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Luche reduction is the selective organic reduction of α,β-unsaturated ketones to allylic alcohols. The active reductant is described as "cerium borohydride", which is generated in situ from NaBH4 and CeCl3(H2O)7. The Luche reduction can be conducted chemoselectively toward ketone in the presence of aldehydes or towards... | {
"page_id": 16578455,
"title": "Luche reduction"
} |
UIMA ( yoo-EE-mə), short for Unstructured Information Management Architecture, is an OASIS standard for content analytics, originally developed at IBM. It provides a component software architecture for the development, discovery, composition, and deployment of multi-modal analytics for the analysis of unstructured info... | {
"page_id": 2422681,
"title": "UIMA"
} |
A globoid is a spherical crystalline inclusion in a protein body found in seed tissues that contains phytate and other nutrients for plant growth. These are found in several plants, including wheat and the genus Cucurbita. These nutrients are eventually completely depleted during seedling growth. In Cucurbita maxima, g... | {
"page_id": 41678745,
"title": "Globoid (botany)"
} |
In molecular biology mir-84 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-84 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36370332,
"title": "Mir-84 microRNA precursor family"
} |
Delta-v (also known as "change in velocity"), symbolized as Δ v {\textstyle {\Delta v}} and pronounced /dɛltə viː/, as used in spacecraft flight dynamics, is a measure of the impulse per unit of spacecraft mass that is needed to perform a maneuver such as launching from or landing on a planet or moon, or an in-space or... | {
"page_id": 194465,
"title": "Delta-v"
} |
t 0 t 1 | v ˙ | d t {\displaystyle \Delta {v}=\int _{t_{0}}^{t_{1}}\left|{\dot {v}}\right|\,dt} where v ˙ {\displaystyle {\dot {v}}} is the coordinate acceleration. When thrust is applied in a constant direction (v/|v| is constant) this simplifies to: Δ v = | v 1 − v 0 | {\displaystyle \Delta {v}=|v_{1}-v_{0}|} which... | {
"page_id": 194465,
"title": "Delta-v"
} |
time t 0 {\displaystyle t_{0}\,} and ending at t1 as Changing the integration variable from time t to the spacecraft mass m one gets Assuming v exh {\displaystyle v_{\text{exh}}\,} to be a constant not depending on the amount of fuel left this relation is integrated to which is the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation. If for e... | {
"page_id": 194465,
"title": "Delta-v"
} |
over several hours around the nodes this approximation is fair. == Production == Delta-v is typically provided by the thrust of a rocket engine, but can be created by other engines. The time-rate of change of delta-v is the magnitude of the acceleration caused by the engines, i.e., the thrust per total vehicle mass. Th... | {
"page_id": 194465,
"title": "Delta-v"
} |
of the two maneuvers. This is convenient since it means that delta-v can be calculated and simply added and the mass ratio calculated only for the overall vehicle for the entire mission. Thus delta-v is commonly quoted rather than mass ratios which would require multiplication. == Delta-v budgets == When designing a tr... | {
"page_id": 194465,
"title": "Delta-v"
} |
also required to keep satellites in orbit and is expended in propulsive orbital stationkeeping maneuvers. Since the propellant load on most satellites cannot be replenished, the amount of propellant initially loaded on a satellite may well determine its useful lifetime. === Oberth effect === From power considerations, ... | {
"page_id": 194465,
"title": "Delta-v"
} |
transfer orbit L4/5 Earth–Moon L4L5 Lagrangian point LEO Low Earth orbit === LEO reentry === For example the Soyuz spacecraft makes a de-orbit from the ISS in two steps. First, it needs a delta-v of 2.18 m/s for a safe separation from the space station. Then it needs another 128 m/s for reentry. == See also == == Refer... | {
"page_id": 194465,
"title": "Delta-v"
} |
Richard Neil Zare (born November 19, 1939, in Cleveland, Ohio) is the Marguerite Blake Wilbur Professor in Natural Science and a Professor of Chemistry at Stanford University. Throughout his career, Zare has made a considerable impact in physical chemistry and analytical chemistry, particularly through the development ... | {
"page_id": 4454307,
"title": "Richard Zare"
} |
accepted a position as a full professor of chemistry at Stanford University, becoming the Marguerite Blake Wilbur Professor in Natural Science in 1987. He served as chair of the chemistry department from 2005 to 2011. Zare served on the National Science Board (NSB) of the National Science Foundation (NSF) from 1990 to ... | {
