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Women's participation in the revolutionary events in France between 1789 and 1795 has only recently been given nuanced treatment. Early twentieth-century historians of the French Revolution are typified by Jaures, who, though sympathetic to the women's movement of his own time, never even mentions its antecedents in re...	199202_2-RC_3_17	[ "outline the author's argument about women's roles in France between 1789 and 1795", "anticipate possible challenges to the findings of the recent studies of women in France between 1789 and 1795", "summarize some long-standing explanations of the role of individual women in France between 1789 and 1795", "pr...	3	The primary function of the first paragraph of the passage is to
Women's participation in the revolutionary events in France between 1789 and 1795 has only recently been given nuanced treatment. Early twentieth-century historians of the French Revolution are typified by Jaures, who, though sympathetic to the women's movement of his own time, never even mentions its antecedents in re...	199202_2-RC_3_18	[ "The movement might have been more successful if women had developed their own political vocabularies.", "The downfall of the movement was probably unrelated to its alliance with Jacobin men.", "The movement had a great deal of choice about whether to adopt a Rousseauist political vocabulary.", "The movement ...	0	The passage suggests that Landes and Badinter would be likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the women's movement in France in the 1790s?
Women's participation in the revolutionary events in France between 1789 and 1795 has only recently been given nuanced treatment. Early twentieth-century historians of the French Revolution are typified by Jaures, who, though sympathetic to the women's movement of his own time, never even mentions its antecedents in re...	199202_2-RC_3_19	[ "dichotomy of private roles for women and public roles for men", "almost nonexistent political participation of women before 1789", "historians' lack of differentiation among various groups of women", "political alliances women made with radical Jacobin men", "collapse of the women's movement in the 1790s" ...	4	In the context of the passage, the word "cost" in line 63 refers to the
Women's participation in the revolutionary events in France between 1789 and 1795 has only recently been given nuanced treatment. Early twentieth-century historians of the French Revolution are typified by Jaures, who, though sympathetic to the women's movement of his own time, never even mentions its antecedents in re...	199202_2-RC_3_20	[ "criticizing certain political and intellectual traditions", "summarizing the main points of several recent historical studies and assessing their value", "establishing a chronological sequence and arguing for its importance", "comparing and contrasting women's political activities before and after the French...	1	The author of the passage is primarily concerned with
Art historians' approach to French Impressionism has changed significantly in recent years. While a decade ago Rewald's History of Impressionism, which emphasizes Impressionist painters' stylistic innovations, was unchallenged, the literature on Impressionism has now become a kind of ideological battlefield, in which m...	199202_2-RC_4_21	[ "The style of Impressionist paintings has only an indirect relation to their subject matter.", "The approach to Impressionism that is illustrated by Herbert's recent book is inadequate.", "The historical context of Impressionist paintings is not relevant to their interpretation.", "Impressionism emerged from ...	1	Which one of the following best expresses the main point of the passage?
Art historians' approach to French Impressionism has changed significantly in recent years. While a decade ago Rewald's History of Impressionism, which emphasizes Impressionist painters' stylistic innovations, was unchallenged, the literature on Impressionism has now become a kind of ideological battlefield, in which m...	199202_2-RC_4_22	[ "evenhanded objectivity about the achievements of Impressionism", "bias in favor of certain Impressionist painters", "an emphasis on the stylistic features of Impressionist painting", "an idiosyncratic view of which painters were to be classified as Impressionists", "a refusal to enter into the ideological ...	2	According to the passage, Rewald's book on Impressionism was characterized by which one of the following?
Art historians' approach to French Impressionism has changed significantly in recent years. While a decade ago Rewald's History of Impressionism, which emphasizes Impressionist painters' stylistic innovations, was unchallenged, the literature on Impressionism has now become a kind of ideological battlefield, in which m...	199202_2-RC_4_23	[ "an exclusive emphasis on form and style", "a bias in favor of the representation of modern industry", "an attempt to place Impressionism within a specific sociocultural context", "a broadening of the term \"Impressionism\" to include all of nineteenth-century French painting", "an insufficient familiarity ...	2	The author implies that Herbert's redefinition of the boundaries of Impressionism resulted from which one of the following?
Art historians' approach to French Impressionism has changed significantly in recent years. While a decade ago Rewald's History of Impressionism, which emphasizes Impressionist painters' stylistic innovations, was unchallenged, the literature on Impressionism has now become a kind of ideological battlefield, in which m...	199202_2-RC_4_24	[ "The Impressionists neglected these subjects in their paintings.", "Herbert's book on Impressionism fails to give adequate treatment of these subjects.", "The Impressionists' treatment of these subjects was idealized.", "Rewald's treatment of Impressionist painters focused inordinately on their representation...	0	The author states which one of the following about modern industry and labor as subjects for painting?
Art historians' approach to French Impressionism has changed significantly in recent years. While a decade ago Rewald's History of Impressionism, which emphasizes Impressionist painters' stylistic innovations, was unchallenged, the literature on Impressionism has now become a kind of ideological battlefield, in which m...	199202_2-RC_4_25	[ "The first two paragraphs each present independent arguments for a conclusion that is drawn in the third paragraph.", "A thesis is stated in the first paragraph and revised in the second paragraph, and the revised thesis is supported with an argument in the third paragraph.", "The first two paragraphs discuss a...	3	Which one of the following most accurately describes the structure of the author's argument in the passage?
Art historians' approach to French Impressionism has changed significantly in recent years. While a decade ago Rewald's History of Impressionism, which emphasizes Impressionist painters' stylistic innovations, was unchallenged, the literature on Impressionism has now become a kind of ideological battlefield, in which m...	199202_2-RC_4_26	[ "strengthen the claim that Impressionists sought to emphasize the differences between painting and photography", "weaken the argument that style is the only important feature of Impressionist paintings", "indicate that Impressionists recognized that they had been strongly influenced by photography", "support ...	3	The author's statement that Impressionist paintings "were inventions in which style to some degree disrupted description" (lines 57–59) serves to
Art historians' approach to French Impressionism has changed significantly in recent years. While a decade ago Rewald's History of Impressionism, which emphasizes Impressionist painters' stylistic innovations, was unchallenged, the literature on Impressionism has now become a kind of ideological battlefield, in which m...	199202_2-RC_4_27	[ "a product of the recent confusion caused by Herbert's book on Impressionism", "emphasizing what Impressionists themselves took to be their primary artistic concern", "an overreaction against the traditional interpretation of Impressionism", "neglecting the most innovative aspects of Impressionism", "addres...	4	The author would most likely regard a book on the Impressionists that focused entirely on their style as
Governments of developing countries occasionally enter into economic development agreements with foreign investors who provide capital and technological expertise that may not be readily available in such countries. Besides the normal economic risk that accompanies such enterprises, investors face the additional risk t...	199206_4-RC_1_1	[ "pointing out flaws in an argument provided in support of a position", "analyzing the weaknesses inherent in the proposed solution to a problem", "marshaling evidence in support of a new explanation of a phenomenon", "analyzing the risks inherent in adopting a certain course of action", "advocating a new ap...	0	In the passage, the author is primarily concerned with doing which one of the following?
