text stringlengths 2 4.67k | source dict |
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- RNA splicing - RNAi - RNase - RNase protection assay - rRNA - rRNA (guanine-N2-)-methyltransferase - RT-PCR - Run-on - runoff transcript == S == S1 end mapping - S1 nuclease - satellite DNA - screening - SDS-PAGE - secondary structure - selection - selenium responsive proteins - sense strand - sequence - sequence mot... | {
"page_id": 1374663,
"title": "Index of molecular biology articles"
} |
transcription factor - transcription/translation reaction - transcriptional start site - transfection - transformation (genetics) - transformation (with respect to bacteria) - transfection (with respect to cultured cells) - transgene - transgenic - transient transfection - transition - translation - transposition - tra... | {
"page_id": 1374663,
"title": "Index of molecular biology articles"
} |
finger protein 101 - Zinc finger protein 175 - Zinc finger protein 222 - Zinc finger protein 230 - Zinc finger protein 280b - Zinc finger protein 296 - Zinc finger protein 414 - Zinc finger protein 433 - Zinc finger protein 490 - Zinc finger protein 530 - Zinc finger protein 556 - Zinc finger protein 562 - Zinc finger ... | {
"page_id": 1374663,
"title": "Index of molecular biology articles"
} |
The molecular formula C22H25NO5 (molar mass: 383.437 g/mol, exact mass: 383.1733 u) may refer to: Acetylpropionylmorphine Sacubitrilat | {
"page_id": 61143497,
"title": "C22H25NO5"
} |
The hypogastrium (also called the hypogastric region or suprapubic region) is a region of the abdomen located below the umbilical region. == Etymology == The roots of the word hypogastrium mean "below the stomach"; the roots of suprapubic mean "above the pubic bone". == Boundaries == The upper limit is the umbilicus wh... | {
"page_id": 7993803,
"title": "Hypogastrium"
} |
Alpha-aminoadipic and alpha-ketoadipic aciduria is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder characterized by an increased urinary excretion of alpha-ketoadipic acid and alpha-aminoadipic acid. It is caused by mutations in DHTKD1, which encodes the E1 subunit of the oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (alpha-ketoglutara... | {
"page_id": 47512011,
"title": "Alpha-aminoadipic and alpha-ketoadipic aciduria"
} |
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to biochemistry: Biochemistry – study of chemical processes in living organisms, including living matter. Biochemistry governs all living organisms and living processes. == Applications of biochemistry == Testing Ames test – salmonella bacteria is ex... | {
"page_id": 3209677,
"title": "Outline of biochemistry"
} |
clone was created by taking cells from the udder of a six-year-old ewe and growing them in the lab. Gene therapy – a modified or healthy gene is inserted into the organism to replace a disease-causing gene. Commonly a virus that has been altered to carry human DNA is used to deliver the healthy gene to the targeted cel... | {
"page_id": 3209677,
"title": "Outline of biochemistry"
} |
fluid mosaic model – diffusion – osmosis phospholipids – glycolipid – glycocalyx – antigen – isoprene ion channel – proton pump – electron transport – ion gradient – antiporter – symporter – quinone – riboflavin Biomolecule (list) Biomolecular engineering Biomolecular structure Multi-state modeling of biomolecules Ener... | {
"page_id": 3209677,
"title": "Outline of biochemistry"
} |
In molecular biology mir-351 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-351 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36370891,
"title": "Mir-351 microRNA precursor family"
} |
Acid grassland is a nutrient-poor habitat characterised by grassy tussocks and bare ground. == Habitat == The vegetation is dominated by grasses and herbaceous plants, growing on soils deficient in lime (calcium). These may be found on acid sedimentary rock such as sandstone; acid igneous rock such as granite; and fluv... | {
"page_id": 46266831,
"title": "Acid grassland"
} |
The molecular formula C9H10N2 (molar mass: 146.19 g/mol, exact mass: 146.0844 u) may refer to: 5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazole Isomyosamine Myosmine | {
"page_id": 31324619,
"title": "C9H10N2"
} |
The Fujimoto–Belleau reaction is a chemical reaction that forms cyclic α-substituted α,β-unsaturated ketones from enol lactones. The reaction was discovered in 1951 by George I. Fujimoto and Bernard Belleau. Belleau used this reaction to synthesize 1-methyl-3-keto-1,2,3,9,10,10a-hexahydrophenanthrene from a ketoacid st... | {
"page_id": 3144140,
"title": "Fujimoto–Belleau reaction"
} |
