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previous symbols and names. For example, for AFF1 (AF4/FMR2 family, member 1), previous symbols and names are MLLT2 ("myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia (trithorax (Drosophila) homolog); translocated to, 2") and PBM1 ("pre-B-cell monocytic leukemia partner 1"), and synonyms are AF-4 and AF4. Authors of journal ...	{ "page_id": 9894237, "title": "Gene nomenclature" }
(referring to the protein) are both valid. The AMA Manual gives another example: both "the TH gene" and "the TH gene" can validly be parsed as correct ("the gene for tyrosine hydroxylase"), because the first mentions the alias (description) and the latter mentions the symbol. This seems confusing on the surface, althou...	{ "page_id": 9894237, "title": "Gene nomenclature" }
its human-specific symbol and capitalization, TP53, and may even do so without being prompted by a query. But the end result of all these factors is that the published literature often does not follow the nomenclature guidelines completely. == References == == External links == International Protein Nomenclature Guidel...	{ "page_id": 9894237, "title": "Gene nomenclature" }
In chemistry, a halogen bond (XB or HaB) occurs when there is evidence of a net attractive interaction between an electrophilic region associated with a halogen atom in a molecular entity and a nucleophilic region in another, or the same, molecular entity. Like a hydrogen bond, the result is not a formal chemical bond,...	{ "page_id": 14350687, "title": "Halogen bond" }
around the Lewis donor atom, can accept one or two halogen bonds. Anions are usually better halogen-bond acceptors than neutral species: the more dissociated an ion pair is, the stronger the halogen bond formed with the anion. == Comparison to other bond-like forces == A parallel relationship can easily be drawn betwee...	{ "page_id": 14350687, "title": "Halogen bond" }
electron pair donors in a direction with a bond direction that coincides with the axes of the orbitals of the lone pairs in the electron pair donor molecule. For this work, Hassel was awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Dumas and coworkers first coined the term "halogen bond" in 1978, during their investigations...	{ "page_id": 14350687, "title": "Halogen bond" }
of organic molecules with a manipulable electronic band structure, but current methods for production have an uncontrolled topology. Sun, Lauher, and Goroff discovered that certain amides ensure a linear polymerization of poly(diiododiacetylene). The underlying mechanism is a self-organization of the amides via hydroge...	{ "page_id": 14350687, "title": "Halogen bond" }
The molecular formula C2H3N (molar mass: 41.05 g/mol, exact mass: 41.0265 u) may refer to: Acetonitrile (MeCN) Azirine Methyl isocyanide, or isocyanomethane Ethynamine Ethenimine	{ "page_id": 12122465, "title": "C2H3N" }
In chemistry, topology provides a way of describing and predicting the molecular structure within the constraints of three-dimensional (3-D) space. Given the determinants of chemical bonding and the chemical properties of the atoms, topology provides a model for explaining how the atoms ethereal wave functions must fit...	{ "page_id": 30275938, "title": "Topology (chemistry)" }
Circuit topology Topological index Theoretical chemistry Molecular geometry Molecular graph Molecular knot Molecular Borromean rings == References == Francl, Michelle; Stretching topology Nature Chemistry 1, 334–335 (2009) doi:10.1038/nchem.302 Rouvray, D. H.; A rationale for the topological approach to chemistry; Jour...	{ "page_id": 30275938, "title": "Topology (chemistry)" }
Louis George Carpenter (March 28, 1861 – September 12, 1935), was a college Professor and later the Dean of Engineering & Physics at Colorado State University formerly known as the Colorado Agricultural College. He was also a mathematician and an irrigation and consulting engineer. == Family == Louis George Carpenter w...	{ "page_id": 43841890, "title": "Louis George Carpenter" }
a Bachelor of Science degree in Irrigation Engineering. In addition, Carpenter was a strong advocate to expand education opportunities to minorities and women. He helped promote and organize newly accredited degree programs despite opposition from those unwilling to change. Carpenter declined the Presidency of that col...	{ "page_id": 43841890, "title": "Louis George Carpenter" }