"page_id": 4454307,
"title": "Richard Zare"
} |
up the potential for a wide variety of fluid applications, including the detection of single molecules in liquids at room-temperature and detection methods for capillary electrophoresis. Zare and his coworkers have combined CCD imaging with LIF detection to detect amol and zeptamole amounts of FITC-labelled amino acids... | {
"page_id": 4454307,
"title": "Richard Zare"
} |
of angular momentum in quantum systems that is considered a classic for its explanations of angular momentum algebra and the fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy. He is an author or co-author of more than 1,000 peer-reviewed papers. === Selected publications === Zare, RN; Fernández, FM; Kimmel, JR (January 3, 2003). ... | {
"page_id": 4454307,
"title": "Richard Zare"
} |
Angular momentum. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-19249-7. Yeung, Edward S.; Zare, Richard N. (2008). Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry, Volume 1. Annual Reviews Inc., U.S. ISBN 978-0-8243-4401-6. == Awards, honors and fellowships == == References == == External links == Richard Zare's film collection at Stanford U... | {
"page_id": 4454307,
"title": "Richard Zare"
} |
Patrick A. Lee (born 8 September 1946, British Hong Kong) is a professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). After spending ten years with the Theoretical Physics Department at Bell Laboratories, Lee joined MIT in 1982. He has contributed to the field of "mesoscopic physics," or the study of ... | {
"page_id": 17037221,
"title": "Patrick A. Lee"
} |
A. (1996-01-15). "Theory of Underdoped Cuprates". Physical Review Letters. 76 (3): 503–506. arXiv:cond-mat/9506065. Bibcode:1996PhRvL..76..503W. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.76.503. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 10061473. S2CID 11642652. Lee, Patrick A. (1993-09-20). "Localized states in ad-wave superconductor". Physical Review Lett... | {
"page_id": 17037221,
"title": "Patrick A. Lee"
} |
SimAnt: The Electronic Ant Colony is a 1991 life simulation video game by Maxis and the company's third product, focusing on the lifecycle of ants. It was designed by Will Wright. In 1992, it was named "Best Simulation Game" at the Software Publishers Association's Codie awards. SimAnt was re-released in 1993 as part o... | {
"page_id": 194471,
"title": "SimAnt"
} |
a single ant at a time, indicated by a yellow color, and may switch control to a different ant at any time by either double-clicking the desired ant or choosing Exchange from the Yellow Ant menu and clicking on it. The player's yellow ant may influence the behavior of other black ants by leaving pheromone trails to des... | {
"page_id": 194471,
"title": "SimAnt"
} |
of experimental tools. These tools allow the player to place pheromone trails, maze walls, rocks, ants, pesticides and food. The boxed game comes with a thoroughly researched instruction manual, which covers game mechanics, and contains a large amount of information regarding ants and ant societies. == Development == S... | {
"page_id": 194471,
"title": "SimAnt"
} |
be "kind of the myrmecologist" or "the premier myrmecologist" and referencing his work was paramount to building a model for the game. He was particularly interested in Wilson's explorations of emergence whereby individual ants performing basic tasks can collectively accomplish very complex goals. Using Wilson's scient... | {
"page_id": 194471,
"title": "SimAnt"
} |
for the North American Super Nintendo Entertainment System in November 1993. SimAnt saw several re-releases on PC. An enhanced CD-ROM version from November 1993 featured Super VGA graphic, digital sound, 20 minutes of full-motion video, and an avatar named SimAntha to entertain and guide the player. The game was includ... | {
"page_id": 194471,
"title": "SimAnt"
} |
"too simple" and lacking the same level of creativity and personal imprinting of the original SimCity. Though not as popular with the targeted adult demographic, the lower complexity of SimAnt ultimately connected best with children, specifically boys aged ten to thirteen years of age. Misgauging a game's core audience... | {
"page_id": 194471,
"title": "SimAnt"
} |
Viruses are a major cause of human waterborne and water-related diseases. Waterborne diseases are caused by water that is contaminated by human and animal urine and feces that contain pathogenic microorganisms. A subject can get infected through contact with or consumption of the contaminated water. Viruses affect all ... | {
