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within the thermal matter phase and thus are different from the high energy processes that can ensue in the early stages of the collisions when the nuclei crash into each other. The heavier, charm and bottom quarks are produced there dominantly. The study in relativistic nuclear (heavy ion) collisions of charmed and so...	{ "page_id": 23984205, "title": "Strangeness and quark–gluon plasma" }
that is extremely long compared with the nuclear-collision times. This makes it relatively easy to detect strange particles through the tracks left by their decay products. Consider as an example the decay of a negatively charged Ξ {\displaystyle \Xi } baryon (green in figure, dss), into a negative pion (ud) and a neut...	{ "page_id": 23984205, "title": "Strangeness and quark–gluon plasma" }
one, two and three strange or antistrange quarks were measured and this effect was demonstrated by the CERN WA97 experiment in time for the CERN announcement in 2000 of a possible quark–gluon plasma formation in its experiments. These results were elaborated by the successor collaboration NA57 as shown in the enhanceme...	{ "page_id": 23984205, "title": "Strangeness and quark–gluon plasma" }
(strange) particle spectra and large transverse momentum coverage reported by the ALICE Collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) allows in-depth exploration of lingering challenges, which always accompany new physics, and here in particular the questions surrounding strangeness signature. Among the most discuss...	{ "page_id": 23984205, "title": "Strangeness and quark–gluon plasma" }
\phi } ) compared to s s q {\displaystyle ssq} ( Ξ {\displaystyle \Xi } ) that requires two pairs minimum to be made. However, we also see an increase at very high volume—this is an effect at the level of one to two standard deviations. Similar results were already recognized before by Petran et al. Another highly prai...	{ "page_id": 23984205, "title": "Strangeness and quark–gluon plasma" }
a high density of strangeness present. This should lead to copious production of exotic heavy particles, for example Ds. Other heavy flavor particles, some which have not even been discovered at this time, are also likely to appear. == S–S and S–W collisions at SPS-CERN with projectile energy 200 GeV per nucleon on fix...	{ "page_id": 23984205, "title": "Strangeness and quark–gluon plasma" }
to be exceeded in order to form a domain in which quarks can move freely. It is natural to expect that if such a threshold exists the particle yields/ratios we have shown above should indicate that. One of the most accessible signatures would be the relative Kaon yield ratio. A possible structure has been predicted, an...	{ "page_id": 23984205, "title": "Strangeness and quark–gluon plasma" }
on the picture of confined and equilibrated hadron matter. In both cases one describes the data within the statistical thermal production model, but considerable differences in detail differentiate the nature of the source of these particles. The experimental groups working in the field also like to develop their own d...	{ "page_id": 23984205, "title": "Strangeness and quark–gluon plasma" }
The Feingold diet is an elimination diet initially devised by Benjamin Feingold following research in the 1970s that appeared to link food additives with hyperactivity; by eliminating these additives and various foods the diet was supposed to alleviate the condition. Popular in its day, the diet has since been referred...	{ "page_id": 3668047, "title": "Feingold diet" }
food intolerance and ADHD-like behavior in children. It is possible that certain food coloring may act as a trigger in those who are genetically predisposed, but the evidence is weak. == Reception == For decades, the Feingold Program required a significant change in family lifestyle because families were limited to a n...	{ "page_id": 3668047, "title": "Feingold diet" }
was arranged in January 1975, in Glen Cove, Long Island. There, the Nutrition Foundation attendees created what they called the National Advisory Committee. The committee widely published its preliminary report concluding that "no controlled studies have demonstrated that hyperkinesis is related to the ingestion of foo...	{ "page_id": 3668047, "title": "Feingold diet" }