Governments of developing countries occasionally enter into economic development agreements with foreign investors who provide capital and technological expertise that may not be readily available in such countries. Besides the normal economic risk that accompanies such enterprises, investors face the additional risk t...	199206_4-RC_1_2	[ "They fail to take into account the special needs and interests of developing countries that enter into agreements with foreign investors.", "They have only recently been invoked as criteria for adjudicating disputes between governments and foreign investors.", "They are more compatible with the laws of France ...	3	It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following assertions regarding the "general principles of law" mentioned in lines 16-17 of the passage?
Governments of developing countries occasionally enter into economic development agreements with foreign investors who provide capital and technological expertise that may not be readily available in such countries. Besides the normal economic risk that accompanies such enterprises, investors face the additional risk t...	199206_4-RC_1_3	[ "They provide greater economic benefits to the governments that are parties to such agreements than to foreign investors.", "They are interpreted differently by courts in the United Kingdom than they are by courts in the United States.", "They have proliferated in recent years as a result of governments' attemp...	3	The author implies that which one of the following is true of economic development agreements?
Governments of developing countries occasionally enter into economic development agreements with foreign investors who provide capital and technological expertise that may not be readily available in such countries. Besides the normal economic risk that accompanies such enterprises, investors face the additional risk t...	199206_4-RC_1_4	[ "It requires the government agency to pay for unanticipated increases in the cost of delivering the goods and services specified in the contract.", "It provides the contractor with certain guarantees that are not normally provided in private civil contracts.", "It must be ratified by the passage of a statute.",...	4	According to the author, which one of the following is true of a contract that is designated by a French government agency as an administrative contract?
Governments of developing countries occasionally enter into economic development agreements with foreign investors who provide capital and technological expertise that may not be readily available in such countries. Besides the normal economic risk that accompanies such enterprises, investors face the additional risk t...	199206_4-RC_1_5	[ "The government undertook a greater economic risk by entering into the contract than did the foreign investor.", "The cost to the foreign investor of abiding by the terms of the contract exceeded the original estimates of such costs.", "The modification of the contract did not result in any increased financial ...	4	It can be inferred from the passage that under the "ordinary law of contracts" (lines 53-54), a government would have the right to modify unilaterally the terms of a contract that it had entered into with a foreign investor if which one of the following were true?
Governments of developing countries occasionally enter into economic development agreements with foreign investors who provide capital and technological expertise that may not be readily available in such countries. Besides the normal economic risk that accompanies such enterprises, investors face the additional risk t...	199206_4-RC_1_6	[ "cite two governments that often reserve the right to modify unilaterally contracts that they enter into with foreign investors", "support the assertion that there is no general principle of law governing contracts between private individuals and governments", "cast doubt on the alleged universality of the conc...	2	In the last paragraph, the author refers to government contracts in the United States and the United Kingdom primarily in order to
Governments of developing countries occasionally enter into economic development agreements with foreign investors who provide capital and technological expertise that may not be readily available in such countries. Besides the normal economic risk that accompanies such enterprises, investors face the additional risk t...	199206_4-RC_1_7	[ "Providing that an international agreement be governed by general principles of law is not a viable method of guaranteeing the legal security of such an agreement.", "French law regarding contracts is significantly different from those in the United States and the United Kingdom.", "Contracts between government...	3	Which one of the following best states the author's main conclusion in the passage?
Governments of developing countries occasionally enter into economic development agreements with foreign investors who provide capital and technological expertise that may not be readily available in such countries. Besides the normal economic risk that accompanies such enterprises, investors face the additional risk t...	199206_4-RC_1_8	[ "The specific provisions of government contracts often contain explicit statements of what all parties to the contracts already agree are inherent state powers.", "Governments are more frequently put in the position of having to modify or terminate contracts than are private individuals.", "Modification clauses...	0	The author's argument in lines 57-62 would be most weakened if which one of the following were true?
Nico Frijda writes that emotions are governed by a psychological principle called the "law of apparent reality" : emotions are elicited only by events appraised as real, and the intensity of these emotions corresponds to the degree to which these events are appraised as real. This observation seems psychologically plau...	199206_4-RC_2_9	[ "The law of apparent reality fails to account satisfactorily for the emotional nature of belief.", "Theories of aesthetic response fail to account for how we distinguish unreasonable from reasonable responses to art.", "The law of apparent reality fails to account satisfactorily for emotional responses to art."...	2	Which one of the following best states the central idea of the passage?
Nico Frijda writes that emotions are governed by a psychological principle called the "law of apparent reality" : emotions are elicited only by events appraised as real, and the intensity of these emotions corresponds to the degree to which these events are appraised as real. This observation seems psychologically plau...	199206_4-RC_2_10	[ "unpredictable because emotional responses depend on how aware the person is of the reality of an event", "weaker if the person cannot distinguish illusion from reality", "more or less intense depending on the degree to which the person perceives the event to be real", "more intense if the person perceives an...	2	According to the passage, Frijda's law asserts that emotional responses to events are
Nico Frijda writes that emotions are governed by a psychological principle called the "law of apparent reality" : emotions are elicited only by events appraised as real, and the intensity of these emotions corresponds to the degree to which these events are appraised as real. This observation seems psychologically plau...	199206_4-RC_2_11	[ "ignores the unselfconsciousness that is characteristic of emotional responses to art", "ignores the distinction between genuine emotion and ersatz emotion", "ignores the fact that a person who is imagining knows that he or she is imagining", "makes irrelevant distinctions between vivid and weak imaginative c...	2	The author suggests that Frijda's notion of the role of imagination in aesthetic response is problematic because it
Nico Frijda writes that emotions are governed by a psychological principle called the "law of apparent reality" : emotions are elicited only by events appraised as real, and the intensity of these emotions corresponds to the degree to which these events are appraised as real. This observation seems psychologically plau...	199206_4-RC_2_12	[ "Radford's argument relies on a notion of irrationality in a way that Gombrich's argument does not.", "Gombrich's position is closer to the position of the majority of psychologists than is Radford's.", "Gombrich, unlike Radford, argues that we do not have true emotions in response to art.", "Gombrich's argum...	1	The passage supports all of the following statements about the differences between Gombrich and Radford EXCEPT:
Nico Frijda writes that emotions are governed by a psychological principle called the "law of apparent reality" : emotions are elicited only by events appraised as real, and the intensity of these emotions corresponds to the degree to which these events are appraised as real. This observation seems psychologically plau...	199206_4-RC_2_13	[ "The emotional responses to events ranging from the real to the depicted illustrate the irrationality of emotional response.", "A series of events that range from the real to the depicted conveys the contrast between real events and cinematic depiction.", "An intensification in emotional response to a series of...	4	Which one of the following best captures the progression of the author's argument in lines9-31?