"page_id": 39319467,
"title": "Human viruses in water"
} |
many other virus strains have replaced enteroviruses as the main aim for detection in the water environment. == History == === Major outbreaks === Water virology was born after a large hepatitis outbreak transmitted through water was confirmed in New Delhi between December 1955 and January 1956. Viruses can cause massi... | {
"page_id": 39319467,
"title": "Human viruses in water"
} |
diseases that affect human beings. For example, hepatitis, gastroenteritis, meningitis, fever, rash, and conjunctivitis can all be spread through contaminated water. More viruses are being discovered in water because of new detection and characterization methods, although only some of these viruses are human pathogens.... | {
"page_id": 39319467,
"title": "Human viruses in water"
} |
called photodynamic inactivation but the length and intensity of the light exposure can change the inactivation rate. === pH === The pH of most natural water is between 5–9. Enteric viruses are stable in these conditions. On the other hand, many enteric viruses are more stable at pH 3-5 than at pH 9 and 12. Enterovirus... | {
"page_id": 39319467,
"title": "Human viruses in water"
} |
humans from pathogenic viruses will increase if precautions are not taken. Scientific studies suggest that the most common viruses found are caliciviruses, astroviruses and enteric viruses. Laboratories are still looking for improved methods to detect these pathogenic viruses. Reducing the amount of viruses in drinking... | {
"page_id": 39319467,
"title": "Human viruses in water"
} |
in the world are related to the lack of safe drinking water. Unsafe water leads to the 88% of the global cases of diarrhea and 90% of the deaths of diarreaheal diseases in children under five years old. Most of these deaths occur in developing countries due to poverty and the high cost of safe water. An article publish... | {
"page_id": 39319467,
"title": "Human viruses in water"
} |
A ramicolous lichen is one that lives on branches. == References == === Sources === | {
"page_id": 73922479,
"title": "Ramicolous lichen"
} |
The European Society for Evolutionary Biology (ESEB) was founded on 28 August 1987 in Basel (Switzerland), with ~ 450 evolutionary biologists attending the inaugural congress of the Society; Arthur Cain became the Society’s first president. The founding of the ESEB was closely linked to the launching of the Society’s j... | {
"page_id": 522160,
"title": "European Society for Evolutionary Biology"
} |
behavior, genetics, ecology, life histories, development, paleontology, systematics, and morphology. The society organizes various activities such as workshops, conferences, and symposia to foster collaboration and dissemination of research in evolutionary biology. == Awards and Grants == ESEB offers several awards and... | {
"page_id": 522160,
"title": "European Society for Evolutionary Biology"
} |
of Evolutionary Biology, 21 (6): 1449–1451, doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01626.x, PMID 19018942, S2CID 45515198 == References == == External links == ESEB website | {
"page_id": 522160,
"title": "European Society for Evolutionary Biology"
} |
Olav Vadstein (born 14 February 1955) is a Norwegian professor of Microbial Ecology at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. According to his web page, Vadstein is interested in aquatic ecosystems "both natural and unnatural (human created). Besides basic aspects, I’m interested in applied microbial ecolo... | {
"page_id": 12449713,
"title": "Olav Vadstein"
} |
In molecular biology mir-299 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-299 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36370354,
"title": "Mir-299 microRNA precursor family"
} |
The molecular formula C18H24O5 (molar mass: 320.38 g/mol, exact mass: 320.1624 u) may refer to: Zearalanone (ZAN) α-Zearalenol β-Zearalenol | {
"page_id": 38991792,
"title": "C18H24O5"
} |
The State Research Center for Applied Microbiology (aka Institute of Microbiology and NPO Biosintez; Russian: Государственный научный центр прикладной микробиологии и биотехнологии) is a research laboratory in Obolensk, Moscow Oblast. == History == The facility was built in the 1970s after the Biological Weapons Conven... | {
"page_id": 66647989,
"title": "State Research Center for Applied Microbiology"
} |
Physics of life is a branch of physics that studies the fundamental principles governing living systems. It applies methods from mechanics, thermodynamics, statistical physics, and information theory to biological phenomena ranging from molecular assemblies to ecosystems. The field seeks to understand how complex behav... | {