In molecular biology, complementarity describes a relationship between two structures each following the lock-and-key principle. In nature complementarity is the base principle of DNA replication and transcription as it is a property shared between two DNA or RNA sequences, such that when they are aligned antiparallel ...	{ "page_id": 30865488, "title": "Complementarity (molecular biology)" }
between guanine and cytosine. The base complement A = T shares two hydrogen bonds, while the base pair G ≡ C has three hydrogen bonds. All other configurations between nucleobases would hinder double helix formation. DNA strands are oriented in opposite directions, they are said to be antiparallel. A complementary stra...	{ "page_id": 30865488, "title": "Complementarity (molecular biology)" }
techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction, PCR. Two strands of complementary sequence are referred to as sense and anti-sense. The sense strand is, generally, the transcribed sequence of DNA or the RNA that was generated in transcription, while the anti-sense strand is the strand that is complementary to the sen...	{ "page_id": 30865488, "title": "Complementarity (molecular biology)" }
antisense transcript acts as a stabilizer to the sense script. === miRNAs and siRNAs === miRNAs, microRNA, are short RNA sequences that are complementary to regions of a transcribed gene and have regulatory functions. Current research indicates that circulating miRNA may be utilized as novel biomarkers, hence show prom...	{ "page_id": 30865488, "title": "Complementarity (molecular biology)" }
hairpin. When two hairpins come into contact with each other in vivo, the complementary bases of the two strands form up and begin to unwind the hairpins until a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) complex is formed or the complex unwinds back to two separate strands due to mismatches in the hairpins. The secondary structure o...	{ "page_id": 30865488, "title": "Complementarity (molecular biology)" }
This process relies on the principle of DNA/RNA complementarity. The end product of the libraries is double stranded DNA, which may be inserted into plasmids. Hence, cDNA libraries are a powerful tool in modern research. === Ambiguity codes === When writing sequences for systematic biology it may be necessary to have I...	{ "page_id": 30865488, "title": "Complementarity (molecular biology)" }
Reverse complement tool Reverse Complement Tool @ DNA.UTAH.EDU Archived 2018-08-29 at the Wayback Machine	{ "page_id": 30865488, "title": "Complementarity (molecular biology)" }
Elisa Izaurralde (20 September 1959 in Montevideo, Uruguay – 30 April 2018 in Tübingen, Germany) was an Uruguayan biochemist and molecular biologist. She served as Director and Scientific Member of the Department of Biochemistry at the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology in Tübingen from 2005 until her death...	{ "page_id": 56621137, "title": "Elisa Izaurralde" }
later a senior scientist at EMBL before becoming Director of the Biochemistry Department at the Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology in Tübingen in 2005. She co-organized numerous meetings and conferences including multiple meetings on translational control and non-coding RNA at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,...	{ "page_id": 56621137, "title": "Elisa Izaurralde" }
Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO), 2000 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, German Research Foundation, 2008 Elected member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina, 2009 Ernst Jung Prize for Medicine, Jung Foundation for Science and Research, 2012 == Selected publications == Behm-Ansmant, Isabelle; Rehwinkel, Jan...	{ "page_id": 56621137, "title": "Elisa Izaurralde" }
The molecular formula C15H11ClN2O2 (molar mass: 286.71 g/mol) may refer to: Demoxepam Oxazepam	{ "page_id": 33749075, "title": "C15H11ClN2O2" }
In molecular biology mir-326 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-326 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36370516, "title": "Mir-326 microRNA precursor family" }
A living medicine is a type of biologic that consists of a living organism that is used to treat a disease. This usually takes the form of a cell (animal, bacterial, or fungal) or a virus that has been genetically engineered to possess therapeutic properties that is injected into a patient. Perhaps the oldest use of a ...	{ "page_id": 63567957, "title": "Living medicine" }