Nico Frijda writes that emotions are governed by a psychological principle called the "law of apparent reality" : emotions are elicited only by events appraised as real, and the intensity of these emotions corresponds to the degree to which these events are appraised as real. This observation seems psychologically plau...	199206_4-RC_2_14	[ "Movies about ghosts are terrifying in proportion to viewers' beliefs in the phenomenon of ghosts.", "Movies about imaginary phenomena like ghosts may be just as terrifying as movies about phenomena like snakes.", "Movies about ghosts and snakes are not terrifying because people know that what they are viewing ...	1	The author's assertions concerning movies about ghosts imply that all of the following statements are false EXCEPT:
Nico Frijda writes that emotions are governed by a psychological principle called the "law of apparent reality" : emotions are elicited only by events appraised as real, and the intensity of these emotions corresponds to the degree to which these events are appraised as real. This observation seems psychologically plau...	199206_4-RC_2_15	[ "A person watching a movie about guerrilla warfare irrationally believes that he or she is present at the battle.", "A person watching a play about a kidnapping feels nothing because he or she rationally realizes it is not a real event.", "A person gets particular enjoyment out of writing fictional narratives i...	3	Which one of the following statements best exemplifies the position of Radford concerning the nature of emotional response to art?
Although bacteria are unicellular and among the simplest autonomous forms of life, they show a remarkable ability to sense their environment. They are attracted to materials they need and are repelled by harmful substances. Most types of bacteria swim very erratically; short smooth runs in relatively straight lines are...	199206_4-RC_3_16	[ "When suddenly transferred from a medium in which the concentration of an attractant was uniformly low to one in which the concentration was uniformly high, the tendency of the bacteria to tumble and undergo random changes in direction increased.", "When suddenly transferred from a medium in which the concentrati...	1	It can be inferred from the passage that which one of the following experimental results would suggest that bacteria detect changes in the concentration of an attractant by measuring its concentration in front and back of the cell body simultaneously?
Although bacteria are unicellular and among the simplest autonomous forms of life, they show a remarkable ability to sense their environment. They are attracted to materials they need and are repelled by harmful substances. Most types of bacteria swim very erratically; short smooth runs in relatively straight lines are...	199206_4-RC_3_17	[ "increased the speed at which it swam immediately after undergoing the random changes in direction that result from tumbling", "detected a concentration gradient of an attractant toward which it could begin to swim", "relied on the simultaneous measurement of the concentration of the substance in front and back...	4	It can be inferred from the passage that a bacterium would increase the likelihood of its moving away from an area where the concentration of a harmful substance is high if it did which one of the following?
Although bacteria are unicellular and among the simplest autonomous forms of life, they show a remarkable ability to sense their environment. They are attracted to materials they need and are repelled by harmful substances. Most types of bacteria swim very erratically; short smooth runs in relatively straight lines are...	199206_4-RC_3_18	[ "against a resistant medium that makes their swimming less efficient", "away from a substance to which they are normally attracted", "away from a substance that is normally harmful to them", "from an area where the concentration of a repellent is weaker to an area where it is completely absent", "from an ar...	4	It can be inferred from the passage that when describing bacteria as "swimming up a concentration gradient" (lines 49-50), the author means that they were behaving as if they were swimming
Although bacteria are unicellular and among the simplest autonomous forms of life, they show a remarkable ability to sense their environment. They are attracted to materials they need and are repelled by harmful substances. Most types of bacteria swim very erratically; short smooth runs in relatively straight lines are...	199206_4-RC_3_19	[ "the kinds of chemical attractants present in different concentration gradients", "the mechanism that the bacterium adopts in determining the presence of an attractant", "the bacterium's detection of changes in the concentration of an attractant", "the extent to which neighboring bacteria are engaged in tumbl...	2	The passage indicates that the pattern that characterizes a bacterium's motion changes in response to
Although bacteria are unicellular and among the simplest autonomous forms of life, they show a remarkable ability to sense their environment. They are attracted to materials they need and are repelled by harmful substances. Most types of bacteria swim very erratically; short smooth runs in relatively straight lines are...	199206_4-RC_3_20	[ "Two approaches to a problem are discussed, a test that would determine which is more efficient is described, and a conclusion is made, based on experimental evidence.", "Two hypotheses are described, a way of determining which of them is more likely to be true is discussed, and one is said to be more accurate on...	1	Which one of the following best describes the organization of the third paragraph of the passage?
Although bacteria are unicellular and among the simplest autonomous forms of life, they show a remarkable ability to sense their environment. They are attracted to materials they need and are repelled by harmful substances. Most types of bacteria swim very erratically; short smooth runs in relatively straight lines are...	199206_4-RC_3_21	[ "The seemingly erratic motion exhibited by a microorganism can in fact reflect a mechanism by which it is able to control its movement.", "Biologists often overstate the complexity of simple organisms such as bacteria.", "A bacterium cannot normally retain a memory of a measurement of the concentration of an at...	0	The passage provides information in support of which one of the following assertions?
Anthropologist David Mandelbaum makes a distinction between life-passage studies and life-history studies which emerged primarily out of research concerning Native Americans. Life-passage studies, he says, "emphasize the requirements of society, showing how groups socialize and enculturate their young in order to make ...	199206_4-RC_4_22	[ "The contributions of life-history studies to anthropology have made life-passage studies obsolete.", "Despite their dissimilar approaches to the study of culture, life-history and life-passage studies have similar goals.", "The autobiographies of Native American women illustrate the differences between life-hi...	2	Which one of the following is the most accurate expression of the main point of the passage?
Anthropologist David Mandelbaum makes a distinction between life-passage studies and life-history studies which emerged primarily out of research concerning Native Americans. Life-passage studies, he says, "emphasize the requirements of society, showing how groups socialize and enculturate their young in order to make ...	199206_4-RC_4_23	[ "function of life-passage studies in helping ethnologists to understand cultural tradition", "function of life-history studies in helping ethnologists to gather information", "way in which a subject of a life passage views himself or herself", "roles clearly distinguishing the narrator of an autobiography fro...	4	The term "prescribed roles" in line 24 of the passage refers to the
Anthropologist David Mandelbaum makes a distinction between life-passage studies and life-history studies which emerged primarily out of research concerning Native Americans. Life-passage studies, he says, "emphasize the requirements of society, showing how groups socialize and enculturate their young in order to make ...	199206_4-RC_4_24	[ "dismiss as irrelevant the personal perspective in the life-history study", "identify an aspect of experience that is not commonly a major focus of life-passage studies", "clarify the narrator's self-acknowledged purpose in relating a life passage", "suggest a common conflict between the goals of the narrator...	1	The reference to the "psychological motivation" (line 30) of the subject of The Autobiography of a Fox Indian Woman serves primarily to
Anthropologist David Mandelbaum makes a distinction between life-passage studies and life-history studies which emerged primarily out of research concerning Native Americans. Life-passage studies, he says, "emphasize the requirements of society, showing how groups socialize and enculturate their young in order to make ...	199206_4-RC_4_25	[ "She was familiar with the very early history of her tribe but lacked insight into the motivations of non-Native Americans.", "She was unfamiliar with Michelson's work but had probably read a number of life-passage studies about Native Americans.", "She had training as a historian but was not qualified as an an...	4	Which one of the following statements about Maria Campbell can be inferred from material in the passage?
