Nursing AORN Journal Australasian Emergency Nursing Journal Australian Critical Care BMC Nursing British Journal of Ca...	{ "page_id": 7141683, "title": "List of nursing journals" }
Self-Management and Care Western Journal of Nursing Research Workplace Health & Safety == See also == List of medical journals	{ "page_id": 7141683, "title": "List of nursing journals" }
Bradyaerobic is a term used in biology that describes an animal that has low levels of oxygen consumption. By necessity a bradyaerobic animal can engage in short low or high low-level aerobic exercise, followed by brief anaerobically powered bursts of energy. Bradyaerobes can be sprinters, but not long-distance animals...	{ "page_id": 48757044, "title": "Bradyaerobic" }
Humans make many uses of arthropods, including as food, in art, in stories, and in mythology and religion. Many of these aspects concern insects, which are important both economically and symbolically, from the work of honeybees to the scarabs of Ancient Egypt. Other arthropods with cultural significance include crusta...	{ "page_id": 50985272, "title": "Human uses of arthropods" }
than 20,000 tonnes annually. Lobsters are caught using baited, one-way traps with a colour-coded marker buoy to mark cages. Lobster is fished in water between 2 and 900 metres (1 and 500 fathoms), although some lobsters live at 3,700 metres (2,000 fathoms). Cages are of plastic-coated galvanised steel or wood. A lobste...	{ "page_id": 50985272, "title": "Human uses of arthropods" }
toxins into viruses that infect species such as cotton bollworms. Because spider silk is both light and strong, attempts are being made to produce it in goats' milk and in the leaves of plants, by means of genetic engineering. == In medicine == The Ch'ol Maya use a beverage created from the tarantula Brachypelma vagans...	{ "page_id": 50985272, "title": "Human uses of arthropods" }

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.