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In colloidal chemistry, flocculation is a process by which colloidal particles come out of suspension to sediment in the form of floc or flake, either spontaneously or due to the addition of a clarifying agent. The action differs from precipitation in that, prior to flocculation, colloids are merely suspended, under th...	{ "page_id": 1242977, "title": "Flocculation" }
the addition of flocculants, rapid mixing takes place, followed by slow mixing and later the sedimentation process. Samples can then be taken from the aqueous phase in each beaker. == Mechanisms == One mechanism for flocculation is coacervation. == Applications == === Surface chemistry === In colloid chemistry, floccul...	{ "page_id": 1242977, "title": "Flocculation" }
used in biotechnology applications in conjunction with microfiltration to improve the efficiency of biological feeds. The addition of synthetic flocculants to the bioreactor can increase the average particle size making microfiltration more efficient. When flocculants are not added, cakes form and accumulate causing lo...	{ "page_id": 1242977, "title": "Flocculation" }
=== Flocculation and sedimentation are widely employed in the purification of drinking water as well as in sewage treatment, storm-water treatment and treatment of industrial wastewater streams. For drinking water, typical treatment processes consist of grates, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, granular filtrat...	{ "page_id": 1242977, "title": "Flocculation" }
is a typical example. Usually, in higher pH ranges, in addition to low ionic strength of solutions and domination of monovalent metal cations, the colloidal particles can be dispersed. The additive that prevents the colloids from forming flocs is called a deflocculant. For deflocculation imparted through electrostatic ...	{ "page_id": 1242977, "title": "Flocculation" }
Thymus transplantation is a form of organ transplantation where the thymus is moved from one body to another. It is used in certain immunodeficiencies, such as DiGeorge Syndrome. == Indications == Thymus transplantation is used to treat infants with DiGeorge syndrome, which results in an absent or hypoplastic thymus, i...	{ "page_id": 25491298, "title": "Thymus transplantation" }
Complications include an increased susceptibility to infections while the T cells have not yet developed, rashes and erythema. === Graft-versus-host disease === Theoretically, thymus transplantation could cause two types of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD): First, it could cause a donor T cell-related GVHD, because of ...	{ "page_id": 25491298, "title": "Thymus transplantation" }
Sotolon (also known as sotolone) is a butenolide lactone and an extremely potent aroma compound, with the typical smell of fenugreek or curry at high concentrations and maple syrup, caramel, or burnt sugar at lower concentrations. Sotolon is the major aroma and flavor component of fenugreek seed and lovage, and is one ...	{ "page_id": 1636194, "title": "Sotolon" }
being pointed out as a key odorant of other fortified wines, the researchers’ attention has also been directed to its off-flavor character, associated to the premature oxidative aging of young dry white wines, overlapping the expected fruity, flowery, and fresh character. This compound can be detected by miniaturized e...	{ "page_id": 1636194, "title": "Sotolon" }
The molecular formula C9H10N2O (molar mass: 162.19 g/mol, exact mass: 162.0793 u) may refer to: Phenidone, or 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidinone Aminorex (McN-742)	{ "page_id": 24377192, "title": "C9H10N2O" }
In physical chemistry, supersaturation occurs with a solution when the concentration of a solute exceeds the concentration specified by the value of solubility at equilibrium. Most commonly the term is applied to a solution of a solid in a liquid, but it can also be applied to liquids and gases dissolved in a liquid. A...	{ "page_id": 63337, "title": "Supersaturation" }
proposed another theory for nucleation, in which he described the nucleation and growth of sulfur nuclei in a solution where a chemical reaction provided a constant inflow of molecularly dissolved sulfur. This theory, however, is not confined to this specific case and can be generalised as shown in LaMer’s diagram, pro...	{ "page_id": 63337, "title": "Supersaturation" }
equals the rate of solute supply, so the concentration converges to the saturation value c L e q {\displaystyle c_{L}^{eq}\,\!} . == Occurrence and examples == === Solid precipitate, liquid solvent === A solution of a chemical compound in a liquid will become supersaturated when the temperature of the saturated solutio...	{ "page_id": 63337, "title": "Supersaturation" }
