context stringclasses 269
values | id_string stringlengths 15 16 | answers listlengths 5 5 | label int64 0 4 | question stringlengths 34 417 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Critics have long been puzzled by the inner contradictions of major characters in John Webster's tragedies. In his The Duchess of Malfi, for instance, the Duchess is "good" in demonstrating the obvious tenderness and sincerity of her love for Antonio, but "bad" in ignoring the wishes and welfare of her family and in ma... | 199302_3-RC_2_8 | [
"clarify an ambiguous assertion",
"provide evidence in support of a commonly held view",
"analyze an unresolved question and propose an answer",
"offer an alternative to a flawed interpretation",
"describe and categorize opposing viewpoints"
] | 3 | The primary purpose of the passage is to |
Critics have long been puzzled by the inner contradictions of major characters in John Webster's tragedies. In his The Duchess of Malfi, for instance, the Duchess is "good" in demonstrating the obvious tenderness and sincerity of her love for Antonio, but "bad" in ignoring the wishes and welfare of her family and in ma... | 199302_3-RC_2_9 | [
"They were not concerned with dramatizing the conflict between good and evil that was presented in morality plays.",
"They were not as sophisticated as the Italian sources from which other Elizabethan tragedies were derived.",
"They have never been adequately understood by critics.",
"They have only recently ... | 0 | The author suggests which one of the following about the dramatic works that most influenced Webster's tragedies? |
Critics have long been puzzled by the inner contradictions of major characters in John Webster's tragedies. In his The Duchess of Malfi, for instance, the Duchess is "good" in demonstrating the obvious tenderness and sincerity of her love for Antonio, but "bad" in ignoring the wishes and welfare of her family and in ma... | 199302_3-RC_2_10 | [
"It introduces a commonly held view of Webster's tragedies that the author plans to defend.",
"It supports the author's suggestion that Webster's conception of tragedy is not idiosyncratic.",
"It provides an example of an approach to Webster's tragedies that the author criticizes.",
"It establishes the simila... | 1 | The author's allusion to Aristotle's view of tragedy in lines 11–13 serves which one of the following functions in the passage? |
Critics have long been puzzled by the inner contradictions of major characters in John Webster's tragedies. In his The Duchess of Malfi, for instance, the Duchess is "good" in demonstrating the obvious tenderness and sincerity of her love for Antonio, but "bad" in ignoring the wishes and welfare of her family and in ma... | 199302_3-RC_2_11 | [
"the ambiguity inherent in Webster's tragic vision resulted from the duality of human nature",
"Webster's conception of the tragic personality were similar to that of Aristotle",
"Webster had been heavily influenced by the morality play",
"Elizabethan dramatists had been more sensitive to Italian sources of i... | 2 | It can be inferred from the passage that modern critics' interpretations of Webster's tragedies would be more valid if |
Critics have long been puzzled by the inner contradictions of major characters in John Webster's tragedies. In his The Duchess of Malfi, for instance, the Duchess is "good" in demonstrating the obvious tenderness and sincerity of her love for Antonio, but "bad" in ignoring the wishes and welfare of her family and in ma... | 199302_3-RC_2_12 | [
"The skill of Elizabethan dramatists has in recent years been overestimated.",
"The conventions that shaped Elizabethan drama are best exemplified by Webster's drama.",
"Elizabethan drama, for the most part, can be viewed as being heavily influenced by the morality play.",
"Only by carefully examining the wor... | 2 | With which one of the following statements regarding Elizabethan drama would the author be most likely to agree? |
Critics have long been puzzled by the inner contradictions of major characters in John Webster's tragedies. In his The Duchess of Malfi, for instance, the Duchess is "good" in demonstrating the obvious tenderness and sincerity of her love for Antonio, but "bad" in ignoring the wishes and welfare of her family and in ma... | 199302_3-RC_2_13 | [
"Webster's plays tended to allegorize the conflict between good and evil more than did those of his contemporaries.",
"Webster's plays were derived more from Italian than from English sources.",
"The artistic flaws in Webster's tragedies were largely the result of his ignorance of the classical definition of tr... | 4 | It can be inferred from the passage that most modern critics assume which one of the following in their interpretation of Webster's tragedies? |
Critics have long been puzzled by the inner contradictions of major characters in John Webster's tragedies. In his The Duchess of Malfi, for instance, the Duchess is "good" in demonstrating the obvious tenderness and sincerity of her love for Antonio, but "bad" in ignoring the wishes and welfare of her family and in ma... | 199302_3-RC_2_14 | [
"artistically flawed",
"highly conventional",
"largely derived from the morality play",
"somewhat different from the conventional Elizabethan conception of tragedy",
"uninfluenced by the classical conception of tragedy"
] | 3 | The author implies that Webster's conception of tragedy was |
Cultivation of a single crop on a given tract of land leads eventually to decreased yields. One reason for this is that harmful bacterial phytopathogens, organisms parasitic on plant hosts, increase in the soil surrounding plant roots. The problem can be cured by crop rotation, denying the pathogens a suitable host for... | 199302_3-RC_3_15 | [
"Recent field experiments with genetically altered Pseudomonas bacteria have shown that releasing genetically altered bacteria into the environment would not involve any significant danger.",
"Encouraged by current research, advocates of agricultural use of genetically altered bacteria are optimistic that such us... | 1 | Which one of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage? |
Cultivation of a single crop on a given tract of land leads eventually to decreased yields. One reason for this is that harmful bacterial phytopathogens, organisms parasitic on plant hosts, increase in the soil surrounding plant roots. The problem can be cured by crop rotation, denying the pathogens a suitable host for... | 199302_3-RC_3_16 | [
"prove that increases in the level of such bacteria in the soil are the sole cause of soil suppressivity",
"explain why yields increased after wheat fields were sprayed with altered Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria",
"detail the chemical processes that such bacteria use to suppress organisms parasitic to crop p... | 3 | The author discusses naturally occurring Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria in the first paragraph primarily in order to do which one of the following? |
Cultivation of a single crop on a given tract of land leads eventually to decreased yields. One reason for this is that harmful bacterial phytopathogens, organisms parasitic on plant hosts, increase in the soil surrounding plant roots. The problem can be cured by crop rotation, denying the pathogens a suitable host for... | 199302_3-RC_3_17 | [
"Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria would be absent from the soil surrounding their roots.",
"They would crowd out and eventually exclude other crop plants if their growth were not carefully regulated.",
"Their yield would not be likely to be improved by adding Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria to the soil.",
"T... | 2 | It can be inferred from the author's discussion of Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria that which one of the following would be true of crops impervious to parasitical organisms? |
Cultivation of a single crop on a given tract of land leads eventually to decreased yields. One reason for this is that harmful bacterial phytopathogens, organisms parasitic on plant hosts, increase in the soil surrounding plant roots. The problem can be cured by crop rotation, denying the pathogens a suitable host for... | 199302_3-RC_3_18 | [
"moving crop plants around makes them hardier and more resistant to disease",
"the number of Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria in the soil usually increases when crops are rotated",
"the roots of many crop plants produce compounds that are antagonistic to phytopathogens harmful to other crop plants",
