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to the press, or I am sure there are other ways. In an authoritarian state we had no other way than the one I took. QNow, witness, what did you think would happen? ABecause of the violence of the letter and the apparent specialized knowledge and reliability apparently expressed by this letter, I thought that Himmler wo... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,880,000 | 2,880,500 |
it is hardly possible for me to distinguish what I wrote or thought or said at the time or read or what Voigt said. QThen you can not tell us anything accurate about the second letter? ANo, but I know that I told them the name of the firm. QNow, witness, aside from writing these two letters did you give any caladium; d... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,880,450 | 2,880,950 |
even though it is apparent from the letter that he knew the two other papers, too. Then he quotes the scientific part of my letter in such a similar and close form that the suspicion is at hand here that he knew my letter and the most obvious thing is the same word that I thought about for a long time the word perspect... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,880,900 | 2,881,400 |
him. THE PRESIDENT:Very well, with that understanding counsel may proceed. DR. HOFFMAN:I now submit document #16, Document Book 2, page 31. There are four photostats of photographs ... THE PRESIDENT:What is the exhibit number you assigned to this document, counsel? DR.HOFFMAN: #15, Your Honor. They are photographs from... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,881,350 | 2,881,850 |
as those in medical theory and, in some cases, they are even large. The next concentrations, D-3 and D-4, are in accordance with the smallest amounts used in pharmacology and the rest of the concentrations, up to D-100, are not based on any experimental basis. This is only a broad statement. A great deal could be said ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,881,800 | 2,882,300 |
I agree with you entirely. Only, it seems correct to me that the witness should explain what his thoughts were at the time when he supposed that these drugs would be unsuccessful. THE PRESIDENT:That is entirely proper, counsel, but I see no object in re-reading That we already have before us. If he will give us the pag... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,882,250 | 2,882,750 |
the simple reason that the authors state that they carry out experiments with mice which brought about sterilization in 10 mice, but those results, however, could not be produced legally. At that tine the experiments with the rats and had not yet been carried out, and it was considered somewhat during that on the basis... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,882,700 | 2,883,200 |
PRESIDENT:Can the witness refer to the number of the page in the German document book? THE WITNESS:Mr. President, I stated page 75 of the original article. DR. HOFFMANN:Page 42 of the Document Book II - correction, it is page 41-A, THE PRESIDENT:You say it is page 41-A? THE WITNESS:Oh, Yes, Your Honor, it is page 41-A ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,883,150 | 2,883,650 |
I believe is Exhibit Number ..... I confuse myself. If he will refer to the exhibit numbers, it will help me a bit. THE PRESIDENT:Counsel, the Tribunal does not want to prejudice the defendant's case, nor interfere with the orderly procedure, but the manner in which you are proceeding is certainly confusing. Would it n... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,883,600 | 2,884,100 |
to experiment with more animals? A:The first experiment with male animals was carried out within nine animals, three of whom died and only one remained alive. I already mentioned that. Five were killed. Of the female animals, a total twelve, there were four failures, five died of chronic poisoning, at least that is how... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,884,050 | 2,884,550 |
their arrows with the sap of the plant and administer the poison to the natives by the wound made by the arrow. This is a very direct comparison. THE PRESIDENT:Counsel is it not possible to ask the witness questions concerning his conclusions. The Tribunal is satisfied he has read very extensively on this subject. Can ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,884,500 | 2,885,000 |
Hoffman, there were a large number of reasons which convinced me that the conclusions of the authoris could not be correct. My letter is based on that fact. Now a large number of very important and essential points should be mentioned and I would like to add briefly that after all I have been waiting in order to speak ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,884,950 | 2,885,450 |
he realized it would not sterilize a person, hence he recommends it's use in an effort to hoodwink Himmler. It that is it, well it seems there is no necessity to go into technical explanations, As a matter of fact to aid the Tribunal, the Prosecution will undertake to take these these publications and also have an expe... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,885,400 | 2,885,900 |
Then it needs an area of 1 square meter and weights of about 1½ to 2 kilograms would give 1 kilogram of sap. Therefore, for 10 human beings 273 square meters would have been needed. For 1,000 27,400 square meters. That would be 132 hot houses. Since the letter gives the high figures for 100,000 human beings 13,200 hot ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,885,850 | 2,886,350 |
