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of a process occurring in some intervening medium which does not itself thereby become hot." Maxwell writes that convection as such "is not a purely thermal phenomenon". In thermodynamics, convection in general is regarded as transport of internal energy. If, however, the convection is enclosed and circulatory, then it...	{ "page_id": 19593167, "title": "Heat" }
and is envisaged as being repeated indefinitely often. Work transfers between the working body and the work reservoir are envisaged as reversible, and thus only one work reservoir is needed. But two thermal reservoirs are needed, because transfer of energy as heat is irreversible. A single cycle sees energy taken by th...	{ "page_id": 19593167, "title": "Heat" }
is because work is supplied from the work reservoir, not just by a simple thermodynamic process, but by a cycle of thermodynamic operations and processes, which may be regarded as directed by an animate or harnessing agency. Accordingly, the cycle is still in accord with the second law of thermodynamics. The 'efficienc...	{ "page_id": 19593167, "title": "Heat" }
was taken by the founders of thermodynamics in the nineteenth century. It regards quantity of energy transferred as heat as a primitive concept coherent with a primitive concept of temperature, measured primarily by calorimetry. A calorimeter is a body in the surroundings of the system, with its own temperature and int...	{ "page_id": 19593167, "title": "Heat" }
such as gradient of chemical potential which drives transfer of matter, and gradient of electric potential which drives electric current and iontophoresis; such effects usually interact with diffusive flux of internal energy driven by temperature gradient, and such interactions are known as cross-effects. If cross-effe...	{ "page_id": 19593167, "title": "Heat" }
is therefore more accurately called diffusive flux of internal energy; such usage of the term "heat flux" is a residue of older and now obsolete language usage that allowed that a body may have a "heat content". === Microscopic view === In the kinetic theory, heat is explained in terms of the microscopic motions and in...	{ "page_id": 19593167, "title": "Heat" }
of the idea of quantity of heat transferred in a process. The transferred heat is measured by changes in a body of known properties, for example, temperature rise, change in volume or length, or phase change, such as melting of ice. A calculation of quantity of heat transferred can rely on a hypothetical quantity of en...	{ "page_id": 19593167, "title": "Heat" }
not do so at every time within the complicated convective process. == Latent and sensible heat == In an 1847 lecture entitled On Matter, Living Force, and Heat, James Prescott Joule characterized the terms latent heat and sensible heat as components of heat each affecting distinct physical phenomena, namely the potenti...	{ "page_id": 19593167, "title": "Heat" }
expand on heating. In this circumstance, heating a body at a constant volume increases the pressure it exerts on its constraining walls, while heating at a constant pressure increases its volume. Beyond this, most substances have three ordinarily recognized states of matter, solid, liquid, and gas. Some can also exist ...	{ "page_id": 19593167, "title": "Heat" }
It cannot be used as a thermometric substance near that temperature. Also, over a certain temperature range, ice contracts on heating. Moreover, many substances can exist in metastable states, such as with negative pressure, that survive only transiently and in very special conditions. Such facts, sometimes called 'ano...	{ "page_id": 19593167, "title": "Heat" }
regular enough, and persists long enough to allow it to reach thermal equilibrium with a specified thermometer, then it has a temperature according to that thermometer. An empirical thermometer registers degree of hotness for such a system. Such a temperature is called empirical. For example, Truesdell writes about cla...	{ "page_id": 19593167, "title": "Heat" }
of thermodynamics needs explicit statement. That is to say, the relation 'is not colder than' between general non-equilibrium physical systems is not transitive, whereas, in contrast, the relation 'has no lower a temperature than' between thermodynamic systems in their own states of internal thermodynamic equilibrium i...	{ "page_id": 19593167, "title": "Heat" }
as to express a definition of quantity of energy transferred as heat, based purely on the concept of adiabatic work, if it is supposed that ΔU is defined and measured solely by processes of adiabatic work: Q = Δ U + W . {\displaystyle Q=\Delta U+W.} The thermodynamic work done by the system is through mechanisms define...	{ "page_id": 19593167, "title": "Heat" }