Agricultural College – Agricultural Experiment Station in Fort Collins, Colorado. This book and other like it show his primary focus on water and irrigation. The artesian wells of Colorado and their relation to irrigation / (Fort Collins, Colo. : State Agricultural College, Agricultural Experiment Station, [1891]) Fore...	{ "page_id": 43841890, "title": "Louis George Carpenter" }
Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado. Additional papers, legal papers, articles about and newspaper clippings are at the Denver Public Library. This biographical type collection reflect his work as a "Colorado irrigation engineer who specialized in irrigation and water-use practices in the Rocky Mountain...	{ "page_id": 43841890, "title": "Louis George Carpenter" }
In theoretical chemistry, Specific ion Interaction Theory (SIT theory) is a theory used to estimate single-ion activity coefficients in electrolyte solutions at relatively high concentrations. It does so by taking into consideration interaction coefficients between the various ions present in solution. Interaction coef...	{ "page_id": 23263587, "title": "Specific ion interaction theory" }
γ is an activity coefficient. Thus the equilibrium constant can be expressed as a product of a concentration ratio and an activity coefficient ratio. K = [ HA ] [ H + ] [ A − ] × γ HA γ H + γ A − {\displaystyle K={\frac {{\ce {[HA]}}}{{\ce {[H^+][A^{-}]}}}}\times {\frac {\gamma _{{\ce {HA}}}}{\gamma _{{\ce {H^+}}}\gamm...	{ "page_id": 23263587, "title": "Specific ion interaction theory" }
of the difficulty of determining equilibrium constants before the glass electrode was invented. Subsequently, Ciavatta developed the theory further in 1980. The activity coefficient of the jth ion in solution is written as γj when concentrations are on the molal concentration scale and as yj when concentrations are on ...	{ "page_id": 23263587, "title": "Specific ion interaction theory" }
and NO3−, and between A− and Na+. == Determination and application == Firstly, equilibrium constants are determined at a number of different ionic strengths, at a chosen temperature and particular background electrolyte. The interaction coefficients are then determined by fitting to the observed equilibrium constant va...	{ "page_id": 23263587, "title": "Specific ion interaction theory" }
In macroecology and community ecology, an occupancy frequency distribution (OFD) is the distribution of the numbers of species occupying different numbers of areas. It was first reported in 1918 by the Danish botanist Christen C. Raunkiær in his study on plant communities. The OFD is also known as the species-range siz...	{ "page_id": 27064677, "title": "Occupancy frequency distribution" }
the number of satellite (rare) species declines with the increase of sampling grains, but the number of core (common) species increases, showing a tendency from a bimodal OFD towards a right-skewed unimodal distribution. This is because species range, measured as occupancy, is strongly affected by the spatial scale and...	{ "page_id": 27064677, "title": "Occupancy frequency distribution" }
based on the scaling pattern of occupancy under a self-similar assumption of species distributions (called the occupancy probability transition [OPT] model). The OPT model is based on Harte et al.'s bisection scheme (although not on their probability rule) and the recursion probability of occupancy at different scales....	{ "page_id": 27064677, "title": "Occupancy frequency distribution" }
is independent of its probability of occurrence at the next, and further illustrate the importance of considering patterns of species co-occurrence, and the way in which species occupancy patterns change with scale, when modeling species distributions. == See also == Rank abundance curve == References ==	{ "page_id": 27064677, "title": "Occupancy frequency distribution" }
The Bloch spectrum is a concept in quantum mechanics in the field of theoretical physics; this concept addresses certain energy spectrum considerations. Let H be the one-dimensional Schrödinger equation operator H = − d 2 d x 2 + U α , {\displaystyle H=-{\frac {d^{2}}{dx^{2}}}+U_{\alpha },} where Uα is a periodic funct...	{ "page_id": 13891942, "title": "Bloch spectrum" }
The shape correction function is a ratio of the surface area of a growing organism and that of an isomorph as function of the volume. The shape of the isomorph is taken to be equal to that of the organism for a given reference volume, so for that particular volume the surface areas are also equal and the shape correcti...	{ "page_id": 5634407, "title": "Shape correction function" }