this problem interested authoritative circles very intensively and that such experiments and castrations were in fact carried out. Now, in October, 1941, my suggestions appear which, as can be seen from casual connections, aroused a certain interest and the authorities concerned took an interest in my plan. The X-ray e... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,886,300 | 2,886,800 |
they would have time to study which they did not have at the University. This request shows that the time of the students was filled with other things than they themselves wanted. QWell, did the agitation of National Socialism influence physicians' organizations? AI have described what measures I was exposed to through... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,886,750 | 2,887,250 |
the Sudetenland were so late, 11 months after the occupation of Sudetenland, the war began and because it was at such a late time there was great scarcity of doctors, which probably forced the authorities to disregard these very radical measures. I was, in fact, allowed to practice medicine without being a member of th... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,887,200 | 2,887,700 |
the conditions which you outlined, for an ethical experiment were not fulfilled? A.- No. Q.- Would you conduct that experiment if the conditions were not fulfilled had you been so ordered to do so by the state? A.- That is very difficult to answer. That again is suggestive. If you take my own situation, if I had refuse... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,887,650 | 2,888,150 |
SS medical services? A.- He was apparently an agent or in some special job. He never wore a uniform. He always wore civilian clothes. Q.- Did they come to you for treatment because they didn't want to report their condition to the SS medical service? A.- I believe I can remember that they brought certificates, similar ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,888,100 | 2,888,600 |
that sterilizations were going on; you state that his conversation had a great effect on you and that you were rather indignent and shocked; was that the occasion for further study on your part concerning the efficacy of Caladium? ANot the usefulness, but the influence of Caladium and whether it was possible. In short ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,888,550 | 2,889,050 |
on animals, not on human beings and your proposition was for Himmler to experiment on human beings; is that correct? ANo, that was what Voigt told me. He told me that and the situation was entirely different, they were already being carried out. QYou state in your own letter to Himmler, which is Document NG-035, on pag... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,889,000 | 2,889,500 |
this question not be permitted, otherwise, I would have asked it this morning. THE PRESIDENT:It seems to me that these questions are entirely different from those propounded this morning by the defense. The objection will be over-ruled. Counsel may proceed. If counsel for the defense feels there are any questions he sh... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,889,450 | 2,889,950 |
sap contains tetanus and gangrene, and so forth, I don't need to go into that, it would have required preparation, but because of my botannical knowledge, I knew something about the plant. It is a plant of a group of 27 tropical plants which were formerly used as decorative plants in Europe and are not cultivated any m... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,889,900 | 2,890,400 |
in the experimental magazine which is defense Exhibit 16, that is Porkorny Exhibit No. 16 is unsound scientifically, do you state that? ALet us say I hold the opposite view scientifically. QDid you ever see Caladium other than in pictures? AI have already said that is one of the 27 plants from the Amazon district QPlea... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,890,350 | 2,890,850 |
effect or was your research extensive enough for that? AIn the first place I performed no research at all but if you will think that a young rat weighing 150 grams for 218 days is under treatment and there is no effect yet then you can assume that the drug has no effect. QHow is caladium administered? AMadaus and Koch ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,890,800 | 2,891,300 |
I.G. Farben. The senior pharmacologist of Mr. Madaus asked us, "You must be a commission from SS-Obergruppenfuehrer Pohl," to which the SS men replied "yes". The pharmacologist went on to tell us that a few days previously Pohl himself had visited Mr. Madaus together with several other people and had mentioned the espe... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,891,250 | 2,891,750 |
the defendant be given an opportunity to read all of this affidavit. There are a number of paragraphs which do not confirm the opinion of the prosecution. This reading might have a suggestive effect on the defendant. THE PRESIDENT:Counsel will be furnished with a copy of this translation in German. The Tribunal has it ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,891,700 | 2,892,200 |
direct. I know, however, that the firm Madaus placed their orders through SS Obergruppenfuehrer Pohl separately and am not acquainted with the development of this matter." Q. (By Mr. Hardy) Now you, witness, have read this affidavit. Do you think that the affiant is incorrect in that he states that the drug caladium se... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,892,150 | 2,892,650 |
or not the name Ulzeva means anything to you. Spelled U-l-z-o-v-a. A:Yes Q:What does that name mean to A:Yes. Q:What does that name mean to you? A:That is the lady to whom I was engaged at one time, a Czech lawyer. Q:When was that? A:That was about 1936 to 1940. I don't quite understand what that has to do with this tr... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,892,600 | 2,893,100 |