"page_id": 79820729,
"title": "Physics of Life"
} |
structures. Research areas include phase separation in cells, collective behavior in animal groups, and morphogenesis. Scaling relationships often describe the emergent properties of biological systems. For example, diffusion-limited transport obeys a characteristic scaling law: R ∼ t 1 / 2 {\displaystyle R\sim t^{1/2}... | {
"page_id": 79820729,
"title": "Physics of Life"
} |
infrastructure to accelerate progress. == Applications == Soft robotics: bio-inspired actuators and locomotion Biomedical engineering: targeted drug delivery, regenerative scaffolds Artificial intelligence: neural network models informed by biological computation Climate biology: modeling ecosystem responses Bio-inspir... | {
"page_id": 79820729,
"title": "Physics of Life"
} |
Jack Halpern (19 January 1925 – 31 January 2018) was an inorganic chemist, the Louis Block Distinguished Service Professor of Chemistry at the University of Chicago. Born in Poland, he moved to Canada in 1929 and the United States in 1962. His research focused on mechanistic organometallic chemistry, especially homogen... | {
"page_id": 4388793,
"title": "Jack Halpern (chemist)"
} |
The European Congress of Conservation Biology (ECCB) is a series of professional meetings organised by the Society for Conservation Biology – Europe Section. The aim of ECCBs is to facilitate the exchange on conservation science and nature conservation practice and policy with the aim of promoting conservation of biolo... | {
"page_id": 30734268,
"title": "European Congress of Conservation Biology"
} |
Predictive learning is a machine learning (ML) technique where an artificial intelligence model is fed new data to develop an understanding of its environment, capabilities, and limitations. This technique finds application in many areas, including neuroscience, business, robotics, and computer vision. This concept was... | {
"page_id": 2291650,
"title": "Predictive learning"
} |
temperature, annual income, or speed). Every set of input values is fed into a neural network to predict a value y {\displaystyle y} . In order to predict the output accurately, the weights of the neural network (which represent how much each predictor variable affects the outcome) must be incrementally adjusted via ba... | {
"page_id": 2291650,
"title": "Predictive learning"
} |
( x ) = a 0 + ∑ m = 1 M a m f m ( x ) {\displaystyle F(x)=a_{0}+\sum _{m=1}^{M}a_{m}f_{m}(x)} , where M {\displaystyle M} is the number of ensemble models, a 0 {\displaystyle a_{0}} is the bias, a m {\displaystyle a_{m}} is the weight corresponding to each m {\displaystyle m} -th variable, and f m ( x ) {\displaystyle ... | {
"page_id": 2291650,
"title": "Predictive learning"
} |
in the brain. === Spatiotemporal memory === Computers use predictive learning in spatiotemporal memory to completely create an image given constituent frames. This implementation uses predictive recurrent neural networks, which are neural networks designed to work with sequential data, such as a time series. Using pred... | {
"page_id": 2291650,
"title": "Predictive learning"
} |
Felix Ehrenhaft (24 April 1879 – 4 March 1952) was an Austrian physicist who contributed to atomic physics, to the measurement of electrical charges and to the optical properties of metal colloids. He was known for his maverick and controversial style. His iconoclasm was greatly admired by philosopher Paul Feyerabend. ... | {
"page_id": 20903874,
"title": "Felix Ehrenhaft"
} |
and more physicists were swayed by Millikan's results but even as late as 1940, Albert Einstein wrote: Concerning his results about the elementary charge I do not believe in his [Ehrenhaft's] numerical results, but I believe that nobody has a clear idea about the causes producing the apparent sub-electronic charges he ... | {
"page_id": 20903874,
"title": "Felix Ehrenhaft"
} |
of his life work can be found in the Austrian scientific journal "Acta physica Austriaca", and in the article by Rohatschek on photophoresis (see sources below). == Publications == Ehrenhaft, Felix: Das optische Verhalten der Metallkolloide und deren Teilchengröße, 1903. Ehrenhaft, Felix: "Über die Messung von Elektriz... | {
"page_id": 20903874,
"title": "Felix Ehrenhaft"
} |
Review 65: 256 (1944). Ehrenhaft, Felix: "The Decomposition of Water by the So-Called Permanent Magnet...", Physical Review 65: 287–289 (May 1944). Ehrenhaft, Felix: "The Magnetic Current", Nature 154: 426–427 (Sept. 30, 1944) Ehrenhaft, Felix: "On Photophoresis, the true magnetic Charge and on helical Motion of Matter... | {