In astronomy, de Vaucouleurs's law, also known as the de Vaucouleurs profile or de Vaucouleurs model, describes how the surface brightness I {\displaystyle I} of an elliptical galaxy varies as a function of apparent distance R {\displaystyle R} from the center of the galaxy: ln I ( R ) = ln I 0 − k R 1 / 4 . {\disp... | {
"page_id": 9632204,
"title": "De Vaucouleurs's law"
} |
In classical mechanics, the central-force problem is to determine the motion of a particle in a single central potential field. A central force is a force (possibly negative) that points from the particle directly towards a fixed point in space, the center, and whose magnitude only depends on the distance of the object... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
between O and the moving particle; it does not depend explicitly on time or other descriptors of position. This two-fold definition may be expressed mathematically as follows. The center of force O can be chosen as the origin of a coordinate system. The vector r joining O to the present position of the particle is know... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
r ) r ^ ⋅ d r = ∫ r 1 r 2 F d r = U ( r 1 ) − U ( r 2 ) {\displaystyle W=\int _{\mathbf {r} _{1}}^{\mathbf {r} _{2}}\mathbf {F} \cdot d\mathbf {r} =\int _{\mathbf {r} _{1}}^{\mathbf {r} _{2}}F(r){\hat {\mathbf {r} }}\cdot d\mathbf {r} =\int _{r_{1}}^{r_{2}}Fdr=U(r_{1})-U(r_{2})} Equivalently, it suffices that the curl ... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
|}{\frac {dr}{dt}}{\Big |}={\sqrt {\frac {2}{m}}}{\sqrt {E_{\text{tot}}-U(r)}}} Taking the reciprocal and integrating we get: | t − t 0 | = m 2 ∫ | d r | E tot − U ( r ) {\displaystyle |t-t_{0}|={\sqrt {\frac {m}{2}}}\int {\frac {|dr|}{\sqrt {E_{\text{tot}}-U(r)}}}} For the remainder of the article, it is assumed that ... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
of force, reducing the problem to the motion of Mercury in response to the force applied by the Sun. In reality, however, the Sun also moves (albeit only slightly) in response to the force applied by the planet Mercury. Such approximations are unnecessary, however. Newton's laws of motion allow any classical two-body p... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
seen by symmetry. Since the position r, velocity v and force F all lie in the same plane, there is never an acceleration perpendicular to that plane, because that would break the symmetry between "above" the plane and "below" the plane. To demonstrate this mathematically, it suffices to show that the angular momentum o... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
) = p ⋅ ( r × r ) = 0 {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} \cdot \mathbf {L} =\mathbf {r} \cdot (\mathbf {r} \times \mathbf {p} )=\mathbf {p} \cdot (\mathbf {r} \times \mathbf {r} )=0} Consequently, the particle's position r (and hence velocity v) always lies in a plane perpendicular to L. === Polar coordinates === Since the mot... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
and azimuthal unit vectors. The radial unit vector is obtained by dividing the position vector r by its magnitude r, as described above r ^ = ( cos φ , sin φ ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {r}} =(\cos \varphi ,\ \sin \varphi )} The azimuthal unit vector is given by φ ^ = ( − sin φ , cos φ ) {\displaystyle {\hat... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
h h = r 2 φ ˙ = r v φ = | r × v | = v r ⊥ = L m {\displaystyle h=r^{2}{\dot {\varphi }}=rv_{\varphi }=\left|\mathbf {r} \times \mathbf {v} \right|=vr_{\perp }={\frac {L}{m}}} which equals the speed v times r⊥, the component of the radius vector perpendicular to the velocity. h is the magnitude of the specific angular m... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
of radius r. Since the angular velocity ω = v/r is constant, the area swept out in a time Δt equals ω r2Δt; hence, equal areas are swept out in equal times Δt. In uniform linear motion (i.e., motion in the absence of a force, by Newton's first law of motion), the particle moves with constant velocity, that is, with con... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
change of ξ is constant, its second derivative is zero d 2 ξ d τ 2 = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}\xi }{d\tau ^{2}}}=0} Since this is the acceleration in the ξ direction and since F=ma by Newton's second law, it follows that the force in the ξ direction is zero. Hence the force is only along the η direction, which is ... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
r d t 2 − h 2 r 3 d r d t ) d t = m 2 d [ ( d r d t ) 2 + ( h r ) 2 ] {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}F(r)\,dr&=F(r){\frac {dr}{dt}}\,dt\\&=m\left({\frac {dr}{dt}}{\frac {d^{2}r}{dt^{2}}}-{\frac {h^{2}}{r^{3}}}{\frac {dr}{dt}}\right)\,dt\\&={\frac {m}{2}}\,d\left[\left({\frac {dr}{dt}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {h}{r}}\ri... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