formation of crystals is rather high because of extensive and irregular hydrogen bonding with the solvent, water. For example, although sucrose can be recrystallised easily, its hydrolysis product, known as "invert sugar" or "golden syrup" is a mixture of glucose and fructose that exists as a viscous, supersaturated, l...	{ "page_id": 63337, "title": "Supersaturation" }
free energy in the metastable-vapor region of water in its Revised Release on the IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam. All thermodynamic properties for the metastable-vapor region of water can be derived from this equation by means of the appropriate relations of thermo...	{ "page_id": 63337, "title": "Supersaturation" }
ocean due to simple physical chemical properties, upwards of 70% of all oxygen gas found in supersaturated regions can be attributed to photosynthetic activity. Supersaturation in vapor phase is usually present in the expansion process through steam nozzles that operate with superheated steam at the inlet, which transi...	{ "page_id": 63337, "title": "Supersaturation" }
ice in the atmosphere can be found above 100%, meaning supersaturation has occurred. Supersaturation of water is actually very common in the upper troposphere, occurring between 20% and 40% of the time. This can be determined using satellite data from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder. == References ==	{ "page_id": 63337, "title": "Supersaturation" }
Trygve Helgaker (born August 11, 1953, in Porsgrunn, Norway) is professor of chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Norway. He is a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science, 2005. He has written more than 200 scientific papers, and the book, Molecular Electronic-Structure Theory...	{ "page_id": 3536746, "title": "Trygve Helgaker" }
The Federação das Sociedades de Biologia Experimental (Federation of Experimental Biology Societies, abbreviated FeSBE) is a Brazilian scientific association which runs a number of the mainstream specialized societies in experimental biology and medicine. It was founded in 1985 and currently has the following member so...	{ "page_id": 2815853, "title": "Federação das Sociedades de Biologia Experimental" }
Clay-water interaction is an all-inclusive term to describe various progressive interactions between clay minerals and water. In the dry state, clay packets exist in face-to-face stacks like a deck of playing cards, but clay packets begin to change when exposed to water. Five descriptive terms describe the progressive ...	{ "page_id": 1242991, "title": "Clay–water interaction" }
John H. Safer (September 6, 1922 – December 7, 2018) was an American sculptor. Safer's varied career spanned work in theater lighting, television, real estate, politics and banking. Safer was best known for his monumental sculptures, but he has also created many smaller works. These include award sculptures for organiz...	{ "page_id": 18937712, "title": "John Safer" }
a moving and storage business, was a lawyer who graduated from Georgetown University Law School at the head of his class. His mother Rebecca Herzmark Safer was a social activist, suffragette and intellectual. John learned to read and write by the age of four. At this time his mother entered him into first grade at the ...	{ "page_id": 18937712, "title": "John Safer" }
leave Italy without visiting the Accademia in Florence, Safer "borrowed" a jeep to make the drive to see Michelangelo's David. The Accademia was closed but he convinced the caretaker to let him in. The two hours Safer spent alone with the masterpiece resulted in a seminal experience, but it was Michelangelo's other scu...	{ "page_id": 18937712, "title": "John Safer" }
into sculpture were experiments with plastic swizzle sticks. In 1957 he made his first creations, and he continued to experiment, eventually beginning to carve Lucite. In 1969 Safer had his first show in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania at the Michael Berger Gallery. Several shows in private galleries followed with a major exh...	{ "page_id": 18937712, "title": "John Safer" }
the U.S. Department of State again sent Safer sculptures to Europe. As of 2008, the department has exhibited Safer sculpture in London, Paris, Beijing, Dublin, Bern, Lisbon, Brussels, Bucharest, Belgrade, Nassau, Washington, and New Deli. Both public and private exhibitions of Safer sculpture can be seen in venues thro...	{ "page_id": 18937712, "title": "John Safer" }
