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of "genuine" pleiotropy, advocating instead for the "one gene-one enzyme" hypothesis that was originally introduced by French biologist Lucien Cuénot in 1903. This hypothesis shifted future research regarding pleiotropy towards how a single gene can produce various phenotypes. In the mid-1950s Richard Goldschmidt and E...	{ "page_id": 1505283, "title": "Pleiotropy" }
reproductive success). Knowing this, Williams argued that if only close linkage was present, then beneficial traits will occur both before and after reproduction due to natural selection. This, however, is not observed in nature, and thus antagonistic pleiotropy contributes to the slow deterioration with age (senescenc...	{ "page_id": 1505283, "title": "Pleiotropy" }
gene variants that affect low-density lipoprotein (LDF) also affect coronary artery disease. === Spurious pleiotropy === Sometimes, what looks like pleiotropy can be caused by problems in how the study is designed or how risk genes and traits are defined, leading to incorrect conclusions about pleiotropy. Spurious plei...	{ "page_id": 1505283, "title": "Pleiotropy" }
methods that don't rely on these indirect assumptions. Early genome- wide association studies (GWAS) that revealed links between many genetic loci and multiple traits were often described in terms of cross- phenotype (CP) associations. When such associations can be traced back to a shared biological mechanism at the ca...	{ "page_id": 1505283, "title": "Pleiotropy" }
natural selection at the same time, the connection between them becomes stronger. But, if only one trait is selected for, the connection weakens. Eventually, traits that underwent directional selection simultaneously were linked by a single gene, resulting in pleiotropy. The "pleiotropy-barrier" model proposes a logist...	{ "page_id": 1505283, "title": "Pleiotropy" }
sexual conflict arises when selection for certain alleles of a gene that are beneficial for one sex causes expression of potentially harmful traits by the same gene in the other sex, especially if the gene is located on an autosomal chromosome. Pleiotropic genes act as an arbitrating force in speciation. William R. Ric...	{ "page_id": 1505283, "title": "Pleiotropy" }
earlier in life, when most organisms are most fertile, more than traits expressed later in life. This idea is central to the antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis, which was first developed by G. C. Williams in 1957. Williams suggested that some genes responsible for increased fitness in the younger, fertile organism cont...	{ "page_id": 1505283, "title": "Pleiotropy" }
known as "heterozygote advantage". Since both of these states are linked to the same mutated gene, large populations today are susceptible to sickle cell despite it being a fitness-impairing genetic disorder. == Examples == === Human === ==== Albinism ==== Albinism is the mutation of the TYR gene, also termed tyrosinas...	{ "page_id": 1505283, "title": "Pleiotropy" }
convert normal levels of phenylalanine to tyrosine can lead to fair hair and skin. The frequency of this disease varies greatly. Specifically, in the United States, PKU is found at a rate of nearly 1 in 10,000 births. Due to newborn screening, doctors are able to detect PKU in a baby sooner. This allows them to start t...	{ "page_id": 1505283, "title": "Pleiotropy" }
organs of oxygen. Some complications associated with sickle cell anemia include pain, damaged organs, strokes, high blood pressure, and loss of vision. Sickle red blood cells also have a shortened lifespan and die prematurely. ==== Marfan syndrome ==== Marfan syndrome (MFS) is an autosomal dominant disorder which affec...	{ "page_id": 1505283, "title": "Pleiotropy" }
and loci associated with headaches. Additionally, pleiotropy was not limited to different types of pain but also extended to psychiatric, metabolic, and immunological traits. Genetic correlations were found between pain susceptibility and conditions such as depression, increase of body mass index, asthma, and cardiovas...	{ "page_id": 1505283, "title": "Pleiotropy" }
differently from each other. The resulting phenotype depends on the stage of life at which the individual develops the disorder. Childhood manifestation of the gene deletion is typically associated with autism, while adolescent and later expression of the gene deletion often manifests in schizophrenia or other psychoti...	{ "page_id": 1505283, "title": "Pleiotropy" }