problem is said to be "integrable" if this final integration can be solved in terms of known functions. === Orbit of the particle === Take the scalar product of Newton's second law of motion with the particle's velocity where the force is obtained from the potential energy m r ¨ = F = − ∇ U ( r ) / ⋅ r ˙ {\displaystyle... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
( r ) ) = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}\left({\frac {1}{2}}m{\dot {\mathbf {r} }}^{2}+U(\mathbf {r} )\right)=0} The term in parentheses on the left hand side is a constant, label this with E t o t {\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {tot} }} , the total mechanical energy. Clearly, this is the sum of the kinetic energy and the... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
˙ ) 2 {\displaystyle {\dot {\mathbf {r} }}^{2}=v_{r}^{2}+v_{\varphi }^{2}={\dot {r}}^{2}+(r{\dot {\varphi }})^{2}} , so the energy equation may be simplified with the angular momentum as E t o t = 1 2 m r ˙ 2 + 1 2 m r 2 φ ˙ 2 + U ( r ) = 1 2 m r ˙ 2 + L 2 2 m r 2 + U ( r ) = 1 2 m r ˙ 2 + U e f f ( r ) {\displaystyle ... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
{2m}}}\int ^{r}{\frac {dr}{r^{2}{\sqrt {E_{\mathrm {tot} }-U_{\mathrm {eff} }(r)}}}}} Changing the variable of integration to the inverse radius yields the integral φ = φ 0 + ∫ u d u 2 m L 2 E t o t − 2 m L 2 U ( 1 / u ) − u 2 {\displaystyle \varphi =\varphi _{0}+\int ^{u}{\frac {du}{\sqrt {{\frac {2m}{L^{2}}}E_{\mathr... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
{m}{n}}} where m and n are integers. In that case, the radius oscillates exactly m times while the azimuthal angle φ makes exactly n revolutions. In general, however, Δφ/2π will not be such a rational number, and thus the orbit will not be closed. In that case, the particle will eventually pass arbitrarily close to eve... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
] {\displaystyle u(\varphi )=-{\frac {\alpha }{mh^{2}}}\left[1+e\cos \left(\varphi -\varphi _{0}\right)\right]} which shows that the orbit is a conic section of eccentricity e; here, φ0 is the initial angle, and the center of force is at the focus of the conic section. Using the half-angle formula for sine, this soluti... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
For a repulsive force (α > 0), u1 must be negative, since u2 is positive by definition and their sum is negative; hence, the orbit is a hyperbola. Naturally, if no force is present (α=0), the orbit is a straight line. === Central forces with exact solutions === The Binet equation for u(φ) can be solved numerically for ... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
r − 2 + C r − 4 + D r − 5 {\displaystyle F(r)=Ar^{-3}+Br^{-2}+Cr^{-4}+Dr^{-5}} F ( r ) = A r − 3 + B r − 2 + C r − 3 / 2 + D r − 5 / 2 {\displaystyle F(r)=Ar^{-3}+Br^{-2}+Cr^{-3/2}+Dr^{-5/2}} F ( r ) = A r − 3 + B r − 1 / 3 + C r − 5 / 3 + D r − 7 / 3 {\displaystyle F(r)=Ar^{-3}+Br^{-1/3}+Cr^{-5/3}+Dr^{-7/3}} The follo... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
k times faster than that of the first particle. In other words, the azimuthal angles of the two particles are related by the equation φ2(t) = k φ1(t). Newton showed that the force acting on the second particle equals the force F1(r) acting on the first particle, plus an inverse-cube central force F 2 ( r ) = F 1 ( r ) ... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
be constant between these time points. Thus, the vector rAB = rB − rA equals Δt times the velocity vector vAB (red line), whereas rBC = rC − rB equals vBCΔt (blue line). Since the velocity is constant between points, the force is assumed to act instantaneously at each new position; for example, the force acting on the ... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
the equations of motion == === Lagrangian mechanics === The formula for the radial force may also be obtained using Lagrangian mechanics. In polar coordinates, the Lagrangian L of a single particle in a potential energy field U(r) is given by L = 1 2 m r ˙ 2 + 1 2 m r 2 φ ˙ 2 − U ( r ) {\displaystyle L={\frac {1}{2}}m{... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
r m {\displaystyle {\frac {dr}{dt}}={\frac {\partial H}{\partial p_{r}}}={\frac {p_{r}}{m}}} Taking the second derivative of r with respect to time and using Hamilton's equation of motion for pr yields the radial-force equation d 2 r d t 2 = 1 m d p r d t = − 1 m ( ∂ H ∂ r ) = p φ 2 m 2 r 3 − 1 m d U d r = L 2 m 2 r 3 ... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