lies within us and that which does not. I strive to make works that will elevate the human spirit. What I see and try to capture is the movement of beauty. I try to freeze a line of motion that expresses strength, power, or grace. I try to grasp and make permanent something that is ephemeral. What I aspire to, as an ar...	{ "page_id": 18937712, "title": "John Safer" }
Later that week, Safer and his team won the "B" flight in the Lyford Cay Four-Ball Invitational tournament, a tournament they won in 2007, when Safer was 85. == Honours == Safer has been awarded two honorary degrees: Doctor of Philosophy from Daniel Webster College and Doctor of Literature from Lees-McRae College. In M...	{ "page_id": 18937712, "title": "John Safer" }
Michigan Digitized Nov 13, 2007 ISBN 1-55595-063-9, ISBN 978-1-55595-063-7 John Safer: [exhibition] April 3–26, 1975, Findlay Galleries. By John Safer, N.Y. David Findlay Galleries New York Published by The Galleries, 1975 John Safer. The United States Embassy, 1 Grosvenor Square, London, England. A One Man Exhitition ...	{ "page_id": 18937712, "title": "John Safer" }
Valentine Louis Telegdi (Hungarian: Telegdi Bálint; 11 January 1922 – April 8, 2006) was a Hungarian-American physicist. He was the Enrico Fermi Distinguished Service Professor of Physics at the University of Chicago before he moved to ETH Zürich. After retiring from ETH he divided his time between CERN and the Califor...	{ "page_id": 4454255, "title": "Valentine Telegdi" }
DEPBT (3-(diethoxyphosphoryloxy)-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one) is a peptide coupling reagent used in peptide synthesis. It shows remarkable resistance to racemization. Fmoc-Dab(Mtt)-OH, a commercially available amino acid building block for solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), was proven to undergo rapid lactamization...	{ "page_id": 45545331, "title": "DEPBT" }
Cyparissus is a 1620s Baroque painting on a mythological subject from Ovid's Metamorphoses by the Italian painter Jacopo Vignali. It is on display in the Musée des Beaux-Arts of Strasbourg, France, to which it had been donated by the collectors Othon Kaufmann and François Schlageter in 1994. Its inventory number is 994...	{ "page_id": 64616308, "title": "Cyparissus (Vignali)" }
Ball lightning is a rare and unexplained phenomenon described as luminescent, spherical objects that vary from pea-sized to several meters in diameter. Though usually associated with thunderstorms, the observed phenomenon is reported to last considerably longer than the split-second flash of a lightning bolt, and is a ...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
gradually dissipating, being absorbed into an object, "popping," exploding loudly, or even exploding with force, which is sometimes reported as damaging. Accounts also vary on their alleged danger to humans, from lethal to harmless. A review of the available literature published in 1972 identified the properties of a "...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
Chilean Mapuche culture. According to a statistical investigation carried out in 1960, of 1,962 Oak Ridge National Laboratory monthly role personnel, and of all 15,923 Union Carbide Nuclear Company personnel in Oak Ridge, found 5.6% and 3.1% respectively reported seeing ball lightning. A Scientific American article sum...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
pews and many windows, and filled the church with a foul sulfurous odor and dark, thick smoke. The ball of fire reportedly divided into two segments, one exiting through a window by smashing it open, the other disappearing somewhere inside the church. Because of the fire and sulphur smell, contemporaries explained the ...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
if a hundred cannons had been discharged at the same time, leaving behind it a strong sulfurous smell. By this explosion the main top-mast was shattered into pieces and the main mast went down to the keel. Five men were knocked down and one of them very bruised. Just before the explosion, the ball seemed to be the size...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
slow-moving balls of fire or explosive gas that sometimes fall to the earth or run along the ground during a thunderstorm. He said that the balls sometimes split into smaller balls and may explode "like a cannon". === Wilfrid de Fonvielle === In his book Thunder and Lightning, translated into English in 1875, French sc...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