(quasistatic) boundary, the work differential, δW, and the pressure, P, combine to form the exact differential d V = δ W P , {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} V={\frac {\delta W}{P}},} with V the volume of the system, which is a state variable. In general, for systems of uniform pressure and temperature without composition ch...	{ "page_id": 19593167, "title": "Heat" }
) . {\displaystyle \Delta H=\Delta U+\Delta (PV)\,.} If this is constrained to happen at constant pressure, i.e. with ΔP = 0, the expansion work W done by the body is given by W = P ΔV; recalling the first law of thermodynamics, one has Δ U = Q − W = Q − P Δ V and Δ ( P V ) = P Δ V . {\displaystyle \Delta U=Q-W=Q-P\,\D...	{ "page_id": 19593167, "title": "Heat" }
is identically stated by ( ∂ H ∂ S ) P ≡ T ( S , P ) . {\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial H}{\partial S}}\right)_{P}\equiv T(S,P)\,.} Consequently, Δ H = ∫ S 1 S 2 T ( S , P ) d S at constant pressure without electrical work. {\displaystyle \Delta H=\int _{S_{1}}^{S_{2}}T(S,P)\mathrm {d} S\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\...	{ "page_id": 19593167, "title": "Heat" }
m = Δ S c o m p e n s a t e d + Δ S u n c o m p e n s a t e d with Δ S c o m p e n s a t e d = − Δ S s u r r o u n d i n g s . {\displaystyle \Delta S_{\mathrm {system} }=\Delta S_{\mathrm {compensated} }+\Delta S_{\mathrm {uncompensated} }\,\,\,\,{\text{with}}\,\,\,\,\Delta S_{\mathrm {compensated} }=-\Delta S_{\mathr...	{ "page_id": 19593167, "title": "Heat" }
the surroundings: Δ S o v e r a l l > 0. {\displaystyle \Delta S_{\mathrm {overall} }>0.} For purposes of mathematical analysis of transfers, one thinks of fictive processes that are called reversible, with the temperature T of the system being hardly less than that of the surroundings, and the transfer taking place at...	{ "page_id": 19593167, "title": "Heat" }
have near enough the same temperature T. Then one writes d S = d S e + d S i , {\displaystyle \mathrm {d} S=\mathrm {d} S_{\mathrm {e} }+\mathrm {d} S_{\mathrm {i} }\,,} where by definition δ Q = T d S e and d S i ≡ d S u n c o m p e n s a t e d . {\displaystyle \delta Q=T\,\mathrm {d} S_{\mathrm {e} }\,\,\,\,\,{\text{...	{ "page_id": 19593167, "title": "Heat" }
The PAQUID (or Paquid) cohort is a group of 3,777 individuals aged 65 years or older who were studied from 1988 until 2004. Researchers selected participants for the group from at least 91 different areas of southwestern France to study the effects of different environmental, behavioral, and social vectors of age-relat...	{ "page_id": 24246230, "title": "PAQUID cohort" }
Sir Ian Morris Heilbron DSO FRS (6 November 1886 – 14 September 1959) was a Scottish chemist, who pioneered organic chemistry developed for therapeutic and industrial use. == Early life and education == Heilbron was born in Glasgow on 6 November 1886 to a wine merchant (David Heilbron) and his wife (Fanny Jessel). He w...	{ "page_id": 4388824, "title": "Ian Heilbron" }
Professor of organic chemistry, Royal Technical College, 1919–20 Professor, University of Liverpool, 1920–33 (Heath Harrison Chair of Organic Chemistry) Professor, University of Manchester, 1933-8 (Sir Samuel Hall Chair of Chemistry, 1935-8) Professor of Organic Chemistry and Director of the Laboratories, Imperial Coll...	{ "page_id": 4388824, "title": "Ian Heilbron" }
a Knight Bachelor 1951: Royal Medal from the Royal Society == References ==	{ "page_id": 4388824, "title": "Ian Heilbron" }
The Strasbourg Agreement of 27 August 1675 is the first international agreement banning the use of chemical weapons. The treaty was signed between France and the Holy Roman Empire, and was created in response to the use of poisoned bullets. The use of this weaponry was preceded by Leonardo da Vinci's invention of arsen...	{ "page_id": 3471321, "title": "Strasbourg Agreement (1675)" }
A heuristic or heuristic technique (problem solving, mental shortcut, rule of thumb) is any approach to problem solving that employs a pragmatic method that is not fully optimized, perfected, or rationalized, but is nevertheless "good enough" as an approximation or attribute substitution. Where finding an optimal solut...	{ "page_id": 63452, "title": "Heuristic" }
Dual process theory concerns embodied heuristics. == Heuristic rigour models == Lakatosian heuristics is based on the key term: Justification (epistemology). === One-reason decisions === One-reason decisions are algorithms that are made of three rules: search rules, confirmation rules (stopping), and decision rules Tak...	{ "page_id": 63452, "title": "Heuristic" }