during physical activity, and a higher endurance. Mini Muscle Mice also exhibit larger kidneys and livers. All of these morphological deviations influence the behavior and metabolism of the mouse. For example, mice with the Mini Muscle mutation were observed to have a higher per-gram aerobic capacity. The mini-muscle a...	{ "page_id": 1505283, "title": "Pleiotropy" }
Brainerd diarrhea is a sudden-onset watery, explosive diarrhea that lasts for months and does not respond to antibiotics; the cause of Brainerd diarrhea is unknown. Brainerd diarrhea was first described in Brainerd, Minnesota in 1983. It has been associated with the consumption of raw milk and untreated water. Of the t...	{ "page_id": 6944771, "title": "Brainerd diarrhea" }
Sulfur fluoride may refer to any of the following sulfur fluorides: Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6 Disulfur decafluoride, S2F10 Sulfur tetrafluoride, SF4 Disulfur tetrafluoride, S2F4 Sulfur difluoride, SF2 Disulfur difluoride, S2F2 Thiothionyl fluoride, S2F2 (second isomer) 1,3-Difluoro-trisulfane-1,1-difluoride, S3F4 == See...	{ "page_id": 27588614, "title": "Sulfur fluoride" }
Self-organized criticality (SOC) is a property of dynamical systems that have a critical point as an attractor. Their macroscopic behavior thus displays the spatial or temporal scale-invariance characteristic of the critical point of a phase transition, but without the need to tune control parameters to a precise value...	{ "page_id": 718855, "title": "Self-organized criticality" }
mathematical laws, while the extensive study of phase transitions carried out in the 1960s and 1970s showed how scale invariant phenomena such as fractals and power laws emerged at the critical point between phases. The term self-organized criticality was first introduced in Bak, Tang and Wiesenfeld's 1987 paper, which...	{ "page_id": 718855, "title": "Self-organized criticality" }
model properties analytically (including calculating the critical exponents), and examination of the conditions necessary for SOC to emerge. One of the important issues for the latter investigation was whether conservation of energy was required in the local dynamical exchanges of models: the answer in general is no, b...	{ "page_id": 718855, "title": "Self-organized criticality" }
phenomena, the universality of SOC theory has been questioned. For example, experiments with real piles of rice revealed their dynamics to be far more sensitive to parameters than originally predicted. Furthermore, it has been argued that 1/f scaling in EEG recordings are inconsistent with critical states, and whether ...	{ "page_id": 718855, "title": "Self-organized criticality" }
General Architecture for Text Engineering (GATE) is a Java suite of natural language processing (NLP) tools for man tasks, including information extraction in many languages. It is now used worldwide by a wide community of scientists, companies, teachers and students. It was originally developed at the University of Sh...	{ "page_id": 11270152, "title": "General Architecture for Text Engineering" }
are also available, for handling e.g. tweets. GATE accepts input in various formats, such as TXT, HTML, XML, Doc, PDF documents, and Java Serial, PostgreSQL, Lucene, Oracle Databases with help of RDBMS storage over JDBC. JAPE transducers are used within GATE to manipulate annotations on text. Documentation is provided ...	{ "page_id": 11270152, "title": "General Architecture for Text Engineering" }
The magnetic diffusivity controls the rate of magnetic field diffusion. Since its role in the evolution equation for the magnetic field is analogous to that of the viscosity for the velocity field, some authors refer to it as the 'magnetic viscosity'. The magnetic diffusivity appears in the definition of the magnetic R...	{ "page_id": 19593227, "title": "Magnetic diffusivity" }
Hemiboreal means halfway between the temperate and subarctic (or boreal) zones. The term is most frequently used in the context of climates and ecosystems. == Botany == A hemiboreal forest has some characteristics of a boreal forest to the north, and also shares features with temperate-zone forests to the south. A sign...	{ "page_id": 1374224, "title": "Hemiboreal" }
of the continent, and the Central Highlands in Tasmania The Southern Alps in New Zealand's South Island on the Wet Andes region located in the Southern Cone of South America, it has characteristics of a Mediterranean-influenced continental climate == References == Grinde, Alexis R.; Niemi, Gerald J. (2016-09-01). "A sy...	{ "page_id": 1374224, "title": "Hemiboreal" }