this equation for Sr yields S r ( r ) = 2 m ∫ d r E t o t − U ( r ) − L 2 2 m r 2 {\displaystyle S_{r}(r)={\sqrt {2m}}\int dr{\sqrt {E_{\mathrm {tot} }-U(r)-{\frac {L^{2}}{2mr^{2}}}}}} Taking the derivative of S with respect to L yields the orbital equation derived above φ 0 = ∂ S ∂ L = ∂ S φ ∂ L + ∂ S r ∂ L = φ − L 2 ... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
(help) == External links == Two-body Central Force Problems by D. E. Gary of the New Jersey Institute of Technology Motion in a Central-Force Field Archived 2018-09-21 at the Wayback Machine by A. Brizard of Saint Michael's College Motion under the Influence of a Central Force by G. W. Collins, II of Case Western Reser... | {
"page_id": 28113360,
"title": "Classical central-force problem"
} |
The Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden in Dresden (German: Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung) – in short IPF Dresden – is a non-university research institute and a member of the Leibniz Association. The IPF is carrying out fundamental as well as application-oriented research in all areas of polymer scien... | {
"page_id": 53672404,
"title": "Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research"
} |
Mechanical Science and Engineering). About 100 PhD students are permanently integrated in the research at the IPF and numerous diploma, master and bachelor theses are worked out and supervised here. Common projects include the Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, the Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD) and... | {
"page_id": 53672404,
"title": "Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research"
} |
industrial companies. == References == == External links == "Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V." Ipfdd.de. 2016-08-23. Retrieved 2017-04-03. | {
"page_id": 53672404,
"title": "Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research"
} |
Dan Meyerstein FRSC (Hebrew: דן מאירשטיין; born in 1938 in Jerusalem) is an Israeli academic and former president of Ariel University. == Biography == Meyerstein was born in Jerusalem in Mandatory Palestine. He earned an M.Sc. from The Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Physical Chemistry (1961), and a Ph.D. in chemistr... | {
"page_id": 15399382,
"title": "Dan Meyerstein"
} |
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), also known as human milk glycans, are short polymers of simple sugars that can be found in high concentrations in human breast milk. Human milk oligosaccharides promote the development of the immune system, can reduce the risk of pathogen infections and improve brain development and ... | {
"page_id": 48888279,
"title": "Human milk oligosaccharide"
} |
influence the reaction of specific cells of the immune system in a way that reduces inflammatory responses. It is also suspected that HMOs reduce the risk of premature infants becoming infected with the potentially life-threatening disease necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Some of the metabolites directly affect the ner... | {
"page_id": 48888279,
"title": "Human milk oligosaccharide"
} |
all women is 2′-fucosyllactose, which is present in human breast milk at a concentration of approximately 2.5 g/L; other abundant oligosacchadies include lacto-N-tetraose, lacto-N-neotetraose, and lacto-N-fucopentaose. It has been found by numerous studies that the concentration of each individual human milk oligosacch... | {
"page_id": 48888279,
"title": "Human milk oligosaccharide"
} |
global population of mothers do not have active FUT2 enzyme, but still have an active FUT3 enzyme, whereas 1% of mothers express neither FUT2 nor FUT3 enzymes. === Industrial large-scale synthesis === Human milk oligosaccharides can be synthesized in large quantities using precision industrial fermentation methods e.g.... | {
"page_id": 48888279,
"title": "Human milk oligosaccharide"
} |
The umbilical region is one of the nine regions of the abdomen. It is the region that surrounds the area around the umbilicus and is placed approximately halfway between the xiphoid process and the pubic symphysis. This region of the abdomen contains part of the stomach, the head of the pancreas, the duodenum, a sectio... | {
"page_id": 7993817,
"title": "Umbilical region"
} |
Chemical elements that have been mistakenly "discovered". Further investigation showed that their discovery was either mistaken, that they have been mistaken from an already-known element, or mixture of two elements, or that they indicated a failing in theory where a new element had been assumed rather than some previo... | {
"page_id": 47708636,
"title": "List of misidentified chemical elements"