"the pres... | 4 | It can be inferred from the passage that crop rotation can increase yields in part because |
Cultivation of a single crop on a given tract of land leads eventually to decreased yields. One reason for this is that harmful bacterial phytopathogens, organisms parasitic on plant hosts, increase in the soil surrounding plant roots. The problem can be cured by crop rotation, denying the pathogens a suitable host for... | 199302_3-RC_3_19 | [
"The altered bacteria had a genetic constitution differing from that of the normal strain only in that the altered variety had one less gene.",
"Although the altered bacteria competed effectively with the nonaltered strain in the laboratory, they were not as viable in natural environments.",
"The altered bacter... | 0 | According to the passage, proponents of the use of genetically altered bacteria in agriculture argue that which one of the following is true of the altered bacteria used in the frost-damage experiments? |
Cultivation of a single crop on a given tract of land leads eventually to decreased yields. One reason for this is that harmful bacterial phytopathogens, organisms parasitic on plant hosts, increase in the soil surrounding plant roots. The problem can be cured by crop rotation, denying the pathogens a suitable host for... | 199302_3-RC_3_20 | [
"Pseudomonas syringae bacteria are primitive and have a simple genetic constitution.",
"The altered bacteria are derived from a strain that is parasitic to plants and can cause damage to crops.",
"Current genetic-engineering techniques permit the large-scale commercial production of such bacteria.",
"Often ge... | 3 | Which one of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the proponents' argument regarding the safety of using altered Pseudomonas syringae bacteria to control frost damage? |
In 1887 the Dawes Act legislated wide-scale private ownership of reservation lands in the United States for Native Americans. The act allotted plots of 80 acres to each Native American adult. However, the Native Americans were not granted outright title to their lands. The act defined each grant as a "trust patent," me... | 199302_3-RC_4_21 | [
"United States government policy toward Native Americans has tended to disregard their needs and consider instead the needs of non-Native American purchasers of land.",
"In order to preserve the unique way of life on Native American reservations, use of Native American lands must be communal rather than individua... | 2 | Which one of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage? |
In 1887 the Dawes Act legislated wide-scale private ownership of reservation lands in the United States for Native Americans. The act allotted plots of 80 acres to each Native American adult. However, the Native Americans were not granted outright title to their lands. The act defined each grant as a "trust patent," me... | 199302_3-RC_4_22 | [
"Politicians realized that allotment was damaging the Native American way of life.",
"Politicians decided that allotment would be more congruent with the Native American custom of communal land use.",
"Politicians believed that allotment's continuation would not enhance their opportunities to exercise patronage... | 2 | Which one of the following statements concerning the reason for the end of allotment, if true, would provide the most support for the author's view of politicians? |
In 1887 the Dawes Act legislated wide-scale private ownership of reservation lands in the United States for Native Americans. The act allotted plots of 80 acres to each Native American adult. However, the Native Americans were not granted outright title to their lands. The act defined each grant as a "trust patent," me... | 199302_3-RC_4_23 | [
"The passage of a law is analyzed in detail, the benefits and drawbacks of one of its clauses are studied, and a final assessment of the law is offered.",
"The history of a law is narrated, the effects of one of its clauses on various populations are studied, and repeal of the law is advocated.",
"A law is exam... | 3 | Which one of the following best describes the organization of the passage? |
In 1887 the Dawes Act legislated wide-scale private ownership of reservation lands in the United States for Native Americans. The act allotted plots of 80 acres to each Native American adult. However, the Native Americans were not granted outright title to their lands. The act defined each grant as a "trust patent," me... | 199302_3-RC_4_24 | [
"completely credulous",
"partially approving",
"basically indecisive",
"mildly questioning",
"highly skeptical"
] | 4 | The author's attitude toward the reasons advanced for the restriction on alienability in the Dawes Act at the time of its passage can best be described as |
In 1887 the Dawes Act legislated wide-scale private ownership of reservation lands in the United States for Native Americans. The act allotted plots of 80 acres to each Native American adult. However, the Native Americans were not granted outright title to their lands. The act defined each grant as a "trust patent," me... | 199302_3-RC_4_25 | [
"Most Native Americans supported themselves through farming.",
"Not many Native Americans personally owned the land on which they lived.",
"The land on which most Native Americans lived had been bought from their tribes.",
"Few Native Americans had much contact with their non-Native American neighbors.",
"F... | 1 | It can be inferred from the passage that which one of the following was true of Native American life immediately before passage of the Dawes Act? |
In 1887 the Dawes Act legislated wide-scale private ownership of reservation lands in the United States for Native Americans. The act allotted plots of 80 acres to each Native American adult. However, the Native Americans were not granted outright title to their lands. The act defined each grant as a "trust patent," me... | 199302_3-RC_4_26 | [
"owners of land to farm it",
"owners of land to sell it",
"government some control over how owners disposed of land",
"owners of land to build on it with relatively minor governmental restrictions",
"government to charge owners a fee for developing their land"
] | 1 | According to the passage, the type of landownership initially obtainable by Native Americans under the Dawes Act differed from the type of ownership obtainable after a 25-year period in that only the latter allowed |
In 1887 the Dawes Act legislated wide-scale private ownership of reservation lands in the United States for Native Americans. The act allotted plots of 80 acres to each Native American adult. However, the Native Americans were not granted outright title to their lands. The act defined each grant as a "trust patent," me... | 199302_3-RC_4_27 | [
"The legislators who voted in favor of the Dawes Act owned land adjacent to Native American reservations.",
"The majority of Native Americans who were granted fee patents did not sell their land back to their tribes.",
"Native Americans managed to preserve their traditional culture even when they were geographi... | 3 | Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the author's argument regarding the true motivation for the passage of the Dawes Act? |
After thirty years of investigation into cell genetics, researchers made startling discoveries in the 1960s and early 1970s which culminated in the development of processes, collectively known as recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) technology, for the active manipulation of a cell's genetic code. The technology ha... | 199306_3-RC_1_1 | [
"explaining the process and applications of rDNA technology",
"advocating continued rDNA research and development",
"providing evidence indicating the need for regulation of rDNA research and development",
"summarizing the controversy surrounding rDNA research and development",
"arguing that the environment... | 3 | In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with doing which one of the following? |
After thirty years of investigation into cell genetics, researchers made startling discoveries in the 1960s and early 1970s which culminated in the development of processes, collectively known as recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) technology, for the active manipulation of a cell's genetic code. The technology ha... | 199306_3-RC_1_2 | [
"It led to the development of processes for the manipulation of DNA.",
"It was initiated by the discovery of rDNA technology.",
"It led to the use of new treatments for major diseases.",
"It was universally heralded as a great benefit to humanity.",
"It was motivated by a desire to create new organisms."