have the most serious consequences. Q:Now you have stated here that in the spring of 1942 you received an inquiry regarding the production of the drug. What drug are you referring to in that inquiry? A:I testified that I did not understand this question because I did not know that the Madaus firm had a drug called cala... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,893,050 | 2,893,550 |
your Honor pleases, is it the witness Trux that will appear first? DR. HOFFMANN:Yes. REDIRECT EXAMINATION BY DR. SAUTER for the defendant Blome: Q:Witness, I am afraid I have to ask you a few questions arising from your answers to the cross examination by the Prosecution. The Prosecution called you an expert and questi... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,893,500 | 2,894,000 |
QWe don't have to go back to the Middle Ages. I am talking about your own studies. AThe discovery ofAmerica was a very important event. The founding of the first German University was also an important event, and that was in Prague. QYou said before that the medical training of young doctors in the Third Reich receded ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,893,950 | 2,894,450 |
what I observed on these medical students. There is no purpose in wasting a great deal of this talk on this. One doesn't have to generalize. Far be it from me to run down German medicine and science and the medical profession. But one cannot deny BY DR. SAUTER: Q.Doctor, you spoke of the interference by the Nazis in th... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,894,400 | 2,894,900 |
time? That was your professional organization, represented by the Reich physician leader Dr. Blome? A.Doctor, I don't think I would have got as far as the anteroom. Q.But you could have tried. You got as far as Himmler. You could have got to Blome, too. You could have written him a letter. Why didn't you? A.Dr. Sauter,... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,894,850 | 2,895,350 |
anything to do with it? A.I don't know anything about that. THE PRESIDENT:Counsel, how much longer will the examination of this witness probably continue? DR. SAUTER:A few minutes. Perhaps it would be better to interrupt it now. MR. HARDY:Your Honors, is all this extensive examination necessary. I think that it---- THE... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,895,300 | 2,895,800 |
case, would first submit their new evidence and examine the witnesses and if then after that the defense were to submit what evidence remains we believe that that will expedite proceedings. MR. HARDY:Your Honor, in this regard the prosecution, of course, is adverse to complying with the wishes of defense counsel becaus... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,895,750 | 2,896,250 |
We should be very grateful for this opportunity. MR. HARDY:Your Honor, I am apparently not clear in what Dr. Sauter has said. He said "in answer to the briefs". I feel sure that the prosecution isn't going to write another brief in answer to defense brief. I don't know just what he is referring to. The prosecution will... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,896,200 | 2,896,700 |
part even from lay-literature. I never took a special interest in the subject before September of 1941 when the subject was brought to my attention. QThen in September of 1941, Doctor, did you study this international literature, which we have discussed here, for examples, Professor Leibrandt and Professor Ivy, and the... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,896,650 | 2,897,150 |
nothing. (The witness repeated the oath.) JUDGE SEBRING:You may be seated. DIRECT EXAMINATION BY DR. HOFFMANN: QWitness, you were born 11 January 1900 in Komotau, at that time in Austria Hungary? AYes. QYou are now a resident of Kremsminster in the American Zone of Austria? AYes. QWitness, please tell the Tribunal brie... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,897,100 | 2,897,600 |
I may give you the following example from memory. Proceedings of the N.S.D.A.P., shortly after the occupation of the Sudetenland began, with the purpose of hurting his practise and recalling his license. The main reason I remember was his close contact with Czechs and Jews, his half Jewish children, pacifists, etc., As... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,897,550 | 2,898,050 |
say, was shocked at the intentions of castration and could not get over the idea that the intention was to treat human beings like animals. He regretted that the medical professors and other authorities did not have the courage to oppose such intentions. My sister added, that Dr. Porkorny, acting on this conversation, ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,898,000 | 2,898,500 |
is a certificate of the Czechoslovakian Republic about the political circumstances regarding the witness Trux, on the basis of investigations. MR. HARDY:I would like to know just what this document is. I would like to have it explained. DR. HOFFMAN:Mr. President, this document which I shall show to the witness for iden... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,898,450 | 2,898,950 |
in Austria. Q.When did you meet Dr. Pokorny for the first time? A.After the World War, I think. I can't remember today of course. I became close friends with him after 1938. I was in Komotau frequently in connection with the illness of my mother whom Dr. Pokorny treated. Q.When did Dr. Pokorny first start courting your... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,898,900 | 2,899,400 |
