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the arts of many cultures for centuries. They have symbolized patience due to their hunting technique of setting webs and waiting for prey, as well as mischief and malice due to their venomous bites. The Italian tarantella is a dance supposedly to rid the young woman of the lustful effects of a bite by the tarantula wo...	{ "page_id": 50985272, "title": "Human uses of arthropods" }
in place of the traditional handset, resting in the cradle above the dial. The Surrealist filmmaker Luis Buñuel used scorpions in his 1930 classic L'Age d'or (The Golden Age). == See also == Cultural depictions of spiders == References ==	{ "page_id": 50985272, "title": "Human uses of arthropods" }
Aristotle's biology is the theory of biology, grounded in systematic observation and collection of data, mainly zoological, embodied in Aristotle's books on the science. Many of his observations were made during his stay on the island of Lesbos, including especially his descriptions of the marine biology of the Pyrrha ...	{ "page_id": 48691513, "title": "Aristotle's biology" }
body. Aristotle's biology was influential in the medieval Islamic world. Translation of Arabic versions and commentaries into Latin brought knowledge of Aristotle back into Western Europe, but the only biological work widely taught in medieval universities was On the Soul. The association of his work with medieval scho...	{ "page_id": 48691513, "title": "Aristotle's biology" }
of God". Real things in the world could, in Plato's view, at best be approximations to these perfect Forms. Aristotle heard Plato's view and developed it into a set of three biological concepts. He uses the same Greek word, εἶδος (eidos), to mean first of all the set of visible features that uniquely characterised a ki...	{ "page_id": 48691513, "title": "Aristotle's biology" }
is compounded of letters in a specific order. == System == === Soul as system === As analysed by the evolutionary biologist Armand Leroi, Aristotle's biology included five major interlocking processes: a metabolic process, whereby animals take in matter, change its qualities, and distribute these to use to grow, live, ...	{ "page_id": 48691513, "title": "Aristotle's biology" }
made into flesh, the rest forming other earthy tissues such as bones, teeth, cartilages and sinews. Leftover blood is made into fat, whether soft suet or hard lard. Some fat from all around the body is made into semen. All the tissues are in Aristotle's view completely uniform parts with no internal structure of any ki...	{ "page_id": 48691513, "title": "Aristotle's biology" }
that, the system becomes a positive feedback cycle, the body's fire is put out, and death follows. The system as described damps out fluctuations in temperature. Aristotle however predicted that his system would cause lung oscillation (breathing), which is possible given extra assumptions such as of delays or non-linea...	{ "page_id": 48691513, "title": "Aristotle's biology" }
than the form, such as the father's eye colour or the mother's nose shape. Aristotle's theory has some symmetry, as semen movements carry maleness while the menses carry femaleness. If the semen is hot enough to overpower the cold menses, the child will be a boy; but if it is too cold to do this, the child will be a gi...	{ "page_id": 48691513, "title": "Aristotle's biology" }
into vertebrae because, as it happens, the embryo twists about and snaps the column into pieces, is wrong. Aristotle argues instead that the process has a predefined goal: that the "seed" that develops into the embryo began with an inbuilt "potential" to become specific body parts, such as vertebrae. Further, each sort...	{ "page_id": 48691513, "title": "Aristotle's biology" }
same certainty as experimental science, but it sets out testable hypotheses and constructs a narrative explanation of what is observed. In this sense, Aristotle's biology is scientific. From the data he collected and documented, Aristotle inferred quite a number of rules relating the life-history features of the live-b...	{ "page_id": 48691513, "title": "Aristotle's biology" }
something is for, its function: to a modern biologist, such teleology describes adaptation under the pressure of natural selection. The efficient cause is how a system develops and moves: to a modern biologist, those are explained by developmental biology and physiology. Biologists continue to offer explanations of the...	{ "page_id": 48691513, "title": "Aristotle's biology" }