] | 0 | According to the passage, which one of the following is an accurate statement about research into the genetic code of cells? |
After thirty years of investigation into cell genetics, researchers made startling discoveries in the 1960s and early 1970s which culminated in the development of processes, collectively known as recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) technology, for the active manipulation of a cell's genetic code. The technology ha... | 199306_3-RC_1_3 | [
"new methods of waste treatment",
"new biological knowledge",
"enhanced food production",
"development of less expensive drugs",
"increased energy production"
] | 3 | The potential benefits of rDNA technology referred to in the passage include all of the following EXCEPT |
After thirty years of investigation into cell genetics, researchers made startling discoveries in the 1960s and early 1970s which culminated in the development of processes, collectively known as recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) technology, for the active manipulation of a cell's genetic code. The technology ha... | 199306_3-RC_1_4 | [
"New safety procedures developed by rDNA researchers make it impossible for genetically altered microorganisms to escape from laboratories.",
"A genetically altered microorganism accidentally released from a laboratory is successfully contained.",
"A particular rDNA-engineered microorganism introduced into an e... | 0 | Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken an argument of opponents of rDNA technology? |
After thirty years of investigation into cell genetics, researchers made startling discoveries in the 1960s and early 1970s which culminated in the development of processes, collectively known as recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) technology, for the active manipulation of a cell's genetic code. The technology ha... | 199306_3-RC_1_5 | [
"emphasize the potential medical dangers of rDNA technology",
"advocate research on the use of rDNA technology in human genetics",
"warn of the possible disasters that could result from upsetting the balance of nature",
"present Brave New World as an example of a work of fiction that accurately predicted tech... | 4 | The author's reference in the last sentence of the passage to a society that engineers human beings to fulfill specific roles serves to |
After thirty years of investigation into cell genetics, researchers made startling discoveries in the 1960s and early 1970s which culminated in the development of processes, collectively known as recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) technology, for the active manipulation of a cell's genetic code. The technology ha... | 199306_3-RC_1_6 | [
"Agricultural products developed through rDNA technology are no more attractive to consumers than are traditional crops.",
"Genetically altered microorganisms have no natural predators but can prey on a wide variety of other microorganisms.",
"Drugs produced using rDNA technology cost more to manufacture than d... | 1 | Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen an argument of the opponents of rDNA technology? |
Gray marketing, the selling of trademarked products through channels of distribution not authorized by the trademark holder, can involve distribution of goods either within a market region or across market boundaries. Gray marketing within a market region ( "channel flow diversion" ) occurs when manufacturer-authorized... | 199306_3-RC_2_7 | [
"Gray marketing is unfair to trademark owners and should be legally controlled.",
"Gray marketing is practiced in many different forms and places, and legislators should recognize the futility of trying to regulate it.",
"The mechanisms used to control gray marketing across markets are different from those most... | 0 | Which one of the following best expresses the main point of the passage? |
Gray marketing, the selling of trademarked products through channels of distribution not authorized by the trademark holder, can involve distribution of goods either within a market region or across market boundaries. Gray marketing within a market region ( "channel flow diversion" ) occurs when manufacturer-authorized... | 199306_3-RC_2_8 | [
"criticize the motives and methods of those who practice gray marketing",
"evaluate the effects of both channel flow diversion and parallel importation",
"discuss the methods that have been used to regulate gray marketing and evaluate such methods' degrees of success",
"describe a controversial marketing prac... | 3 | The function of the passage as a whole is to |
Gray marketing, the selling of trademarked products through channels of distribution not authorized by the trademark holder, can involve distribution of goods either within a market region or across market boundaries. Gray marketing within a market region ( "channel flow diversion" ) occurs when manufacturer-authorized... | 199306_3-RC_2_9 | [
"Manufacturers find it difficult to monitor the effectiveness of promotional efforts made on behalf of products that are gray marketed.",
"Gray marketing can discourage product promotion by authorized distributors.",
"Gray marketing forces manufacturers to accept the low profit margins that result from quantity... | 1 | Which one of the following does the author offer as an argument against gray marketing? |
Gray marketing, the selling of trademarked products through channels of distribution not authorized by the trademark holder, can involve distribution of goods either within a market region or across market boundaries. Gray marketing within a market region ( "channel flow diversion" ) occurs when manufacturer-authorized... | 199306_3-RC_2_10 | [
"the right of trademark owners to enforce, in countries in which the trademarks are registered, distribution agreements intended to restrict distribution to authorized channels",
"the right of trademark owners to sell trademarked goods only to those distributors who agree to abide by distribution agreements",
"... | 0 | The information in the passage suggests that proponents of the theory of territoriality would probably differ from proponents of the theory of exhaustion on which one of the following issues? |
Gray marketing, the selling of trademarked products through channels of distribution not authorized by the trademark holder, can involve distribution of goods either within a market region or across market boundaries. Gray marketing within a market region ( "channel flow diversion" ) occurs when manufacturer-authorized... | 199306_3-RC_2_11 | [
"fault trademark owners for their unwillingness to offer a solution to a major consumer complaint against gray marketing",
"indicate a way in which manufacturers sustain damage against which they ought to be protected",
"highlight one way in which gray marketing across markets is more problematic than gray mark... | 1 | The author discusses the impact of gray marketing on goodwill in order to |
Gray marketing, the selling of trademarked products through channels of distribution not authorized by the trademark holder, can involve distribution of goods either within a market region or across market boundaries. Gray marketing within a market region ( "channel flow diversion" ) occurs when manufacturer-authorized... | 199306_3-RC_2_12 | [
"resigned tolerance",
"utter dismay",
"reasoned optimism",
"unbridled fervor",
"cynical indifference"
] | 2 | The author's attitude toward the possibility that the courts will come to exercise consistent control over gray marketing practices can best be characterized as one of |
Gray marketing, the selling of trademarked products through channels of distribution not authorized by the trademark holder, can involve distribution of goods either within a market region or across market boundaries. Gray marketing within a market region ( "channel flow diversion" ) occurs when manufacturer-authorized... | 199306_3-RC_2_13 | [
"profit margins on authorized distribution of goods were less than those on goods marketed through parallel importing",
"manufacturers relieved authorized channels of all responsibility for product promotion",
"manufacturers charged all authorized distributors the same unit price for products regardless of quan... | 2 | It can be inferred from the passage that some channel flow diversion might be eliminated if |
Any study of autobiographical narratives that appeared under the ostensible authorship of African American writers between 1760 and 1865 inevitably raises concerns about authenticity and interpretation. Should an autobiography whose written composition was literally out of the hands of its narrator be considered as the... | 199306_3-RC_3_14 | [
"The personal integrity of an autobiography's editor has little relevance to its value as a literary work.",
"Autobiographies dictated to editors are less valuable as literature than are autobiographies authored by their subjects.",
"The facts that are recorded in an autobiography are less important than the pe... | 3 | Which one of the following best summarizes the main point of the passage? |
Any study of autobiographical narratives that appeared under the ostensible authorship of African American writers between 1760 and 1865 inevitably raises concerns about authenticity and interpretation. Should an autobiography whose written composition was literally out of the hands of its narrator be considered as the... | 199306_3-RC_3_15 | [
"an artist who wishes to invent a unique method of conveying the emotional impact of a scene in a painting",
"a worker who must interpret the instructions of an employer",
"a critic who must provide evidence to support opinions about a play being reviewed",
"an architect who must make the best use of a natura... | 4 | The information in the passage suggests that the role of the "editor" (lines 23–24) is most like that of |
Any study of autobiographical narratives that appeared under the ostensible authorship of African American writers between 1760 and 1865 inevitably raises concerns about authenticity and interpretation. Should an autobiography whose written composition was literally out of the hands of its narrator be considered as the... | 199306_3-RC_3_16 | [
"The author is adamantly opposed to the application of literary analysis to edited autobiographies.",
"The author is skeptical of the value of close analytical reading in the case of edited autobiographies.",