things were confidential. Q.Did he tell you that he had proposed that experiments be conducted? A.Well, I could see that from what I was told from the contents of the letter. Q.Then you understood that Pokorny was proposing that experiments be carried out with this poison plant, caladium? A.Yes, that is what I understo... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,899,350 | 2,899,850 |
put in charge of the biological institute of Dr. Madaus in Radeheul. QWitness, what scientific papers have you written? AAbout seventy, mostly on the basis of animal experiments. QAnd what are you doing at present? AAt present I am working for Madus and Company in Bonn. QAnd where did you work until the collapse? AIn R... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,899,800 | 2,900,300 |
please do not quote. Since you wrote the paper yourselff, just tell us about those reasons. AOn page 69 I said expressly that this was no prospect of procedure for human beings. I also said that the experiments were in part positive and in par? negative, also on page 69; that the time until the drug took effect was sub... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,900,250 | 2,900,750 |
publications, but he asked that the tests be continued and that we tell the SS or rather him, about the results. We were to continue the tests on a broad basis, wore to cultivate caladium, were to try to grow the caladium from seed, and he had a few other wishes, but I can't remember them at the moment. QWitness, did y... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,900,700 | 2,901,200 |
such plants artificially, and that this had succeeded in many cases, but how it was for caladium I didn't know because I did not carry out such experiments myself but I had heard how our botanists dealt with such questions on principle. I pointed out the great difficulties perhaps in my own interest; I even exaggerated... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,901,150 | 2,901,650 |
negative. The records of the experiments are probably available. Then we experimented on mice. After a few weeks this experiment was broken off, having had no positive results because all the animals died. We put in the record that they died because of an epidemic among themselves. Then there were what we called in our... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,901,600 | 2,902,100 |
proof. We only had experiences with animals and the results with the animals could not be transferred to human beings. Q:Do you believe this was enough assurance for an average doctor so that he could believe that no experiments of any importance could be carried on with caladium? A:If the doctor reflected on the fact ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,902,050 | 2,902,550 |
men might have given anything to the SS, that I consider quite out of the question. Q:Witness, yesterday the prosecution put in an affidavit, an affidavit by Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Teauboeck. Would you please make a statement regarding this affidavit. THE PRESIDENT:The record will shew that the witness is now examining... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,902,500 | 2,903,000 |
Caladium? A:Yes, I do know that. He told me that personally in 1935 or 1936 before we began our first Caladium experiments. He was in North America and heard there in conversations that natives of South America used the Caladium plant in order to sterilize their enemies. They tried to feed it to them secretly or perhap... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,902,950 | 2,903,450 |
sterility, particularly the temporary elimination of the functions of the female genital organs in case of tuberculosis or other serious damages, is a question which for understandable reasons is discussed frequently and which has resulted in extensive animal experiments; the results obtained in the course of this rese... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,903,400 | 2,903,900 |
now showing the results in your animal experiments, and you state in conclusion on page 47, starting on page 46-A, that: "Caladium segunium to which popular experience attributes a sterilizing effect, shows in animal experiments the following effect:" And you also show the effect it has on animals. Now from reading thi... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,903,850 | 2,904,350 |
pointed out but it was not said that experiments were to be carried out on human beings. QWell, now let's go back ABut if you ask me whether I consider it ethical to carry out experiments on human beings, such experiments, then I must say I do not consider it ethical. QLet us go back to this report which you wrote. Do ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,904,300 | 2,904,800 |
supplemental affidavit, but counsel may now ask the witness if in his opinion the fact that it might be stated that the drug would be effective on males and not on females would make any difference in his scientific opinion on the matter. BY MR. HARDY: QWhat is your opinion, Dr. Koch? AThat is of no importance. There a... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,904,750 | 2,905,250 |
alive could say that, that it is impossible. But you can say that at the time -- right now -- it is impossible, and it is uncertain whether it ever will be possible. To state this very clearly the question is just as open as if someone said "Are we going to be able to telephone to inhabitants of Mars next month?" Then ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,905,200 | 2,905,700 |