of Animals and Parts of Animals. Aristotle distinguished animals with blood, Enhaima (the modern zoologist's vertebrates) and animals without blood, Anhaima (invertebrates). Animals with blood included live-bearing tetrapods, Zōiotoka tetrapoda (roughly, the mammals), being warm, having four legs, and giving birth to t...	{ "page_id": 48691513, "title": "Aristotle's biology" }
to man, forming the scala naturae or great chain of being. His system had eleven grades, arranged according to the potentiality of each being, expressed in their form at birth. The highest animals gave birth to warm and wet creatures alive, the lowest bore theirs cold, dry, and in thick eggs. The system was based on Ar...	{ "page_id": 48691513, "title": "Aristotle's biology" }
Herophilus also distinguished between veins and arteries, noting that the latter pulse while the former do not. === On Islamic zoology === Many classical works including those of Aristotle were transmitted from Greek to Syriac, then to Arabic, then to Latin in the Middle Ages. Aristotle remained the principal authority...	{ "page_id": 48691513, "title": "Aristotle's biology" }
Pietro Pomponazzi and Agostino Nifo lectured and wrote commentaries on Aristotle. Elsewhere, authors used Aristotle as one of their sources, alongside their own and their colleagues' observations, to create new encyclopedias such as Konrad Gessner's 1551 Historia Animalium. The title and the philosophical approach were...	{ "page_id": 48691513, "title": "Aristotle's biology" }
see the principle of natural selection shadowed forth". However, two things mitigate against this interpretation. Firstly, Aristotle immediately rejected the possibility of such a process of assembling body parts. Secondly, according to Leroi, Aristotle was in any case discussing ontogeny, the Empedoclean coming into b...	{ "page_id": 48691513, "title": "Aristotle's biology" }
not write anything that resembles a modern, unified textbook of biology. Instead, he wrote a large number of "books" which, taken together, give an idea of his approach to the science. Some of these interlock, referring to each other, while others, such as the drawings of The Anatomies are lost, but referred to in the ...	{ "page_id": 48691513, "title": "Aristotle's biology" }
[1953]. A History of the Sciences. P. F. Collier. ISBN 0-02-093400-9. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help) Mayr, Ernst (1985). The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-36446-2. Ogilvie, Brian W. (2010). "Zoology". In Grafton, Anthony;...	{ "page_id": 48691513, "title": "Aristotle's biology" }
The molecular formula C6H4O6 (molar mass: 172.09 g/mol, exact mass: 172.0008 u) may refer to: Tetrahydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone Tetrahydroxy-1,2-benzoquinone	{ "page_id": 24377656, "title": "C6H4O6" }
Flavored liquors (also called infused liquors) are liquors that have added flavoring and, in some cases, a small amount of added sugar. They are distinct from liqueurs in that liqueurs have a high sugar content and may also contain glycerine. Flavored liquors may have a base of vodka or white rum, both of which have li...	{ "page_id": 4979006, "title": "Flavored liquor" }
to the Fertile Crescent Rakı—Turkish variant Ouzo—Greek variant Tsipouro—Ancestral form of Ouzo. Most commonly unflavored, but when flavored, typically flavored with anise. Sambuca-Italian variant Compound gin (juniper and other herbs and spices; other forms of gin are not infused, as they are distilled with the flavor...	{ "page_id": 4979006, "title": "Flavored liquor" }
In physics, the relativity of simultaneity is the concept that distant simultaneity – whether two spatially separated events occur at the same time – is not absolute, but depends on the observer's reference frame. This possibility was raised by mathematician Henri Poincaré in 1900, and thereafter became a central idea ...	{ "page_id": 3406142, "title": "Relativity of simultaneity" }
emphasized in 1898 the conventional nature of simultaneity and who argued that it is convenient to postulate the constancy of the speed of light in all directions. However, this paper did not contain any discussion of Lorentz's theory or the possible difference in defining simultaneity for observers in different states...	{ "page_id": 3406142, "title": "Relativity of simultaneity" }