} |
Ulrik Lund Andersen (born 1972 in Ikast) is a Danish physicist and professor of physics at the Department of Physics at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU), who researches quantum optics and quantum networks. He went to Ikast-Brande Gymnasium high school. He received a Master of Science in physics from DTU in 199... | {
"page_id": 67107294,
"title": "Ulrik Lund Andersen"
} |
Statistical energy analysis (SEA) is a method for predicting the transmission of sound and vibration through complex structural acoustic systems. The method is particularly well suited for quick system level response predictions at the early design stage of a product, and for predicting responses at higher frequencies.... | {
"page_id": 12581344,
"title": "Statistical energy analysis"
} |
it involves assumptions that have been the subject of considerable debate over many decades. The theory that combines deterministic finite element methods (FEM) and SEA was developed by Phil Shorter and Robin Langley and is called hybrid FEM/SEA theory. In recent years, alternative derivations of the SEA equations base... | {
"page_id": 12581344,
"title": "Statistical energy analysis"
} |
in the reverberant field of a particular source subsystem. The coupling loss factors are typically calculated by considering the way in which waves are scattered at different types of junctions (for example, point, line and area junctions). Strictly, SEA predicts the average response of a population or ensemble of syst... | {
"page_id": 12581344,
"title": "Statistical energy analysis"
} |
etc. Additional examples can be found in the proceedings of conferences such as INTERNOISE, NOISECON, EURONOISE, ICSV, NOVEM, SAE N&V. == Software implementations == Several commercial solutions for Statistical Energy Analysis are available: Actran SEA Module from Free Field Technologies, MSC Software, VA One SEA Modul... | {
"page_id": 12581344,
"title": "Statistical energy analysis"
} |
In molecular biology mir-361 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. For example, miR-361-5p might act as a suppressor in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) by targeting RQCD1 to inhibit the EGFR/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. == See al... | {
"page_id": 36370916,
"title": "Mir-361 microRNA precursor family"
} |
iC3b is a protein fragment that is part of the complement system, a component of the vertebrate immune system. iC3b is produced when complement factor I cleaves C3b. Complement receptors on white blood cells are able to bind iC3b, so iC3b functions as an opsonin. Unlike intact C3b, iC3b cannot associate with factor B, ... | {
"page_id": 14547429,
"title": "IC3b"
} |
Balasubramanian Sundaram is an Indian chemist. He holds a position at the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research in Bangalore. In 2011, he was awarded the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, the highest science award in India, in the chemical sciences category. == References == | {
"page_id": 33290724,
"title": "Balasubramanian Sundaram"
} |
Motexafin gadolinium (proposed tradename Xcytrin) is an inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase and ribonucleotide reductase. It has been proposed as a possible chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of brain metastases. == History == On May 9, 2006, a New Drug Application was submitted to the United States Food and Drug A... | {
"page_id": 10942957,
"title": "Motexafin gadolinium"
} |
Belt transects are used in biology, more specifically in biostatistics, to estimate the distribution of organisms in relation to a certain area, such as the seashore or a meadow. The belt transect method is similar to the line transect method but gives information on abundance as well as presence, or absence of species... | {
"page_id": 5044718,
"title": "Belt transect"
} |
In molecular biology mir-363 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-363 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36370930,
"title": "Mir-363 microRNA precursor family"
} |
In microbiology, sterility assurance level (SAL) is the probability that a single unit that has been subjected to sterilization nevertheless remains nonsterile. It is never possible to prove that all organisms have been destroyed, as the likelihood of survival of an individual microorganism is never zero. So SAL is use... | {
"page_id": 9763317,
"title": "Sterility assurance level"
} |
inactivated 90% of the biological agents in some unit, then the procedure can be correctly reported to have achieved a 1-log reduction, even though the probability that the unit is sterile is not 90% but 0. Because of all these ambiguities, contexts in which it is critical to prevent any confusion—such as in the settin... | {