Anthropologist David Mandelbaum makes a distinction between life-passage studies and life-history studies which emerged primarily out of research concerning Native Americans. Life-passage studies, he says, "emphasize the requirements of society, showing how groups socialize and enculturate their young in order to make ...	199206_4-RC_4_26	[ "usually told in the subject's native language", "less reliable because they rely solely on the subject's recall", "more likely to be told without the influence of an intermediary", "more creative in the way they interpret the subject's cultural legacy", "more representative of the historian's point of view...	2	According to the passage, one way in which life-history studies differ from life-passage studies is that life-history studies are
Anthropologist David Mandelbaum makes a distinction between life-passage studies and life-history studies which emerged primarily out of research concerning Native Americans. Life-passage studies, he says, "emphasize the requirements of society, showing how groups socialize and enculturate their young in order to make ...	199206_4-RC_4_27	[ "a study of the attitudes of a society toward a mainstream religion and an analysis of techniques used to instruct members of that religious group", "a study of how a preindustrial society maintains peace with neighboring societies and a study of how a postindustrial society does the same", "a study of the way ...	2	Which one of the following pairings best illustrates the contrast between life passages and life histories?
The Taft-Hartley Act, passed by the United States Congress in 1947, gave states the power to enact "right-to-work" legislation that prohibits union shop agreements. According to such an agreement, a labor union negotiates wages and working conditions for all workers in a business, and all workers are required to belong...	199210_1-RC_1_1	[ "A law is proposed that benefits many but disadvantages a few; those advocating passage of the law argue that the disadvantages to a few are not so serious that the benefits should be denied to many.", "A new tax on certain categories of consumer items is proposed; those in favor of the tax argue that those affec...	4	The reasoning behind the "literature" (line 9), as that reasoning is presented in the passage, is most analogous to the reasoning behind which one of the following situations?
The Taft-Hartley Act, passed by the United States Congress in 1947, gave states the power to enact "right-to-work" legislation that prohibits union shop agreements. According to such an agreement, a labor union negotiates wages and working conditions for all workers in a business, and all workers are required to belong...	199210_1-RC_1_2	[ "It implies that right-to-work laws have had a negligible effect on workers in right-to-work states.", "It demonstrates that right-to-work laws have significantly decreased union membership from what it once was in right-to-work states.", "It argues that right-to-work laws have affected wages in right-to-work s...	2	According to the passage, which one of the following is true of Carroll's study?
The Taft-Hartley Act, passed by the United States Congress in 1947, gave states the power to enact "right-to-work" legislation that prohibits union shop agreements. According to such an agreement, a labor union negotiates wages and working conditions for all workers in a business, and all workers are required to belong...	199210_1-RC_1_3	[ "Craft unions have been successful in ensuring that the wages of their members remain higher than the wages of nonunion workers in the same occupational groups.", "The number of minority workers joining craft unions has increased sharply in states that have not adopted right-to-work legislation.", "Wages for wo...	0	It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which one of the following about craft unions?
The Taft-Hartley Act, passed by the United States Congress in 1947, gave states the power to enact "right-to-work" legislation that prohibits union shop agreements. According to such an agreement, a labor union negotiates wages and working conditions for all workers in a business, and all workers are required to belong...	199210_1-RC_1_4	[ "Prior to 1947, industrial unionism had little effect on the wages of Black workers relative to those of White workers; since 1947, it has had a slight positive effect.", "Prior to 1947, industrial unionism had a strong positive effect on the wages of Black workers relative to those of White workers; since 1947, ...	4	Which one of the following best describes the effect industrial unionism has had on the wages of Black workers relative to those of White workers, as that effect is presented in the passage?
The Taft-Hartley Act, passed by the United States Congress in 1947, gave states the power to enact "right-to-work" legislation that prohibits union shop agreements. According to such an agreement, a labor union negotiates wages and working conditions for all workers in a business, and all workers are required to belong...	199210_1-RC_1_5	[ "a decrease in the number of union shop agreements", "strong economic growth that creates labor shortages", "a decrease in membership in craft unions", "the merging of large industrial unions", "a decline in the craft sectors of the labor market" ]	1	According to the passage, which one of the following could counteract the effects of a decrease in unions' economic power to raise wages in right-to-work states?
The Taft-Hartley Act, passed by the United States Congress in 1947, gave states the power to enact "right-to-work" legislation that prohibits union shop agreements. According to such an agreement, a labor union negotiates wages and working conditions for all workers in a business, and all workers are required to belong...	199210_1-RC_1_6	[ "an overview of a problem in research methodology and a recommended solution to that problem", "a comparison of two competing theories and a suggestion for reconciling them", "a critique of certain legislation and a proposal for modification of that legislation", "a review of research that challenges the conc...	3	Which one of the following best describes the passage as a whole?
In the late nineteenth century, the need for women physicians in missionary hospitals in Canton, China, led to expanded opportunities for both Western and Chinese women. The presence of Western women as medical missionaries in China was made possible by certain changes within the Western missionary movement. Beginning ...	199210_1-RC_2_7	[ "There were very few women involved in foreign missionary work before the 1870s.", "Most women working abroad as missionaries before the 1870s were financed by women's foreign mission societies.", "Most women employed in mission hospitals abroad before the 1870s were trained as nurses rather than as physicians....	4	Which one of the following statements about Western women missionaries working abroad can be inferred from the passage?
In the late nineteenth century, the need for women physicians in missionary hospitals in Canton, China, led to expanded opportunities for both Western and Chinese women. The presence of Western women as medical missionaries in China was made possible by certain changes within the Western missionary movement. Beginning ...	199210_1-RC_2_8	[ "contrast foreign mission boards with the boards of secular organizations sending aid to China", "explain the policy of foreign mission boards toward training Chinese women in medicine", "justify the preference of foreign mission boards for professionally qualified missionaries", "help account for the attitud...	3	The author mentions that most foreign mission boards were exclusively male most probably in order to
In the late nineteenth century, the need for women physicians in missionary hospitals in Canton, China, led to expanded opportunities for both Western and Chinese women. The presence of Western women as medical missionaries in China was made possible by certain changes within the Western missionary movement. Beginning ...	199210_1-RC_2_9	[ "A situation is described, conditions that brought about the situation are explained, and results of the situation are enumerated.", "An assertion is made, statements supporting and refuting the assertion are examined, and a conclusion is drawn.", "An obstacle is identified, a variety of possible ways to overco...	0	Which one of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
In the late nineteenth century, the need for women physicians in missionary hospitals in Canton, China, led to expanded opportunities for both Western and Chinese women. The presence of Western women as medical missionaries in China was made possible by certain changes within the Western missionary movement. Beginning ...	199210_1-RC_2_10	[ "The Western church boards that sent the greatest number of single women missionaries abroad had not received any financial support from women's auxiliary groups.", "The women who were sent abroad as missionary physicians had been raised in families with a strong history of missionary commitment.", "Most of the...	0	Which one of the following, if true, would most undermine the author's analysis of the reason for the increasing number of single women missionaries sent abroad beginning in the 1870s?
In the late nineteenth century, the need for women physicians in missionary hospitals in Canton, China, led to expanded opportunities for both Western and Chinese women. The presence of Western women as medical missionaries in China was made possible by certain changes within the Western missionary movement. Beginning ...	199210_1-RC_2_11	[ "the number of male physicians practicing in that region", "the specific women's foreign mission society that supplied the funding", "the specific home parishes from which the missionary women came", "the cultural conventions of the host society", "the relations between the foreign mission boards and the ho...	3	According to the passage, which one of the following was a factor in the acceptance of Western women as physicians in mission hospitals in Canton, China?