Makoto Kumada (熊田誠, Kumada Makoto, 17 January 1920 – 28 June 2007) was a Japanese chemist and was a Professor of Chemistry first at Osaka City University until his retirement in 1983 at Kyoto University in Japan. In 1972, Kumada's group reported nickel-catalyzed cross coupling reactions nearly concurrently with the Co...	{ "page_id": 15857750, "title": "Makoto Kumada" }
Nasalo or Nos is one of the oldest traditions in parts of Gilgit-Baltistan, in the northmost territories of Pakistan. In the winter (yoono), animals such as the Tibetan yak (Shina: bepo), oxen, and cows etc. are slaughtered, for dried meat and other processed food items prepared with the meat, such as warkì or ghittey,...	{ "page_id": 54589528, "title": "Nasalo" }
bonfire made of flambeaus commemorating the death of the cannibal king Shri Badat. Meanwhile, the people march towards the venue singing folk songs, and the entire place resounds with melodious and unique music by local musicians, and joyful dances are performed in a circle around the conflagration. The festival braces...	{ "page_id": 54589528, "title": "Nasalo" }
(locally called chitti) with a mixture of flesh and fat cut into pieces (or minced) and mixed with salt. The resulting mixture is usually added to vinegar and other spices, such as pepper, chilli and coriander. It can be eaten fresh (after cooking) or dried (then seasoned). Apart from this, boneless beef or mutton is c...	{ "page_id": 54589528, "title": "Nasalo" }
Micrographia: or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses. With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon is a historically significant book by Robert Hooke about his observations through various lenses. It was the first book to include illustrations of insects and plants as seen through m...	{ "page_id": 850009, "title": "Micrographia" }
Micrographia's illustrations of the miniature world captured the public's imagination in a radically new way; Samuel Pepys called it "the most ingenious book that ever I read in my life". == Methods == In 2007, Janice Neri, a professor of art history and visual culture, studied Hooke's artistic influences and processes...	{ "page_id": 850009, "title": "Micrographia" }
Machine Micrographia at the Internet Archive Micrographia public domain audiobook at LibriVox	{ "page_id": 850009, "title": "Micrographia" }
Glycosylamines are a class of biochemical compounds consisting of a glycosyl group attached to an amino group, -NR2. They are also known as N-glycosides, as they are a type of glycoside. Glycosyl groups can be derived from carbohydrates. The glycosyl group and amino group are connected with a β-N-glycosidic bond, formi...	{ "page_id": 522329, "title": "Glycosylamine" }
Gregory Grefenstette (born April 25, 1956) is a French-American researcher and professor of computer science, in particular of artificial intelligence and natural language processing. As of 2020, he is the chief scientific officer at Biggerpan, a company developing a predictive contextual engine for the mobile web. Gre...	{ "page_id": 54655067, "title": "Gregory Grefenstette" }
language processing research papers, Grefenstette is especially known for his work on cross-language information retrieval and distributional semantics. == Selected works == === Books === Grefenstette, Gregory; Wilber, Laura (2011). Search-based Applications: At the Confluence of Search and Database Technologies. Morga...	{ "page_id": 54655067, "title": "Gregory Grefenstette" }
ACM Multimedia Grand Challenge Bronze award 2009 ACM Multimedia Grand Challenge, most practical system award 2007 three-year grant by Lagardere Foundation for work on semantic maps 1978 ITT International Fellow to Belgium == References ==	{ "page_id": 54655067, "title": "Gregory Grefenstette" }
Sir Hans Leo Kornberg, FRS (14 January 1928 – 16 December 2019) was a British-American biochemist. He was Sir William Dunn Professor of Biochemistry in the University of Cambridge from 1975 to 1995, and Master of Christ's College, Cambridge from 1982 to 1995. == Early life and education == Kornberg was born in 1928 in ...	{ "page_id": 4388959, "title": "Hans Kornberg" }
of Leicester, which he held until 1975. Later, he was elected as Sir William Dunn Chair of Biochemistry at the University of Cambridge. Hans became a lecturer at Worcester College between 1958 and 1961, and was also the first person to receive The Biochemical Society's annual Colworth Medal on 1963. He received Christ'...	{ "page_id": 4388959, "title": "Hans Kornberg" }