– Perception or knowledge of something Base and superstructure – Model of society in Marxist theory Social organism – Model of social interactions Dialectic – Method of reasoning via argumentation and contradiction Continuum limit – Continuum limit in lattice models Johari window – Technique in personality development ...	{ "page_id": 63452, "title": "Heuristic" }
that showed that we operate within what he calls bounded rationality. He coined the term satisficing, which denotes a situation in which people seek solutions, or accept choices or judgements, that are "good enough" for their purposes although they could be optimised. Rudolf Groner analysed the history of heuristics fr...	{ "page_id": 63452, "title": "Heuristic" }
not despite their simplicity – but because of it. Furthermore, Gigerenzer and Wolfgang Gaissmaier found that both individuals and organisations rely on heuristics in an adaptive way. === Cognitive-experiential self-theory === Heuristics, through greater refinement and research, have begun to be applied to other theorie...	{ "page_id": 63452, "title": "Heuristic" }
in certain cases can lead to systematic errors or cognitive biases. === Philosophy === A heuristic device is used when an entity X exists to enable understanding of, or knowledge concerning, some other entity Y. A good example is a model that, as it is never identical with what it models, is a heuristic device to enabl...	{ "page_id": 63452, "title": "Heuristic" }
enough to make decisions involving the risks of alcohol consumption. However, assuming people mature at different rates, the specific age of 21 would be too late for some and too early for others. In this case, the somewhat arbitrary delineation is used because it is impossible or impractical to tell whether an individ...	{ "page_id": 63452, "title": "Heuristic" }
different lengths of time. === Artificial intelligence === The bias–variance tradeoff gives insight into describing the less-is-more strategy. A heuristic can be used in artificial intelligence systems while searching a solution space. The heuristic is derived by using some function that is put into the system by the d...	{ "page_id": 63452, "title": "Heuristic" }
it comes to mind. == Stereotyping == Stereotyping is a type of heuristic that people use to form opinions or make judgements about things they have never seen or experienced. They work as a mental shortcut to assess everything from the social status of a person (based on their actions), to classifying a plant as a tree...	{ "page_id": 63452, "title": "Heuristic" }
Theory of brain function Principle of good enough – Principle of social research Priority heuristic Prospect theory – Theory of behavioral economics Rule-based system – Type of computer system Rule of inference – Method of deriving conclusions SCAMPER – SCAMPER is an acronym for the creative development process propose...	{ "page_id": 63452, "title": "Heuristic" }
John Beatty (born 1951) is a professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, British Columbia. He received his PhD in 1979 in the History and Philosophy of Science at Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. His research focuses on the theoretical foundations, methodology,...	{ "page_id": 11270115, "title": "John Beatty (philosopher)" }
Basophils are a type of white blood cell. Basophils are the least common type of granulocyte, representing about 0.5% to 1% of circulating white blood cells. They are the largest type of granulocyte. They are responsible for inflammatory reactions during immune response, as well as in the formation of acute and chronic...	{ "page_id": 391141, "title": "Basophil" }
of inflammatory reactions, particularly those that cause allergic symptoms. Basophils contain anticoagulant heparin, which prevents blood from clotting too quickly. They also contain the vasodilator histamine, which promotes blood flow to tissues. They can be found in unusually high numbers at sites of ectoparasite inf...	{ "page_id": 391141, "title": "Basophil" }
the critical cytokines in the development of allergies and the production of IgE antibody by the immune system. There are other substances that can activate basophils to secrete which suggests that these cells have other roles in inflammation. The degranulation of basophils can be investigated in vitro by using flow cy...	{ "page_id": 391141, "title": "Basophil" }