nature with Pohl did not take place so far as I know. We saw him for the briefest sort of time. Q:Did you ever meet Dr. Schumann? A:Dr. Schumann from England? Q:No, no, an SS physician, Schumann. A:I cannot remember that name. Q:Didn't he ever visit you at your institute? A:I can't tell you. I cannot remember the name.... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,905,650 | 2,906,150 |
on the glands with internal secretion also has a toxic influence on other organs or was your question intended differently? Q:No, that answer is sufficient, Doctor. Doctor, did you have any misgivings after having been approached by Oswald Pohl regarding the production and experimentation with caladium sequinum? A:Yes,... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,906,100 | 2,906,600 |
in a case of caladium we never had the impression that it was of such toxicity to the nerves as curare is. THE PRESIDENT:Thank you. Any further questions to the witness? There being none the witness is excused from the stand. DR. HOFFMAN:I have no further questions, your Honor. (Witness excused). DR. HOFFMANN:Mr. Presi... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,906,550 | 2,907,050 |
DocumentNO-041, Exhibit No. 156, made additions to his statement of 14 July 1946, DocumentNO-065, to the following effect: "My letter of 7 September 1942,NO-041, shows that I had employed SS Sturmbannfuehrer Lolling in connection with caladium. Now, I never heard any more from Lolling concerning experiments with caladi... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,907,000 | 2,907,500 |
zone, I consider it extremely improbable that even a doctor of only average education will attempt with conviction the experiment of sterilizing human beings with caladium extract on the basis of the work of Madaus and Koch. Convincing papers for the problem referred to other than the work of Madaus and Koch are not kn... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,907,450 | 2,907,950 |
an expert on pharmacological questions? AYes, I believe so. QWitness, what do you think of homeopathy or bio-chemistry? AHomeopathy or bio-chemistry is a very interesting system of healing which, at the time of its origin was a reaction to the one-sided attitude of classical medicine. It is noteworthy and no doubt just... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,907,900 | 2,908,400 |
in interruptions of potency, sterility, frigidity, etc. That the Madaus firm had certain propagandistic purposes in publishing this paper can be seen from the publication of the results of the work in a popular magazine, a procedure which is not customary. QWitness, what possibilities are there, in principle, for steri... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,908,350 | 2,908,850 |
like to mention Benzol. When these poisons are introduced into the human body, there is no way of controlling the effect. If, for example, Benzol is administered to a human being the reproductive glands are damaged it is true, but before this can take effect, the blood building organs which react similarly, are damaged... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,908,800 | 2,909,300 |
sterilizing effect of caladium can not be understood, and the basis of the procedure can not be understood, unless one is informed as to how human beings and animals can be sterilized at all. If one does not understand sterilization in general one can fall into the error of feeling this is a relative specific work. THE... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,909,250 | 2,909,750 |
anything further to offer? DR. HOFFMANN:No, I am finished with my case then. MR. HARDY:Your Honor, I believe Dr. Servatius is prepared to submit the rest of his documentary evidence in the case of Karl Brandt. If he does not anticipate he will fill out the rest of the day, I suppose Dr. Nelte will be ready to put in su... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,909,700 | 2,910,200 |
Tribunal should have a complete document book, but meanwhile we can proceed with the submission of these documents as we now stand with one document book in which the exhibit numbers will be noted. DR. SERVATIUS:Mr. President, the document which I intend to offer fall into two categories, one affidavits about definite ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,910,150 | 2,910,650 |
for science and research and planning and economy. I don't intend to go into this chart in detail. That would take too much time and in my opinion it is not of any special significance. THE PRESIDENT:Do I understand, counsel that this is Karl Brandt Document 112? DR. SERVATIUS:Yes, 112, Exhibit 34. THE PRESIDENT:The nu... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,910,600 | 2,911,100 |
point where we surpass the efforts of Reichsleiter Rosenberg and that it will become the research office for National Socialism. This will be possible only if we all stand together and if everything connected with research, no matter what field, is in the Ahnenerbe and is directed from there." I believe this document i... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,911,050 | 2,911,550 |
statement of the defendant Brandt, that he had not passed this ointment on for research purposes but only for tests. There follows Document 101, Exhibit 41, an affidavit by Dr. Ambros, who speaks about chemical warfare agents. He worked for I.G. Farben and had to work on chemical warfare agents and protective agents. H... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,911,500 | 2,912,000 |