"page_id": 20903874,
"title": "Felix Ehrenhaft"
} |
Bio2RDF is a biological database that uses semantic web technologies to provide interlinked life science data. == See also == DBpedia RDF Semantic web == References == == External links == https://web.archive.org/web/20070714231822/http://bio2rdf.org/ | {
"page_id": 30341060,
"title": "Bio2RDF"
} |
A vagrant lichen is a lichen that is either not attached to a substrate, or can become unattached then blow around, yet continue to grow and flourish. Some authors reserve the expression "vagrant lichen" for those lichens that never attach, that is, those that are obligately vagrant, referring to vagrant forms of other... | {
"page_id": 43841480,
"title": "Vagrant lichen"
} |
The medical effects of the atomic bomb upon humans can be put into the four categories below, with the effects of larger thermonuclear weapons producing blast and thermal effects so large that there would be a negligible number of survivors close enough to the center of the blast who would experience prompt/acute radia... | {
"page_id": 18806728,
"title": "Effects of nuclear explosions on human health"
} |
their exposure to fallout, and therefore their total dose, will vary. With those who do shelter in place, and or evacuate, experiencing a total dose that would be negligible in comparison to someone who just went about their life as normal. Staying indoors until after the most hazardous fallout isotope, I-131 decays aw... | {
"page_id": 18806728,
"title": "Effects of nuclear explosions on human health"
} |
psi) - 5% dead, 45% injured, 50% safe == Types of radioactive exposure after a nuclear attack == In a nuclear explosion, the human body can experience varying types of radiation. This radiation can be classified into two groups: initial radiation and residual radiation. Initial radiation is emitted during the initial e... | {
"page_id": 18806728,
"title": "Effects of nuclear explosions on human health"
} |
cause deep gamma penetration within the body, which would result in uniform whole body irradiation rather than only a surface burn. In cases of whole body gamma irradiation (c. 10 Gy) due to accidents involving medical product irradiators, some of the human subjects have developed injuries to their skin between the tim... | {
"page_id": 18806728,
"title": "Effects of nuclear explosions on human health"
} |
occur as ionizing radiation interferes with cell division. There are numerous lethal radiation syndromes, including prodromal syndrome, bone marrow death, central nervous system death and gastrointestinal death. === Prodromal syndrome === The "prodromal syndrome" is not a diagnosis, but the technical term used by healt... | {
"page_id": 18806728,
"title": "Effects of nuclear explosions on human health"
} |
over the range of 2 to 6 Gray the probability of death in untreated adults goes from about 1% to 99%, but these figures are for healthy adults. Therefore, results may differ, because of the thermal and mechanical injuries and infectious conditions. === Gastrointestinal death === Gastrointestinal death is caused by a do... | {
"page_id": 18806728,
"title": "Effects of nuclear explosions on human health"
} |
single dose of 1–2 Gray will cause temporary damage and suppress menstruation for periods up to 3 years; a dose of 4 Gray will cause permanent sterility. === Testicles === A dose of 0.1 Gray will cause low sperm counts for up to a year; 2.5 Gray will cause sterility for 2 to 3 years or more. 4 Gray will cause permanent... | {
"page_id": 18806728,
"title": "Effects of nuclear explosions on human health"
} |
humans to 100% in the first trimester after exposure. === Transgenerational genetic damage === Exposure to even relatively low doses of radiation generates genetic damage in the progeny of irradiated rodents. This damage can accumulate over several generations. No statistically demonstrable increase of congenital malfo... | {
"page_id": 18806728,
"title": "Effects of nuclear explosions on human health"
} |
not lead to catastrophic outbreaks of infectious diseases. Intuitively, epidemic diseases, illnesses, and injuries might be expected following major disasters. However, as noted by de Goyet, epidemics seldom occur after disasters, and unless deaths are caused by one of a small number of infectious diseases such as smal... | {
"page_id": 18806728,
"title": "Effects of nuclear explosions on human health"
} |