In the late nineteenth century, the need for women physicians in missionary hospitals in Canton, China, led to expanded opportunities for both Western and Chinese women. The presence of Western women as medical missionaries in China was made possible by certain changes within the Western missionary movement. Beginning ...	199210_1-RC_2_12	[ "There was great suspicion of non-Chinese medical practices.", "Medical care was more often administered in the home than in hospitals.", "It was customary for women physicians to donate a portion of their income for the maintenance of their extended family.", "It was not customary for female patients to be t...	3	The passage suggests which one of the following about medical practices in late-nineteenth-century Canton, China?
In recent years the early music movement, which advocates performing a work as it was performed at the time of its composition, has taken on the character of a crusade, particularly as it has moved beyond the sphere of medieval and baroque music and into music from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries by ...	199210_1-RC_3_13	[ "designed to be inaudible to the audience when used by conductors of orchestras", "incapable of playing the high F-natural that is in the score of Beethoven's original version of the concerto", "unavailable to Mozart and Haydn", "incapable of playing the high F-sharp that the melody of the concerto calls for"...	3	It can be inferred from the passage that by "a piano exactly contemporary" (line 30) with the composition of Beethoven's first piano concerto, the author means the kind of piano that was
In recent years the early music movement, which advocates performing a work as it was performed at the time of its composition, has taken on the character of a crusade, particularly as it has moved beyond the sphere of medieval and baroque music and into music from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries by ...	199210_1-RC_3_14	[ "The early music movement has yet to resolve a number of troubling questions regarding its approach to the performance of music.", "The early music movement, while largely successful in its approach to the performance of medieval and baroque music, has yet to justify its use of obsolete instruments in the perform...	0	Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
In recent years the early music movement, which advocates performing a work as it was performed at the time of its composition, has taken on the character of a crusade, particularly as it has moved beyond the sphere of medieval and baroque music and into music from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries by ...	199210_1-RC_3_15	[ "illustrate how piano music began to change in response to the extended range of pianos that became available during Beethoven's lifetime", "illustrate how Beethoven's work failed to anticipate the changes in the design of instruments that were about to be made during his lifetime", "suggest that early music ad...	3	In the second paragraph, the author discusses Beethoven's first piano concerto primarily in order to
In recent years the early music movement, which advocates performing a work as it was performed at the time of its composition, has taken on the character of a crusade, particularly as it has moved beyond the sphere of medieval and baroque music and into music from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries by ...	199210_1-RC_3_16	[ "orchestras were to use instruments no more advanced in design than those used by orchestras at the time Mozart and Beethoven composed their symphonies", "audiences were to return to the custom of applauding at the end of each movement of a symphony", "audiences were to reserve their most enthusiastic applause ...	1	The author suggests that the final movements of symphonies by Mozart and Beethoven might be played more slowly by today's orchestras if which one of the following were to occur?
In recent years the early music movement, which advocates performing a work as it was performed at the time of its composition, has taken on the character of a crusade, particularly as it has moved beyond the sphere of medieval and baroque music and into music from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries by ...	199210_1-RC_3_17	[ "A generalization is made, evidence undermining it is presented, and a conclusion rejecting it is then drawn.", "A criticism is stated and then elaborated with two supporting examples.", "An assumption is identified and then evidence undermining its validity is presented.", "An assertion is made and evidence ...	1	Which one of the following best describes the organization of the last paragraph?
In recent years the early music movement, which advocates performing a work as it was performed at the time of its composition, has taken on the character of a crusade, particularly as it has moved beyond the sphere of medieval and baroque music and into music from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries by ...	199210_1-RC_3_18	[ "Musicians who perform in modern orchestras generally receive more extensive training than did their nineteenth-century counterparts.", "Breaks between the movements of symphonies performed during the early nineteenth century often lasted longer than they do today because nineteenth-century musicians needed to re...	3	It can be inferred from the passage that the author's explanation in lines 50-54 would be most weakened if which one of the following were true?
In recent years the early music movement, which advocates performing a work as it was performed at the time of its composition, has taken on the character of a crusade, particularly as it has moved beyond the sphere of medieval and baroque music and into music from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries by ...	199210_1-RC_3_19	[ "These recordings fail to recognize that the last movements of Haydn's and Mozart's symphonies were often played slower in the eighteenth century than they are played today.", "These recordings betray the influence of baroque musical styles on those early music advocates who have recently turned their attention t...	3	It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following assertions regarding the early music recordings mentioned in the third paragraph?
In recent years the early music movement, which advocates performing a work as it was performed at the time of its composition, has taken on the character of a crusade, particularly as it has moved beyond the sphere of medieval and baroque music and into music from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries by ...	199210_1-RC_3_20	[ "the replacement of the orchestral piano as a method of keeping the orchestra together", "a gradual increase since the time of Mozart and Beethoven in audiences' expectations regarding the ability of orchestral musicians", "a change since the early nineteenth century in audiences' concepts of musical excitement...	2	The author suggests that the modern audience's tendency to withhold applause until the end of a symphony's performance is primarily related to which one of the following?
Although the United States steel industry faces widely publicized economic problems that have eroded its steel production capacity, not all branches of the industry have been equally affected. The steel industry is not monolithic: it includes integrated producers, minimills, and specialty-steel mills. The integrated pr...	199210_1-RC_4_21	[ "United States steel producers face economic problems that are shared by producers in other nations.", "Minimills are the most successful steel producers because they best meet market demands for cheap steel.", "Minimills and specialty-steel mills are more economically competitive than integrated producers beca...	2	Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
Although the United States steel industry faces widely publicized economic problems that have eroded its steel production capacity, not all branches of the industry have been equally affected. The steel industry is not monolithic: it includes integrated producers, minimills, and specialty-steel mills. The integrated pr...	199210_1-RC_4_22	[ "flexibility in their operations", "local sale of their products", "avoidance of mining operations", "use of new steel-refining technology", "a limited range of low-quality products" ]	0	The author mentions all of the following as features of minimills EXCEPT
Although the United States steel industry faces widely publicized economic problems that have eroded its steel production capacity, not all branches of the industry have been equally affected. The steel industry is not monolithic: it includes integrated producers, minimills, and specialty-steel mills. The integrated pr...	199210_1-RC_4_23	[ "different economic difficulties face the steel industries of different nations", "not all integrated producers share a common technological denominator", "labor-intensive machinery cannot be blamed for the economic condition of United States integrated steel producers", "modern steelmaking technology is gene...	2	The author of the passage refers to "Japanese integrated producers" (line 43) primarily in order to support the view that
Although the United States steel industry faces widely publicized economic problems that have eroded its steel production capacity, not all branches of the industry have been equally affected. The steel industry is not monolithic: it includes integrated producers, minimills, and specialty-steel mills. The integrated pr...	199210_1-RC_4_24	[ "A hypothesis is proposed and supported; then an opposing view is presented and criticized.", "A debate is described and illustrated; then a contrast is made and the debate is resolved.", "A dilemma is described and cited as evidence for a broader criticism.", "A proposition is stated and argued, then rejecte...	4	Which one of the following best describes the organization of the third paragraph?