and pronunciation == The word basophil uses combining forms of baso- + -phil, yielding "base-loving". == Additional images == == See also == Allergy Diamine oxidase Eosinophil Food intolerance Histamine Histamine intolerance Histamine N-methyltransferase or HNMT Mast cell List of distinct cell types in the adult human ...	{ "page_id": 391141, "title": "Basophil" }
24-n-Propylcholestane is a sterane biomarker molecule often found in marine source rocks. It is a C30 molecule, meaning that it is composed of thirty carbon atoms, and is one of the leading ways to distinguish a marine source rock from a terrigenous sample. It is composed of three six-carbon rings and one five-carbon r...	{ "page_id": 52623333, "title": "24-n-Propylcholestane" }
Plant-animal interactions are important pathways for the transfer of energy within ecosystems, where both advantageous and unfavorable interactions support ecosystem health. Plant-animal interactions can take on important ecological functions and manifest in a variety of combinations of favorable and unfavorable associ...	{ "page_id": 73201639, "title": "Plant–animal interaction" }
from the latter and in exchange acts as a plant propagation agent and a gene-transfer vector. The intricate web of species-specificity, habitat choice, and coevolution between plants and their pollinators has already been clarified by studies examining the feeding behaviors of pollinators and their interactive role in ...	{ "page_id": 73201639, "title": "Plant–animal interaction" }
pollinator (bee, butterfly, beetle, hummingbird, etc.) receives nourishment in exchange for carrying the plants' pollen from flower to flower (usually nectar or pollen). Another common method of seed dispersion involves an alliance between the plant and the animal that disperses the seeds. The tasty fruit that encases ...	{ "page_id": 73201639, "title": "Plant–animal interaction" }
In molecular biology mir-301 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-301 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36370406, "title": "Mir-301 microRNA precursor family" }
Ronald Micura is an Austrian chemist. He received his PhD working in the field of phycobilin pigments under the supervision of Karl Grubmayr in 1995. He was awarded the Lieben Prize in 2005. Micura studied chemistry at the University of Linz, where he also received his Ph.D. in 1995. After a postdoc position at the Uni...	{ "page_id": 16709606, "title": "Ronald Micura" }
Kenkichi Sonogashira (薗頭健吉, Sonogashira Kenkichi, born 25 October 1931) is a Japanese chemist and was a professor of chemistry at Osaka University in Japan. He discovered the Sonogashira coupling in 1975. Sonogashira was later a professor at Osaka City University and retired in 2004. == See also == Richard F. Heck Mak...	{ "page_id": 15857645, "title": "Kenkichi Sonogashira" }
Vashti A. Sawtelle is an American scholar of physics education focusing on learning environments, equity and diversity, and student retention in physics. She is an associate professor of physics and astronomy in Lyman Briggs College at Michigan State University, and co-director of the Physics Education Research Lab at ...	{ "page_id": 78706670, "title": "Vashti Sawtelle" }
The slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis or SRS-A is a mixture of the leukotrienes LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4. Mast cells secrete it during the anaphylactic reaction, inducing inflammation. It can be found in basophils. It induces prolonged, slow contraction of smooth muscle and has a major bronchoconstrictor role in asthma...	{ "page_id": 8452079, "title": "Slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis" }
Electrochemistry, a branch of chemistry, went through several changes during its evolution from early principles related to magnets in the early 16th and 17th centuries, to complex theories involving conductivity, electric charge and mathematical methods. The term electrochemistry was used to describe electrical phenom...	{ "page_id": 3733488, "title": "History of electrochemistry" }
In 1709, Francis Hauksbee at the Royal Society in London discovered that by putting a small amount of mercury in the glass of Von Guericke's generator and evacuating the air from it, it would glow whenever the ball built up a charge and his hand was touching the globe. He had created the first gas-discharge lamp. Betwe...	{ "page_id": 3733488, "title": "History of electrochemistry" }