Community fingerprinting is a set of molecular biology techniques that can be used to quickly profile the diversity of a microbial community. Rather than directly identifying or counting individual cells in an environmental sample, these techniques show how many variants of a gene are present. In general, it is assumed...	{ "page_id": 35256679, "title": "Community fingerprinting" }
an environmental perturbation, such as the release of a pollutant. Depending on what information is desired, different genes may be targeted. The most common are small subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, such as 16S rRNA. These genes are frequently used in microbial phylogenetic analyses, so well-established techniques...	{ "page_id": 35256679, "title": "Community fingerprinting" }
fingerprinting. For a more detailed explanation, refer to the T-RFLP article. ==== Procedure ==== To perform T-RFLP (Figure 1), one must select a target gene (e.g. the 16S rRNA gene) to amplify by PCR. At least one primer used in the PCR reaction is fluorescently labeled at the 5´ end. After PCR amplification, each cop...	{ "page_id": 35256679, "title": "Community fingerprinting" }
and the height of and area under each peak. The theoretical basis of T-RFLP assumes that peaks at different positions along the horizontal axis represent different types of organisms (or OTUs). The area under each fluorescence intensity peak is a proxy for relative abundance of each phylotype in the community. However,...	{ "page_id": 35256679, "title": "Community fingerprinting" }
microbial communities and that the microbiome changes over the lifetime of the bees. Joo et al. tested T-RFLP as a method for phytoplankton monitoring. The authors collected environmental water samples from reservoirs in a time series. After comparison of samples with known terminal restriction fragments (from a databa...	{ "page_id": 35256679, "title": "Community fingerprinting" }
greater variation in length, but the denaturant gradient uses a second element (of melting point) to further distinguish between the samples. The DGGE gel will separate genes of the same size based on base sequence. This technique shows to what extent microbial communities are the same or different in taxonomic composi...	{ "page_id": 35256679, "title": "Community fingerprinting" }
They obtained an initial assessment of microbial diversity in their environmental samples from soil maintained for 36 years at the various pH values. They combined DGGE and hybridization techniques by probing the DNA fragments to obtain more detail about the natural populations. In this study, they were looking at a gr...	{ "page_id": 35256679, "title": "Community fingerprinting" }
patterns, and output for ARISA is an electropherogram with different peaks (similar to T-RFLP). The brightness of the fluorescently labeled primers correlates to how prevalent that bacterial type is in the community. The banding pattern on the gel can be interpreted as a community-specific profile. Each DNA band or pea...	{ "page_id": 35256679, "title": "Community fingerprinting" }
them to changes in the microbial ecology of a compost pile. They used ARISA to profile the community structure and look at microbial succession over stages in the composting process. They took DNA samples and sequenced the 16S rRNA gene to identify community members at the different phases of the process. Then they use...	{ "page_id": 35256679, "title": "Community fingerprinting" }
The molecular formula C2H5NO (molar mass: 59.07 g/mol, exact mass: 59.03711 u) may refer to: Acetaldoxime Acetamide Aminoacetaldehyde N-Methylformamide (NMF)	{ "page_id": 12122476, "title": "C2H5NO" }
The molecular formula C2H5NO2 (molar mass: 75.07 g/mol, exact mass: 75.0320 u) may refer to: Acetohydroxamic acid Ethyl nitrite Glycine Methyl carbamate Nitroethane	{ "page_id": 12122477, "title": "C2H5NO2" }
The molecular formula C2H6OS (molar mass: 78.13 g/mol, exact mass: 78.0139 u) may refer to: Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 2-Mercaptoethanol, or β-mercaptoethanol	{ "page_id": 12122480, "title": "C2H6OS" }
The molecular formula C2H6O2 (molar mass: 62.07 g/mol, exact mass: 62.03678 u) may refer to: Ethylene glycol (ethane-1,2-diol) Ethyl hydroperoxide Methoxymethanol Dimethyl peroxide	{ "page_id": 12122482, "title": "C2H6O2" }
The Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology is located in Bremen, Germany. It was founded in 1992. In 1996, the institute moved into new buildings at the campus of the University of Bremen. It is one of more than 80 institutes in the Max Planck Society (Max Planck Gesellschaft). The main focus of our research is o...	{ "page_id": 10418549, "title": "Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology" }
Constructor University Bremen. == References == == External links == Official site MPI-Bremen	{ "page_id": 10418549, "title": "Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology" }
Megamitochondria is extremely large and abnormal shapes of mitochondria seen in hepatocytes in alcoholic liver disease and in nutritional deficiencies. It can be seen in conditions of hypertrophy in cell death. == References == Robbins Basic Pathology by Kumer et al.	{ "page_id": 44235126, "title": "Megamitochondria" }
The molecular formula C2H6S (molar mass: 62.13 g/mol, exact mass: 62.0190 u) may refer to: Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), or methylthiomethane Ethanethiol, or ethyl mercaptan	{ "page_id": 12122485, "title": "C2H6S" }
The molecular formula C2H7N (molar mass: 45.07 g/mol, exact mass: 45.0579 u) may refer to: Ethylamine (ethanamine) Dimethylamine (N,N-dimethylamine)	{ "page_id": 12122487, "title": "C2H7N" }
Dynamic electrophoretic mobility is a parameter that determines intensity of electroacoustic phenomena, such as Colloid Vibration Current and Electric Sonic Amplitude in colloids. It is similar to electrophoretic mobility, but at high frequency, on a scale of megahertz. Usual electrophoretic mobility is the low frequen...	{ "page_id": 13695352, "title": "Dynamic electrophoretic mobility" }
The molecular formula C5H11Cl (molar mass: 106.59 g/mol, exact mass: 106.0549 u) may refer to: tert-Amyl chloride (2-methyl-2-butyl chloride) 1-Chloropentane	{ "page_id": 32700791, "title": "C5H11Cl" }
C2H7NO may refer to: 1-Aminoethanol, an organic compound with the formula CH3CH(NH2)OH N,O-Dimethylhydroxylamine, a methylated hydroxylamine commercially available as its hydrochloride salt Ethanolamine, an organic chemical compound with the formula HOCH2CH2NH2	{ "page_id": 12122490, "title": "C2H7NO" }
== Reverse Migration == Within molecular and cell biology, reverse migration is the phenomenon in which some neutrophils migrate away from the inflammation site, against the chemokine gradient, during inflammation resolution. The activation of in vivo inflammatory pathways (such as hypoxia-inducible factor, HIF), alter...	{ "page_id": 35060092, "title": "Reverse migration (immunology)" }
progresses as they migrate away from the injury site back into the vasculature, the arrangement of blood vessels around the site, following initial PMN infiltration. The role of reverse migration in the immune response requires further investigation, but the current thinking is that reverse migration can play a role in...	{ "page_id": 35060092, "title": "Reverse migration (immunology)" }
Neutrophil Motility == Neutrophils are highly motile immune cells that play a crucial role in the body’s defense against infection and injury. They exhibit two distinct types of movement: chemokinesis, in which they migrate randomly in response to environmental cues, and chemotaxis, which is a more directed, regulated ...	{ "page_id": 35060092, "title": "Reverse migration (immunology)" }
target neutrophil migration signals. One current phase II trial involves the drug Reparixin, which has the potential to combat ischaemia–reperfusion injury and inflammation after on-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Since this initial study in 2015, Reparixin has also been investigated as a treatment for patie...	{ "page_id": 35060092, "title": "Reverse migration (immunology)" }
The molecular formula C2H8N2 (molar mass: 60.10 g/mol, exact mass: 60.0688 u) may refer to: Dimethylhydrazine Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine Symmetrical dimethylhydrazine Ethylenediamine, or ethane-1,2-diamine	{ "page_id": 12122491, "title": "C2H8N2" }
Henry Snowden Valk (January 26, 1929 – April 12, 2022) was an American physicist and academic. He was Professor Emeritus of Physics at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Valk attended George Washington University where he received his B.S. in physics in 1953 and M.S. in mathematics in 1954. He then earned his Ph.D. a...	{ "page_id": 7731580, "title": "Henry S. Valk" }
In molecular biology mir-346 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-346 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36370817, "title": "Mir-346 microRNA precursor family" }