Although the United States steel industry faces widely publicized economic problems that have eroded its steel production capacity, not all branches of the industry have been equally affected. The steel industry is not monolithic: it includes integrated producers, minimills, and specialty-steel mills. The integrated pr...	199210_1-RC_4_25	[ "sell products in a restricted geographical area", "share the economic troubles of the minimills", "resemble specialty-steel mills found in Japan", "concentrate on producing a narrow range of products", "do not operate blast furnaces" ]	4	It can be inferred from the passage that United States specialty-steel mills generally differ from integrated steel producers in that the specialty-steel mills
Although the United States steel industry faces widely publicized economic problems that have eroded its steel production capacity, not all branches of the industry have been equally affected. The steel industry is not monolithic: it includes integrated producers, minimills, and specialty-steel mills. The integrated pr...	199210_1-RC_4_26	[ "a paper-manufacturing company that experiences difficulty in obtaining enough timber and other raw materials to meet its orders", "a food-canning plant whose canning machines must constantly be tended by human operators", "a textile firm that spends heavily on capital equipment and energy to process raw cotton...	0	Each of the following describes an industry facing a problem also experienced by United States integrated steel producers EXCEPT
Although the United States steel industry faces widely publicized economic problems that have eroded its steel production capacity, not all branches of the industry have been equally affected. The steel industry is not monolithic: it includes integrated producers, minimills, and specialty-steel mills. The integrated pr...	199210_1-RC_4_27	[ "Those nations that derive a larger percentage of their annual steel production from minimills than the United States does also have a smaller per capita trade deficit.", "Many integrated steel producers are as adept as the specialty-steel mills at producing high-quality products to meet customer specifications."...	4	Which one of the following, if true, would best serve as supporting evidence for the author's explanation of the economic condition of integrated steel producers?
The law-and-literature movement claims to have introduced a valuable pedagogical innovation into legal study: instructing students in techniques of literary analysis for the purpose of interpreting laws and in the reciprocal use of legal analysis for the purpose of interpreting literary texts. The results, according to...	199212_3-RC_1_1	[ "assess the law-and-literature movement by examining the position of one of its most prominent critics", "assert that a mutually beneficial relationship exists between the study of law and the study of literature", "provide examples of the law-and-literature movement in practice by discussing the work of its pr...	0	The primary purpose of the passage is to
The law-and-literature movement claims to have introduced a valuable pedagogical innovation into legal study: instructing students in techniques of literary analysis for the purpose of interpreting laws and in the reciprocal use of legal analysis for the purpose of interpreting literary texts. The results, according to...	199212_3-RC_1_2	[ "a musician who is trained in the classics but frequently plays modern music while performing on stage", "a partisan who transfers allegiance to a new political party that demonstrates more promise but has fewer documented accomplishments", "a sports fan who wholeheartedly supports the team most likely to win r...	4	Posner's stated position with regard to the law-and-literature movement is most analogous to which one of the following?
The law-and-literature movement claims to have introduced a valuable pedagogical innovation into legal study: instructing students in techniques of literary analysis for the purpose of interpreting laws and in the reciprocal use of legal analysis for the purpose of interpreting literary texts. The results, according to...	199212_3-RC_1_3	[ "eschews discovery of multiple meanings", "employs techniques like deconstruction", "interprets laws in light of varying community standards", "is informed by the positions of literary critics", "de-emphasizes the social relevance of the legal tradition" ]	0	The passage suggests that Posner regards legal practitioners as using an approach to interpreting law that
The law-and-literature movement claims to have introduced a valuable pedagogical innovation into legal study: instructing students in techniques of literary analysis for the purpose of interpreting laws and in the reciprocal use of legal analysis for the purpose of interpreting literary texts. The results, according to...	199212_3-RC_1_4	[ "a legal dispute symbolizes the relationship between two characters", "an oppressive law is used to symbolize an oppressive culture", "one of the key issues involves the answer to a legal question", "a legal controversy is used to represent a moral conflict", "the working of the legal system suggests someth...	2	The passage suggests that Posner might find legal training useful in the interpretation of a literary text in which
The law-and-literature movement claims to have introduced a valuable pedagogical innovation into legal study: instructing students in techniques of literary analysis for the purpose of interpreting laws and in the reciprocal use of legal analysis for the purpose of interpreting literary texts. The results, according to...	199212_3-RC_1_5	[ "positive effect on the sensitivity of lawyers", "widespread acceptance by law schools and law journals", "ability to offer fresh insights into literary texts", "ability to encourage innovative approaches in two disciplines", "response to recent criticism in law journals" ]	1	The author uses the word "success" in line 11 to refer to the law-and-literature movement's
The law-and-literature movement claims to have introduced a valuable pedagogical innovation into legal study: instructing students in techniques of literary analysis for the purpose of interpreting laws and in the reciprocal use of legal analysis for the purpose of interpreting literary texts. The results, according to...	199212_3-RC_1_6	[ "use of the law in literature is generally of a quite different nature than use of the law in legal practice", "law is rarely used to convey important ideas in literature", "lawyers do not have enough literary training to analyze literature competently", "legal interpretations of literature tend to focus on l...	0	According to the passage, Posner argues that legal analysis is not generally useful in interpreting literature because
The law-and-literature movement claims to have introduced a valuable pedagogical innovation into legal study: instructing students in techniques of literary analysis for the purpose of interpreting laws and in the reciprocal use of legal analysis for the purpose of interpreting literary texts. The results, according to...	199212_3-RC_1_7	[ "the goals of the two disciplines are incompatible", "there are few advocates for the law-and-literature movement in the literary profession", "the task of interpreting law is too complex for the techniques of literary criticism", "the interpretation of law relies heavily on legal precedent", "legal scholar...	0	According to Posner, the primary difficulty in using literary criticism to interpret law is that
A recent generation of historians of science, far from portraying accepted scientific views as objectively accurate reflections of a natural world, explain the acceptance of such views in terms of the ideological biases of certain influential scientists or the institutional and rhetorical power such scientists wield. A...	199212_3-RC_2_8	[ "It is often implausible.", "It is subject to inevitable falsification.", "It is rarely obvious and transparent.", "It is rarely discovered by creative processes.", "It is less often established by experimentation than by the rhetorical power of scientists." ]	2	It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following characterizations of scientific truth?
A recent generation of historians of science, far from portraying accepted scientific views as objectively accurate reflections of a natural world, explain the acceptance of such views in terms of the ideological biases of certain influential scientists or the institutional and rhetorical power such scientists wield. A...	199212_3-RC_2_9	[ "corrected by subsequent inquiries", "dependent on a series of prior observations", "originally thought to be imprecise and then later confirmed", "established primarily by the force of an individual's rhetorical power", "specifically taken up for the purpose of falsification by later scientists" ]	0	According to the passage, Kepler's ideas provide an example of scientific ideas that were
A recent generation of historians of science, far from portraying accepted scientific views as objectively accurate reflections of a natural world, explain the acceptance of such views in terms of the ideological biases of certain influential scientists or the institutional and rhetorical power such scientists wield. A...	199212_3-RC_2_10	[ "presenting conflicting explanations for a phenomenon", "suggesting a field for possible future research", "qualifying a previously expressed point of view", "providing an answer to a theoretical question", "attacking the assumptions that underlie a set of beliefs" ]	2	In the third paragraph of the passage, the author is primarily concerned with
A recent generation of historians of science, far from portraying accepted scientific views as objectively accurate reflections of a natural world, explain the acceptance of such views in terms of the ideological biases of certain influential scientists or the institutional and rhetorical power such scientists wield. A...	199212_3-RC_2_11	[ "to satirize chronologically earlier notions about the composition of water", "to reinforce a previously stated opinion about certain philosophers of science", "to suggest the author's reservations about the \"traditional belief\" mentioned in line 22", "to anticipate objections from someone who would argue f...	4	The use of the words "any serious-minded and informed person" (lines 28-29) serves which one of the following functions in the context of the passage?