Notable scientists of biogerontology include the following. == From Australia == David Sinclair == From India == Suresh Rattan == From Romania == Ana Aslan, Romanian biologist and physician who discovered the anti-aging effects of procaine == From the United Kingdom == Aubrey de Grey João Pedro de Magalhães Robin Holli... | {
"page_id": 48429002,
"title": "List of biogerontologists"
} |
α-Isomethyl ionone, also known as α-cetone, is a synthetically made and naturally occurring organic compound found in Brewer's yeasts or the species known as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The compound is an isomer of methyl ionone. Alpha-isomethyl ionone can be colorless or pale-straw coloured liquid. Its primary scent is ... | {
"page_id": 63895497,
"title": "Α-Isomethyl ionone"
} |
A cooler, portable ice chest, ice box, cool box, chilly bin (in New Zealand), or esky (Australia) is an insulated box used to keep food or drink cool. Ice cubes are most commonly placed in it to help the contents inside stay cool. Ice packs are sometimes used, as they either contain the melting water inside or have a g... | {
"page_id": 1767371,
"title": "Cooler"
} |
chest (Serial No. 212,573). The patent (#2,663,157) was issued December 22, 1953. In 1952, the portable Esky Auto Box was released in Australia by the Sydney refrigeration company Malley’s. Made from steel and finished in baked enamel and chrome, with cork sheeting for insulation, the Esky became the first mass-produce... | {
"page_id": 1767371,
"title": "Cooler"
} |
with a lighter-like socket for the cooler's cord to plug in. Some also have a crossover-connection device to reverse the current for heating service. == Rotationally molded coolers == Rotationally molded (roto-molded) coolers have become popular in recent years. Roto-molded coolers are manufactured using a process call... | {
"page_id": 1767371,
"title": "Cooler"
} |
ride-on cooler varies from country to country and in the US from state to state. In some jurisdictions, a driver's license is required to operate any form of motor vehicle on public roads, and an intoxicated driver can be convicted of driving under the influence for riding one. == See also == Insulated shipping contain... | {
"page_id": 1767371,
"title": "Cooler"
} |
The microbial loop describes a trophic pathway where, in aquatic systems, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is returned to higher trophic levels via its incorporation into bacterial biomass, and then coupled with the classic food chain formed by phytoplankton-zooplankton-nekton. In soil systems, the microbial loop refers ... | {
"page_id": 8255432,
"title": "Microbial loop"
} |
food web was challenged during the 1970s and 1980s by Pomeroy and Azam, who suggested the alternative pathway of carbon flow from bacteria to protozoans to metazoans. Early work in marine ecology that investigated the role of bacteria in oceanic environments concluded their role to be very minimal. Traditional methods ... | {
"page_id": 8255432,
"title": "Microbial loop"
} |
bacterivorous protists (such as ciliates) are actually selectively preyed upon by these copepods. In 1986, Prochlorococcus, which is found in high abundance in oligotrophic areas of the ocean, was discovered by Sallie W. Chisholm, Robert J. Olson, and other collaborators (although there had been several earlier records... | {
"page_id": 8255432,
"title": "Microbial loop"
} |
matter (DOM), which is typically unavailable to most marine organisms. In this sense, the process aids in recycling of organic matter and nutrients and mediates the transfer of energy above the thermocline. More than 30% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) incorporated into bacteria is respired and released as carbon dio... | {
"page_id": 8255432,
"title": "Microbial loop"
} |
If this is the case, the microbial loop can be extended by the pathway of direct transfer of dissolved organic matter (DOM) via abiotic microparticle formation to higher trophic levels. This has ecological importance in two ways. First, it occurs without carbon loss, and makes organic matter more efficiently available ... | {
"page_id": 8255432,
"title": "Microbial loop"
} |
the right, has been developed to define how soil microorganisms transform and stabilise soil organic matter. As shown in the diagram, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is fixed by plants (or autotrophic microorganisms) and added to soil through processes such as (1) root exudation of low-molecular weight simple carbon c... | {
"page_id": 8255432,
"title": "Microbial loop"
} |
carbon levels through changing decomposition dynamics. Also, increased diversity of plant communities increases rates of rhizodeposition, stimulating microbial activity and soil organic carbon storage, although soils eventually reach a saturation point beyond which they cannot store additional carbon. == See also == Bi... | {