Galactolipids are a type of glycolipid whose sugar group is galactose. They differ from glycosphingolipids in that they do not have nitrogen in their composition. They are the main part of plant membrane lipids where they substitute phospholipids to conserve phosphate for other essential processes. These chloroplast me...	{ "page_id": 25557382, "title": "Galactolipid" }
Testosterone sulfate is an endogenous, naturally occurring steroid and minor urinary metabolite of testosterone. == See also == Androstanediol glucuronide Androsterone glucuronide Etiocholanolone glucuronide Testosterone glucuronide == References ==	{ "page_id": 52492679, "title": "Testosterone sulfate" }
The K factor or characterization factor is defined from Rankine boiling temperature °R=1.8Tb[k] and relative to water density ρ at 60°F: K(UOP) = 1.8 T b 3 / ρ {\displaystyle {\sqrt[{3}]{1.8Tb}}/\rho } The K factor is a systematic way of classifying a crude oil according to its paraffinic, naphthenic, intermediate or a...	{ "page_id": 29882763, "title": "K factor (crude oil refining)" }
T-cell vaccination is immunization with inactivated autoreactive T cells. The concept of T-cell vaccination is, at least partially, analogous to classical vaccination against infectious disease. However, the agents to be eliminated or neutralized are not foreign microbial agents but a pathogenic autoreactive T-cell pop...	{ "page_id": 3602830, "title": "T-cell vaccination" }
A nutshell is the outer shell of a nut. Most nutshells are inedible and are removed before eating the nut meat inside. It covers and protects the kernel, which may be edible. == Usage == Most nutshells are useful to some extent, depending on the circumstances. Walnut shells can be used for cleaning and polishing, as a ...	{ "page_id": 13957518, "title": "Nutshell" }
Communication between neurons happens primarily through chemical neurotransmission at the synapse. Neurotransmitters are packaged into synaptic vesicles for release from the presynaptic cell into the synapse, from where they diffuse and can bind to postsynaptic receptors. While most presynaptic cells are historically t...	{ "page_id": 46201232, "title": "Multivesicular release" }
of neurotransmitter containing vesicles even when action potentials are not present. This is stochastic and the probability of release (Pr) can be modified by numerous factors including the presence and speed of an action potential. These vesicles are released at synaptic active zones, areas of the axon terminal that h...	{ "page_id": 46201232, "title": "Multivesicular release" }
be either more or fewer action potentials, depending upon if the neurotransmitter / receptor combo is excitatory or inhibitory. == Physiological effects == MVR likely plays a substantial role in hippocampal signaling and memory. MVR exists in both near-synchronous (mulitiple vesicles released within tens of microsecond...	{ "page_id": 46201232, "title": "Multivesicular release" }
Individual synapse studies have found that after presynaptic axon stimulation, the postsynaptic NMDA-mediated calcium influx is highly variable, supporting the hypothesis that MVR can play a role at these synapses as well. One of the main benefits of MVR is thought to be the maintenance of information fidelity. Many se...	{ "page_id": 46201232, "title": "Multivesicular release" }
are more active. This phenomenon has been observed in several brain areas, including the cerebellum. In this structure, many climbing fibers synapse onto individual Purkinje neurons. The climbing fiber axon terminals with the highest level of MVR versus UVR tend to cause the largest change in Purkinje neuron calcium in...	{ "page_id": 46201232, "title": "Multivesicular release" }
The KBD algorithm is a cluster update algorithm designed for the fully frustrated Ising model in two dimensions, or more generally any two dimensional spin glass with frustrated plaquettes arranged in a checkered pattern. It is discovered in 1990 by Daniel Kandel, Radel Ben-Av, and Eytan Domany, and generalized by P. D...	{ "page_id": 67434894, "title": "KBD algorithm" }
on the lattice, on which the spins can be collectively flipped (either with the SW rule or the Wolff rule ). It can be shown that the update satisfies detailed balance, meaning that correctness is guaranteed if the algorithm is used in conjunction with ergodic algorithms like single spin-flip updates. == Topological fe...	{ "page_id": 67434894, "title": "KBD algorithm" }