Hermann Minkowski introduced the concept of a world line of a particle in his model of the cosmos called Minkowski space. In Minkowski's view, the naïve notion of velocity is replaced with rapidity, and the ordinary sense of simultaneity becomes dependent on hyperbolic orthogonality of spatial directions to the worldli...	{ "page_id": 3406142, "title": "Relativity of simultaneity" }
time coordinates become projected to different time coordinates in the moving train's inertial frame. Events which occurred at space coordinates in the direction of train movement happen earlier than events at coordinates opposite to the direction of train movement. In the moving train's inertial frame, this means that...	{ "page_id": 3406142, "title": "Relativity of simultaneity" }
given observer, the t-axis is defined to be a point traced out in time by the origin of the spatial coordinate x, and is drawn vertically. The x-axis is defined as the set of all points in space at the time t = 0, and is drawn horizontally. The statement that the speed of light is the same for all observers is represen...	{ "page_id": 3406142, "title": "Relativity of simultaneity" }
while the second observer uses coordinates labeled t′, x′, y′, and z′. Now suppose that the first observer sees the second observer moving in the x-direction at a velocity v. And suppose that the observers' coordinate axes are parallel and that they have the same origin. Then the Lorentz transformation expresses how th...	{ "page_id": 3406142, "title": "Relativity of simultaneity" }
can be represented on a spacetime diagram by the fact that a plot of the set of points regarded as simultaneous generates a line which depends on the observer. In the spacetime diagram, the dashed line represents a set of points considered to be simultaneous with the origin by an observer moving with a velocity v of on...	{ "page_id": 3406142, "title": "Relativity of simultaneity" }
accelerated frames) assigns a unique time and position to any event. The radar-time definition of extended-simultaneity further facilitates visualization of the way that acceleration curves spacetime for travelers in the absence of any gravitating objects. This is illustrated in the figure at right, which shows radar t...	{ "page_id": 3406142, "title": "Relativity of simultaneity" }
Thalassiosira pseudonana is a species of marine centric Bulka diatoms. It was chosen as the first eukaryotic marine phytoplankton for whole genome sequencing. T. pseudonana was selected for this study because it is a model for diatom physiology studies, belongs to a genus widely distributed throughout the world's ocean...	{ "page_id": 10549568, "title": "Thalassiosira pseudonana" }
and positioned between two fultoportulae. The pervalvar axis of T. pseudonana can be either shorter than or equal to the valve diameter. Their cell walls have been reported to mostly have low degree of silicification; however, their rims and ribs are highly silicified. This probably enables them to have high strength w...	{ "page_id": 10549568, "title": "Thalassiosira pseudonana" }
silicon pathways. T. pseudonana also possesses chitin-based scaffolds that are important in the formation of their biosilica structure. == Genomics and Model Organism Status == Thalassiosira pseudonana* was the first diatom species to have its genome fully sequenced, with a genome size of approximately 34 megabase pair...	{ "page_id": 10549568, "title": "Thalassiosira pseudonana" }
its contribution to carbon fixation and sequestration in ocean ecosystems, emphasizing its importance in mitigating atmospheric CO₂ levels.[7] However, rising ocean temperatures due to climate change affect its growth and photosynthetic performance. Liu et al. (2022) reported that temperature fluctuations influence *T....	{ "page_id": 10549568, "title": "Thalassiosira pseudonana" }
a chemical symbiosis in coculture. The bacteria provide vitamin B12 to the diatoms, which in exchange provide organic nutrients to the bacteria. In the presence of the diatom, the bacteria start producing a transporter for dihydroxypropanesulfonate (DHPS), a nutrient produced by the diatom for the bacteria. A metabolic...	{ "page_id": 10549568, "title": "Thalassiosira pseudonana" }
Pseudo-nitzschia australis. PNAS, 115(10), E2263-E2272. doi:10.1073/pnas.1717380115 11. McKibben, S.M., et al. (2017). Environmental drivers of Pseudo-nitzschia blooms. Harmful Algae, 67, 1-12. doi:10.1016/j.hal.2017.06.004 == Further reading == Meksiarun, Phiranuphon; Spegazzini, Nicolas; Matsui, Hiroaki; Naka...	{ "page_id": 10549568, "title": "Thalassiosira pseudonana" }