"The author believes that literary analysis of the prefaces, footnotes, and commentaries that accompany... | 1 | Which one of the following best describes the author's opinion about applying literary analysis to edited autobiographies? |
Any study of autobiographical narratives that appeared under the ostensible authorship of African American writers between 1760 and 1865 inevitably raises concerns about authenticity and interpretation. Should an autobiography whose written composition was literally out of the hands of its narrator be considered as the... | 199306_3-RC_3_17 | [
"They were more concerned with the personal details in the autobiographies than with their historical significance.",
"They were unable to distinguish between ghostwritten and edited autobiographies.",
"They were less naive about the facts of slave life than are readers today.",
"They presumed that the editin... | 3 | The passage supports which one of the following statements about the readers of autobiographies of African Americans that were published between 1760 and 1865? |
Any study of autobiographical narratives that appeared under the ostensible authorship of African American writers between 1760 and 1865 inevitably raises concerns about authenticity and interpretation. Should an autobiography whose written composition was literally out of the hands of its narrator be considered as the... | 199306_3-RC_3_18 | [
"\"ostensible\" (line 2)",
"\"integrity\" (line 18)",
"\"extraneous\" (line 27)",
"\"delimits\" (line 39)",
"\"impolitic\" (line 51)"
] | 0 | Which one of the following words, as it is used in the passage, best serves to underscore the author's concerns about the authenticity of the autobiographies discussed? |
Any study of autobiographical narratives that appeared under the ostensible authorship of African American writers between 1760 and 1865 inevitably raises concerns about authenticity and interpretation. Should an autobiography whose written composition was literally out of the hands of its narrator be considered as the... | 199306_3-RC_3_19 | [
"autobiography has been dictated to an experienced amanuensis-editor",
"autobiography attempts to reflect the narrator's thought in action",
"autobiography was authored independently by its subject",
"moral integrity of the autobiography's editor is well established",
"editor of the autobiography collaborat... | 2 | According to the passage, close analytic reading of an autobiography is appropriate only when the |
Any study of autobiographical narratives that appeared under the ostensible authorship of African American writers between 1760 and 1865 inevitably raises concerns about authenticity and interpretation. Should an autobiography whose written composition was literally out of the hands of its narrator be considered as the... | 199306_3-RC_3_20 | [
"It adds an authority's endorsement to the author's view that edited narratives ought to be treated as ghostwritten accounts.",
"It provides an example of a mistaken emphasis in the study of autobiography.",
"It presents an account of a new method of literary analysis to be applied to autobiography.",
"It ill... | 1 | It can be inferred that the discussion in the passage of Blassingame's work primarily serves which one of the following purposes? |
A conventional view of nineteenth-century Britain holds that iron manufacturers and textile manufacturers from the north of England became the wealthiest and most powerful people in society after about 1832. According to Marxist historians, these industrialists were the target of the working class in its struggle for p... | 199306_3-RC_4_21 | [
"the Marxist interpretation of the relationship between class and power in nineteenth-century Britain is no longer viable",
"a simple equation between wealth and power is unlikely to be supported by new data from nineteenth-century British archives",
"a recent historical investigation has challenged but not dis... | 2 | The main idea of the passage is that |
A conventional view of nineteenth-century Britain holds that iron manufacturers and textile manufacturers from the north of England became the wealthiest and most powerful people in society after about 1832. According to Marxist historians, these industrialists were the target of the working class in its struggle for p... | 199306_3-RC_4_22 | [
"self-contradictory and misleading",
"ambiguous and outdated",
"controversial but readily available",
"revealing but difficult to interpret",
"widely used by historians but fully understandable only by specialists"
] | 3 | The author of the passage implies that probate records as a source of information about wealth in nineteenth-century Britain are |
A conventional view of nineteenth-century Britain holds that iron manufacturers and textile manufacturers from the north of England became the wealthiest and most powerful people in society after about 1832. According to Marxist historians, these industrialists were the target of the working class in its struggle for p... | 199306_3-RC_4_23 | [
"affected by the valuation conventions for such goods",
"less accurate than the valuations for such goods provided by income tax returns",
"less, on average, if such goods were tobacco-related than if they were alcohol-related",
"greater, on average, than the total probate valuations of those individuals who ... | 0 | The author suggests that the total probate valuations of the personal property of individuals holding goods for sale in nineteenth-century Britain may have been |
A conventional view of nineteenth-century Britain holds that iron manufacturers and textile manufacturers from the north of England became the wealthiest and most powerful people in society after about 1832. According to Marxist historians, these industrialists were the target of the working class in its struggle for p... | 199306_3-RC_4_24 | [
"The distribution of great wealth between commerce and industry was not equal.",
"Large incomes were typically made in alcohol and tobacco rather than in textiles and metal.",
"A London-based commercial elite can be identified.",
"An official governing elite can be identified.",
"There was a necessary relat... | 4 | According to the passage, Rubinstein has provided evidence that challenges which one of the following claims about nineteenth-century Britain? |
A conventional view of nineteenth-century Britain holds that iron manufacturers and textile manufacturers from the north of England became the wealthiest and most powerful people in society after about 1832. According to Marxist historians, these industrialists were the target of the working class in its struggle for p... | 199306_3-RC_4_25 | [
"give an example of a business asset about which little was known in the nineteenth century",
"suggest that the probate valuations of certain businesses may have been significant underestimations of their true market value",
"make the point that this exclusion probably had an equal impact on the probate valuati... | 1 | The author mentions that goodwill was probably excluded from the probate valuation of a business in nineteenth-century Britain most likely in order to |
A conventional view of nineteenth-century Britain holds that iron manufacturers and textile manufacturers from the north of England became the wealthiest and most powerful people in society after about 1832. According to Marxist historians, these industrialists were the target of the working class in its struggle for p... | 199306_3-RC_4_26 | [
"a study that indicated that many members of the commercial elite in nineteenth-century London had insignificant holdings of real property",
"a study that indicated that, in the nineteenth century, industrialists from the north of England were in fact a target for working-class people",
"a study that indicated ... | 3 | Which one of the following studies would provide support for Rubinstein's claims? |
A conventional view of nineteenth-century Britain holds that iron manufacturers and textile manufacturers from the north of England became the wealthiest and most powerful people in society after about 1832. According to Marxist historians, these industrialists were the target of the working class in its struggle for p... | 199306_3-RC_4_27 | [
"Entry into this elite was more dependent on university attendance than on religious background.",
"Attendance at a prestigious university was probably more crucial than a certain minimum family income in gaining entry into this elite.",
"Bishops as a group were somewhat wealthier, at the point of entry into th... | 4 | Which one of the following, if true, would cast the most doubt on Rubinstein's argument concerning wealth and the official governing elite in nineteenth-century Britain? |
Many argue that recent developments in electronic technology such as computers and videotape have enabled artists to vary their forms of expression. For example, video art can now achieve images whose effect is produced by "digitalization" : breaking up the picture using computerized information processing. Such new te... | 199310_1-RC_1_1 | [
"The progress of art relies primarily on technology.",
"Technological innovation can be beneficial to art.",
"There are risks associated with using technology to create art.",
"Technology will transform the way the public responds to art.",
"The relationship between art and technology has a lengthy history.... | 1 | Which one of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? |
Many argue that recent developments in electronic technology such as computers and videotape have enabled artists to vary their forms of expression. For example, video art can now achieve images whose effect is produced by "digitalization" : breaking up the picture using computerized information processing. Such new te... | 199310_1-RC_1_2 | [
"The live performance is an important aspect of the artistic enterprise.",
"The public's commitment to the artistic enterprise is questionable.",
"Recent technological innovations present an entirely new sort of challenge to art.",
"Technological innovations of the past have been very useful to artists.",
"... | 0 | It can be inferred from the passage that the author shares which one of the following opinions with the opponents of the use of new technology in art? |
Many argue that recent developments in electronic technology such as computers and videotape have enabled artists to vary their forms of expression. For example, video art can now achieve images whose effect is produced by "digitalization" : breaking up the picture using computerized information processing. Such new te... | 199310_1-RC_1_3 | [