Hypohidrosis is a medical condition in which a person exhibits diminished sweating in response to appropriate stimuli. In contrast with hyperhidrosis, which is a socially troubling yet often benign condition, the consequences of untreated hypohidrosis include hyperthermia, heat stroke and death. An extreme case of hypo...	{ "page_id": 11270161, "title": "Hypohidrosis" }
be supervised and be performed in a cool, sheltered, and well-ventilated environment. When the cause is known, treatment should be directed at the primary pathology. In autoimmune diseases, such as Sjögren syndrome and systemic sclerosis, treatment of the underlying disease using immunosuppressive drugs may lead to imp...	{ "page_id": 11270161, "title": "Hypohidrosis" }
Vibrion may also refer to: the singular form of vibrio, a genus of anaerobic bacteria with a comma-like shape. Vibrion is an antiquated term for microorganisms, especially pathogenic ones; see Germ theory of disease. The term was specifically used in reference to motile microorganisms, and the name of the genus Vibrio ...	{ "page_id": 20707347, "title": "Vibrion" }
discovery. The term “vibrion” was subsequently used by Louis Pasteur in 1861 in naming a bacterium he discovered, Vibryon butyrique, which was capable of surviving in an environment without oxygen. This bacterium was then identified as the same bacterium which had been discovered by two other scientists and renamed Clo...	{ "page_id": 20707347, "title": "Vibrion" }
In gas chromatography, the Kovats retention index (shorter Kovats index, retention index; plural retention indices) is used to convert retention times into system-independent constants. The index is named after the Hungarian-born Swiss chemist Ervin Kováts (1927-2012), who outlined the concept in the 1950s while perfor...	{ "page_id": 14153752, "title": "Kovats retention index" }
the air peak, void time in average velocity u = L / t 0 {\displaystyle u=L/t_{0}} , minutes The Kovats index also applies to packed columns with an equivalent equation: I i = 100 [ n + l o g ( V i 0 ) − l o g ( V n 0 ) l o g ( V n + 1 0 ) − l o g ( V n 0 ) ] {\displaystyle I_{i}=100\left[n+{\frac {log(V_{i}^{0})-log(V_...	{ "page_id": 14153752, "title": "Kovats retention index" }
f d c + 1 ) {\displaystyle t_{i}=t_{0}({\frac {RTS_{i}}{P^{i}}}{\frac {4d_{f}}{d_{c}}}+1)} Retention time t i {\displaystyle t_{i}} is shorter by reduced d f {\displaystyle d_{f}} over column life time. Column length L {\displaystyle L} is introduced with average gas velocity u = L / t 0 {\displaystyle u=L/t_{0}} : t i...	{ "page_id": 14153752, "title": "Kovats retention index" }
i {\displaystyle P^{i}} of compound i and n-Alkanes ( i = n {\displaystyle i=n} ). T {\displaystyle T} dependence depends on the compound compared to the n-alkanes. Kovats index of n-alkanes I n = 100 c {\displaystyle I_{n}=100c} is independent of T {\displaystyle T} . Isothermal Kovats indices of hydrocarbon were meas...	{ "page_id": 14153752, "title": "Kovats retention index" }
Method translation rules are incorporated in some chromatography data systems. == References ==	{ "page_id": 14153752, "title": "Kovats retention index" }
The Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group is a Seattle-based bioscience research initiative started in 2016 and funded with an initial investment of $100 million. It is a division of the Allen Institute. Its vision is to identify areas in bioscience that are ripe for a major breakthrough, and then fund specific investigators t...	{ "page_id": 49936412, "title": "Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group" }
In molecular biology, hybridization (or hybridisation) is a phenomenon in which single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules anneal to complementary DNA or RNA. Though a double-stranded DNA sequence is generally stable under physiological conditions, changing these conditions in the l...	{ "page_id": 45414429, "title": "Nucleic acid hybridization" }
the position of DNA sequences in situ (i.e., in their natural positions within a chromosome). In 1969, the two scientists published a paper demonstrating that radioactive copies of a ribosomal DNA sequence could be used to detect complementary DNA sequences in the nucleus of a frog egg. Since those original observation...	{ "page_id": 45414429, "title": "Nucleic acid hybridization" }
The genetic algorithm is an operational research method that may be used to solve scheduling problems in production planning. == Importance of production scheduling == To be competitive, corporations must minimize inefficiencies and maximize productivity. In manufacturing, productivity is inherently linked to how well ...	{ "page_id": 13957150, "title": "Genetic algorithm scheduling" }