The molecular formula C16H13ClN2O (molar mass: 284.74 g/mol, exact mass: 284.0716 u) may refer to: Diazepam Mazindol	{ "page_id": 3012929, "title": "C16H13ClN2O" }
The Sackett self-selection circus is an apparatus used in experimental psychology with non-human primates. It is a space divided into compartments containing objects; the time an animal spends with each object is measured, indicating any amount of fear of or anxiety from those objects. == References ==	{ "page_id": 12908866, "title": "Sackett self-selection circus" }
The nocturnal bottleneck hypothesis is an evolutionary biology hypothesis to explain the origin of several mammalian traits. In 1942, Gordon Lynn Walls described this concept which states that placental mammals were mainly or even exclusively nocturnal through most of their evolutionary history, from their origin 225 m...	{ "page_id": 44497219, "title": "Nocturnal bottleneck" }
to the sensory organs, appear to be adaptations to a nocturnal lifestyle. These include: === Senses === An acute sense of hearing, with coiled cochleae, sound-collecting auricles on the outer ear and sound-amplifying ossicles in the middle ear. Very good sense of smell, well developed nasal turbinates. Most mammals hav...	{ "page_id": 44497219, "title": "Nocturnal bottleneck" }
The Biodiversity Literature Repository (BLR) is a biodiversity dedicated community created in November 11, 2013, in Zenodo, the open science repository at CERN and part of the European project OpenAIRE. The goal of BLR is to provide a long-term, stable, open repository that allows deposition of bio-taxonomic articles e...	{ "page_id": 67500355, "title": "Biodiversity Literature Repository" }
The Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, also known as iGE3, is a research institute in Geneva, Switzerland. The institute is affiliated with the University of Geneva and focuses on conducting biomedical research and teaching based on genetic and genomic scientific analysis. The abbreviation "iGE3" was devised...	{ "page_id": 65730883, "title": "Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva" }
The molecular formula C2H4O (molar mass: 44.05 g/mol, exact mass: 44.0262 u) may refer to: Acetaldehyde (ethanal) Ethenol (vinyl alcohol) Ethylene oxide (epoxyethane, oxirane)	{ "page_id": 12122436, "title": "C2H4O" }
In machine learning and computational learning theory, LogitBoost is a boosting algorithm formulated by Jerome Friedman, Trevor Hastie, and Robert Tibshirani. The original paper casts the AdaBoost algorithm into a statistical framework. Specifically, if one considers AdaBoost as a generalized additive model and then ap...	{ "page_id": 17627465, "title": "LogitBoost" }
Testosterone glucuronide is an endogenous, naturally occurring steroid and minor urinary metabolite of testosterone. == See also == Androstanediol glucuronide Androsterone glucuronide Etiocholanolone glucuronide Testosterone sulfate == References ==	{ "page_id": 52492617, "title": "Testosterone glucuronide" }
A pollen tube is a tubular structure produced by the male gametophyte of seed plants when it germinates. Pollen tube elongation is an integral stage in the plant life cycle. The pollen tube acts as a conduit to transport the male gamete cells from the pollen grain—either from the stigma (in flowering plants) to the ovu...	{ "page_id": 325963, "title": "Pollen tube" }
quicker pollen tube growth in some plants. The vegetative cell then produces the pollen tube, a tubular protrusion from the pollen grain, which carries the sperm cells within its cytoplasm. The sperm cells are the male gametes that will join with the egg cell and the central cell in double fertilization. The first fert...	{ "page_id": 325963, "title": "Pollen tube" }
pollen grows more successfully. With self-incompatibility systems, outcrossed pollen grows and outcompetes self pollen. The interaction between the style and the pollen detects compatibility and influences growth rate of the pollen tube. This selection process relies on gene level regulation in which gene loci of the g...	{ "page_id": 325963, "title": "Pollen tube" }
its own unique mRNA and enzymes. In the peach tree, the style environment which the pollen tube grows through provides nutrition for the tube's growth to the ovule. Pollen tubes are tolerant and even pollen damaged by X-rays and gamma rays can still grow pollen tubes. === Growth and signaling === Pollen tube growth is ...	{ "page_id": 325963, "title": "Pollen tube" }