A recent generation of historians of science, far from portraying accepted scientific views as objectively accurate reflections of a natural world, explain the acceptance of such views in terms of the ideological biases of certain influential scientists or the institutional and rhetorical power such scientists wield. A...	199212_3-RC_2_12	[ "These two views are difficult to differentiate.", "These two views share some similarities.", "The views of the philosophers ought to be seen as the source of the historians' views.", "Both views emphasize the rhetorical power of scientists.", "The historians explicitly acknowledge that their views are ind...	1	It can be inferred from the passage that the author would most likely agree with which one of the following statements about the relationship between the views of "certain philosophers of science" (lines12-13) and those of the recent historians?
A recent generation of historians of science, far from portraying accepted scientific views as objectively accurate reflections of a natural world, explain the acceptance of such views in terms of the ideological biases of certain influential scientists or the institutional and rhetorical power such scientists wield. A...	199212_3-RC_2_13	[ "They lack any credibility.", "They themselves can be rewardingly studied as social phenomena.", "They are least convincing when they concern the actions of scientific groups.", "Although they are gross overstatements, they lead to some valuable insights.", "Although they are now popular, they are likely to...	3	Which one of the following best characterizes the author's assessment of the opinions of the new historians of science, as these opinions are presented in the passage?
A recent generation of historians of science, far from portraying accepted scientific views as objectively accurate reflections of a natural world, explain the acceptance of such views in terms of the ideological biases of certain influential scientists or the institutional and rhetorical power such scientists wield. A...	199212_3-RC_2_14	[ "offers a prescription", "presents a paradox", "makes a prediction", "concedes an argument", "anticipates objections" ]	0	In concluding the passage, the author does which one of the following?
A recent generation of historians of science, far from portraying accepted scientific views as objectively accurate reflections of a natural world, explain the acceptance of such views in terms of the ideological biases of certain influential scientists or the institutional and rhetorical power such scientists wield. A...	199212_3-RC_2_15	[ "\"biases\" (line 5) and \"rhetorical\" (line 6)", "\"wield\" (line 7) and \"falsification\" (line 17)", "\"conjectures\" (line 16) and \"truck with\" (line 19)", "\"extremism\" (line 20) and \"implausible\" (line 24)", "\"naive\" (line 35) and \"errors\" (line 42)" ]	3	The author's attitude toward the "thesis" mentioned in line 56 is revealed in which one of the following pairs of words?
Until recently, it was thought that the Cherokee, a Native American tribe, were compelled to assimilate Euro-American culture during the 1820s. During that decade, it was supposed, White missionaries arrived and, together with their part Cherokee intermediaries, imposed the benefits of "civilization" on Cherokee tribes...	199212_3-RC_3_16	[ "McLoughlin's studies of the impact of missionaries on Cherokee culture during the 1820s are fundamentally flawed, since McLoughlin ignores the greater impact of White resident traders in the eighteenth century.", "Though his work is limited in perspective, McLoughlin is substantially correct that changes in the ...	1	Which one of the following best states the main idea of the passage?
Until recently, it was thought that the Cherokee, a Native American tribe, were compelled to assimilate Euro-American culture during the 1820s. During that decade, it was supposed, White missionaries arrived and, together with their part Cherokee intermediaries, imposed the benefits of "civilization" on Cherokee tribes...	199212_3-RC_3_17	[ "Members of the Cherokee council were elected democratically by the entire Cherokee Nation.", "In order for a policy to come into effect for the Cherokee Nation, it had to have been approved by a unanimous vote of the Cherokee council.", "Despite the fact that the Cherokee were dominated politically and economi...	3	Which one of the following statements regarding the Cherokee council in the 1820s can be inferred from the passage?
Until recently, it was thought that the Cherokee, a Native American tribe, were compelled to assimilate Euro-American culture during the 1820s. During that decade, it was supposed, White missionaries arrived and, together with their part Cherokee intermediaries, imposed the benefits of "civilization" on Cherokee tribes...	199212_3-RC_3_18	[ "They supported the reforms merely as a way of placating the increasingly vocal acculturating elite.", "They thought that the reforms would lead to the destruction of traditional Cherokee culture but felt powerless to stop the reforms.", "They supported the reforms only because they thought that they were inevi...	4	Which one of the following statements regarding the attitudes of traditionalist Cherokee toward the reforms that were instituted in the 1820s can be inferred from the passage?
Until recently, it was thought that the Cherokee, a Native American tribe, were compelled to assimilate Euro-American culture during the 1820s. During that decade, it was supposed, White missionaries arrived and, together with their part Cherokee intermediaries, imposed the benefits of "civilization" on Cherokee tribes...	199212_3-RC_3_19	[ "Missionaries were gaining converts at an increasing rate as the 1820s progressed.", "The traditionalist Cherokee majority thought that most of the reforms initiated by the missionaries' converts would corrupt Cherokee culture.", "Missionaries unintentionally created conflict among the Cherokee by favoring the ...	2	According to the passage, McLoughlin cites which one of the following as a contributing factor in the revival of traditional religious beliefs among the Cherokee in the 1820s?
Until recently, it was thought that the Cherokee, a Native American tribe, were compelled to assimilate Euro-American culture during the 1820s. During that decade, it was supposed, White missionaries arrived and, together with their part Cherokee intermediaries, imposed the benefits of "civilization" on Cherokee tribes...	199212_3-RC_3_20	[ "Traditionalist Cherokee gained control over the majority of seats on the Cherokee council during the 1820s.", "The United States government took an active interest in political and cultural developments within Native American tribes.", "The missionaries living among the Cherokee in the 1820s were strongly in f...	3	Which one of the following, if true, would most seriously undermine McLoughlin's account of the course of reform among the Cherokee during the 1820s?