Principles of Genetics is a genetics textbook authored by Robert H. Tamarin, an emeritus professor of biology, published by McGraw-Hill Publishers, London. The 7th edition of the book was published in October 2008. == Description == The book has four sections. The first part, "Genetics and the Scientific Method", brief...	{ "page_id": 46332309, "title": "Principles of genetics" }
The Einstein–de Haas effect is a physical phenomenon in which a change in the magnetic moment of a free body causes this body to rotate. The effect is a consequence of the conservation of angular momentum. It is strong enough to be observable in ferromagnetic materials. The experimental observation and accurate measure...	{ "page_id": 9632150, "title": "Einstein–de Haas effect" }
unit volume of the material have a total orbital angular momentum of J o {\displaystyle \mathbf {J} _{\text{o}}} with respect to a certain axis, their magnetic moments would produce the magnetization of M o = ( e / 2 m ) ⋅ J o {\displaystyle \mathbf {M} _{\text{o}}=(e/2m)\cdot \mathbf {J} _{\text{o}}} . For the spin co...	{ "page_id": 9632150, "title": "Einstein–de Haas effect" }
along the field direction. In these experiments the magnetization happens along the direction of the field produced by the magnetizing coil, therefore, in absence of other external fields, the angular momentum along this axis must be conserved. In spite of the simplicity of such a layout, the experiments are not easy. ...	{ "page_id": 9632150, "title": "Einstein–de Haas effect" }
that historical context the idea of the orbital motion of electrons in atoms contradicted classical physics. This contradiction was addressed in the Bohr model in 1913, and later was removed with the development of quantum mechanics. Samuel Jackson Barnett, motivated by the Richardson's paper realized that the opposite...	{ "page_id": 9632150, "title": "Einstein–de Haas effect" }
to e / m {\displaystyle e/m} rather than e / 2 m {\displaystyle e/2m} . This phenomenon, dubbed "gyromagnetic anomaly" was finally explained after the discovery of the spin and introduction of the Dirac equation in 1928. The experimental equipment was later donated by Geertruida de Haas-Lorentz, wife of de Haas and dau...	{ "page_id": 9632150, "title": "Einstein–de Haas effect" }
in physics, but, as he wrote to his friend Michele Besso, "In my old age I am developing a passion for experimentation." The second paper by Einstein and de Haas was communicated to the "Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences" by Hendrik Lorentz. Einstein announced the work in a report to the...	{ "page_id": 9632150, "title": "Einstein–de Haas effect" }
relative spin contribution to magnetization as: M s M = ( g ′ − 1 ) g ( g − 1 ) g ′ {\displaystyle {\frac {M_{\text{s}}}{M}}={\frac {(g'-1)g}{(g-1)g'}}} . For pure iron the measured value is g ′ = 1.919 ± 0.002 {\displaystyle g'=1.919\pm {}0.002} , and M s M ≈ 0.96 {\displaystyle {\frac {M_{\text{s}}}{M}}\approx {}0.96...	{ "page_id": 9632150, "title": "Einstein–de Haas effect" }
The GHP formalism (or Geroch–Held–Penrose formalism), also known as the compacted spin-coefficient formalism, is a technique used in the mathematics of general relativity that involves singling out a pair of null directions at each point of spacetime. It is a rewriting of the Newman–Penrose formalism which respects the...	{ "page_id": 4127125, "title": "GHP formalism" }
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-33707-0.	{ "page_id": 4127125, "title": "GHP formalism" }
In chemistry a divergent synthesis is a strategy with the aim to improve the efficiency of chemical synthesis. It is often an alternative to convergent synthesis or linear synthesis. In one strategy divergent synthesis aims to generate a library of chemical compounds by first reacting a molecule with a set of reactants...	{ "page_id": 1702296, "title": "Divergent synthesis" }
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) occurs in different forms within organisms and serves many different roles. Listed here are the types of RNA, grouped by role. Abbreviations for the different types of RNA are listed and explained. == By role == == RNA abbreviations == == See also == List of cis-regulatory RNA elements RNA: Types...	{ "page_id": 16644505, "title": "List of RNAs" }
Arenodosaria is an extinct genus of foraminiferans. The species are known from the Miocene of New Zealand. == Species == †Arenodosaria antipodum (Stache, 1864) (syn. †Clavulina antipodum Stache, 1864 and †Clavulina elegans Karrer, 1864) †Arenodosaria kaiataensis Dorreen, 1948 †Arenodosaria turris Kennett, 1967 Names br...	{ "page_id": 55572889, "title": "Arenodosaria" }