in tube growth or at the appropriate time. The length of the pollen tube varies by species. It grows in an oscillating fashion until it is ready to release the sperm near the egg for fertilization to take place. Some fast-growing pollen tubes have been observed in lily, tobacco, and Impatiens sultanii. The rate of grow...	{ "page_id": 325963, "title": "Pollen tube" }
branched or unbranched and they cause degeneration of the female tissue as it grows through more tissue. Pines, for instance discharge cytoplasm of the sperm and union of the one sperm occurs as the other sperm degenerates. Yet, in Gnetophyta, there are features more similar to angiosperm pollen tubes where the tube re...	{ "page_id": 325963, "title": "Pollen tube" }
govern the dynamics of pollen tube growth are far from being fully understood. === Role of actin cytoskeleton === The actin cytoskeleton has proven to be critical in assisting pollen tube growth. In terms of spatial distribution, actin filaments are arranged into three different structures within the pollen tube. Each ...	{ "page_id": 325963, "title": "Pollen tube" }
disrupted the natural structure of the actin filaments or unfavorably labeled such filaments. For example, GFP-mTalin resulted in excessive filament bundling and GFP-fimbrin/ABD2-GFP did not label actin filaments located in the apical or subapical regions of the pollen tube. In light of these drawbacks, Lifeact-mEGFP h...	{ "page_id": 325963, "title": "Pollen tube" }
of the pollen tube. Experimentation of actin filament dynamics in the shank region were also conducted with the use of GFP. Findings indicated that maximum filament length in this region significantly increased, and the severing frequency significantly decreased. Such findings indicate that actin filaments located in t...	{ "page_id": 325963, "title": "Pollen tube" }
been identified yet. Nevertheless, several aspects have already been identified as central in the process of pollen tube growth. The actin filaments in the cytoskeleton, the peculiar cell wall, secretory vesicle dynamics, and the flux of ions, to name a few, are some of the fundamental features readily identified as cr...	{ "page_id": 325963, "title": "Pollen tube" }
in the apex region via exocytosis in order to loosen the cell wall. A thicker and softer tip wall with a lower stress yield will form and this allows cell expansion to occur, which leads to an increase in tip growth. Reverse-fountain cytoplasmic streaming occurs during the tip growth which is essential for the cellular...	{ "page_id": 325963, "title": "Pollen tube" }
RMD promotes pollen tube growth === RMD promotes pollen germination and pollen tube growth, and this is proven through numerous experiments. The first experiment compares the features of the pistil and the stigma of rmd-1 mutant (rice plant without a functional RMD) and the wild-type rice plant (with a functional RMD)....	{ "page_id": 325963, "title": "Pollen tube" }
whole flower, lemma, palea, lodicule, pistil, anther, and mature pollen grains of the wild type plants took place in order to discover where RMD is specifically expressed in the plant as a whole. Using RT-qPCR (reverse transcription quantitative PCR), it was evident that there were different amounts of RMD transcripts ...	{ "page_id": 325963, "title": "Pollen tube" }
II formins, consist of a phosphatase, (PTEN)-like domain (responsible for protein localization), and FH1 and FH2 domains (promotes actin polymerization). In order to discover the localization of RMD in the pollen tube, transient assays of growing pollen tubes of tobacco was performed and the fluorescent protein-GFP was...	{ "page_id": 325963, "title": "Pollen tube" }
filaments around the apertures in the rmd-1 pollen grains. Additionally, there were weak signals and random organization of the actin filaments within the rmd-1 pollen grain. Therefore, these results support that RMD is essential for controlling pollen germination. Fluorescent intensity was measured using statistical a...	{ "page_id": 325963, "title": "Pollen tube" }
of plants Flowering plant Self-incompatibility in plants Siphonogamy == References == == External links == Pollen tube primer Images : Pollen tetrad and Pollen tube Calanthe discolor Lindl. - Flavon's Secret Flower Garden	{ "page_id": 325963, "title": "Pollen tube" }
Atypical Solute Carrier Families (Atypical SLCs) are novel plausible secondary active or facilitative transporter proteins that share ancestral background with the known solute carrier families (SLCs). However, they have not been assigned a name according to the SLC root system, or been classified into any of the exist...	{ "page_id": 54982987, "title": "Atypical SLCs" }