heuristic methods genetic algorithms operate on a population of solutions rather than a single solution. In production scheduling this population of solutions consists of many answers that may have different sometimes conflicting objectives. For example, in one solution we may be optimizing a production process to be c...	{ "page_id": 13957150, "title": "Genetic algorithm scheduling" }
for a pre-allotted time or until we find a solution that fits our minimum criteria. Overall each successive generation will have a greater average fitness, i.e. taking less time with higher quality than the preceding generations. In scheduling problems, as with other genetic algorithm solutions, we must make sure that ...	{ "page_id": 13957150, "title": "Genetic algorithm scheduling" }
The oligodynamic effect (from Greek oligos, "few", and dynamis, "force") is a biocidal effect of metals, especially heavy metals, that occurs even in low concentrations. This effect is attributed to the antibacterial behavior of metal ions, which are absorbed by bacteria upon contact and damage their cell membranes. In...	{ "page_id": 2095134, "title": "Oligodynamic effect" }
formulation, Biobor JF) are being used for the control of microorganisms in fuel systems containing water. === Copper === Brass vessels release a small amount of copper ions into stored water, thus killing fecal bacterial counts as high as 1 million bacteria per milliliter. Copper sulfate mixed with lime (Bordeaux mixt...	{ "page_id": 2095134, "title": "Oligodynamic effect" }
preparations (thimerosal) and grain products (both methyl and ethyl mercurials). Mercury was used in the treatment of syphilis. Calomel was commonly used in infant teething powders in the 1930s and 1940s. Mercurials are also used agriculturally as insecticides and fungicides. === Nickel === The toxicity of nickel to ba...	{ "page_id": 2095134, "title": "Oligodynamic effect" }
surfaces, such as plastics and steel, as a way to control microbial growth on items such as toilet seats, stethoscopes, and even refrigerator doors. Among the newer products being sold are plastic food containers infused with silver nanoparticles, which are intended to keep food fresher, and silver-infused athletic shi...	{ "page_id": 2095134, "title": "Oligodynamic effect" }
copper Copper-silver ionization Medical uses of silver == References == == Links == Lilaria, Khushboo; Gupta, Nisha; Paul, Jai Shankar; Jadhav, Shailesh Kumar (31 December 2020). "Comparative Analysis of Oligodynamic Virtue of Various Metals on Bacterial Population". NewBioWorld. 2 (2): 8–12. doi:10.52228/NBW-JAAB.2020...	{ "page_id": 2095134, "title": "Oligodynamic effect" }
In molecular biology mir-305 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-305 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36370462, "title": "Mir-305 microRNA precursor family" }
Deprotonation (or dehydronation) is the removal (transfer) of a proton (or hydron, or hydrogen cation), (H+) from a Brønsted–Lowry acid in an acid–base reaction. The species formed is the conjugate base of that acid. The complementary process, when a proton is added (transferred) to a Brønsted–Lowry base, is protonatio...	{ "page_id": 522274, "title": "Deprotonation" }
hydride and potassium hydride. The hydride forms hydrogen gas with the liberated proton from the other molecule. The hydrogen is dangerous and could ignite with the oxygen in the air, so the chemical procedure should be done in an inert atmosphere (e.g., nitrogen). Deprotonation can be an important step in a chemical r...	{ "page_id": 522274, "title": "Deprotonation" }
References ==	{ "page_id": 522274, "title": "Deprotonation" }
In machine learning, a deep belief network (DBN) is a generative graphical model, or alternatively a class of deep neural network, composed of multiple layers of latent variables ("hidden units"), with connections between the layers but not between units within each layer. When trained on a set of examples without supe...	{ "page_id": 41416740, "title": "Deep belief network" }
) ∂ w i j {\displaystyle w_{ij}(t+1)=w_{ij}(t)+\eta {\frac {\partial \log(p(v))}{\partial w_{ij}}}} where, p ( v ) {\displaystyle p(v)} is the probability of a visible vector, which is given by p ( v ) = 1 Z ∑ h e − E ( v , h ) {\displaystyle p(v)={\frac {1}{Z}}\sum _{h}e^{-E(v,h)}} . Z {\displaystyle Z} is the partiti...	{ "page_id": 41416740, "title": "Deep belief network" }