Reductive elimination is an elementary step in organometallic chemistry in which the oxidation state of the metal center decreases while forming a new covalent bond between two ligands. It is the microscopic reverse of oxidative addition, and is often the product-forming step in many catalytic processes. Since oxidativ...	{ "page_id": 1636762, "title": "Reductive elimination" }
influenced by the geometry of the metal complex. In octahedral complexes, reductive elimination can be very slow from the coordinatively saturated center; and often, reductive elimination only proceeds via a dissociative mechanism, where a ligand must initially dissociate to make a five-coordinate complex. This complex...	{ "page_id": 1636762, "title": "Reductive elimination" }
which tend to be faster than third-row metal complexes. This is due to bond strength, with metal-ligand bonds in first-row complexes being weaker than metal-ligand bonds in third-row complexes. Additionally, electron-poor metal centers undergo reductive elimination faster than electron-rich metal centers since the resu...	{ "page_id": 1636762, "title": "Reductive elimination" }
Oxidative addition and reductive elimination are two important and related classes of reactions in organometallic chemistry. Oxidative addition is a process that increases both the oxidation state and coordination number of a metal centre. Oxidative addition is often a step in catalytic cycles, in conjunction with its ...	{ "page_id": 1636763, "title": "Oxidative addition" }
and the substrates. === Concerted pathway === Oxidative additions of nonpolar substrates such as hydrogen and hydrocarbons appear to proceed via concerted pathways. Such substrates lack π-bonds, consequently a three-centered σ complex is invoked, followed by intramolecular ligand bond cleavage of the ligand (probably b...	{ "page_id": 1636763, "title": "Oxidative addition" }
cleavage of the R–X bond, to form an [M–R]+ species. This step is followed by rapid coordination of the anion to the cationic metal center. For example, reaction of a square planar complex with methyl iodide: This mechanism is often assumed in the addition of polar and electrophilic substrates, such as alkyl halides an...	{ "page_id": 1636763, "title": "Oxidative addition" }
The spectro-temporal receptive field or spatio-temporal receptive field (STRF) of a neuron represents which types of stimuli excite or inhibit that neuron. "Spectro-temporal" refers most commonly to audition, where the neuron's response depends on frequency versus time, while "spatio-temporal" refers to vision, where t...	{ "page_id": 3996062, "title": "Spectro-temporal receptive field" }
generalized Gammatone functions for a truly time-causal model in which the future cannot be accessed, a second layer of spectra-temporal receptive fields modeled as Gaussian functions over the log-spectral domain and either Gaussian kernels over time in the case of non-causal time or first-order integrators (truncated ...	{ "page_id": 3996062, "title": "Spectro-temporal receptive field" }
In rotordynamics, the rigid rotor is a mechanical model of rotating systems. An arbitrary rigid rotor is a 3-dimensional rigid object, such as a top. To orient such an object in space requires three angles, known as Euler angles. A special rigid rotor is the linear rotor requiring only two angles to describe, for examp...	{ "page_id": 1243550, "title": "Rigid rotor" }
energy T {\displaystyle T} of the linear rigid rotor is given by 2 T = μ R 2 [ θ ˙ 2 + ( φ ˙ sin ⁡ θ ) 2 ] = μ R 2 ( θ ˙ φ ˙ ) ( 1 0 0 sin 2 ⁡ θ ) ( θ ˙ φ ˙ ) = μ ( θ ˙ φ ˙ ) ( h θ 2 0 0 h φ 2 ) ( θ ˙ φ ˙ ) , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}2T&=\mu R^{2}\left[{\dot {\theta }}^{2}+({\dot {\varphi }}\,\sin \theta )^{2}\ri...	{ "page_id": 1243550, "title": "Rigid rotor" }
p φ 2 sin 2 ⁡ θ ] . {\displaystyle H={\frac {1}{2\mu R^{2}}}\left[p_{\theta }^{2}+{\frac {p_{\varphi }^{2}}{\sin ^{2}\theta }}\right].} === Quantum mechanical linear rigid rotor === The linear rigid rotor model can be used in quantum mechanics to predict the rotational energy of a diatomic molecule. The rotational ener...	{ "page_id": 1243550, "title": "Rigid rotor" }