In molecular biology mir-345 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-345 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36370768, "title": "Mir-345 microRNA precursor family" }
Duodenal lymphocytosis, sometimes called lymphocytic duodenitis, lymphocytic duodenosis, or duodenal intraepithelial lymphocytosis, is a condition where an increased number of intra-epithelial lymphocytes is seen in biopsies of the duodenal mucosa when these are examined microscopically. This form of lymphocytosis is o...	{ "page_id": 49871186, "title": "Duodenal lymphocytosis" }
sensitive and specific for coeliac disease implying that this proportion of duodenal lymphocytosis cases has definite coeliac disease. Around 33% of cases have the HLA-DQ2 allele, which is found in over 90% of people with coeliac disease. Absence of HLA-DQ2 (and the rarer HLA-DQ8) makes coeliac disease most unlikely. A...	{ "page_id": 49871186, "title": "Duodenal lymphocytosis" }
In multivariate analysis, canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) is an ordination technique that determines axes from the response data as a unimodal combination of measured predictors. CCA is commonly used in ecology in order to extract gradients that drive the composition of ecological communities. CCA extends corre...	{ "page_id": 40892755, "title": "Canonical correspondence analysis" }
The molecular formula C2H2O (molar mass: 42.04 g/mol, exact mass: 42.0106 u) may refer to: Ethenone, or ketene Ethynol, or hydroxylacetylene Oxirene	{ "page_id": 12122451, "title": "C2H2O" }
The molecular formula C2H2O2 may refer to: Acetylenediol, or ethynediol: Glyoxal: Acetolactone:	{ "page_id": 12122452, "title": "C2H2O2" }
Young Sheldon is an American sitcom television series created by Chuck Lorre and Steven Molaro which aired on CBS from September 25, 2017, to May 16, 2024. The series is a spin-off prequel to The Big Bang Theory that takes place during the late 1980s and early-to-mid-1990s, and follows child prodigy Sheldon Cooper as h...	{ "page_id": 53475669, "title": "Young Sheldon" }
passage of time is indicated by episodes referencing historic or pop cultural events from the early 1990s, some of which are unique to the US. == Cast and characters == === Main === Iain Armitage as Sheldon Lee Cooper, a child prodigy well versed in various branches of mathematics and science. He states that he decided...	{ "page_id": 53475669, "title": "Young Sheldon" }
she worries about them because of her own troubled past. She is a devout Southern Baptist, working at her local church, and sometimes objects to Sheldon's atheism. Nevertheless, she deeply loves her son and wants to protect him for as long as she can. Perry's mother, Laurie Metcalf, played Mary on The Big Bang Theory. ...	{ "page_id": 53475669, "title": "Young Sheldon" }
tire store chain in The Big Bang Theory, on which he is played by Jerry O'Connell, appearing in the final portions of the penultimate season for Sheldon's wedding. In season 5, he becomes attracted to a weather forecaster 12 years older than he is and unintentionally gets her pregnant, but starts acting more maturely a...	{ "page_id": 53475669, "title": "Young Sheldon" }
Cooper family's Baptist church. Like Mary, he too sometimes has friction with Sheldon's irreligious side and often challenges Sheldon to explore their line of thought through logic exercises. Wyatt McClure as William "Billy" Sparks (seasons 5–7; recurring seasons 1–4), the seemingly slow-witted son of Cooper family nei...	{ "page_id": 53475669, "title": "Young Sheldon" }
and eventual friend, who works at the bowling alley frequented by Meemaw. Doc Farrow as Assistant Coach Wayne Wilkins, Sheldon's P.E. teacher and the former assistant, now head football coach at Medford High. He was originally going to be called "Roy", but was named "Wayne" as of the episode "Spock, Kirk, and Testicula...	{ "page_id": 53475669, "title": "Young Sheldon" }
a police officer. Craig T. Nelson as Dale Ballard (seasons 3–7), Missy's baseball coach and Meemaw's new boyfriend after Dr. Sturgis breaks up with her; he owns a sporting goods store and hires Georgie and George to work there. Reba McEntire as June (seasons 3–5, 7), Dale's ex-wife, the local hairdresser whom Meemaw be...	{ "page_id": 53475669, "title": "Young Sheldon" }