"Surveys show that when recordings of performances are made available for home viewing, the public becomes far more knowledgeable about different performing artists.",
"Surveys show that some people feel comfortable responding spontaneously to artistic performances when they are viewing recordings of those perfor... | 3 | Which one of the following, if true, would most undermine the position held by opponents of the use of new technology in art concerning the effect of technology on live performance? |
Many argue that recent developments in electronic technology such as computers and videotape have enabled artists to vary their forms of expression. For example, video art can now achieve images whose effect is produced by "digitalization" : breaking up the picture using computerized information processing. Such new te... | 199310_1-RC_1_4 | [
"the filming of performances should not be limited by inadequate equipment",
"new technologies do not need to be very complex in order to benefit art",
"the interaction of a traditional art form with a new technology will change attitudes toward technology in general",
"the replacement of a traditional techno... | 4 | The author uses the example of the Steadicam primarily in order to suggest that |
Many argue that recent developments in electronic technology such as computers and videotape have enabled artists to vary their forms of expression. For example, video art can now achieve images whose effect is produced by "digitalization" : breaking up the picture using computerized information processing. Such new te... | 199310_1-RC_1_5 | [
"Most people who reject the use of electronic technology in art forget that machines require a person to operate them.",
"Electronic technology allows for the expansion of archives because longer performances can be recorded.",
"Electronic technology assists artists in finding new ways to present their material... | 2 | According to the passage, proponents of the use of new electronic technology in the arts claim that which one of the following is true? |
Many argue that recent developments in electronic technology such as computers and videotape have enabled artists to vary their forms of expression. For example, video art can now achieve images whose effect is produced by "digitalization" : breaking up the picture using computerized information processing. Such new te... | 199310_1-RC_1_6 | [
"The artistic experiments of the nineteenth century led painters to use a variety of methods in creating portraits, which they then applied to other subject matter.",
"The nineteenth-century knowledge of light and movement provided by photography inspired the abstract works characteristic of modern art.",
"Once... | 4 | It can be inferred from the passage that the author would agree with which one of the following statements regarding changes in painting since the nineteenth century? |
During the 1940s and 1950s the United States government developed a new policy toward Native Americans, often known as "readjustment." Because the increased awareness of civil rights in these decades helped reinforce the belief that life on reservations prevented Native Americans from exercising the rights guaranteed t... | 199310_1-RC_2_7 | [
"the establishment among Native Americans of a tribal system of elected government",
"the creation of a national project to preserve Native American language and oral history",
"the establishment of programs to encourage Native Americans to move from reservations to urban areas",
"the development of a large-s... | 2 | Which one of the following would be most consistent with the policy of readjustment described in the passage? |
During the 1940s and 1950s the United States government developed a new policy toward Native Americans, often known as "readjustment." Because the increased awareness of civil rights in these decades helped reinforce the belief that life on reservations prevented Native Americans from exercising the rights guaranteed t... | 199310_1-RC_2_8 | [
"obtain improved social services and living conditions for members of the tribe",
"pursue litigation designed to reclaim tribal lands",
"secure recognition of their unique status as a self-governing Native American nation within the United States",
"establish new kinds of tribal institutions",
"cultivate a ... | 0 | According to the passage, after the 1956 meeting the Oneida resolved to |
During the 1940s and 1950s the United States government developed a new policy toward Native Americans, often known as "readjustment." Because the increased awareness of civil rights in these decades helped reinforce the belief that life on reservations prevented Native Americans from exercising the rights guaranteed t... | 199310_1-RC_2_9 | [
"It summarizes the basis of a conflict underlying negotiations described elsewhere in the passage.",
"It presents two positions, one of which is defended by evidence provided in succeeding paragraphs.",
"It compares competing interpretations of a historical conflict.",
"It analyzes the causes of a specific hi... | 0 | Which one of the following best describes the function of the first paragraph in the context of the passage as a whole? |
During the 1940s and 1950s the United States government developed a new policy toward Native Americans, often known as "readjustment." Because the increased awareness of civil rights in these decades helped reinforce the belief that life on reservations prevented Native Americans from exercising the rights guaranteed t... | 199310_1-RC_2_10 | [
"contrast the readjustment movement with other social phenomena",
"account for the stance of the Native American leadership",
"help explain the impetus for the readjustment movement",
"explain the motives of BIA bureaucrats",
"foster support for the policy of readjustment"
] | 2 | The author refers to the increased awareness of civil rights during the 1940s and 1950s most probably in order to |
During the 1940s and 1950s the United States government developed a new policy toward Native Americans, often known as "readjustment." Because the increased awareness of civil rights in these decades helped reinforce the belief that life on reservations prevented Native Americans from exercising the rights guaranteed t... | 199310_1-RC_2_11 | [
"The federal government should work with individual Native Americans to improve life on reservations.",
"The federal government should be no more involved in the affairs of Native Americans than in the affairs of other citizens.",
"The federal government should assume more responsibility for providing social se... | 1 | The passage suggests that advocates of readjustment would most likely agree with which one of the following statements regarding the relationship between the federal government and Native Americans? |
During the 1940s and 1950s the United States government developed a new policy toward Native Americans, often known as "readjustment." Because the increased awareness of civil rights in these decades helped reinforce the belief that life on reservations prevented Native Americans from exercising the rights guaranteed t... | 199310_1-RC_2_12 | [
"a valuable safeguard of certain Oneida rights and privileges",
"the source of many past problems for the Oneida tribe",
"a model for the type of agreement they hoped to reach with the federal government",
"an important step toward recognition of their status as an independent Native American nation",
"an o... | 0 | The passage suggests that the Oneida delegates viewed the Canandaigua Treaty as |
During the 1940s and 1950s the United States government developed a new policy toward Native Americans, often known as "readjustment." Because the increased awareness of civil rights in these decades helped reinforce the belief that life on reservations prevented Native Americans from exercising the rights guaranteed t... | 199310_1-RC_2_13 | [
"A university offers a student a four-year scholarship with the stipulation that the student not accept any outside employment; the student refuses the offer and attends a different school because the amount of the scholarship would not have covered living expenses.",
"A company seeking to reduce its payroll obli... | 1 | Which one of the following situations most closely parallels that of the Oneida delegates in refusing to accept a lump-sum payment of $60,000? |
Direct observation of contemporary societies at the threshold of widespread literacy has not assisted our understanding of how such literacy altered ancient Greek society, in particular its political culture. The discovery of what Goody has called the "enabling effects" of literacy in contemporary societies tends to se... | 199310_1-RC_3_14 | [
"Democratic political institutions grow organically from the traditions and conventions of a society.",
"Democratic political institutions are not necessarily the outcome of literacy in a society.",
"Religious authority, like political authority, can determine who in a given society will have access to importan... | 1 | Which one of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage? |
Direct observation of contemporary societies at the threshold of widespread literacy has not assisted our understanding of how such literacy altered ancient Greek society, in particular its political culture. The discovery of what Goody has called the "enabling effects" of literacy in contemporary societies tends to se... | 199310_1-RC_3_15 | [
"They are more politically advanced than societies without rudimentary reading ability.",
"They are unlikely to exhibit the positive effects of literacy.",
"They are rapidly evolving toward widespread literacy.",
"Many of their people might not have access to important documents and books.",
"Most of their ... | 3 | It can be inferred from the passage that the author assumes which one of the following about societies in which the people possess a rudimentary reading ability? |
Direct observation of contemporary societies at the threshold of widespread literacy has not assisted our understanding of how such literacy altered ancient Greek society, in particular its political culture. The discovery of what Goody has called the "enabling effects" of literacy in contemporary societies tends to se... | 199310_1-RC_3_16 | [