is the bias of h j {\displaystyle h_{j}} . Update the visible units in parallel given the hidden units: p ( v i = 1 ∣ H ) = σ ( a i + ∑ j h j w i j ) {\displaystyle p(v_{i}=1\mid {\textbf {H}})=\sigma (a_{i}+\sum _{j}h_{j}w_{ij})} . a i {\displaystyle a_{i}} is the bias of v i {\displaystyle v_{i}} . This is called the...	{ "page_id": 41416740, "title": "Deep belief network" }
"A Gun for Dinosaur" is a classic time travel science fiction story by American writer L. Sprague de Camp as part of his Rivers of Time series. It tells the story of four men who travel into the past to hunt dinosaurs. It was first published in the magazine Galaxy Science Fiction for March, 1956, and first appeared in ...	{ "page_id": 13039654, "title": "A Gun for Dinosaur" }
an extended anecdote from a previous expedition, which forms the main portion of the tale. On the occasion in question, Rivers and his partner, Chandra Aiyar, conduct two other clients to the past. One of them, Courtney James (based on Jack Parsons), is a vain, arrogant and spoiled playboy; the other, August Holtzinger...	{ "page_id": 13039654, "title": "A Gun for Dinosaur" }
convinces Professor Prochaska, the inventor of the time chamber, to send him back to the Cretaceous again but at a moment just prior to the emergence of the safari's earlier visit. His plan is to shoot Rivers and Aiyar just when they originally came out of the time machine. Since that obviously had not happened, howeve...	{ "page_id": 13039654, "title": "A Gun for Dinosaur" }
story as an "outstanding exception" discussing "with an air of quiet authority the problem of what type of gun and what methodology were best suited to shooting dinosaurs." Don D'Ammassa calls it "an undeniably classic story of the dangers of time travel." Harry Turtledove deems the piece a "classic, ... at the same ti...	{ "page_id": 13039654, "title": "A Gun for Dinosaur" }
earlier story. Author Leonard Richardson mentions his disappointment that this story "is not about a dinosaur who buys a gun" as one of his influences in writing his own 2009 short story, "Let Us Now Praise Awesome Dinosaurs." == See also == A Sound of Thunder == References == == External links == "A Gun for Dinosaur" ...	{ "page_id": 13039654, "title": "A Gun for Dinosaur" }
TB8Cs4H1 is a member of the H/ACA-like class of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines of substrate RNAs. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) thus named because of its cellular localization in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell. TB8Cs4H1 is predict...	{ "page_id": 21821486, "title": "TB8Cs4H1 snoRNA" }
Master is a version of DeepMind's Go software AlphaGo, named after the account name (originally Magister/Magist) used online, which won 60 straight online games against human professional Go players from 29 December 2016 to 4 January 2017. This version was also used in the Future of Go Summit in May 2017. It used four ...	{ "page_id": 53016623, "title": "Master (software)" }
no one took the bounty since Master's final online record was 60 wins and 0 losses, including three victories over Go's top ranked player, Ke Jie, who had been quietly briefed in advance that Master was a version of AlphaGo. Master's adversaries included many world champions such as Ke Jie, Park Jeong-hwan, Yuta Iyama,...	{ "page_id": 53016623, "title": "Master (software)" }
20 January 2017, DeepMind team members Fan Hui and Aja Huang disclosed that Master's operator accidentally entered a move other than AlphaGo's choice in two situations during the online games. In the 9th online game, Master recommended point a for Move 107. In the 39th online game, Master recommended point a for Move 9...	{ "page_id": 53016623, "title": "Master (software)" }
In molecular biology mir-322 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-322 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36370489, "title": "Mir-322 microRNA precursor family" }
An amylase () is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch (Latin amylum) into sugars. Amylase is present in the saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. Foods that contain large amounts of starch but little sugar, such as rice and potatoes, may acquire a sligh...	{ "page_id": 63552, "title": "Amylase" }
maltose, resulting in the sweet flavor of ripe fruit. They belong to glycoside hydrolase family 14. Both α-amylase and β-amylase are present in seeds; β-amylase is present in an inactive form prior to germination, whereas α-amylase and proteases appear once germination has begun. Many microbes also produce amylase to d...	{ "page_id": 63552, "title": "Amylase" }