which showed electric charge using electrostatic attraction and repulsion. Nollet is reputed to be the first to apply the name "Leyden jar" to the first device for storing electricity. Nollet's invention was replaced by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure's electrometer in 1766. By the 1740s, William Watson had conducted sever...	{ "page_id": 3733488, "title": "History of electrochemistry" }
to measure the electrical forces involved in Priestley's law. He also established the inverse square law of attraction and repulsion magnetic poles, which became the basis for the mathematical theory of magnetic forces developed by Siméon Denis Poisson. Coulomb wrote seven important works on electricity and magnetism w...	{ "page_id": 3733488, "title": "History of electrochemistry" }
form that is produced by lightning and the "artificial" form that is produced by friction (static electricity). He considered the brain to be the most important organ for the secretion of this "electric fluid" and that the nerves conducted the fluid to the muscles. He believed the tissues acted similarly to the outer a...	{ "page_id": 3733488, "title": "History of electrochemistry" }
electric battery capable of mass production. Like Volta, Cruickshank arranged square copper plates, which he soldered at their ends, together with plates of zinc of equal size. These plates were placed into a long rectangular wooden box which was sealed with cement. Grooves inside the box held the metal plates in posit...	{ "page_id": 3733488, "title": "History of electrochemistry" }
each of the line wires. The passage of current caused the acid to decompose chemically, and the message was read by observing at which of the terminals the bubbles of gas appeared. This is how he was able to send messages, one letter at a time. Humphry Davy's work with electrolysis led to conclusion that the production...	{ "page_id": 3733488, "title": "History of electrochemistry" }
combustion. A modified form of this apparatus was employed in 1823 in volatilising and fusing carbon. It was with these batteries that the first use of voltaic electricity for blasting under water was made in 1831. In 1821, the Estonian-German physicist, Thomas Johann Seebeck, demonstrated the electrical potential in t...	{ "page_id": 3733488, "title": "History of electrochemistry" }
be constant for an hour, the first instance of "constant current". He applied the results of his study of thermoelectricity to the construction of an electric thermometer, and measured the temperatures of the interior of animals, of the soil at different depths, and of the atmosphere at different heights. He helped val...	{ "page_id": 3733488, "title": "History of electrochemistry" }
the different parts of atoms migrating in opposite directions. The amount of electricity that passed, then, was clearly related to the chemical affinities of the substances in solution. These experiments led directly to Faraday's two laws of electrochemistry which state: The amount of a substance deposited on each elec...	{ "page_id": 3733488, "title": "History of electrochemistry" }
through water splits the water into its component parts of hydrogen and oxygen. So, Grove tried reversing the reaction—combining hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity and water. Eventually the term fuel cell was coined in 1889 by Ludwig Mond and Charles Langer, who attempted to build the first practical device usi...	{ "page_id": 3733488, "title": "History of electrochemistry" }
1853 Hittorf noticed that some ions traveled more rapidly than others. This observation led to the concept of transport number, the rate at which particular ions carried the electric current. Hittorf measured the changes in the concentration of electrolysed solutions, computed from these the transport numbers (relative...	{ "page_id": 3733488, "title": "History of electrochemistry" }
only the electric current, as in electrolysis, but also of the chemical activity. The relation between the actual number of ions and their number at great dilution (when all the molecules were dissociated) gave a quantity of special interest ("activity constant"). The race for the commercially viable production of alum...	{ "page_id": 3733488, "title": "History of electrochemistry" }
current produced could be used to calculate the free energy change in the chemical reaction producing the current. He constructed an equation, known as Nernst Equation, which describes the relation of a battery cell's voltage to its properties. In 1898 Fritz Haber published his textbook, Electrochemistry: Grundriss der...	{ "page_id": 3733488, "title": "History of electrochemistry" }