"Because they have a popular literature that closes the gap between the elite and the majority, contemporary societies rely far less on the knowledge of experts than did ancient societies.",
"Contemporary societies rely on the knowledge of experts, as did ancient societies, because contemporary popular literature... | 2 | The author refers to the truly knowledgeable minority in contemporary societies in the context of the fourth paragraph in order to imply which one of the following? |
Direct observation of contemporary societies at the threshold of widespread literacy has not assisted our understanding of how such literacy altered ancient Greek society, in particular its political culture. The discovery of what Goody has called the "enabling effects" of literacy in contemporary societies tends to se... | 199310_1-RC_3_17 | [
"They were somewhat democratic insofar as they were composed largely of people from the lowest social classes.",
"They were exposed to the law only insofar as they heard relevant statutes read out during legal proceedings.",
"They ascertained the facts of a case and interpreted the laws.",
"They did not have ... | 0 | According to the passage, each of the following statements concerning ancient Greek juries is true EXCEPT: |
Direct observation of contemporary societies at the threshold of widespread literacy has not assisted our understanding of how such literacy altered ancient Greek society, in particular its political culture. The discovery of what Goody has called the "enabling effects" of literacy in contemporary societies tends to se... | 199310_1-RC_3_18 | [
"illustrate the ancient Greek tendency to memorialize historical events by transforming them into myths",
"convey the historical importance of the development of the early Athenian written law code",
"convey the high regard in which the Athenians held their legal tradition",
"suggest that the development of a... | 3 | The author characterizes the Greek tradition of the "law-giver" (line 21) as an effect of mythologizing most probably in order to |
Direct observation of contemporary societies at the threshold of widespread literacy has not assisted our understanding of how such literacy altered ancient Greek society, in particular its political culture. The discovery of what Goody has called the "enabling effects" of literacy in contemporary societies tends to se... | 199310_1-RC_3_19 | [
"Documents were considered authoritative in premodern society in proportion to their inaccessibility to the majority.",
"Documents that were perceived as highly influential in premodern societies were not necessarily accessible to the society's majority.",
"What is most revered in a nondemocratic society is wha... | 1 | The author draws an analogy between the Latin Bible and an early law code (lines 49–51) in order to make which one of the following points? |
Direct observation of contemporary societies at the threshold of widespread literacy has not assisted our understanding of how such literacy altered ancient Greek society, in particular its political culture. The discovery of what Goody has called the "enabling effects" of literacy in contemporary societies tends to se... | 199310_1-RC_3_20 | [
"argue that a particular method of observing contemporary societies is inconsistent",
"point out the weaknesses in a particular approach to understanding ancient societies",
"present the disadvantages of a particular approach to understanding the relationship between ancient and contemporary societies",
"exam... | 1 | The primary purpose of the passage is to |
The English who in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries inhabited those colonies that would later become the United States shared a common political vocabulary with the English in England. Steeped as they were in the English political language, these colonials failed to observe that their experience in America had ... | 199310_1-RC_4_21 | [
"The colonials and the English mistakenly thought that they shared a common political vocabulary.",
"The colonials and the English shared a variety of institutions.",
"The colonials and the English had conflicting interpretations of the language and institutional structures that they shared.",
"Colonial attit... | 2 | Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage? |
The English who in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries inhabited those colonies that would later become the United States shared a common political vocabulary with the English in England. Steeped as they were in the English political language, these colonials failed to observe that their experience in America had ... | 199310_1-RC_4_22 | [
"Colonials who did not own property could not vote.",
"All of these colonies had representative assemblies modeled after the British Parliament.",
"Some of these colonies had Royal Governors.",
"Royal Governors could be removed from office by colonial assemblies.",
"In these colonies, Royal Governors were r... | 3 | The passage supports all of the following statements about the political conditions present by the middle of the eighteenth century in the American colonies discussed in the passage EXCEPT: |
The English who in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries inhabited those colonies that would later become the United States shared a common political vocabulary with the English in England. Steeped as they were in the English political language, these colonials failed to observe that their experience in America had ... | 199310_1-RC_4_23 | [
"They were the source of all law.",
"They frequently flouted laws made by Parliament.",
"Their power relative to that of Parliament was considerably greater than it was in the eighteenth century.",
"They were more often the sources of legal reform than they were in the eighteenth century.",
"They had to com... | 2 | The passage implies which one of the following about English kings prior to the early seventeenth century? |
The English who in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries inhabited those colonies that would later become the United States shared a common political vocabulary with the English in England. Steeped as they were in the English political language, these colonials failed to observe that their experience in America had ... | 199310_1-RC_4_24 | [
"The English had become uncomfortable with institutions that could claim absolute authority.",
"The English realized that their interests were better guarded by Parliament than by the King.",
"The English allowed Parliament to make constitutional changes by legislative enactment.",
"The English felt that the ... | 2 | The author mentions which one of the following as evidence for the eighteenth-century English attitude toward Parliament? |
The English who in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries inhabited those colonies that would later become the United States shared a common political vocabulary with the English in England. Steeped as they were in the English political language, these colonials failed to observe that their experience in America had ... | 199310_1-RC_4_25 | [
"their changed use of the English political vocabulary",
"English commitment to parliamentary representation",
"their uniquely English experience",
"their refusal to adopt any English political institutions",
"their greater loyalty to the English political traditions"
] | 4 | The passage implies that the colonials discussed in the passage would have considered which one of the following to be a source of their debates with England? |
The English who in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries inhabited those colonies that would later become the United States shared a common political vocabulary with the English in England. Steeped as they were in the English political language, these colonials failed to observe that their experience in America had ... | 199310_1-RC_4_26 | [
"the legal foundation of the kingdom",
"a document containing a collection of customs",
"a cumulative corpus of legislation and legal traditions",
"a record alterable by royal authority",
"an unchangeable body of governmental powers"
] | 2 | According to the passage, the English attitude toward the English Constitution differed from the colonial attitude toward constitutions in that the English regarded their Constitution as |
The English who in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries inhabited those colonies that would later become the United States shared a common political vocabulary with the English in England. Steeped as they were in the English political language, these colonials failed to observe that their experience in America had ... | 199310_1-RC_4_27 | [
"expose the misunderstanding that has characterized descriptions of the relationship between seventeenth- and eighteenth-century England and certain of its American colonies",
"suggest a reason for England's treatment of certain of its American colonies in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries",
"settle an o... | 4 | The primary purpose of the passage is to |
Oil companies need offshore platforms primarily because the oil or natural gas the companies extract from the ocean floor has to be processed before pumps can be used to move the substances ashore. But because processing crude (unprocessed oil or gas on a platform rather than at facilities onshore exposes workers to th... | 199402_3-RC_1_1 | [
"Oil companies are experimenting with technologies that may help diminish the danger to workers from offshore crude processing.",
"Oil companies are seeking methods of installing processing facilities underwater.",
"Researchers are developing several new pumps designed to enhance human labor efficiency in proce... | 0 | Which one of the following best expresses the main ideas of the passage? |
Oil companies need offshore platforms primarily because the oil or natural gas the companies extract from the ocean floor has to be processed before pumps can be used to move the substances ashore. But because processing crude (unprocessed oil or gas on a platform rather than at facilities onshore exposes workers to th... | 199402_3-RC_1_2 | [
"It is higher than that created by the centrifugal pump.",
"It is constant, regardless of relative proportions of gas and liquid.",
"It is able to carry the crude only as far as the wellhead.",
"It is able to carry the crude to the platform.",
"It is able to carry the crude to the shore."