of the finished beer. In some historic methods of producing alcoholic beverages, the conversion of starch to sugar starts with the brewer chewing grain to mix it with saliva. This practice continues to be practiced in home production of some traditional drinks, such as chhaang in the Himalayas, chicha in the Andes and ...	{ "page_id": 63552, "title": "Amylase" }
saccharides into simple sugars. === Other uses === An inhibitor of alpha-amylase, called phaseolamin, has been tested as a potential diet aid. When used as a food additive, amylase has E number E1100, and may be derived from pig pancreas or mold fungi. Bacilliary amylase is also used in clothing and dishwasher detergen...	{ "page_id": 63552, "title": "Amylase" }
in the suffix -ase. In 1862, Russian biochemist Aleksandr Yakovlevich Danilevsky (1838–1923) separated pancreatic amylase from trypsin. == Evolution == === Salivary amylase === Saccharides are a food source rich in energy. Large polymers such as starch are partially hydrolyzed in the mouth by the enzyme amylase before ...	{ "page_id": 63552, "title": "Amylase" }
groups such as European-American and Japanese (two high starch populations) to only two to three copies in hunter-gatherer societies such as the Biaka, Datog, and Yakuts. The correlation that exists between starch consumption and number of AMY1 copies specific to population suggest that more AMY1 copies in high starch ...	{ "page_id": 63552, "title": "Amylase" }
The molecular formula C10H8 (molar mass: 128.17 g/mol, exact mass: 128.0626 u) may refer to: Azulene Bicyclo[6.2.0]decapentaene Fulvalene Naphthalene	{ "page_id": 6617152, "title": "C10H8" }
The genomic epidemiological database for global identification of microorganisms or global microbial identifier is a platform for storing whole genome sequencing data of microorganisms, for the identification of relevant genes and for the comparison of genomes to detect and track-and-trace infectious disease outbreaks ...	{ "page_id": 38008898, "title": "Global microbial identifier" }
several preconditions were met: 1) whole genome sequencing has become mature and serious alternative for other genotyping techniques, 2) the price of whole genome sequencing has started falling dramatically and in some cases below the price of traditional identifications, 3) vast amounts of IT resources and a fast Inte...	{ "page_id": 38008898, "title": "Global microbial identifier" }
the formation of an international core group, analysis of the present and future landscape to build the database, and diplomacy efforts to bring the relevant groups together. 2012 - 2016: Development of a robust IT-backbone for the database, and development of novel genome analysis algorithms and software. 2017 - 2020:...	{ "page_id": 38008898, "title": "Global microbial identifier" }
Fluctuation electron microscopy (FEM), originally called Variable Coherence Microscopy before decoherence effects in the sample rendered that naming moot, is a technique in electron microscopy that probes nanometer-scale or "medium-range" order in disordered materials. The first studies were performed on amorphous Si (...	{ "page_id": 52885568, "title": "Fluctuation electron microscopy" }
The molecular formula C17H27NO3 (molar mass: 293.40 g/mol, exact mass: 293.1991 u) may refer to: Embutramide Nordihydrocapsaicin Nonivamide, or PAVA Pramocaine	{ "page_id": 11597892, "title": "C17H27NO3" }
Pagophagia (from Greek: pagos, frost/ice, + phagō, to eat) is the compulsive consumption of ice or iced drinks. It is a form of the disorder known as pica, which in Latin refers to a magpie that eats everything indiscriminately. Pica's medical definition refers to the persistent consumption of nonnutritive substances, ...	{ "page_id": 2029638, "title": "Pagophagia" }
increased processing speed and alertness. Although some investigators also hypothesize that chewing ice may lessen pain in glossitis and stomatitis related to iron-deficiency anemia, the specific pathophysiology is still unknown and this hypothesis remains controversial. The American Dental Association recommends not c...	{ "page_id": 2029638, "title": "Pagophagia" }
is thought to increase alertness and improve the symptoms of fatigue. In support of this hypothesis, individuals with iron-deficient anemia were found to have improved response times on neuropsychological tests than compared to healthy controls when chewing ice. Reports have demonstrated the improvement or resolution o...	{ "page_id": 2029638, "title": "Pagophagia" }