External links == British Humanist Society Distinguished Supporters Jewish Year Book, 2005, p. 214: List of Jewish Fellows of the Royal Society Professor Sir Hans Kornberg FRS in Conversation with Sir James Baddiley FRS October 1990 Current research interests (Boston University Biology Department) Sir Hans Kornberg (Bo...	{ "page_id": 4388959, "title": "Hans Kornberg" }
Total ionic strength adjustment buffer (TISAB) is a buffer solution which increases the ionic strength of a solution to a relatively high level. This is important for potentiometric measurements, including ion selective electrodes, because they measure the activity of the analyte rather than its concentration. TISAB es...	{ "page_id": 5044322, "title": "Total ionic strength adjustment buffer" }
avoided by adding a small amount of ionic-strength buffer to the standards, so that the activity coefficients match more closely. Adding a TISAB buffer to increase the ionic strength of the solution helps to "fix" the ionic strength at a stable level, making a linear correlation between the logarithm of the concentrati...	{ "page_id": 5044322, "title": "Total ionic strength adjustment buffer" }
Diffusion-controlled (or diffusion-limited) reactions are reactions in which the reaction rate is equal to the rate of transport of the reactants through the reaction medium (usually a solution). The process of chemical reaction can be considered as involving the diffusion of reactants until they encounter each other i...	{ "page_id": 13301859, "title": "Diffusion-controlled reaction" }
the two molecules is R A B {\displaystyle R_{AB}} apart. If we assume a local steady state, then the rate at which B reaches R A B {\displaystyle R_{AB}} is the limiting factor and balances the reaction. Therefore, the steady state condition becomes 1. k [ B ] = − 4 π r 2 J B {\displaystyle k[B]=-4\pi r^{2}J_{B}} where...	{ "page_id": 13301859, "title": "Diffusion-controlled reaction" }
k [ B ] = 4 π r 2 D A B exp ⁡ ( − U ( r ) / k B T ) ⋅ d d r ( [ B ] ( r ) exp ⁡ ( U ( r ) / k B T ) {\displaystyle k[B]=4\pi r^{2}D_{AB}\exp(-U(r)/k_{B}T)\cdot {\frac {d}{dr}}([B](r)\exp(U(r)/k_{B}T)} . Rearranging 4 allows us to write 5. k [ B ] exp ⁡ ( U ( r ) / k B T ) 4 π r 2 D A B = d d r ( [ B ] ( r ) exp ⁡ ( U (...	{ "page_id": 13301859, "title": "Diffusion-controlled reaction" }
⁡ ( U ( r ) k B T d r ) {\displaystyle \beta ^{-1}=\int _{R_{AB}}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{r^{2}}}\exp({\frac {U(r)}{k_{B}T}}dr)} ) For the reaction between A and B, there is an inherent reaction constant k r {\displaystyle k_{r}} , so [ B ] ( R A B ) = k [ B ] / k r {\displaystyle [B](R_{AB})=k[B]/k_{r}} . Substituting thi...	{ "page_id": 13301859, "title": "Diffusion-controlled reaction" }
Stokes-Einstein equation describes a frictional force on a sphere of diameter R A {\displaystyle R_{A}} as D A = k B T 3 π R A η {\displaystyle D_{A}={\frac {k_{B}T}{3\pi R_{A}\eta }}} where η {\displaystyle \eta } is the viscosity of the solution. Inserting this into 9 gives an estimate for k D {\displaystyle k_{D}} a...	{ "page_id": 13301859, "title": "Diffusion-controlled reaction" }
The Yip1 domain family is a group of proteins involved in regulating secretory traffic in eukaryotes. The family consists of four members in yeast and nine members in humans. Family members have a shared architecture containing five transmembrane domains. == Evolution == Yip1 domain family members are found in all euka...	{ "page_id": 70973543, "title": "Yip1 domain family" }
of YipF2 hinders homologous recombinational repair of DNA, thus indicating that an intact Golgi apparatus containing YipF2 likely plays a role in maintaining genome integrity and in promoting a healthy lifespan. == Structure == Each Yip1 domain family protein contains five transmembrane domains, with the N-terminus exp...	{ "page_id": 70973543, "title": "Yip1 domain family" }
Potassium spatial buffering is a mechanism for the regulation of extracellular potassium concentration by astrocytes. Other mechanisms for astrocytic potassium clearance are carrier-operated or channel-operated potassium chloride uptake. The repolarization of neurons tends to raise potassium concentration in the extrac...	{ "page_id": 20445291, "title": "Potassium spatial buffering" }
tight control of potassium ions, the most widely accepted mechanism being K+ spatial buffering mechanism. Orkand and his colleagues who first theorized spatial buffering stated “if a Glial cell becomes depolarized by K+ that has accumulated in the clefts, the resulting current carries K+ inward in the high [K+] region ...	{ "page_id": 20445291, "title": "Potassium spatial buffering" }