average figure being about 32 percent, and for children about 7 percent. It was assumed that 15,000,000 civilian gas masks had already become quite useless so the civilian population was completely unprotected. Forty-five million gas masks would have had to be produced and that was the purpose of Brandt's assignment. A... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,911,950 | 2,912,450 |
the defendants without being told what their names were. I looked at the pictures and when I came to the picture of Karl Brandt, whose name I didn't know, I said, 'That was a high ranking SS officer who was certainly in the hospital before 1942. ' I was then asked if I could pick out this person from a number of other ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,912,400 | 2,912,900 |
profession is different than the press and propaganda. What the press publishes is only false propaganda which damages science and has some political aims. For that reason, in the interest of science I must offer this document and prove that Karl Brandt did nothing different that what is approved by highest authorities... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,912,850 | 2,913,350 |
matter of the probative value of the document. DR. SERVATIUS:Mr. President, as for the questionnaires sent out on this subject, I ask for permission to submit them later, if they should be received. Mr. President, I should like to offer the following document No. 110, for the following reasons. In this document KB-93, ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,913,300 | 2,913,800 |
comment on the question of literature later and offer some affidavits now on euthanasia and at the end bring up the question of literature. MR. HARDY:Your Honor, that is perfectly all right, but this is going to come up with all the defendants and I wonder if the Tribunal is in a position to rule on that now, or does t... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,913,750 | 2,914,250 |
cannot take only authorities; you must take other voices, too, which are a part. The structure must include all of them. Only from the total facts can real life be seen and ascertained what the real opinion of humanity is. THE PRESIDENT:As I stated, each document will be considered as it is presented. Suppose you reser... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,914,200 | 2,914,700 |
hepatitis by the same author, Professor Neefe, an excerpt from the Journal of the American Medical Association, 11 August 1945. This concerns itself with the question of voluntary consent in hepatitis and the volunteers in these experiments were conscientious objectors. It says that the experiments were made possible t... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,914,650 | 2,915,150 |
you correctly? THE PRESIDENT:The argument of counsel must be based upon evidence which is received and admitted before the Tribunal and not upon extraneous matters. DR. SERVATIUS:Then Mr. President I am not in a position to base my argument on anything because I will have no practical case to refer to but must refer on... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,915,100 | 2,915,600 |
document will be received in evidence as Karl Brandt Exhibit No. 50. DR. SERVATIUS:Next comes Karl Brandt 110. This will be Exhibit 51, an extract from the Archives of Pathological Anatomy and Physiology and Clinical Medicine, edited by Rudolf Virchow. This is an old periodical from the year 1885. This also deals with ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,915,550 | 2,916,050 |
this Tribunal or for the purposes of physicians and medical studies. DR. SBRVATIUS:May I say something in this regard? Your Honors, the public opinion is not formed by the reading of scientific works, but a book like Paul de Kruif's is known through the world. It can be purchased anywhere and humanity does not ask what... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,916,000 | 2,916,500 |
the Tribunal to consider and this offered exhibit will be admitted. MR. HARDY:Now I understood we were discussing the 3 exhibits by Paul de Kruif, is that correct? THE PRESIDENT:Yes, it is a book. Considering Karl Brandt Document 45. MR. HARDY:And Document 46, which is also from the same book? And Document 47, written ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,916,450 | 2,916,950 |
of the case. DR. SERVATIUS:Yes. I do not understand how the exhibits are to be numbered. From Document Book 3 all documents are admitted except 55, 49 and 74? THE PRESIDENT:That is correct, counsel. DR. SERVATIUS:Then May we put down exhibit numbers. 48 is Exhibit 55; 50 becomes 56; 5l......... THE PRESIDENT:Counsel, d... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,916,900 | 2,917,400 |
the Prosecution is charging the defendants with. That is the reason I wish to put it in. The fact that it appeared in a popular pseudo scientific magazine docs not, in my opinion, minimize its probative value. Just the opposite, it proves how popular these ideas were. I should like, at the same time, to put in document... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,917,350 | 2,917,850 |
during the close of one of the cross examinations by Dr. Servatius -- I believe it was the examination of Dr. Ivy -- the Tribunal ruled that this document had no materiality and would be inadmissible. This is the one written by the Sergeant published in the "Stars and Stripes". THE PRESIDENT:Letter to "B Bag" from a Se... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,917,800 | 2,918,300 |
here that the Reich Health Leader Conti informed him that there was law or at least, legal basis for euthanasia which was, however, not made public for purely political reasons. This concerns the question of the legal permissibility of euthanasia. The next document, KB-26, I ask to put in as Exhibit 83. This is an affi... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,918,250 | 2,918,750 |