to ways the body attempts to ease the stress. Other known risk factors for pica include "stress, cultural factors, learned behavior, low socioeconomic status, underlying mental health disorder, nutritional deficiency, child neglect, pregnancy, epilepsy, [and] familial psychopathology." In one case report, a 42-year-old...	{ "page_id": 2029638, "title": "Pagophagia" }
of pagophagia include tooth sensitivity and dental injury leading to cracked or chipped teeth. Overconsumption of ice may cause bloating, gas, and stomach pain. Imaging exams such as abdominal x-rays and endoscopy may be ordered if a person presents with abdominal symptoms. Due to the relation between pagophagia and ir...	{ "page_id": 2029638, "title": "Pagophagia" }
iron deficiency may be appropriate in people who present with symptoms of pagophagia. If iron deficiency is confirmed by laboratory screening, iron replacement therapy can be considered with oral supplementation. Over the counter or prescription formulations of iron containing ferrous gluconate, ferrous sulfate, or fer...	{ "page_id": 2029638, "title": "Pagophagia" }
common eating disorder among those who are intellectually impaired. Thus, proper diagnosis of pica is essential, requiring the children to be at least above two years of age, as it is more common to see children younger than two consuming nonnutritive substances. In children, pica is usually short term and will disappe...	{ "page_id": 2029638, "title": "Pagophagia" }
John T. Dingle is a British biologist and rheumatologist. He joined the staff of the Strangeways Research Laboratory in 1959 as a research assistant to then-director Honor Fell, and later himself served as director from 1979 to 1993, taking over the position after the death of Michael Abercrombie.: 259 His presence at ...	{ "page_id": 48822343, "title": "John T. Dingle" }
Souvik Maiti (born in 1971) is an Indian chemist known for his studies in the fields of biophysical chemistry and chemical biology focusing on nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. He works at the Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology. He is also visiting scientist at National Chemical Laboratory Pune. == Education == He...	{ "page_id": 43972681, "title": "Souvik Maiti" }
Earlandia was a genus of prehistoric foraminifera. == See also == Arthur Earland (1866–1958), a British oceanographer, microscopist and expert on Foraminifera List of prehistoric foraminifera genera == References == == External links == Data related to Earlandia at Wikispecies Earlandia at WoRMS Earlandia at fossilwork...	{ "page_id": 55572554, "title": "Earlandia" }
A facultative parasite is an organism that may resort to parasitic activity, but does not absolutely rely on any host for completion of its life cycle. Examples of facultative parasitism occur among many species of fungi, such as family members of the genus Armillaria. Armillaria species do parasitise living trees, but...	{ "page_id": 27195467, "title": "Facultative parasite" }
In cell biology, single-cell analysis and subcellular analysis refer to the study of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and cell–cell interactions at the level of an individual cell, as opposed to more conventional methods which study bulk populations of many cells. The concept of single-cell analysis...	{ "page_id": 38991948, "title": "Single-cell analysis" }
techniques require the isolation of individual cells. Methods currently used for single-cell isolation include: dielectrophoretic digital sorting, enzymatic digestion, FACS, hydrodynamic traps, laser capture microdissection, manual picking, microfluidics, Inkjet Printing (IJP), micromanipulation, serial dilution, and R...	{ "page_id": 38991948, "title": "Single-cell analysis" }
market/researcher demands. Hydrodynamic microfluidics facilitates the development of passive lab-on-chip applications. Hydrodynamic traps allow for the isolation of an individual cell in a "trap" at a single given time by passive microfluidic transport. The number of isolated cells can be manipulated based on the numbe...	{ "page_id": 38991948, "title": "Single-cell analysis" }
thanks to its very low Allelic Dropout effect, and for copy number variation profiling due to its low noise, both with aCGH and with NGS low Pass Sequencing. This method is only applicable to human cells, both fixed and unfixed. One widely adopted WGA technique is called degenerate oligonucleotide–primed polymerase cha...	{ "page_id": 38991948, "title": "Single-cell analysis" }