] | 3 | The passage supports which one of the following statements about the natural pressure driving the flow of crude? |
Oil companies need offshore platforms primarily because the oil or natural gas the companies extract from the ocean floor has to be processed before pumps can be used to move the substances ashore. But because processing crude (unprocessed oil or gas on a platform rather than at facilities onshore exposes workers to th... | 199402_3-RC_1_3 | [
"It offers concrete detail designed to show that the argument made in the first paragraph is flawed.",
"It provides detail that expands upon the information presented in the first paragraph.",
"It enhances the author's discussion by objectively presenting in detail the pros and cons of a claim made in the first... | 1 | Which one of the following best describes the relationship of the second paragraph to the passage as a whole? |
Oil companies need offshore platforms primarily because the oil or natural gas the companies extract from the ocean floor has to be processed before pumps can be used to move the substances ashore. But because processing crude (unprocessed oil or gas on a platform rather than at facilities onshore exposes workers to th... | 199402_3-RC_1_4 | [
"the flow of the crude inside the pump",
"the volume of oil inside the pump",
"the volume of gas inside the pump",
"the speed of the impeller moving the crude",
"the pressure inside of the pump"
] | 4 | Which one of the following phrases, if substituted for the word "head" in line 47, would LEAST change the meaning of the sentence? |
Oil companies need offshore platforms primarily because the oil or natural gas the companies extract from the ocean floor has to be processed before pumps can be used to move the substances ashore. But because processing crude (unprocessed oil or gas on a platform rather than at facilities onshore exposes workers to th... | 199402_3-RC_1_5 | [
"If a reduction of human labor on offshore platforms is achieved, there is no real need to eliminate platforms altogether.",
"Reducing human labor on offshore platforms is desirable because researchers' knowledge about the transportation of crude is danerously incomplete.",
"The dangers involved in working on o... | 2 | With which one of the following statements regarding offshore platforms would the author most likely agree? |
Oil companies need offshore platforms primarily because the oil or natural gas the companies extract from the ocean floor has to be processed before pumps can be used to move the substances ashore. But because processing crude (unprocessed oil or gas on a platform rather than at facilities onshore exposes workers to th... | 199402_3-RC_1_6 | [
"The efficiency of these pumps depends on there being no gas in the flow of crude.",
"These pumps are more efficient when the crude is less subject to sudden increases in the proportion of gas to liquid.",
"A sudden change from solid to liquid in the flow of crude increases the efficiency of these pumps.",
"T... | 1 | Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage about pumps that are currently available to boost the natural pressure of crude? |
Oil companies need offshore platforms primarily because the oil or natural gas the companies extract from the ocean floor has to be processed before pumps can be used to move the substances ashore. But because processing crude (unprocessed oil or gas on a platform rather than at facilities onshore exposes workers to th... | 199402_3-RC_1_7 | [
"is more promising, but it also is more expensive and demands more maintenance",
"is especially well researched, since it has been used in other settings",
"involves the use of a single or twin screw that sucks fluid in at one end of the pump",
"is problematic because it causes rapid shifts from liquid to gas... | 4 | The passage implies that the positive-displacement pump differs from the centrifugal pump in that the positive-displacement pump |
Oil companies need offshore platforms primarily because the oil or natural gas the companies extract from the ocean floor has to be processed before pumps can be used to move the substances ashore. But because processing crude (unprocessed oil or gas on a platform rather than at facilities onshore exposes workers to th... | 199402_3-RC_1_8 | [
"in a multiphase state",
"in equal proportions of gas to liquid",
"with small proportions of corrosive material",
"after having been processed",
"largely in the form of a liquid"
] | 3 | The passage implies that the current state of technology necessitates that crude be moved to shore |
To critics accustomed to the style of fifteenth-century narrative paintings by Italian artists from Tuscany, the Venetian examples of narrative paintings with religious subjects that Patricia Fortini Brown analyzes in a recent book will come as a great surprise. While the Tuscan paintings present large-scale figures, c... | 199402_3-RC_2_9 | [
"Tuscan painters' use of fresco explains the prominence of human figures in the narrative paintings that they produced during the fifteenth century.",
"In addition to fifteenth-century Venetian attitudes toward history, other factors may help to explain the characteristic features of Venetian narrative paintings ... | 1 | Which one of the following best states the main idea of the passage? |
To critics accustomed to the style of fifteenth-century narrative paintings by Italian artists from Tuscany, the Venetian examples of narrative paintings with religious subjects that Patricia Fortini Brown analyzes in a recent book will come as a great surprise. While the Tuscan paintings present large-scale figures, c... | 199402_3-RC_2_10 | [
"pointing out the superiority of one painting style over another",
"citing evidence that requires a reevaluation of a conventionally held view",
"discussing factors that explain a difference in painting styles",
"outlining the strengths and weaknesses of two opposing views regarding the evolution of a paintin... | 2 | In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with |
To critics accustomed to the style of fifteenth-century narrative paintings by Italian artists from Tuscany, the Venetian examples of narrative paintings with religious subjects that Patricia Fortini Brown analyzes in a recent book will come as a great surprise. While the Tuscan paintings present large-scale figures, c... | 199402_3-RC_2_11 | [
"the painting of architecture in perspective requires greater drawing skill than does the representation of a human form in a fresco",
"certain characteristics of a style of painting can reflect a style of historical writing that was common during the same period",
"the eyewitness style in Venetian narrative pa... | 1 | As it is described in the passage, Brown's explanation of the use of the eyewitness style in Venetian narrative painting suggests that |
To critics accustomed to the style of fifteenth-century narrative paintings by Italian artists from Tuscany, the Venetian examples of narrative paintings with religious subjects that Patricia Fortini Brown analyzes in a recent book will come as a great surprise. While the Tuscan paintings present large-scale figures, c... | 199402_3-RC_2_12 | [
"were able to draw human figures with more skill after they were apprenticed to painters in Tuscany",
"assumed that their paintings would typically be viewed from a distance",
"were a major influence on the artists who produced the cycle of historical paintings in the Venetian magistrate's palace",
"were relu... | 4 | The author suggests that fifteenth-century Venetian narrative paintings with religious subjects were painted by artists who |
To critics accustomed to the style of fifteenth-century narrative paintings by Italian artists from Tuscany, the Venetian examples of narrative paintings with religious subjects that Patricia Fortini Brown analyzes in a recent book will come as a great surprise. While the Tuscan paintings present large-scale figures, c... | 199402_3-RC_2_13 | [
"the ability to paint architecture in perspective was seen in Venice as proof of a painter's skill",
"the subjects of such paintings were often religious stories",
"large frescoes were especially conducive to representing architecture in perspective",
"the architecture of Venice in the fifteenth century was m... | 0 | The author implies that Venetian narrative paintings with religious subjects included the representation of elaborate buildings in part because |
To critics accustomed to the style of fifteenth-century narrative paintings by Italian artists from Tuscany, the Venetian examples of narrative paintings with religious subjects that Patricia Fortini Brown analyzes in a recent book will come as a great surprise. While the Tuscan paintings present large-scale figures, c... | 199402_3-RC_2_14 | [
"The style of secular historical paintings in the palace of the Venetian magistrate was similar to that of Venetian narrative paintings with religious subjects.",
"The style of the historical writing produced by fifteenth-century Venetian authors was similar in its inclusion of anecdotal details to secular painti... | 2 | Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the author's contention that fifteenth-century Venetian artists "had no practical experience of the large-scale representation of familiar religious stories" (lines 40–42)? |