"page_id": 8255432,
"title": "Microbial loop"
} |
Biospeleology, also known as cave biology, is a branch of biology dedicated to the study of organisms that live in caves and are collectively referred to as troglofauna. == Biospeleology as a science == === History === The first documented mention of a cave organism dates back to 1689, with the documentation of the olm... | {
"page_id": 43317198,
"title": "Biospeleology"
} |
history. Among other discoveries Dudich is also responsible for the discovery of around 220 cavedwelling species, realized that caves are not cohesive biotopes and he was the first to classify cave ecosystems into groups: Exotrophic caves Photo-endotrophic caves Chemo-endotrophic caves Photo-chemo-endotrophic caves In ... | {
"page_id": 43317198,
"title": "Biospeleology"
} |
host autonomous ecologies whose primary source of energy is not sunlight, but chemical energy liberated from limestone and other minerals by chemoautotrophic bacteria. == Notable biospeleologists == Emil Racoviță, co-founder of biospeleology, the first Romanian to go to the arctic, collected the type specimens of the f... | {
"page_id": 43317198,
"title": "Biospeleology"
} |
the University of Texas at Austin and the Missouri Department of Conservation Cave Biota; an evolving "webumentary", sponsored by Hoosier National Forest and Indiana Karst Conservancy | {
"page_id": 43317198,
"title": "Biospeleology"
} |
The molecular formula C5H5N5O (molar mass: 151.13 g/mol, exact mass: 151.0494 u) may refer to: 5-Aza-7-deazaguanine Guanine Isoguanine, or 2-hydroxyadenine | {
"page_id": 5765065,
"title": "C5H5N5O"
} |
Steam Infusion is a direct-contact heating process in which steam condenses on the surface of a pumpable food product. Its primary use is for the gentle and rapid heating of a variety of food ingredients and products including milk, cream, soymilk, ketchup, soups and sauces. Unlike steam injection and traditional vesse... | {
"page_id": 41940944,
"title": "Steam infusion"
} |
state. This causes rapid and uniform heating over the unit making it applicable to industrial cooking processes. This process has been used in industry, predominantly in soup and sauces applications. Its possible benefits include reduced cooking times, easier cleaning with no burn-on, ingredient reduction and energy sa... | {
"page_id": 41940944,
"title": "Steam infusion"
} |
In chemistry, a nonclassical ion usually refers to carbonium ions, a family of organic cations. They are characterized by delocalized three-center, two-electron bonds. The more stable members are often bi- or polycyclic. == Examples == Historically, nonclassical ions were invoked to explain unusually fast solvolyses of... | {
"page_id": 18413515,
"title": "Nonclassical ion"
} |
WRF-SFIRE is a coupled atmosphere-wildfire model, which combines the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) with a fire-spread model, implemented by the level-set method. A version from 2010 was released based on the WRF 3.2 as WRF-Fire. == References == Coen, J., M. Cameron, J. Michalakes, E. Patton, P. Riggan, ... | {
"page_id": 42596301,
"title": "WRF-SFIRE"
} |
In thermodynamics, heat is energy in transfer between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings by such mechanisms as thermal conduction, electromagnetic radiation, and friction, which are microscopic in nature, involving sub-atomic, atomic, or molecular particles, or small surface irregularities, as distinct from th... | {
"page_id": 19593167,
"title": "Heat"
} |
its surroundings, it is positive (Q > 0). Heat transfer rate, or heat flow per unit time, is denoted by Q ˙ {\displaystyle {\dot {Q}}} , but it is not a time derivative of a function of state (which can also be written with the dot notation) since heat is not a function of state. Heat flux is defined as rate of heat tr... | {
"page_id": 19593167,
"title": "Heat"
} |
(though in some respects this be true), but that the very essence of heat ... is motion and nothing else." "not a ... motion of the whole, but of the small particles of the body." In The Assayer (published 1623) Galileo Galilei, in turn, described heat as an artifact of our minds. ... about the proposition “motion is t... | {
"page_id": 19593167,
"title": "Heat"
} |
referred to what we would now call “temperature”. No clear distinction was made between heat and temperature until the mid-18th century, nor between the internal energy of a body and the transfer of energy as heat until the mid-19th century. Locke's description of heat was repeatedly quoted by English physicist James P... | {