exploded in their turn like shells. === Tsar Nicholas II === Nicholas II, the final tsar of the Russian Empire, reported witnessing a fiery ball as a child attending church in the company of his grandfather Alexander II. Once my parents were away, and I was at the all-night vigil with my grandfather in the small church...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
British occultist Aleister Crowley reported witnessing what he referred to as "globular electricity" during a thunderstorm on Lake Pasquaney in New Hampshire, United States, in 1916. He was sheltered in a small cottage when he, in his own words, ...noticed, with what I can only describe as calm amazement, that a dazzli...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
on 5 July 1852 "for which sworn statements were filed with the French Academy of Sciences". During a thunderstorm, a tailor living next to Church of the Val-de-Grâce saw a ball the size of a human head come out of the fireplace. It flew around the room, reentered the fireplace, and exploded in and destroyed the top of ...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
in the adjoining room, smashed the stove-pipe, and carried it off with such violence that it was dashed against the opposite wall, and went out through the broken window". The incident was reported in the Bulletin de la Société astronomique de France the following year. In July 1907 ball lightning hit the Cape Naturali...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
atmosphere. There are repeated accounts of inadvertent production of floating explosive balls when the battery banks were switched in or out, especially if misswitched or when the highly inductive electrical motors were misconnected or disconnected. An attempt later to duplicate those balls with a surplus submarine bat...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
plane fell several thousand feet and came within 1,100 feet of the North Sea before making an emergency landing at Aberdeen Airport. On June 24, 2022, in a massive thunderstorm front, a retired lady at Liebenberg, Lower Austria, saw blinding cloud-to-ground lightning to the northeast and within 1 min spotted a yellowis...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
within those 1.64 s. Oscillations in the light intensity and in the oxygen and nitrogen emission at a frequency of 100 hertz, possibly caused by the electromagnetic field of the 50 Hz high-voltage power transmission line in the vicinity, were observed. From the spectrum, the temperature of the ball lightning was assess...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
to as plasma balls. Generally, the experiments are conducted by placing a lit or recently extinguished match or other small object in a microwave oven. The burnt portion of the object flares up into a large ball of fire, while "plasma balls" float near the oven chamber ceiling. Some experiments describe covering the ma...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
somehow separate the oxygen from the silicon dioxide, turning it into pure silicon vapor. As it cools, the silicon could condense into a floating aerosol, bound by its charge, glowing due to the heat of silicon recombining with oxygen. An experimental investigation of this effect, published in 2007, reported producing ...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
the ball lightning is a large (several cubic kilometers) atmospheric maser. The ball lightning appears as a plasma caviton at the antinodal plane of the microwave radiation from the maser. In 2017, Researchers from Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China, proposed that the bright glow of lightning balls is created when ...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
are found to occur within certain industrial microwave ovens and continue to glow for several seconds after power is shut off. Arcs drawn from high-power low-voltage microwave generators also are found to exhibit afterglow. Powell measured their spectra, and found that the after-glow comes mostly from metastable NO ion...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
an aerosol model that explains all the observable properties and processes of ball lightning. === Buoyant plasma hypothesis === The declassified Project Condign report concludes that buoyant charged plasma formations similar to ball lightning are formed by novel physical, electrical, and magnetic phenomena, and that th...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