weight was plotted versus applied voltage to obtain the curve. In 1921, Heyrovský had the idea of measuring the current flowing through the cell instead of just studying drop-time. On February 10, 1922, the "polarograph" was born as Heyrovský recorded the current-voltage curve for a solution of 1 mol/L NaOH. Heyrovský ...	{ "page_id": 3733488, "title": "History of electrochemistry" }
and theory" (2 volumes), translated by N. P. Date. It was published for the Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation, Washington, DC, by Amerind Publ. Co., New Delhi, 1980.	{ "page_id": 3733488, "title": "History of electrochemistry" }
Thermal motion is able to produce capillary waves at the molecular scale. At this scale, gravity and hydrodynamics can be neglected, and only the surface tension contribution is relevant. Capillary wave theory (CWT) is a classic account of how thermal fluctuations distort an interface. It starts from some intrinsic sur...	{ "page_id": 16840689, "title": "Thermal capillary wave" }
one molecular diameter for areas larger than about 1 mm2 (Ref. 2). == References == == See also == Capillary wave	{ "page_id": 16840689, "title": "Thermal capillary wave" }
A learning automaton is one type of machine learning algorithm studied since 1970s. Learning automata select their current action based on past experiences from the environment. It will fall into the range of reinforcement learning if the environment is stochastic and a Markov decision process (MDP) is used. == History...	{ "page_id": 3274742, "title": "Learning automaton" }
p(t+1) from p(t), the current input, and the current state, and a function G: Φ → α which generates the output at each time step. In their paper, they investigate only stochastic automata with r = s and G being bijective, allowing them to confuse actions and states. The states of such an automaton correspond to the sta...	{ "page_id": 3274742, "title": "Learning automaton" }
and Evaluation of ATM and IP Networks, pp 56/1-56/12, Ilkley, UK. Aranzulla P and Mellor J (1997): "Comparing two routing algorithms requiring reduced signalling when applied to ATM networks", Proc. Fourteenth UK Teletraffic Symposium on Performance Engineering in Information Systems, pp 20/1-20/4, UMIST, Manchester, U...	{ "page_id": 3274742, "title": "Learning automaton" }
In statistical mechanics the hypernetted-chain equation is a closure relation to solve the Ornstein–Zernike equation which relates the direct correlation function to the total correlation function. It is commonly used in fluid theory to obtain e.g. expressions for the radial distribution function. It is given by: ln ⁡ ...	{ "page_id": 15398902, "title": "Hypernetted-chain equation" }
r e c t ( r ) {\displaystyle g_{\rm {indirect}}(r)} is the radial distribution function without the direct interaction between pairs u ( r ) {\displaystyle u(r)} included; i.e. we write g i n d i r e c t ( r ) = exp ⁡ { − β [ w ( r ) − u ( r ) ] } {\displaystyle g_{\rm {indirect}}(r)=\exp\{-\beta [w(r)-u(r)]\}} . Thus ...	{ "page_id": 15398902, "title": "Hypernetted-chain equation" }
( r ) = ln ⁡ y ( r ) . {\displaystyle h(r)-c(r)=g(r)-1-c(r)=\ln y(r).} If we substitute this result in the Ornstein–Zernike equation h ( r 12 ) − c ( r 12 ) = ρ ∫ c ( r 13 ) h ( r 23 ) d r 3 , {\displaystyle h(r_{12})-c(r_{12})=\rho \int c(r_{13})h(r_{23})d\mathbf {r} _{3},} one obtains the hypernetted-chain equation: ...	{ "page_id": 15398902, "title": "Hypernetted-chain equation" }
The worst-case analysis regulation was promulgated in 1979 by the US Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). The regulation is one of many implementing the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and it sets out the formal procedure a US government agency must follow when confronted with gaps in relevant information ...	{ "page_id": 21690360, "title": "Worst-case analysis" }
Cranial evolutionary allometry (CREA) is a scientific theory regarding trends in the shape of mammalian skulls during the course of evolution in accordance with body size (i.e., allometry). Specifically, the theory posits that there is a propensity among closely related mammalian groups for the skulls of the smaller sp...	{ "page_id": 58128377, "title": "Cranial evolutionary allometry" }
The Colworth Medal is awarded annually by the Biochemical Society to an outstanding research biochemist under the age of 35 and working mainly in the United Kingdom. The award is one of the most prestigious recognitions for young scientists in the UK, and was established by Tony James FRS at Unilever Research and Henry...	{ "page_id": 29358074, "title": "Colworth Medal" }