dispersion of local potassium with little net gain of potassium ions within the glial cells, which in turn prevents swelling. Glial cell depolarization caused by neuronal activity releases potassium onto bloodstream, which was once widely hypothesized to be cause of vessel relaxation, was found to have little effect on...	{ "page_id": 20445291, "title": "Potassium spatial buffering" }
which are extensively linked by gap junctions. The panglial syncytium spreads through central nervous system where it provides metabolic and osmotic support, as well as ionic regulation of myelinated axons in white matter tracts. The three types of macroglial cells within network of panglial syncytium are astrocytes, o...	{ "page_id": 20445291, "title": "Potassium spatial buffering" }
emptied into vitreous humor. Similar distribution pattern of Kir channels could be found in amphibians. == History == Existence of potassium siphoning was first reported in 1966 study by Orkand et al. In the study, optic nerve of Necturus was dissected to document the long-distance movement of potassium after the nerve...	{ "page_id": 20445291, "title": "Potassium spatial buffering" }
TSC2 gene often results in decreased expression of the astrocytic connexin protein, Cx43. With impairment in gap junction coupling between astrocytes, myriad of abnormalities in potassium buffering occurs which results in increased extracellular potassium concentration and may predispose to neuronal hyperexcitability a...	{ "page_id": 20445291, "title": "Potassium spatial buffering" }
The PanCam (Panoramic Camera) assembly is a set of two wide angle cameras for multi-spectral stereoscopic panoramic imaging, and a high resolution camera for colour imaging that has been designed to search for textural information or shapes that can be related to the presence of microorganisms on Mars. This camera asse...	{ "page_id": 36763756, "title": "PanCam" }
to house PanCam and provide protection. == See also == Astrobiology Life on Mars Planetary habitability == References ==	{ "page_id": 36763756, "title": "PanCam" }
The molecular formula C19H24N2O3 (molar mass: 328.4 g/mol, exact mass: 328.1787 u) may refer to: Labetalol Omzotirome TRC-150094	{ "page_id": 36698220, "title": "C19H24N2O3" }
The molecular formula C24H31NO3 (molar mass: 381.51 g/mol, exact mass: 381.2304 u) may refer to: Ansofaxine, or 4-methylbenzoate desvenlafaxine Pipoxizine	{ "page_id": 44890222, "title": "C24H31NO3" }
Etiocholanolone glucuronide (ETIO-G) is an endogenous, naturally occurring metabolite of testosterone. It is formed in the liver from etiocholanolone by UDP-glucuronyltransferases. ETIO-G has much higher water solubility than etiocholanolone and is eventually excreted in the urine via the kidneys. Along with androstero...	{ "page_id": 52492399, "title": "Etiocholanolone glucuronide" }
Proton emission (also known as proton radioactivity) is a rare type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a nucleus. Proton emission can occur from high-lying excited states in a nucleus following a beta decay, in which case the process is known as beta-delayed proton emission, or can occur from the gr...	{ "page_id": 391278, "title": "Proton emission" }
it was experimentally determined (at the same facility) that zinc-54 can also undergo double proton decay. == See also == Nuclear drip line Diproton (a particle possibly involved in double proton decay) Free neutron Neutron emission Photodisintegration == References == == External links == Nuclear Structure and Decay D...	{ "page_id": 391278, "title": "Proton emission" }
Di-positronium, or dipositronium, is an exotic molecule consisting of two atoms of positronium. It was predicted to exist in 1946 by John Archibald Wheeler, and subsequently studied theoretically, but was not observed until 2007 in an experiment performed by David Cassidy and Allen Mills at the University of California...	{ "page_id": 13236337, "title": "Di-positronium" }
Neutron emission is a mode of radioactive decay in which one or more neutrons are ejected from a nucleus. It occurs in the most neutron-rich/proton-deficient nuclides, and also from excited states of other nuclides as in photoneutron emission and beta-delayed neutron emission. As only a neutron is lost by this process ...	{ "page_id": 391283, "title": "Neutron emission" }
neutron source in nuclear reactors. Another nuclide, 181Ta, is also known to be readily capable of photodisintegration; this process is thought to be responsible for the creation of 180mTa, the only primordial nuclear isomer and the rarest primordial nuclide. == Beta-delayed neutron emission == Neutron emission usually...	{ "page_id": 391283, "title": "Neutron emission" }