presentation about his work to Mr. Givens' science class, which intrigues Sheldon to solve the challenges of reusable launch systems. Dave Florek as Dr. Karl Eberland, Sheldon's doctor. Karly Rothenberg as Mrs. Janice Veazey, Dr. Hodges' secretary. Frances Conroy as Dr. Flora Douglas, headmaster of the boarding school ...	{ "page_id": 53475669, "title": "Young Sheldon" }
a member of Sheldon's project group. Louie Anderson as Ralph, the owner of a trophy shop where Mary wants to buy one for Missy. Ryan Stiles as Dr. Bowers, Sheldon's dentist. Melanie Lynskey as Professor Dora Ericson, Sheldon's college philosophy professor. Dave Foley as Gary O'Brien, Sheldon's university benefactor. Da...	{ "page_id": 53475669, "title": "Young Sheldon" }
Howard Wolowitz, an aerospace engineer and one of Sheldon's adulthood friends. This role is reprised from The Big Bang Theory. He appears as a narrator in the fifth season premiere on an episode detailing Sheldon's tryst with engineering. Bob Newhart as Arthur Jeffries, a scientist who plays the title character of Prof...	{ "page_id": 53475669, "title": "Young Sheldon" }
produced by The Big Bang Theory co-creator Chuck Lorre and producer Steven Molaro, with The Big Bang Theory co-creator Bill Prady expected to be involved in some capacity, and intended to air in the 2017–18 season alongside The Big Bang Theory. The initial idea for the series came from Jim Parsons (who portrays the adu...	{ "page_id": 53475669, "title": "Young Sheldon" }
that the series would end after seven seasons, with the series finale airing on May 16, 2024. The final season consisted of a total of 14 episodes, and it finished filming on April 16, 2024. === Casting === In early March 2017, Iain Armitage was cast as the younger Sheldon, and Zoe Perry as his mother, Mary Cooper. Per...	{ "page_id": 53475669, "title": "Young Sheldon" }
series, the character is made to look younger. Iain Armitage (Sheldon), Lance Barber (George), and Montana Jordan (Georgie) make a guest appearance in the parent series in a scene in which a VHS tape recorded decades earlier is played. There are other actors who appear in both series but as different characters. This i...	{ "page_id": 53475669, "title": "Young Sheldon" }
that he would be all alone for the rest of his life. == Title sequence == The show's title sequence is played to Steve Burns' "Mighty Little Man", the first track from his 2003 album Songs for Dustmites. The background in the first two seasons shows mountains and a desert, whilst the foreground has Sheldon (usually in ...	{ "page_id": 53475669, "title": "Young Sheldon" }
E4. Season 1 premiered on February 22, 2018, Season 2 on November 8, 2018, Season 3 on October 10, 2019, Season 4 on October 20, 2021, Season 5 on April 24, 2022, and Season 6 on July 16, 2023. In Israel, Young Sheldon is aired on Yes Comedy. In Southeast Asia, the series also premiered on Warner TV Asia. Reruns airing...	{ "page_id": 53475669, "title": "Young Sheldon" }
2024, along with a complete series set. On the same day, Warner Bros. released individual sets of the sixth and seventh seasons on Blu-ray in addition to a complete series set. == Reception == === Critical response === For the first season, the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 76% approval rating, w...	{ "page_id": 53475669, "title": "Young Sheldon" }
as “a standout” and described the overall episode as “warm and embraceable but not yet essential viewing”. Vox gave the show two and a half stars, stating, “It’s less of a blatant cash grab than it seems”, but disapproved of the humour and set design, asserting “it looks a little cheap, relative to the other, glossier ...	{ "page_id": 53475669, "title": "Young Sheldon" }
5, 2024, CBS announced that the series had been ordered. The series premiered on October 17, 2024. == Notes == == References == == External links == Official website Young Sheldon at IMDb Young Sheldon on Netflix	{ "page_id": 53475669, "title": "Young Sheldon" }
Supra-arcade downflows (SADs) are sunward-traveling plasma voids that are sometimes observed in the Sun's outer atmosphere, or corona, during solar flares. In solar physics, arcade refers to a bundle of coronal loops, and the prefix supra indicates that the downflows appear above flare arcades. They were first describe...	{ "page_id": 48494934, "title": "Supra-arcade downflows" }
a few minutes. Sunward speeds generally fall between 50 and 500 km s−1 but may occasionally approach 1000 km s−1. As they fall, the downflows decelerate at rates of 0.1 to 2 km s−2. SADs appear dark because they are considerably less dense than the surrounding plasma, while their temperatures (100,000 to 10,000,000 K) ...	{ "page_id": 48494934, "title": "Supra-arcade downflows" }