Currently, legal scholars agree that in some cases legal rules do not specify a definite outcome. These scholars believe that such indeterminacy results from the vagueness of language: the boundaries of the application of a term are often unclear. Nevertheless, they maintain that the system of legal rules by and large ... | 199402_3-RC_3_15 | [
"It gives rise to numerous situations in which the decisions of earlier judges are found to be in error by later judges.",
"It possesses a clear set of legal rules in theory, but in practice most judges are unaware of the strict meaning of those rules.",
"Its strength lies in the requirement that judges decide ... | 4 | According to the passage, the realists argued that which one of the following is true of a common-law system? |
Currently, legal scholars agree that in some cases legal rules do not specify a definite outcome. These scholars believe that such indeterminacy results from the vagueness of language: the boundaries of the application of a term are often unclear. Nevertheless, they maintain that the system of legal rules by and large ... | 199402_3-RC_3_16 | [
"The holding is not commonly considered binding on subsequent judges, but the decision is.",
"The holding formally states the outcome of the case, while the decision explains it.",
"The holding explains the decision but does not include it.",
"The holding consists of the decision and the dicta.",
"The holdi... | 4 | According to the passage, which one of the following best describes the relationship between a judicial holding and a judicial decision? |
Currently, legal scholars agree that in some cases legal rules do not specify a definite outcome. These scholars believe that such indeterminacy results from the vagueness of language: the boundaries of the application of a term are often unclear. Nevertheless, they maintain that the system of legal rules by and large ... | 199402_3-RC_3_17 | [
"The judges would most likely disagree with one or more of the interpretations and overturn the earlier judges' decisions.",
"The judges might differ from each other concerning which of the interpretations would apply in a given case.",
"The judges probably would consider themselves bound by all the legal rules... | 1 | The information in the passage suggests that the realists would most likely have agreed with which one of the following statements about the reaction of judges to past interpretations of a precedential case, each of which states a different legal rule? |
Currently, legal scholars agree that in some cases legal rules do not specify a definite outcome. These scholars believe that such indeterminacy results from the vagueness of language: the boundaries of the application of a term are often unclear. Nevertheless, they maintain that the system of legal rules by and large ... | 199402_3-RC_3_18 | [
"linguistic vagueness can cause indeterminacy regarding the outcome of a litigated case",
"in any litigated case, several different and possibly contradictory legal rules are relevant to the decision of the case",
"the distinction between holding and dicta in a written opinion is usually difficult to determine ... | 0 | It can be inferred from the passage that most legal scholars today would agree with the realists that |
Currently, legal scholars agree that in some cases legal rules do not specify a definite outcome. These scholars believe that such indeterminacy results from the vagueness of language: the boundaries of the application of a term are often unclear. Nevertheless, they maintain that the system of legal rules by and large ... | 199402_3-RC_3_19 | [
"The judge writing the opinion is usually careful to specify those parts of the opinion he or she considers part of the dicta.",
"The appropriateness of the judge's decision would be disputed by subsequent judges on the basis of legal rules expressed in the dicta.",
"A consensus concerning what constitutes the ... | 3 | The passage suggests that the realists believed which one of the following to be true of the dicta in a judge's written opinion? |
Currently, legal scholars agree that in some cases legal rules do not specify a definite outcome. These scholars believe that such indeterminacy results from the vagueness of language: the boundaries of the application of a term are often unclear. Nevertheless, they maintain that the system of legal rules by and large ... | 199402_3-RC_3_20 | [
"A traditional point of view is explained and problems arising from it are described.",
"Two conflicting systems of thought are compared point for point and then evaluated.",
"A legal concept is defined and arguments justifying that definition are refuted.",
"Two viewpoints on an issue are briefly described a... | 3 | Which one of the following best describes the overall organization of the passage? |
Currently, legal scholars agree that in some cases legal rules do not specify a definite outcome. These scholars believe that such indeterminacy results from the vagueness of language: the boundaries of the application of a term are often unclear. Nevertheless, they maintain that the system of legal rules by and large ... | 199402_3-RC_3_21 | [
"Legal Indeterminacy: The Debate Continues",
"Holding Versus Dicta: A Distinction Without a Difference",
"Linguistic Vagueness: Is It Circumscribed in Legal Terminology?",
"Legal Indeterminacy: The Realist's View of Its Scope",
"Legal Rules and the Precedential System: How Judges Interpret the Precedents"
] | 3 | Which one of the following titles best reflects the content of the passage? |
Years after the movement to obtain civil rights for black people in the United States made its most important gains, scholars are reaching for a theoretical perspective capable of clarifying its momentous developments. New theories of social movements are being discussed, not just among social psychologists, but also a... | 199402_3-RC_4_22 | [
"may focus on personalities rather than on political issues",
"is not provoked primarily by an unusual condition",
"may be decided according to the psychological needs of voters",
"may not entail momentous developments",
"actually entails two or more distinct social movements"
] | 1 | It can be inferred from the passage that the classical theory of social movement would not be appropriately applied to an annual general election because such an election |
Years after the movement to obtain civil rights for black people in the United States made its most important gains, scholars are reaching for a theoretical perspective capable of clarifying its momentous developments. New theories of social movements are being discussed, not just among social psychologists, but also a... | 199402_3-RC_4_23 | [
"They predict different responses to the same socioeconomic conditions.",
"They disagree about the relevance of psychological explanations for protest movements.",
"They are meant to explain different kinds of social change.",
"They describe the motivation of protesters in slightly different ways.",
"They d... | 3 | According to the passage, the "rising expectations" and "relative deprivation" models differ in which one of the following ways? |
Years after the movement to obtain civil rights for black people in the United States made its most important gains, scholars are reaching for a theoretical perspective capable of clarifying its momentous developments. New theories of social movements are being discussed, not just among social psychologists, but also a... | 199402_3-RC_4_24 | [
"Participants in any given social movement have conflicting motivations.",
"Social movements are ultimately beneficial to society.",
"Only strain of a socioeconomic nature can provoke a social movement.",
"The political ends of movement participants are best analyzed in terms of participants' psychological mo... | 4 | The author implies that political theorists attribute which one of the following assumptions to social psychologists who apply the classical theory of social movements to the civil rights movement? |
Years after the movement to obtain civil rights for black people in the United States made its most important gains, scholars are reaching for a theoretical perspective capable of clarifying its momentous developments. New theories of social movements are being discussed, not just among social psychologists, but also a... | 199402_3-RC_4_25 | [
"The test confirms the three classical theories discussed in the passage.",
"The test provides no basis for deciding among the three classical theories discussed in the passage.",
"The test shows that it is impossible to apply any theory of social movements to the civil rights movement.",
"The test indicates ... | 1 | Which one of the following statements is supported by the results of the "better test" discussed in the last paragraph of the passage? |
Years after the movement to obtain civil rights for black people in the United States made its most important gains, scholars are reaching for a theoretical perspective capable of clarifying its momentous developments. New theories of social movements are being discussed, not just among social psychologists, but also a... | 199402_3-RC_4_26 | [
"the press is selective about the movement activities it chooses to cover",
"not all economic indicators receive the same amount of press coverage",
"economic indicators often contradict one another",
"a movement-initiated event may not correlate significantly with any of the three economic indicators",
"th... | 0 | The validity of the "better test" (line 65) as proposed by the author might be undermined by the fact that |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.