released in a nuclear chain reaction in a delayed way due to the mechanism of neutron emission, and it is this fraction of neutrons that allows a nuclear reactor to be controlled on human reaction time-scales, without proceeding to a prompt critical state, and runaway melt down. == Neutron emission in fission == === In...	{ "page_id": 391283, "title": "Neutron emission" }
The Dialectical Biologist is a 1985 book by the ecologist Richard Levins and the biologist Richard Lewontin, in which the authors sketch a dialectical approach to biology. They see "dialectics" more as a set of questions to ask about biological research, a weapon against dogmatism, than as a set of pre-determined answe...	{ "page_id": 38271095, "title": "The Dialectical Biologist" }
Axillary nerve dysfunction is any disorder caused by damage to the axillary nerve. The axillary nerve is a branch of the brachial plexus that innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles. This nerve can be injured or damaged in a variety of ways - penetrating injury such as knife or gunshot wounds, surgical trauma, s...	{ "page_id": 5896315, "title": "Axillary nerve dysfunction" }
The Alfredo di Braccio Award is a prestigious prize for young Italian scientists given by the Italian Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. == Award winners == Every year a top young chemist or physicist receives this honor for their research. 2008 Chemistry prize was awarded to Lorenzo Malavasi (University of Pavia, Italy) ...	{ "page_id": 28047484, "title": "Alfredo di Braccio Award" }
Integrated discrete Multiple Organ Culture (IdMOC) is an in vitro, cell culture based experimental model for the study of intercellular communication. In conventional in vitro systems, each cell type is studied in isolation ignoring critical interactions between organs or cell types. IdMOC technology is based on the co...	{ "page_id": 14350461, "title": "IdMOC" }
External links == http://www.apsciences.com http://www.invitroadmet.com "Scientist shows the way to take guinea pigs off lab," Karthika Gopalakrishnan. The Times of India. 17 February 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2015.	{ "page_id": 14350461, "title": "IdMOC" }
In molecular biology mir-330 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-330 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36370558, "title": "Mir-330 microRNA precursor family" }
The Enzyme Commission number (EC number) is a numerical classification scheme for enzymes, based on the chemical reactions they catalyze. As a system of enzyme nomenclature, every EC number is associated with a recommended name for the corresponding enzyme-catalyzed reaction. EC numbers do not specify enzymes but enzym...	{ "page_id": 194690, "title": "Enzyme Commission number" }
or no clue as to what reaction was catalyzed were in common use. Most of these names have fallen into disuse, though a few, especially proteolyic enzymes with very low specificity, such as pepsin and papain, are still used, as rational classification on the basis of specificity has been very difficult. By the 1950s the...	{ "page_id": 194690, "title": "Enzyme Commission number" }
The molecular formula C25H34O5 (molar mass: 414.53 g/mol, exact mass: 414.2406 u) may refer to: 9,11-Dehydrocortexolone 17α-butyrate THC hemisuccinate	{ "page_id": 52754564, "title": "C25H34O5" }
The Stebbins system is an angiosperm plants classification drawn up by the American botanist G. Ledyard Stebbins (1906–2000). The system was published in the book Flowering plants: evolution above the species level (1974), and was followed by Vernon Heywood (b. 1927) in his Flowering plants of the world (1978). == Clas...	{ "page_id": 50067589, "title": "Stebbins system" }
Centrifugal force is a fictitious force in Newtonian mechanics (also called an "inertial" or "pseudo" force) that appears to act on all objects when viewed in a rotating frame of reference. It appears to be directed radially away from the axis of rotation of the frame. The magnitude of the centrifugal force F on an obj...	{ "page_id": 19265670, "title": "Centrifugal force" }
might be called, a subject about which I have more to say than I am able to do at present. But, in order that those interested in these things can sooner enjoy these new and not useless speculations, and in order that their publication not be prevented by some accident, I have decided, contrary to my plan, to add this ...	{ "page_id": 19265670, "title": "Centrifugal force" }