"page_id": 19593167,
"title": "Heat"
} |
1748, an account was published in The Edinburgh Physical and Literary Essays of an experiment by the Scottish physician and chemist William Cullen. Cullen had used an air pump to lower the pressure in a container with diethyl ether. The ether boiled, while no heat was withdrawn from it, and its temperature decreased. A... | {
"page_id": 19593167,
"title": "Heat"
} |
used a unit of heat he called "degrees of heat"—as opposed to just "degrees" [of temperature]. This unit was context-dependent and could only be used when circumstances were identical. It was based on change in temperature multiplied by the mass of the substance involved. If the stone and water ... were equal in bulk .... | {
"page_id": 19593167,
"title": "Heat"
} |
at 32 °F (0 °C) and water at 33 °F (0.6 °C) respectively in two identical, well separated containers. The water and the ice were both evenly heated to 40 °F by the air in the room, which was at a constant 47 °F (8 °C). The water had therefore received 40 – 33 = 7 “degrees of heat”. The ice had been heated for 21 times ... | {
"page_id": 19593167,
"title": "Heat"
} |
used such an apparatus—which he named 'calorimeter'—to investigate the heat released by respiration, by observing how this heat melted snow surrounding his apparatus. A so called ice calorimeter was used 1782–83 by Lavoisier and his colleague Pierre-Simon Laplace to measure the heat released in various chemical reactio... | {
"page_id": 19593167,
"title": "Heat"
} |
heat in various ways by the application of mechanical force, establish almost to a certainty, not only the possibility of increasing the quantity of heat, but also the fact that the newly-produced heat is proportional to the work expended in its production. It may be remarked further, that many facts have lately transp... | {
"page_id": 19593167,
"title": "Heat"
} |
of heat to that body. He defined an adiabatic transformation as one in which the body neither gains nor loses heat. This is not quite the same as defining an adiabatic transformation as one that occurs to a body enclosed by walls impermeable to radiation and conduction. He recognized calorimetry as a way of measuring q... | {
"page_id": 19593167,
"title": "Heat"
} |
earth are largely retarded by friction, viscosity, electric and other resistances, and if the relative velocities of moving bodies were reversed, these resistances would still retard the relative motions and would not accelerate them as they should if the motions were perfectly reversible. He then stated the principle ... | {
"page_id": 19593167,
"title": "Heat"
} |
and opposite the velocities of the parts of the bodies in contact are different. Moreover, the work lost in the process does not increase the mutual potential energy of the system and there is no intervening medium between the bodies. Unless the lost energy can be accounted for in other ways, (as when friction produces... | {
"page_id": 19593167,
"title": "Heat"
} |
the definition of quantity of energy transferred as heat, it is customarily envisaged that an arbitrary state of interest Y is reached from state O by a process with two components, one adiabatic and the other not adiabatic. For convenience one may say that the adiabatic component was the sum of work done by the body t... | {
"page_id": 19593167,
"title": "Heat"
} |
to pass from state O to state Y, the change of internal energy, is known, independently of the combined process, by a determination through a purely adiabatic process, like that for the determination of the internal energy of state X above. The rigour that is prized in this definition is that there is one and only one ... | {
"page_id": 19593167,
"title": "Heat"
} |
hotness as primitive elements, ... That heat is an appropriate and natural primitive for thermodynamics was already accepted by Carnot. Its continued validity as a primitive element of thermodynamical structure is due to the fact that it synthesizes an essential physical concept, as well as to its successful use in rec... | {
"page_id": 19593167,
"title": "Heat"
} |
the difference of the internal energies of the initial and final states of the system, and from the actual work done by the system during the process. That internal energy difference is supposed to have been measured in advance through processes of purely adiabatic transfer of energy as work, processes that take the sy... | {
"page_id": 19593167,
"title": "Heat"
} |
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