"page_id": 9763317,
"title": "Sterility assurance level"
} |
A fragment separator is an ion-optical device used to focus and separate products from the collision of relativistic ion beams with thin targets. Selected products can then be studied individually. Fragment separators typically consist of a series of superconducting magnetic multipole elements. The thin target immediat... | {
"page_id": 13302262,
"title": "Fragment separator"
} |
Salt pork is salt-cured pork. It is usually prepared from pork belly, or, less commonly, fatback. Salt pork typically resembles uncut side bacon, but is fattier, being made from the lowest part of the belly, and saltier, as the cure is stronger and performed for longer, and never smoked. The fat on the meat is necessar... | {
"page_id": 25295351,
"title": "Salt pork"
} |
cured Pancetta – Italian bacon made of pork belly meat Petit Salé Salo – Eastern European traditional cured pork Tocino – Crunchy strips of skin and bacon cut from pork loin == References == | {
"page_id": 25295351,
"title": "Salt pork"
} |
Evolutionary Ecology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the study of ecology from an evolutionary perspective. It was established in 1987 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. The editor-in-chief is Matthew Symonds (Deakin University). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the ... | {
"page_id": 57801212,
"title": "Evolutionary Ecology (journal)"
} |
Isovaleryl-CoA (also known as 3-methylbutyryl-CoA) is a metabolic intermediate formed during the catabolism of the branched-chain amino acid, Leucine. It is a short-chain acyl-CoA thioester that plays a key role in mitochondrial energy metabolism. The compound is converted into 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA by the enzyme isoval... | {
"page_id": 11467262,
"title": "Isovaleryl-CoA"
} |
to form 3-methylglutaconyl-CoA, then is hydrated and cleaved into acetyl-CoA and acetoacetate - two energy rich molecules that enter tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and ketone body production == References == | {
"page_id": 11467262,
"title": "Isovaleryl-CoA"
} |
The Hubbard model is an approximate model used to describe the transition between conducting and insulating systems. It is particularly useful in solid-state physics. The model is named for John Hubbard. The Hubbard model states that each electron experiences competing forces: one pushes it to tunnel to neighboring ato... | {
"page_id": 1702398,
"title": "Hubbard model"
} |
even though they satisfy the usual criteria for conductors, such as having an odd number of electrons per unit cell. == History == The model was originally proposed in 1963 to describe electrons in solids. Hubbard, Martin Gutzwiller and Junjiro Kanamori each independently proposed it. Since then, it has been applied to... | {
"page_id": 1702398,
"title": "Hubbard model"
} |
between the strength of the hopping integral, which characterizes the system's kinetic energy, and the strength of the interaction term. The Hubbard model can therefore explain the transition from metal to insulator in certain interacting systems. For example, it has been used to describe metal oxides as they are heate... | {
"page_id": 1702398,
"title": "Hubbard model"
} |
second term is the on-site interaction of strength U {\displaystyle U} that represents the electron repulsion. Written out in second quantization notation, the Hubbard Hamiltonian then takes the form H ^ = − t ∑ i , σ ( c ^ i , σ † c ^ i + 1 , σ + c ^ i + 1 , σ † c ^ i , σ ) + U ∑ i n ^ i ↑ n ^ i ↓ , {\displaystyle {\h... | {
"page_id": 1702398,
"title": "Hubbard model"
} |
without affecting U {\displaystyle U} . In the limit where U / t ≫ 1 {\displaystyle U/t\gg 1} , the chain simply resolves into a set of isolated magnetic moments. If U / t {\displaystyle U/t} is not too large, the overlap integral provides for superexchange interactions between neighboring magnetic moments, which may l... | {
"page_id": 1702398,
"title": "Hubbard model"
} |
effects may be present and compete in complex ionic systems. == Numerical treatment == The fact that the Hubbard model has not been solved analytically in arbitrary dimensions has led to intense research into numerical methods for these strongly correlated electron systems. One major goal of this research is to determi... | {
"page_id": 1702398,
"title": "Hubbard model"
} |
Tungsten diselenide and tungsten sulfide were stacked. This created a moiré superlattice consisting of hexagonal supercells (repetition units defined by the relationship of the two materials). Each supercell then behaves as though it were a single atom. The distance between supercells is roughly 100x that of the atoms ... | {