take on their simplest form, and in particular, frames that do not use centrifugal forces in their equations of motion in order to describe motions correctly. Around 1914, the analogy between centrifugal force (sometimes used to create artificial gravity) and gravitational forces led to the equivalence principle of gen...	{ "page_id": 19265670, "title": "Centrifugal force" }
well-known than centripetal force. Motion relative to a rotating frame results in another fictitious force: the Coriolis force. If the rate of rotation of the frame changes, a third fictitious force (the Euler force) is required. These fictitious forces are necessary for the formulation of correct equations of motion i...	{ "page_id": 19265670, "title": "Centrifugal force" }
Newton's third law says that the seat pushes them towards the left. The centrifugal force must be included in the passenger's reference frame (in which the passenger remains at rest): it counteracts the leftward force applied to the passenger by the seat, and explains why this otherwise unbalanced force does not cause ...	{ "page_id": 19265670, "title": "Centrifugal force" }
above. In this inertial frame, the concept of centrifugal force is not required as all motion can be properly described using only real forces and Newton's laws of motion. In a frame of reference rotating with the stone around the same axis as the stone, the stone is stationary. However, the force applied by the string...	{ "page_id": 19265670, "title": "Centrifugal force" }
at one of the Earth's poles, there are two forces acting on the object: the Earth's gravity, which acts in a downward direction, and the equal and opposite restoring force in the spring, acting upward. Since the object is stationary and not accelerating, there is no net force acting on the object and the force from the...	{ "page_id": 19265670, "title": "Centrifugal force" }
because the Earth is not a perfect sphere, so an object at the poles is slightly closer to the center of the Earth than one at the equator; this effect combines with the centrifugal force to produce the observed weight difference. == Formulation == For the following formalism, the rotating frame of reference is regarde...	{ "page_id": 19265670, "title": "Centrifugal force" }
to the rate of rotation and is directed along the axis of rotation according to the right-hand rule. === Acceleration === Newton's law of motion for a particle of mass m written in vector form is: F = m a , {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}=m{\boldsymbol {a}}\ ,} where F is the vector sum of the physical forces applied ...	{ "page_id": 19265670, "title": "Centrifugal force" }
2 ω × [ d r d t ] + ω × ( ω × r ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\boldsymbol {a}}&={\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}{\boldsymbol {r}}}{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}{\frac {\mathrm {d} {\boldsymbol {r}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left(\left[{\frac {\mathrm {d} {\boldsymb...	{ "page_id": 19265670, "title": "Centrifugal force" }
d t × r ) ⏟ Euler + ( − 2 m ω × [ d r d t ] ) ⏟ Coriolis + ( − m ω × ( ω × r ) ) ⏟ centrifugal = m [ d 2 r d t 2 ] . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}+\underbrace {\left(-m{\frac {\mathrm {d} {\boldsymbol {\omega }}}{\mathrm {d} t}}\times {\boldsymbol {r}}\right)} _{\text{Euler}}+\underbrace {\left(-2m{\boldsymbol {\ome...	{ "page_id": 19265670, "title": "Centrifugal force" }
centrifugal force and all other fictitious forces disappear. Similarly, as the centrifugal force is proportional to the distance from object to the axis of rotation of the frame, the centrifugal force vanishes for objects that lie upon the axis. === Potential === The centrifugal force per unit mass can also be derived ...	{ "page_id": 19265670, "title": "Centrifugal force" }
to be invoked. Within this view of physics, any other phenomenon that is usually attributed to centrifugal force can be used to identify absolute rotation. For example, the oblateness of a sphere of freely flowing material is often explained in terms of centrifugal force. The oblate spheroid shape reflects, following C...	{ "page_id": 19265670, "title": "Centrifugal force" }