application is to study the genetic evolution of cancer. Since cancer cells are constantly mutating it is of great interest to researchers to see how cancers evolve at the level of individual cells. These patterns of somatic mutations and copy number aberration can be observed using single-cell sequencing. == Transcrip...	{ "page_id": 38991948, "title": "Single-cell analysis" }
different types of cells. The main goal in cell typing is to find a way to determine the identity of cells that do not express known genetic markers. RNA expression can serve as a proxy for protein abundance. However, protein abundance is governed by the complex interplay between RNA expression and post-transcriptional...	{ "page_id": 38991948, "title": "Single-cell analysis" }
and detected by mass spectrometry for simultaneous and sensitive identification of proteins. These techniques can be highly multiplexed for simultaneous quantification of many targets (panels of up to 38 markers) in single cells. Antibody-DNA quantification: another antibody-based method converts protein levels to DNA ...	{ "page_id": 38991948, "title": "Single-cell analysis" }
time saving by parallel analysis of both peptide ions and protein samples, thereby realizing multiplicative gains in throughput. The separation of differently sized proteins can be accomplished by using capillary electrophoresis (CE) or liquid chromatography (LC) (using liquid chromatography with mass spectroscopy is a...	{ "page_id": 38991948, "title": "Single-cell analysis" }
therefore a liquid bridge can be formed between them and enable the sampling of surfaces as small as a single cell. The primary capillary delivers the solvent to the sample surface where the extraction happens and the secondary capillary directs the solvent with extracted molecules to the MS inlet. Nano-DESI mass spect...	{ "page_id": 38991948, "title": "Single-cell analysis" }
SIMS, ionization happens in vacuum. Laser irradiation ablates the matrix material from the surface and results in charged gas phase matrix particles, with the analyte molecules ionized from this charged chemical matrix. Liu et al. used MALDI-MS to detect eight phospholipids from single A549 cells. MALDI MS imaging can ...	{ "page_id": 38991948, "title": "Single-cell analysis" }
no need to develop fluorescent proteins for all molecules of interest, and is capable of detecting metabolites in the femtomole range. Similar to the methods discussed in proteomics, there has also been success in combining mass spectroscopy with separation techniques such as capillary electrophoresis to quantify metab...	{ "page_id": 38991948, "title": "Single-cell analysis" }
TB9Cs6H2 is a member of the H/ACA-like class of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines of substrate RNAs. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) thus named because of its cellular localization in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell. TB9Cs6H2 is predict...	{ "page_id": 21821515, "title": "TB9Cs6H2 snoRNA" }
In high-energy nuclear physics, strangeness production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions is a signature and diagnostic tool of quark–gluon plasma (QGP) formation and properties. Unlike up and down quarks, from which everyday matter is made, heavier quark flavors such as strange and charm typically approach chemical ...	{ "page_id": 23984205, "title": "Strangeness and quark–gluon plasma" }
exist independently as separate unbound particles). In order to recreate this deconfined phase of matter in the laboratory it is necessary to exceed a minimum temperature, or its equivalent, a minimum energy density. Scientists achieve this using particle collisions at extremely high speeds, where the energy released i...	{ "page_id": 23984205, "title": "Strangeness and quark–gluon plasma" }
strangeness enhancement. This was the first observable of quark–gluon plasma proposed in 1980 by Johann Rafelski and Rolf Hagedorn. Unlike the up and down quarks, strange quarks are not brought into the reaction by the colliding nuclei. Therefore, any strange quarks or antiquarks observed in experiments have been "fres...	{ "page_id": 23984205, "title": "Strangeness and quark–gluon plasma" }
cooked up inside. The up and down quarks from which normal matter is made are easily produced as quark–antiquark pairs in the hot fireball because they have small masses. On the other hand, the next lightest quark flavor—strange quarks—will reach its high quark–gluon plasma thermal abundance provided that there is enou...	{ "page_id": 23984205, "title": "Strangeness and quark–gluon plasma" }

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