"page_id": 1702398,
"title": "Hubbard model"
} |
Mp, Int. Press (?). 1995: cond–mat/9311033. arXiv:cond-mat/9311033. Bibcode:1993cond.mat.11033L. Gebhard, F. (1997). "Metal–Insulator Transition". The Mott Metal–Insulator Transition: Models and Methods. Springer Tracts in Modern Physics. Vol. 137. Springer. pp. 1–48. ISBN 9783540614814. Lieb, E. H.; Wu, F. Y. (2003). ... | {
"page_id": 1702398,
"title": "Hubbard model"
} |
Duodenal cytochrome B (Dcytb) also known as cytochrome b reductase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYBRD1 gene. Dcytb CYBRD1 was first identified as a ferric reductase enzyme which catalyzes the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ required for dietary iron absorption in the duodenum of mammals. Dcytb mRNA and pro... | {
"page_id": 6552064,
"title": "Duodenal cytochrome B"
} |
Osamu Hayaishi MJA (早石 修, Hayaishi Osamu, January 8, 1920 – December 17, 2015), was a Japanese biochemist, physiologist, and military physician. He discovered Oxygenases at the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, National Institutes of Health in 1955. Citing his "outstanding and pioneering contribut... | {
"page_id": 13302278,
"title": "Osamu Hayaishi"
} |
awarded several honors, including the Asahi Prize (1964), the Japan Academy Prize (1967), the Order of Culture (1972), the Louis and Bert Freedman Foundation Award from the New York Academy of Sciences (1976), the Wolf Prize in Medicine (1986), and the Distinguished Scientist Award of the World Federation of Sleep Rese... | {
"page_id": 13302278,
"title": "Osamu Hayaishi"
} |
In genetics, coverage is one of several measures of the depth or completeness of DNA sequencing, and is more specifically expressed in any of the following terms: Sequence coverage (or depth) is the number of unique reads that include a given nucleotide in the reconstructed sequence. Deep sequencing refers to the gener... | {
"page_id": 51902988,
"title": "Coverage (genetics)"
} |
Improving methods for RNA sequencing is an active area of research both in terms of experimental and computational methods. === Calculation === The average coverage for a whole genome can be calculated from the length of the original genome (G), the number of reads (N), and the average read length (L) as N × L / G {\te... | {
"page_id": 51902988,
"title": "Coverage (genetics)"
} |
Matte is a term used in the field of pyrometallurgy given to the molten metal sulfide phases typically formed during smelting of copper, nickel, and other base metals. Typically, a matte is the phase in which the principal metal being extracted is recovered prior to a final reduction process (usually converting) to pro... | {
"page_id": 9239056,
"title": "Matte (metallurgy)"
} |
Each species of slime mold has its own specific chemical messenger, which are collectively referred to as acrasins.[1] These chemicals signal that many individual cells aggregate to form a single large cell or plasmodium. One of the earliest acrasins to be identified was cyclic AMP, found in the species Dictyostelium d... | {
"page_id": 11336212,
"title": "Acrasin"
} |
Anthrozoology, also known as human–animal studies (HAS), is the subset of ethnobiology that deals with interactions between humans and other animals. It is an interdisciplinary field that overlaps with other disciplines including anthropology, ethnology, medicine, psychology, social work, veterinary medicine, and zoolo... | {
"page_id": 3209753,
"title": "Anthrozoology"
} |
self, and personhood in nonhuman animals The potential human health benefits of companion animal ownership Human–animal hybrids (where each cell has partly human and partly animal genetic contents) Human–animal chimeras (where some cells are human and some cells are animal in origin) == Growth of the field == There are... | {
"page_id": 3209753,
"title": "Anthrozoology"
} |
Animal Studies, who will be hosting the fellowship in conjunction with ASI. There are also a handful of HAS conferences per year, including those organized by ISAZ and NILAS, and the Minding Animals conference, held in 2009 in Australia. Finally, there are more HAS courses being taught now than ever before. The ASI web... | {
"page_id": 3209753,
"title": "Anthrozoology"
} |
Instance selection (or dataset reduction, or dataset condensation) is an important data pre-processing step that can be applied in many machine learning (or data mining) tasks. Approaches for instance selection can be applied for reducing the original dataset to a manageable volume, leading to a reduction of the comput... | {
"page_id": 53279262,
"title": "Instance selection"