the centrifuge, the centrifugal force induces a hydrostatic pressure gradient in fluid-filled tubes oriented perpendicular to the axis of rotation, giving rise to large buoyant forces which push low-density particles inward. Elements or particles denser than the fluid move outward under the influence of the centrifugal...	{ "page_id": 19265670, "title": "Centrifugal force" }
the fictitious centrifugal force derived in a co-rotating frame. However, the Lagrangian use of "centrifugal force" in other, more general cases has only a limited connection to the Newtonian definition. === As a reactive force === In another instance the term refers to the reaction force to a centripetal force, or rea...	{ "page_id": 19265670, "title": "Centrifugal force" }
The Orthokaryotes (Cavalier-Smith 2017) are a proposed Eukaryote clade consisting of the Jakobea and the Neokaryotes. Together with its sister Discicristata it forms a basal Eukaryote clade. They are characterized by stacked Golgi, orthogonal centrioles, and two opposite posterior ciliary roots. == Taxonomy == A propos...	{ "page_id": 55376008, "title": "Orthokaryotes" }
The Importance Value Index (IVI) in Ecology is the quantitative measure of how dominant a species is in a given ecosystem. It combines multiple parameters to reflect a species' overall dominance, helping to describe the structure and composition of ecosystems. == Components == The IVI is calculated by summing three rel...	{ "page_id": 70187145, "title": "Importance Value Index" }
It may not be directly comparable across different ecosystem types. == See also == Ecological dominance Biodiversity == References ==	{ "page_id": 70187145, "title": "Importance Value Index" }
In chemistry, the Fischer projection, devised by Emil Fischer in 1891, is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional organic molecule by projection. Fischer projections were originally proposed for the depiction of carbohydrates and used by chemists, particularly in organic chemistry and biochemistry. The ...	{ "page_id": 522378, "title": "Fischer projection" }
of the Fischer projection, and those that face toward the viewer are placed in the horizontal position of the Fischer projection. Each intersection between a horizontal and vertical line on the Fischer projection represents a carbon in the main carbon chain. Fischer projections are effective representations of 3D molec...	{ "page_id": 522378, "title": "Fischer projection" }
For a more accurate representation of an open-chain molecule, a Natta projection may be used. According to IUPAC rules, all hydrogen atoms should preferably be drawn explicitly; in particular, the hydrogen atoms of the end group of carbohydrates should be present. In this regard Fischer projection is different from ske...	{ "page_id": 522378, "title": "Fischer projection" }
wedges and dashes if needed. After this, the priority of each of the groups bonded to the carbon are ranked and the chirality is determined in the standard fashion. While there is no significant difference in the actual process of determining chirality, Fischer Projections allow one to better visualize where substituen...	{ "page_id": 522378, "title": "Fischer projection" }
Butyrolactone may refer to: beta-Butyrolactone gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL)	{ "page_id": 1702030, "title": "Butyrolactone" }
FAT TOM is a mnemonic device used in the food service industry to describe the six favorable conditions required for the growth of foodborne pathogens. It is an acronym for food, acidity, time, temperature, oxygen and moisture. == Conditions == Each of the six conditions that foster the growth foodborne pathogens are d...	{ "page_id": 19069079, "title": "FAT TOM" }
Isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) is a molecular biology reagent. This compound is a molecular mimic of allolactose, a lactose metabolite that triggers transcription of the lac operon, and it is therefore used to induce protein expression where the gene is under the control of the lac operator. == Mechanism ...	{ "page_id": 1570968, "title": "Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside" }
concentration of IPTG may be necessary. In blue-white screen, IPTG is used together with X-gal. Blue-white screen allows colonies that have been transformed with the recombinant plasmid rather than a non-recombinant one to be identified in cloning experiments. == References == == External links == IPTG bound to protein...	{ "page_id": 1570968, "title": "Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside" }

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