Schrödinger equation of the hydrogen atom after the radial part is separated off. The eigenvalue equation becomes H ^ Y ℓ m ( θ , φ ) = ℏ 2 2 I ℓ ( ℓ + 1 ) Y ℓ m ( θ , φ ) . {\displaystyle {\hat {H}}Y_{\ell }^{m}(\theta ,\varphi )={\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2I}}\ell (\ell +1)\,Y_{\ell }^{m}(\theta ,\varphi ).} The symbol Y ℓ ...	{ "page_id": 1243550, "title": "Rigid rotor" }
) {\displaystyle {\bar {B}}(R)} depends on the distance R {\displaystyle R} . Often one writes B e = B ¯ ( R e ) {\displaystyle B_{e}={\bar {B}}(R_{e})} where R e {\displaystyle R_{e}} is the equilibrium value of R {\displaystyle R} (the value for which the interaction energy of the atoms in the rotor has a minimum). A...	{ "page_id": 1243550, "title": "Rigid rotor" }
\| ψ 1 ⟩ = ( μ z ) 21 = ∫ ψ 2 ∗ μ z ψ 1 d τ . {\displaystyle \langle \psi _{2}\|\mu _{z}\|\psi _{1}\rangle =\left(\mu _{z}\right)_{21}=\int \psi _{2}^{*}\mu _{z}\psi _{1}\,\mathrm {d} \tau .} A transition occurs if this integral is non-zero. By separating the rotational part of the molecular wavefunction from the vibronic...	{ "page_id": 1243550, "title": "Rigid rotor" }
=== Non-rigid linear rotor === The rigid rotor is commonly used to describe the rotational energy of diatomic molecules but it is not a completely accurate description of such molecules. This is because molecular bonds (and therefore the interatomic distance R {\displaystyle R} ) are not completely fixed; the bond betw...	{ "page_id": 1243550, "title": "Rigid rotor" }
its energy consists only of rotational kinetic energy (and possibly constant translational energy that can be ignored). A rigid body can be (partially) characterized by the three eigenvalues of its moment of inertia tensor, which are real nonnegative values known as principal moments of inertia. In microwave spectrosco...	{ "page_id": 1243550, "title": "Rigid rotor" }
y'} -axis. Thirdly, one rotates the body and its frame over a positive angle β {\displaystyle \beta \,} around the y ′ {\displaystyle y'} -axis. The z-axis of the body-fixed frame has after these two rotations the longitudinal angle α {\displaystyle \alpha \,} (commonly designated by φ {\displaystyle \varphi \,} ) and ...	{ "page_id": 1243550, "title": "Rigid rotor" }
&0&\cos \beta \\\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}\cos \gamma &-\sin \gamma &0\\\sin \gamma &\cos \gamma &0\\0&0&1\end{pmatrix}}} Let r ( 0 ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} (0)} be the coordinate vector of an arbitrary point P {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}} in the body with respect to the body-fixed frame. The elements of r ( ...	{ "page_id": 1243550, "title": "Rigid rotor" }
axes frame; it diagonalizes the instantaneous inertia tensor I ( t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {I} (t)} (expressed with respect to the space-fixed frame), i.e., R ( α , β , γ ) − 1 I ( t ) R ( α , β , γ ) = I ( 0 ) with I ( 0 ) = ( I 1 0 0 0 I 2 0 0 0 I 3 ) , {\displaystyle \mathbf {R} (\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma )^{-1}\;\math...	{ "page_id": 1243550, "title": "Rigid rotor" }
\gamma &\sin \gamma &0\\\sin \beta \sin \gamma &\cos \gamma &0\\\cos \beta &0&1\\\end{pmatrix}}{\begin{pmatrix}{\dot {\alpha }}\\{\dot {\beta }}\\{\dot {\gamma }}\\\end{pmatrix}}.} The vector ω = ( ω x , ω y , ω z ) {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\omega }}=(\omega _{x},\omega _{y},\omega _{z})} on the left hand side cont...	{ "page_id": 1243550, "title": "Rigid rotor" }
γ cos ⁡ γ I 1 sin 2 ⁡ γ + I 2 cos 2 ⁡ γ 0 I 3 cos ⁡ β 0 I 3 ) . {\displaystyle \mathbf {g} ={\begin{pmatrix}I_{1}\sin ^{2}\beta \cos ^{2}\gamma +I_{2}\sin ^{2}\beta \sin ^{2}\gamma +I_{3}\cos ^{2}\beta &(I_{2}-I_{1})\sin \beta \sin \gamma \cos \gamma &I_{3}\cos \beta \\(I_{2}-I_{1})\sin \beta \sin \gamma \cos \gamma &I...	{ "page_id": 1243550, "title": "Rigid rotor" }
/ ∂ γ ˙ ) = g ( α ˙ β ˙ γ ˙ ) , {\displaystyle {\begin{pmatrix}p_{\alpha }\\p_{\beta }\\p_{\gamma }\\\end{pmatrix}}\mathrel {\stackrel {\mathrm {def} }{=}} {\begin{pmatrix}\partial T/{\partial {\dot {\alpha }}}\\\partial T/{\partial {\dot {\beta }}}\\\partial T/{\partial {\dot {\gamma }}}\\\end{pmatrix}}=\mathbf {g} {\...	{ "page_id": 1243550, "title": "Rigid rotor" }
I 3 sin 2 ⁡ β ) . {\displaystyle \sin ^{2}\beta \;\mathbf {g} ^{-1}={\begin{pmatrix}{\frac {1}{I_{1}}}\cos ^{2}\gamma +{\frac {1}{I_{2}}}\sin ^{2}\gamma &\left({\frac {1}{I_{2}}}-{\frac {1}{I_{1}}}\right)\sin \beta \sin \gamma \cos \gamma &-{\frac {1}{I_{1}}}\cos \beta \cos ^{2}\gamma -{\frac {1}{I_{2}}}\cos \beta \sin...	{ "page_id": 1243550, "title": "Rigid rotor" }

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