Harold Joseph Morowitz (December 4, 1927 – March 22, 2016) was an American biophysicist who studied the application of thermodynamics to living systems. Author of numerous books and articles, his work includes technical monographs as well as essays. The origin of life was his primary research interest for more than fif...	{ "page_id": 34928636, "title": "Harold J. Morowitz" }
Morowitz may have discovered a "fourth law of thermodynamics" when, in 1968, he found that, "in steady state systems, the flow of energy through the system from a source to a sink will lead to at least one cycle in the system." Eric D. Schneider, for example, says, "Morowitz's cycling theorem is the best candidate for ...	{ "page_id": 34928636, "title": "Harold J. Morowitz" }
a somewhat whimsical collection of essays entitled “Mayonnaise and the Origin of Life”. Morowitz’s testimony was related to the aspect of the case dealing with abiogenesis, “the emergence of life from nonlife.” In support of creationism, the argument had been made that the second law of thermodynamics precludes that ab...	{ "page_id": 34928636, "title": "Harold J. Morowitz" }
et Biophysica Acta, Volume 29, Issue 3 (September 1958), pp. 514–521. doi: 10.1016/0006-3002(58)90007-6 Morowitz, Harold (1966). “The Minimum Size of Cells”, pp. 446–477. In: Wolstenholme, G. E. W. and O'Connor, Maeve (Eds.), Ciba Foundation Symposium: Principles of Biomolecular Organization, Ciba Foundation, 1966. doi...	{ "page_id": 34928636, "title": "Harold J. Morowitz" }
of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere, Vol. 19, Issues 3-5 (May 1989), pp. 295–296. doi: 10.1007/BF02388856 Morowitz, Harold. J. (1994). “Artificial biochemistry, life before enzymes”, pp. 381–388. In: Langton, Christopher G. (Ed.), Artificial Life III: Proceedings of the Workshop on Artificial Life, Held June 1992 in...	{ "page_id": 34928636, "title": "Harold J. Morowitz" }
Srinivasan, Vijayasarathy, and Smith, Eric (2004). “A Paradigm Shift in Biochemistry”, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, Vol. 90, No. 3 (Autumn 2004), pp. 58–66. JSTOR: 24531013 Smith, D. Eric and Morowitz, Harold J. (2004). “Searching for the Laws of Life”, SFI bulletin, winter 2004, pp. 16–23. Copley, Sh...	{ "page_id": 34928636, "title": "Harold J. Morowitz" }
(2009). “The Canonical Network of Autotrophic Intermediary Metabolism: Minimal Metabolome of a Reductive Chemoautotroph”, Biological Bulletin, Vol. 216, No. 2 (April 2009), pp. 126–130. doi: 10.1086/BBLv216n2p126 Srinivasan, Vijayasarathy and Morowitz, Harold J. (2009). “Analysis of the Intermediary Metabolism of a Red...	{ "page_id": 34928636, "title": "Harold J. Morowitz" }
Mathematical Biology. Blaisdell Publishing Co., 1965, Waterman, T. and Morowitz, H., Editors. Energy Flow in Biology. Academic Press, 1968, Morowitz, Harold J. Entropy for Biologists. Academic Press, 1970, Morowitz, Harold J. Foundations of Bioenergetics. Academic Press, 1978, Morowitz, Harold J. Models for Biomedical ...	{ "page_id": 34928636, "title": "Harold J. Morowitz" }
== External links == Harold Morowitz Papers 1944-2016	{ "page_id": 34928636, "title": "Harold J. Morowitz" }
The 19th century American paleontologist Othniel Charles Marsh had named and first described Stegosaurus in 1877, originally interpreted from incomplete fossil remains as an aquatic reptile with turtle-like armor plates that lay flat on its back. Later discoveries allowed Marsh to restore Stegosaurus more accurately as...	{ "page_id": 8583165, "title": "Stegosaurus in popular culture" }
constructed out 45 steel plates bolted together, the monumental piece, painted a bright orange-red, was installed in Burr Mall in Hartford, Connecticut in 1973, placed near a fountain as if to suggest an animal approaching for a drink. The work was commissioned as a memorial to Alfred E. Burr, who founded the Hartford ...	{ "page_id": 8583165, "title": "Stegosaurus in popular culture" }
teeth might turn out to be small dermal spines, similar to those of some types of fishes. In 1884, however, he reidentified the cylindrical teeth found with the first Stegosaurus bones as those of the sauropod dinosaur Diplodocus, later given the species name Diplodocus lacustris. Work at the original fossil site in 20...	{ "page_id": 8583165, "title": "Stegosaurus in popular culture" }
Augustus Lucas, then with the National Museum of Natural History. This illustration would later be the basis of the stop-motion Stegosaurus puppet used in the 1933 film King Kong. Again under Lucas, Knight revised his version of Stegosaurus two years later, producing a model with a staggered double row of plates. Knigh...	{ "page_id": 8583165, "title": "Stegosaurus in popular culture" }