This process is facilitated by the development of a current sheet, often preceded by or in tandem with a coronal mass ejection. As the field is being reconfigured, newly formed magnetic field lines are swept away from the reconnection site, producing outflows both toward and away from the solar surface, respectively re...	{ "page_id": 48494934, "title": "Supra-arcade downflows" }
The molecular formula C2H3ClO (molar mass: 78.50 g/mol, exact mass: 77.9872 u) may refer to: Acetyl chloride Chloroacetaldehyde Chloroethylene oxide	{ "page_id": 12122459, "title": "C2H3ClO" }
Gene nomenclature is the scientific naming of genes, the units of heredity in living organisms. It is also closely associated with protein nomenclature, as genes and the proteins they code for usually have similar nomenclature. An international committee published recommendations for genetic symbols and nomenclature in...	{ "page_id": 9894237, "title": "Gene nomenclature" }
been discovered simultaneously (and not always physiologically understood when discovered), which is the largest reason why protein and gene names do not always match, or why scientists tend to favor one symbol or name for the protein and another for the gene. Another reason is that many of the mechanisms of life are t...	{ "page_id": 9894237, "title": "Gene nomenclature" }
direction); in some cases it is several-to-one or one-to-several, and the names and symbols may then be gene-specific or protein-specific to some degree, or overlapping in usage: Some proteins and protein complexes are built from the products of several genes (each gene contributing a polypeptide subunit), which means ...	{ "page_id": 9894237, "title": "Gene nomenclature" }
including advice from curators and nomenclature committees. In addition to species-specific databases, approved gene names and symbols for many species can be located in the National Center for Biotechnology Information's "Entrez Gene" database. == Bacterial genetic nomenclature == There are generally accepted rules an...	{ "page_id": 9894237, "title": "Gene nomenclature" }
genes ==== Loss of gene activity leads to a nutritional requirement (auxotrophy) not exhibited by the wildtype (prototrophy). Amino acids: ala = alanine arg = arginine asn = asparagine Some pathways produce metabolites that are precursors of more than one pathway. Hence, loss of one of these enzymes will lead to a requ...	{ "page_id": 9894237, "title": "Gene nomenclature" }
gene = deletion with replacement (ΔleuA::nptII(KanR) indicates that the leuA gene has been deleted and replaced with the gene for neomycin phosphotransferase, which confers kanamycin-resistance, as oftentimes parenthetically noted for drug-resistance markers) === Phenotype nomenclature === When referring to the genotyp...	{ "page_id": 9894237, "title": "Gene nomenclature" }
the gene v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1, which is AKT1, cannot be said to be an acronym for the name, and neither can any of its various synonyms, which include AKT, PKB, PRKBA, and RAC. Thus, the relationship of a gene symbol to the gene name is functionally the relationship of a nickname to a formal na...	{ "page_id": 9894237, "title": "Gene nomenclature" }
SHH, for sonic hedgehog). Italics are not necessary in gene catalogs. Protein designations are the same as the gene symbol except that they are not italicised. Like the gene symbol, they are in all caps because human (human-specific or human homolog). mRNAs and cDNAs use the same formatting conventions as the gene symb...	{ "page_id": 9894237, "title": "Gene nomenclature" }
same as the gene symbol, but are not italicised; the first letter is in uppercase and the remaining letters are in lowercase (Shh). == Gene and protein symbol and description in copyediting == === "Expansion" (glossing) === A nearly universal rule in copyediting of articles for medical journals and other health science...	{ "page_id": 9894237, "title": "Gene nomenclature" }
also justified because the entire target readership has high subject matter expertise. (Experts are not confused by the presence of symbols (whether known or novel) and they know where to look them up online for further details if needed.) But for journals with broader and more general target readerships, this action l...	{ "page_id": 9894237, "title": "Gene nomenclature" }

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