least, observations would differ substantially.) Theoretical calculations from University of Innsbruck researchers suggest that the magnetic fields involved in certain types of lightning strikes could potentially induce visual hallucinations resembling ball lightning. Such fields, which are found within close distances...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
by the magnetic field, which causes them to rotate around the magnetic field lines. The model predicts a maximum diameter of 34 cm for ball lightning, with the lightning having a charge of about 10 microcoulombs and being positively charged, and the energy of the lightning reaching 11 kilojoules. The electron-ion model...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
less above the ground. Ball movement can be driven by electrical fields but also, since the air in-flow is restricted by the number and mean diameter of the surface particles, it will respond to local humidity differences. Furthermore, the air in-flow provides a very effective surface tension to the ball. This explains...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
oscillations are also possible as stationary waves in a plasma ball or thick plasma membrane. This yields concentric luminous bubbles. == See also == == References == == Further reading == Barry, James Dale (1980). Ball Lightning and Bead Lightning. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 978-0-306-40272-2. Boerner, Herbert (2019...	{ "page_id": 194422, "title": "Ball lightning" }
Axial mesoderm, or chordamesoderm, is the mesoderm in the embryo that lies along the central axis under the neural tube. will give rise to notochord starts as the notochordal process, whose formation finishes at day 20 in humans. important not only in forming the notochord itself but also in inducing development of the...	{ "page_id": 4781943, "title": "Axial mesoderm" }
Kudoa septmpunctata is a myxosporean parasite commonly found in raw olive flounders. The parasite is associated with food poisoning. == References ==	{ "page_id": 78968696, "title": "Kudoa septempunctata" }
In chemistry, peroxycarbonate (sometimes peroxocarbonate, IUPAC name: oxocarbonate or oxidocarbonate) or percarbonate is a divalent anion with formula CO2−4. It is an oxocarbon anion that consists solely of carbon and oxygen. It is the anion of peroxycarbonic acid also called hydroperoxyformic acid, HO−O−CO−OH. The per...	{ "page_id": 25163643, "title": "Peroxycarbonate" }
Conductivity or specific conductance of an electrolyte solution is a measure of its ability to conduct electricity. The SI unit of conductivity is siemens per meter (S/m). Conductivity measurements are used routinely in many industrial and environmental applications as a fast, inexpensive and reliable way of measuring ...	{ "page_id": 22738815, "title": "Conductivity (electrolytic)" }
"microsiemens" (omitting the distance term in the unit). While this is an error, it can often be assumed to be equal to the traditional μS/cm. Often, by typographic limitations μS/cm is expressed as uS/cm. The conversion of conductivity (in μS/cm) to the total dissolved solids (in mg/kg) depends on the chemical composi...	{ "page_id": 22738815, "title": "Conductivity (electrolytic)" }
known conductivity. Electrolytic conductivity is highly temperature-dependent, but many commercial systems offer automatic temperature correction. Tables of reference conductivities are available for many common solutions. == Definitions == Resistance R is proportional to the distance l between the electrodes and is in...	{ "page_id": 22738815, "title": "Conductivity (electrolytic)" }
is known as the limiting molar conductivity, K is an empirical constant, and c is the electrolyte concentration. ("Limiting" here means "at the limit of the infinite dilution".) In effect, the observed conductivity of a strong electrolyte becomes directly proportional to concentration at sufficiently low concentrations...	{ "page_id": 22738815, "title": "Conductivity (electrolytic)" }
a solution of a weak electrolyte is less than the concentration of the electrolyte itself. For acids and bases the concentrations can be calculated when the value or values of the acid dissociation constant are known. For a monoprotic acid HA obeying the inverse square root law, with a dissociation constant Ka, an expl...	{ "page_id": 22738815, "title": "Conductivity (electrolytic)" }
permittivity under 60 has proved to be a controversial subject as regards interpretation. Fuoss and Kraus suggested that it is caused by the formation of ion triplets, and this suggestion has received some support recently. Other developments on this topic have been done by Theodore Shedlovsky, E. Pitts, R. M. Fuoss, F...	{ "page_id": 22738815, "title": "Conductivity (electrolytic)" }