Until recently, it was thought that the Cherokee, a Native American tribe, were compelled to assimilate Euro-American culture during the 1820s. During that decade, it was supposed, White missionaries arrived and, together with their part Cherokee intermediaries, imposed the benefits of "civilization" on Cherokee tribes...	199212_3-RC_3_21	[ "was reversed in the decades following the 1820s", "may have been part of an already-existing process of acculturalization", "could have been the result of earlier contacts with missionaries", "would not have occurred without the encouragement of the United States government", "was primarily a result of the...	1	It can be inferred from the author's discussion of McLoughlin's views that the author thinks that Cherokee acculturalization in the 1820s
In the history of nineteenth-century landscape painting in the United States, the Luminists are distinguished by their focus on atmosphere and light. The accepted view of Luminist paintings is that they are basically spiritual and imply a tranquil mysticism that contrasts with earlier American artists' concept of natur...	199212_3-RC_4_22	[ "the importance of religion to the art of a particular period", "the way one artist's work illustrates a tradition of painting", "the significance of the sea in one artist's work", "differences in the treatment of nature as a more active or a less active force", "variations in the artistic treatment of ligh...	1	The passage is primarily concerned with discussing
In the history of nineteenth-century landscape painting in the United States, the Luminists are distinguished by their focus on atmosphere and light. The accepted view of Luminist paintings is that they are basically spiritual and imply a tranquil mysticism that contrasts with earlier American artists' concept of natur...	199212_3-RC_4_23	[ "wild and unexplored", "idealized and distant", "continually changing", "difficult to understand", "subordinate to human concerns" ]	4	The author argues that nature is portrayed in Lane's pictures as
In the history of nineteenth-century landscape painting in the United States, the Luminists are distinguished by their focus on atmosphere and light. The accepted view of Luminist paintings is that they are basically spiritual and imply a tranquil mysticism that contrasts with earlier American artists' concept of natur...	199212_3-RC_4_24	[ "The prevailing religious principles of a given time can be reflected in the art of that time.", "In order to interest viewers, works of art must depict familiar subjects in detail.", "Because commerce is unusual as a subject in art, the painter of commercial activity must travel and observe it widely.", "Kno...	3	The passage contains information to suggest that the author would most probably agree with which one of the following statements?
In the history of nineteenth-century landscape painting in the United States, the Luminists are distinguished by their focus on atmosphere and light. The accepted view of Luminist paintings is that they are basically spiritual and imply a tranquil mysticism that contrasts with earlier American artists' concept of natur...	199212_3-RC_4_25	[ "be unimpressed by the paintings' glowing light", "consider Luminist scenes to be undomesticated and wild", "interpret the Luminist depiction of nature incorrectly", "see Luminist paintings as practical rather than mystical", "focus on the paintings' subject matter instead of on atmosphere and light" ]	2	According to the author, a supporter of the view of Luminism described in the first paragraph would most likely
In the history of nineteenth-century landscape painting in the United States, the Luminists are distinguished by their focus on atmosphere and light. The accepted view of Luminist paintings is that they are basically spiritual and imply a tranquil mysticism that contrasts with earlier American artists' concept of natur...	199212_3-RC_4_26	[ "exploration", "commerce", "canals", "idealism", "mysticism" ]	1	According to the author, the sea is significant in Lane's paintings because of its association with
In the history of nineteenth-century landscape painting in the United States, the Luminists are distinguished by their focus on atmosphere and light. The accepted view of Luminist paintings is that they are basically spiritual and imply a tranquil mysticism that contrasts with earlier American artists' concept of natur...	199212_3-RC_4_27	[ "refute a new theory", "replace an inadequate analysis", "summarize current critics' attitudes", "support another critic's evaluation", "describe the history of a misinterpretation" ]	1	The author's primary purpose is to
In the history of nineteenth-century landscape painting in the United States, the Luminists are distinguished by their focus on atmosphere and light. The accepted view of Luminist paintings is that they are basically spiritual and imply a tranquil mysticism that contrasts with earlier American artists' concept of natur...	199212_3-RC_4_28	[ "suggest that Luminism was the dominant of painting in the 1850s and 1860s", "support the idea that Lane was interested in spiritualism", "provide an example of the primary cultural factors that influenced the Luminists", "explain why the development of Luminism coincided with that of spiritualism", "illust...	4	The author quotes a critic writing about Lane (lines 25–27) most probably in order to
The labor force is often organized as if workers had no family responsibilities. Preschool-age children need full-time care; children in primary school need care after school and during school vacations. Although day-care services can resolve some scheduling conflicts between home and office, workers cannot always find...	199302_3-RC_1_1	[ "Current trends in the labor force indicate that working parents, especially women, may not always need to choose between occupational and child-care responsibilities.", "In order for mothers to have an equal opportunity for advancement in the labor force, traditional family roles have to be reexamined and revise...	4	Which one of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?
The labor force is often organized as if workers had no family responsibilities. Preschool-age children need full-time care; children in primary school need care after school and during school vacations. Although day-care services can resolve some scheduling conflicts between home and office, workers cannot always find...	199302_3-RC_1_2	[ "One-third of all part-time workers are working mothers.", "Part-time work generally offers fewer opportunities for advancement to working mothers than to women generally.", "Part-time work, in addition to having relatively poor wages, often requires that employees work during holidays, when their children are ...	3	Which one of the following statements about part-time work can be inferred from the information presented in the passage?
The labor force is often organized as if workers had no family responsibilities. Preschool-age children need full-time care; children in primary school need care after school and during school vacations. Although day-care services can resolve some scheduling conflicts between home and office, workers cannot always find...	199302_3-RC_1_3	[ "They are equally burdened by the employment disadvantages placed upon all parents—male and female—in the labor market.", "They are so absorbed in their jobs that they often do not see the injustice going on around them.", "They are shielded by the traditional allocation of family roles from many of the pressur...	2	It can be inferred from the passage that the author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about working fathers in two-parent families?
The labor force is often organized as if workers had no family responsibilities. Preschool-age children need full-time care; children in primary school need care after school and during school vacations. Although day-care services can resolve some scheduling conflicts between home and office, workers cannot always find...	199302_3-RC_1_4	[ "the lack of full-time jobs open to women", "the inflexibility of work schedules", "the low wages of part-time employment", "the limited advancement opportunities for nonprofessional employees", "the practice of allocating responsibilities in the workplace on the basis of gender" ]	1	Of the following, which one would the author most likely say is the most troublesome barrier facing working parents with primary child-care responsibility?
The labor force is often organized as if workers had no family responsibilities. Preschool-age children need full-time care; children in primary school need care after school and during school vacations. Although day-care services can resolve some scheduling conflicts between home and office, workers cannot always find...	199302_3-RC_1_5	[ "Even the best day care available cannot guarantee that children will have meaningful time with their parents.", "Some parents cannot afford day-care services.", "Working parents sometimes have difficulty finding suitable day care for their children.", "Parents who send their children to day care still need t...	3	The passage suggests that day care is at best a limited solution to the pressures associated with child rearing for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
The labor force is often organized as if workers had no family responsibilities. Preschool-age children need full-time care; children in primary school need care after school and during school vacations. Although day-care services can resolve some scheduling conflicts between home and office, workers cannot always find...	199302_3-RC_1_6	[ "declining professional positions for nonprofessional ones, which typically have less conventional work schedules", "accepting part-time employment rather than full-time employment", "taking jobs with limited responsibility, and thus more limited career opportunities, in order to have a more flexible schedule",...	0	According to the passage, many working parents may be forced to make any of the following types of career decisions EXCEPT
The labor force is often organized as if workers had no family responsibilities. Preschool-age children need full-time care; children in primary school need care after school and during school vacations. Although day-care services can resolve some scheduling conflicts between home and office, workers cannot always find...	199302_3-RC_1_7	[ "At the same time, most men will remain better able to enjoy the career and salary opportunities offered by the labor market.", "Of course, men who are married to working mothers know of these employment barriers but seem unwilling to do anything about them.", "On the other hand, salary levels may become more e...	0	Which one of the following statements would most appropriately continue the discussion at the end of the passage?

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