to consider this matter closed." A copy went to Dr. Falthauser for information. I think this is a very material point... THE PRESIDENT:Who signed this letter, counsel? The signature is missing from this document. DR. SERVATIUS:I don't have the original here. I shall inform the Tribunal of that hereafter. I also am not ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,918,700 | 2,919,200 |
that time whose signature was appended to that document. Now comes KB 84. I offer it as Exhibit 87. This is an affidavit by Dr. Steinbrecher which concerns the mental institute Dueren which as the Allied troops approached was evacuated. The witness says that Brandt turned up there and stated verbatim: "Professor Brandt... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,919,150 | 2,919,650 |
Tribunal wishes. This is a copy of the letter which I sent to these offices. I had my assistant certify the most important part of its contents. The unanimous answer was that the "Brandt Action" - that they knew of no "Brandt action" according to which patients unfit for work were taken from the hospital and sent to eu... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,919,600 | 2,920,100 |
be present, although he could have been reached immediately, but his name was not even mentioned at all. This for me was proof of the fact that Brandt stood outside of the problems pertaining to the carrying out of euthanasia. Also later I never realized or heard that Brandt might have stood as the leading factor behin... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,920,050 | 2,920,550 |
high as 13 percent, but then it drops a bit. It shows that the actual increase in mortality of children goes as high as 26 percent only in years 1943 and 1944 after Karl Brandt had already left. I think this is good proof that Professor Karl Brandt was not carrying out annihilation here, but that there was some new act... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,920,500 | 2,921,000 |
Document 85 will be admitted as Brandt Exhibit 94. DR. SERVATIUS:In conclusion there are a few documents concerning the question of Brandt's membership in the SS, first an affidavit by a soldier by the name of Bonatz, who worked near Karl Brandt for a few months. I think that the attitude toward foreigners is important... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,920,950 | 2,921,450 |
the abbey on Mount Odile monastery on Mount Odile in France. During the German occupation, the Mount Odile monastery was to be converted into an SS school. The Commissioner General for Health and Medical Hatters, Prof. Dr. Karl Brandt willingly intervened in the matter in accordance with my wishes, and succeeded in pre... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,921,400 | 2,921,900 |
presented shortly. THE PRESIDENT:The Secretary General will note for the record the presence of all the defendants in court, save the defendant Oberhauser, who is absent on account of illness. The forthcoming medical certificate will be filed when it is received. MR. HARDY:May it please the Tribunal, due to some transp... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,921,850 | 2,922,350 |
were you placed in prison? AYes. QWhere? AIn Heilbronn. QAnd were you later transferred from Heilbronn to another prison? ATo Stuttgart. QAnd then where did you go? AI was taken from Stuttgart on a transport toAuschwitz. QAt any time during the course of your incarceration did you go to trial; that is were you tried by... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,922,300 | 2,922,800 |
the name Beiglboeck you have learned since you arrived here in Nuernberg? A.Yes. Q.Do you think you could possibly identify the professor who performed the experiments? A.Yes. Q.Would you arise from your seat, witness, walk over here to the defendants' dock, and carefully look at the defendants and make an attempt to i... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,922,750 | 2,923,250 |
to your knowledge? A.No. Q.Did he ask you for your approval? A.No. Q.Now, you were placed on a diet, a special diet for a period of seven or eight days, you think? A.Yes. Q.Did you have to work during that time? A.No. Q.Then you were to drink sea water. Do you know whether or not the water you were drinking was special... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,923,200 | 2,923,700 |
receive extra rations so that we could recover to what we had been, and we would also get an easy work assignment that we could readily stand, but when the experiment was over Beiglboeck didn't concern himself with us at all after that. We never even saw him again. JUDGE SEBRING:Mr. Hardy, what was that regular camp di... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,923,650 | 2,924,150 |
example, if I had a relative outside who had served in the army or if I had previously done service, then there would be the possibility of my release. Regarding not only myself but several other comrades of mine, it was ascertained that we either had relatives serving in the armed forces or had ourselves previously se... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,924,100 | 2,924,600 |
saw a man in the hospital or in the experimental station with his mouth sealed with adhesive tape? A.Yes, that was the next bed to mine but one. Q.Generally, did Beiglboeck mistreat the prisoners? Did he swear at them or punch them or do anything of a violent nature? A.No, he wasn't brutal toward us, but his penalties ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 2,924,550 | 2,925,050 |
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