T the absolute temperature in kelvins. === Solvent isotopic effect === The change in conductivity due to the isotope effect for deuterated electrolytes is sizable. == Applications == Despite the difficulty of theoretical interpretation, measured conductivity is a good indicator of the presence or absence of conductive ...	{ "page_id": 22738815, "title": "Conductivity (electrolytic)" }
passed through a cation exchange resin. This is a sensitive method of monitoring anion impurities in the boiler water in the presence of excess cations (those of the alkalizing agent usually used for water treatment). The sensitivity of this method relies on the high mobility of H+ in comparison with the mobility of ot...	{ "page_id": 22738815, "title": "Conductivity (electrolytic)" }
The Journal of Chemical Physics. 42 (2): 462–469. Bibcode:1965JChPh..42..462F. doi:10.1063/1.1695956. Conductivity of concentrated solutions of electrolytes in methyl and ethyl alcohols Concentrated solutions and ionic cloud model H. L. Friedman, F. Franks, Aqueous Simple Electrolytes Solutions	{ "page_id": 22738815, "title": "Conductivity (electrolytic)" }
In chemistry, delocalized electrons are electrons in a molecule, ion or solid metal that are not associated with a single atom or a covalent bond. The term delocalization is general and can have slightly different meanings in different fields: In organic chemistry, it refers to resonance in conjugated systems and aroma...	{ "page_id": 653183, "title": "Delocalized electron" }
graphite conducts electricity along the planes of carbon atoms, but does not conduct in a direction at right angles to the plane. == Molecular orbitals == Standard ab initio quantum chemistry methods lead to delocalized orbitals that, in general, extend over an entire molecule and have the symmetry of the molecule. Loc...	{ "page_id": 653183, "title": "Delocalized electron" }
Bogoliubov causality condition is a causality condition for scattering matrix (S-matrix) in axiomatic quantum field theory. The condition was introduced in axiomatic quantum field theory by Nikolay Bogolyubov in 1955. == Formulation == In axiomatic quantum theory, S-matrix is considered as a functional of a function g ...	{ "page_id": 20313983, "title": "Bogoliubov causality condition" }
In molecular biology mir-62 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-62 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36370308, "title": "Mir-62 microRNA precursor family" }
The Joback method, often named Joback–Reid method, predicts eleven important and commonly used pure component thermodynamic properties from molecular structure only. It is named after Kevin G. Joback in 1984 and developed it further with Robert C. Reid. The Joback method is an extension of the Lydersen method and uses ...	{ "page_id": 17627014, "title": "Joback method" }
both cases the equation parameters are calculated by group contributions. == Model strengths and weaknesses == === Strengths === The popularity and success of the Joback method mainly originates from the single group list for all properties. This allows one to get all eleven supported properties from a single analysis ...	{ "page_id": 17627014, "title": "Joback method" }
for large and small molecules and an acceptable good estimation only for mid-sized components. == Formulas == In the following formulas Gi denotes a group contribution. Gi are counted for every single available group. If a group is present multiple times, each occurrence is counted separately. === Normal boiling point ...	{ "page_id": 17627014, "title": "Joback method" }
Heat capacity (ideal gas) === C P [ J / ( mol ⋅ K ) ] = ∑ a i − 37.93 + [ ∑ b i + 0.210 ] T + [ ∑ c i − 3.91 ⋅ 10 − 4 ] T 2 + [ ∑ d i + 2.06 ⋅ 10 − 7 ] T 3 . {\displaystyle C_{P}[{\text{J}}/({\text{mol}}\cdot {\text{K}})]=\sum a_{i}-37.93+\left[\sum b_{i}+0.210\right]T+\left[\sum c_{i}-3.91\cdot 10^{-4}\right]T^{2}+\le...	{ "page_id": 17627014, "title": "Joback method" }
twice, its contributions have to be added twice. == References == == External links == Online molecular drawing and property estimation tool with the Joback method Online property estimation with the Joback method	{ "page_id": 17627014, "title": "Joback method" }
Garudhiya or garudiya (Dhivehi: ގަރުދިޔަ) is a clear fish broth. It is one of the basic and traditional food items of Maldivian cuisine. The broth is based on tuna species found in the nation's ocean waters such as skipjack (kanḍumas or goḍa), yellowfin tuna (kanneli), little tunny (lațți), or frigate tuna (raagonḍi). ...	{ "page_id": 8255368, "title": "Garudiya" }