Paul Jonas for the Sinclair Oil Corporation as part of their Dinoland exhibit at the 1964 New York World’s Fair. The Sinclair Oil Corporation had adopted a Brontosaurus as its emblem in the early 1930s, alluding to the prehistoric source of underground petroleum (actually formed from marine microrganisms, not terrestri...	{ "page_id": 8583165, "title": "Stegosaurus in popular culture" }
many ways outdated Tyrannosaurus and Brontosaurus World’s Fair models (now on display at Dinosaur Valley State Park in Texas), the Jonas Stegosaurus model still looks reasonably accurate based on modern research, apart from the drooping tail (actually held straight) and the vertical tail spikes (now thought to be angle...	{ "page_id": 8583165, "title": "Stegosaurus in popular culture" }
a small woodlouse land crustacean from Africa with "paired triangular plate-like processes" on its body segments. Other organisms with names evoking a resemblance to Stegosaurus in some way include the species Tambja stegosauriformis Pola, Cervera & Gosliner 2005 (a nudibranch), Coleophora stegosaurus Falkovitsh 1972 (...	{ "page_id": 8583165, "title": "Stegosaurus in popular culture" }
An epiphytic fungus is a fungus that grows upon, or attached to, a living plant. The term epiphytic derives from the Greek epi- (meaning 'upon') and phyton (meaning 'plant'). == Examples == Many examples of epiphytic microorganisms exist. The ergoline alkaloids found in Convolvulaceae are produced by a seed-transmitted...	{ "page_id": 9762814, "title": "Epiphytic fungus" }
Organopolonium chemistry describes the synthesis and properties of chemical compounds containing a carbon to polonium chemical bond. As polonium is a highly radioactive element (its most commonly used isotope, 210Po, has a half-life of about 138 days), organopolonium chemistry is mostly unexplored, and what is known is...	{ "page_id": 63633407, "title": "Organopolonium chemistry" }
Life on Earth: A Natural History by David Attenborough is a British television natural history series made by the BBC in association with Warner Bros. Television and Reiner Moritz Productions. It was transmitted in the UK from 16 January 1979. During the course of the series presenter David Attenborough, following the ...	{ "page_id": 325634, "title": "Life on Earth (TV series)" }
the motion of bats' wings in flight, a slow-motion sequence was filmed in a wind tunnel. The series was also the first to include footage of a live (although dying) coelacanth. The cameramen took advantage of improved film stock to produce some of the sharpest and most colourful wildlife footage that had been seen to d...	{ "page_id": 325634, "title": "Life on Earth (TV series)" }
be with the gorilla. The male is an enormously powerful creature but he only uses his strength when he is protecting his family and it is very rare that there is violence within the group. So it seems really very unfair that man should have chosen the gorilla to symbolise everything that is aggressive and violent, when...	{ "page_id": 325634, "title": "Life on Earth (TV series)" }
the British Film Institute in 2000, voted for by industry professionals, Life on Earth was placed 32nd. == Episodes == == 1997 revision == A shortened series, using the footage and commentary from the original, was aired in 1997, edited down to three episodes: early life forms, plants, insects, and amphibians in the fi...	{ "page_id": 325634, "title": "Life on Earth (TV series)" }
orchestra. It made possible all sorts of marvellous explorations of new sounds which could then be made into music." The score was never intended to be released commercially, but Williams had 100 copies pressed as gifts for the musicians involved. One of these LPs found its way into the hands of Jonny Trunk, owner of i...	{ "page_id": 325634, "title": "Life on Earth (TV series)" }
Pleiotropy (from Ancient Greek πλείων (pleíōn) 'more' and τρόπος (trópos) 'turn, way, manner, style') is a condition in which a single gene or genetic variant influences multiple phenotypic traits. A gene that has such multiple effects is referred to as a pleiotropic gene. Mutations in pleiotropic genes can impact seve...	{ "page_id": 1505283, "title": "Pleiotropy" }
be deleterious, especially when they negatively affect essential traits. Genetic correlations and responses to selection most often exemplify pleiotropy. Pleiotropy is widespread in the genome, with many genes influencing biological traits and pathways. Understanding pleiotropy is crucial in genome- wide association st...	{ "page_id": 1505283, "title": "Pleiotropy" }

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