} |
They do not reduce the data as the algorithms that select border instances, but they remove instances at the boundaries that have a negative impact on the data mining task. They can be used by other instance selection algorithms, as a filtering step. For example, the ENN algorithm is used by DROP3 as the first step, an... | {
"page_id": 53279262,
"title": "Instance selection"
} |
Megaherbivores (Greek μέγας megas "large" and Latin herbivora "herbivore") are large herbivores that can exceed 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) in weight. The earliest herbivores to reach such sizes like the parieasaurs appeared in the Permian period. During most of the Mesozoic, the megaherbivore niche was largely dominated by di... | {
"page_id": 72284706,
"title": "Megaherbivore"
} |
dicynodont that lived and became extinct in the Late Triassic. Some scientists have proposed that there was never a Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, but others argue that the extinctions occurred earlier. Nevertheless, flood basalts are thought to be the primary driver of the extinctions towards the end of the Trias... | {
"page_id": 72284706,
"title": "Megaherbivore"
} |
different species by the Late Pleistocene: Diprotodon, the largest marsupial to ever exist, was present across the entire Australian continent by the Late Pleistocene. Elsewhere, megaherbivores like glyptodonts were grazing herbivores, that possessed no incisor or canine teeth, but had cheek teeth that would have been ... | {
"page_id": 72284706,
"title": "Megaherbivore"
} |
hippopotamuses split apart. Giraffidae are a sister taxon to Antilocapridae, with an estimated split of more than 20 million years ago, according to a 2019 genome study. Rhinoceroses may originate from Hyrachyus, an animal whose remains date back to the late Eocene.: 17 Megaherbivores and other large herbivores are bec... | {
"page_id": 72284706,
"title": "Megaherbivore"
} |
up areas through feeding behavior, which over time clears vegetation, including invasive alien plants. The number of seeds that megaherbivores spread is greater than that of other frugivores. In addition, megaherbivore grazers, like the white rhino, have a profound impact on short grass. In one study, short grass becam... | {
"page_id": 72284706,
"title": "Megaherbivore"
} |
members, with a general weight range of 0.8–1.2 tons.: 14 === K-selection === Extant megaherbivores are K-selected species, meaning they have high life expectancies, slow population growth, large offspring, lengthy pregnancies, and low mortality rates. They have selected slow reproduction to enhance their survival chan... | {
"page_id": 72284706,
"title": "Megaherbivore"
} |
old, while elephants can live longer than 60 years. Giraffes have a lifespan of around 25 years.: 158 Around 2 to 5% of adult megaherbivores die each year. Males are more likely than females to die from wounds sustained during disputes. Occasionally, in times of drought, populations may significantly reduce, with calve... | {
"page_id": 72284706,
"title": "Megaherbivore"
} |
Mark Isaac-Williams (b. 16 November 1939) is an English botanical artist, horticulturalist, and orchid expert; he has published several books on the subject. == Early life and education == Williams was born in Hong Kong to British parents, father Leonard, a sea captain, and mother Margery Isaac. In June 1940 the Britis... | {
"page_id": 76806690,
"title": "Mark Isaac-Williams"
} |
Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden (KFBG). In 1979 Williams joined KFBG as a horticulturist, working alongside Barretto. On behalf of KFBG he travelled widely, including Australia, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, Nepal and Papua New Guinea, collecting orchid specimens and studying plants in their native environment. In 1984 ... | {
"page_id": 76806690,
"title": "Mark Isaac-Williams"
} |
Royal Horticultural Society Botanical Art and Photography Exhibition: 2016 – The Invasive Chinese Banyan Tree (Ficus macrocarpa) - silver-gilt medal 2017 – A variety of Asian bamboos - silver-gilt medal 2018 – The flower, the pollinator, and the fruit - bronze medal 2021 – Orchid species of Asia - silver medal == Publi... | {
"page_id": 76806690,
"title": "Mark Isaac-Williams"
} |
Cortical patterning is a field of developmental neuroscience which aims to determine how the various functional areas of the cerebral cortex are generated, what size and shape they will be, and how their spatial pattern across the surface of the cortex is specified. Early brain lesion studies indicated that different p... | {
"page_id": 51247656,
"title": "Cortical patterning"
} |
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