The American Institute of Chemists (AIC) is an organization founded in 1923 with the goal of advancing the chemistry profession in the United States. The institute is known for its yearly awards recognizing contributions of individuals in this field of work. The American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal, given since 19...	{ "page_id": 26933129, "title": "American Institute of Chemists" }
The electronic production of a visual image by ionising radiation on a radiation detector and displayed on a display monitor or similar screen. == References ==	{ "page_id": 26408840, "title": "Radioscope" }
Ofer Dekel (Hebrew: עופר דקל) is a computer science researcher in the Machine Learning Department of Microsoft Research. He obtained his PhD in computer science from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and is an affiliate faculty at the Computer Science & Engineering department at the University of Washington. == Areas ...	{ "page_id": 28899211, "title": "Ofer Dekel (researcher)" }
146–158. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.108.8522. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-30568-2_13. ISBN 978-3-540-30568-2. OCLC 108716892. (subscription required) Dekel, Ofer; Shamir, Ohad; Xiao, Lin (November 2010). "Learning to classify with missing and corrupted features". Machine learning. 81 (2): 149–178. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.187.8865. doi:10.100...	{ "page_id": 28899211, "title": "Ofer Dekel (researcher)" }
Nature Ecology and Evolution is an online-only monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Portfolio covering all aspects of research on ecology and evolutionary biology. It was established in 2017. Its first editor-in-chief was Patrick Goymer. The current editor-in-chief is Simon Harold. According to ...	{ "page_id": 55048075, "title": "Nature Ecology and Evolution" }
Visceral pain is defined as pain that results from the activation of nociceptors of the thoracic, pelvic, or abdominal viscera (organs) in the human body. Visceral structures are highly sensitive to distension (stretch), ischemia and inflammation, but relatively insensitive to other stimuli that normally evoke pain suc...	{ "page_id": 35190669, "title": "Visceral pain" }
20% in developed countries. Surveys have shown prevalence rates among adults of 25% for intermittent abdominal pain and 20% for chest pain; 24% of women experience pelvic pain at any point in time. For over two-thirds of those affected, pain is accepted as part of daily life and symptoms are self-managed; a small propo...	{ "page_id": 35190669, "title": "Visceral pain" }
with significant intensity. Referred pain is sharper, better localized, and less likely to be accompanied by autonomic or emotional signs. A good example of visceral pain that is commonplace and embodies the wide spectrum of clinical presentations discussed above is a myocardial infarction (MI), more commonly known as ...	{ "page_id": 35190669, "title": "Visceral pain" }
the low density of sensory innervation of viscera and the extensive divergence of visceral input within the central nervous system (CNS). The phenomenon of referred pain is secondary to the convergence of visceral afferent (sensory) nerve fibers entering the spinal cord at the same level as the superficial, somatic str...	{ "page_id": 35190669, "title": "Visceral pain" }
the gut. There are issues associated with pharmacotherapy that include side effects (ex. constipation associated with opiate use), chemical dependence or addiction, and inadequate pain relief. Invasive therapies are in general reserved for patients in whom pharmacological and other non-invasive therapies are ineffectiv...	{ "page_id": 35190669, "title": "Visceral pain" }
Genetic architecture is the underlying genetic basis of a phenotypic trait and its variational properties. Phenotypic variation for quantitative traits is, at the most basic level, the result of the segregation of alleles at quantitative trait loci (QTL). Environmental factors and other external influences can also pla...	{ "page_id": 1505166, "title": "Genetic architecture" }
Genetic architecture is sometimes studied using a genotype–phenotype map, which graphically depicts the relationship between the genotype and the phenotype. Genetic architecture is incredibly important for understanding evolutionary theory because it describes phenotypic variation in its underlying genetic terms, and t...	{ "page_id": 1505166, "title": "Genetic architecture" }
genetic basis of any trait, and this study was among the first to utilize these concepts in a paired fashion to determine information about the underlying genetics of a phenotypic trait. In 2013, a group of researchers used genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and genome-wide interaction studies (GWIS) to determine t...	{ "page_id": 1505166, "title": "Genetic architecture" }
analyses to provide specific information regarding loci involved in producing a phenotype. A study of the human immune system in 2015 uses the same general concepts to identify several loci involved in the development of the immune system, but, like the other studies outlined here, failed to consider other aspects of g...	{ "page_id": 1505166, "title": "Genetic architecture" }
The molecular formula C4H4N2O2 (molar mass: 112.09 g/mol, exact mass: 112.0273 u) may refer to: Cellocidin (2-butynediamide) Maleic hydrazide Squaramide Uracil	{ "page_id": 5765005, "title": "C4H4N2O2" }
Cells destined for apoptosis release molecules referred to as find-me signals. These signal molecules are used to attract phagocytes which engulf and eliminate damaged cells. Find-me signals are typically released by the apoptotic cells while the cell membrane remains intact. This ensures that the phagocytic cells are ...	{ "page_id": 69072781, "title": "Find-me signals" }
find-me signals == Known types of find-me signals include: Lipids: lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) Proteins and peptides: fractalkine (CX3CL1) interleukin-8 (IL-8) complement components C3a and C5a split tyrosyl tRNA synthetase (mini TyrRS) dimerized ribosomal protein S19 (RP S19) endothe...	{ "page_id": 69072781, "title": "Find-me signals" }
on the phagocyte that is thought to be linked to LPC is G2A, but it has not been confirmed. The role of LPC as a find-me signal has also not been characterized in vivo. ==== Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) ==== It has been suggested that the induction of apoptosis results in increased expression of S1P kinase 1 (SphK1). ...	{ "page_id": 69072781, "title": "Find-me signals" }
is dependent upon caspase indirectly. CX3CL1 could also be released as part of microparticles from the beginning stages of apoptotic death of Burkitt Lymphoma cells. The receptors on monocytes that are able to detect the presence of CX3CL1 are CX3R1 receptors, as shown in both in vivo and in vitro studies. === Nucleoti...	{ "page_id": 69072781, "title": "Find-me signals" }
a possible find me signal. Apoptosis causes a dimerization of S19, inducing a conformation change that allows it to bind to the C5a receptor on monocytes. Research suggests that S19 is released during the late to final stages of apoptosis. EMAPII, a fragment of tyrosyl tRNA synthetase, has also been shown to attract mo...	{ "page_id": 69072781, "title": "Find-me signals" }
up a gradient within the tissue they are in to attract phagocytes to their location. The phagocytes migrate to the dying cell through the use of their receptors responding to the find-me signals initiating a signaling pathway within, causing them to move to the proximity of the cell emitting those signals. If the body'...	{ "page_id": 69072781, "title": "Find-me signals" }
molecules up to 1 kDa in size to pass through. The nucleotides are detected by P2Y2 on monocytes, which causes them to migrate to the location of the apoptotic cell. === Engulfment and clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes === Phagocytes are able to sense the find-me signals presented by an apoptotic cell during t...	{ "page_id": 69072781, "title": "Find-me signals" }
the presenting eat-me signals through specific eat-me signal receptors on the phagocytic cell. The phagocyte will engulf the eat-me signal presenting cell through induced signaling of engulfment receptors and by the reorganization of the phagocytic cell's cytoskeleton. The components of the dying cell are processed by ...	{ "page_id": 69072781, "title": "Find-me signals" }
In chemistry, protonation (or hydronation) is the adding of a proton (or hydron, or hydrogen cation), usually denoted by H+, to an atom, molecule, or ion, forming a conjugate acid. (The complementary process, when a proton is removed from a Brønsted–Lowry acid, is deprotonation.) Some examples include The protonation o...	{ "page_id": 522130, "title": "Protonation" }
control, are of considerable interest in organic synthesis. They are also relevant to various biological processes. == Reversibility and catalysis == Protonation is usually reversible, and the structure and bonding of the conjugate base are normally unchanged on protonation. In some cases, however, protonation induces ...	{ "page_id": 522130, "title": "Protonation" }

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