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=== Knowledge distillation or model distillation is the process of transferring knowledge from a large model to a smaller one. The idea of using the output of one neural network to train another neural network was studied as the teacher-student network configuration. In 1992, several papers studied the statistical mech...	{ "page_id": 61541925, "title": "History of artificial neural networks" }
Notes == == References == == External links == "Lecun 2019-7-11 ACM Tech Talk". Google Docs. Retrieved 2020-02-13.	{ "page_id": 61541925, "title": "History of artificial neural networks" }
The following is a partial list of the "G" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (G04). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (G06). For other MeSH codes, see List of MeSH c...	{ "page_id": 5115429, "title": "List of MeSH codes (G05)" }
gene expression === MeSH G05.310.670 – protein biosynthesis MeSH G05.310.700 – transcription, genetic MeSH G05.310.700.500 – reverse transcription === MeSH G05.315 – gene expression regulation === MeSH G05.315.095 – chromatin assembly and disassembly MeSH G05.315.125 – dosage compensation, genetic MeSH G05.315.125.970 ...	{ "page_id": 5115429, "title": "List of MeSH codes (G05)" }
receptor === MeSH G05.380 – heredity === === MeSH G05.600 – mutagenesis === MeSH G05.600.220 – dna repeat expansion MeSH G05.600.220.865 – trinucleotide repeat expansion MeSH G05.600.315 – gene amplification MeSH G05.600.320 – gene duplication MeSH G05.600.420 – inversion, chromosome MeSH G05.600.550 – mutagenesis, ins...	{ "page_id": 5115429, "title": "List of MeSH codes (G05)" }
In organosulfur chemistry, thiadiazine is a heterocyclic compound containing a six-membered ring composed of three carbon atoms, one sulfur atom, and two nitrogen atoms. It exists in several isomeric forms, each characterized by the different arrangement of the sulfur and nitrogen atoms in the ring structure. Common is...	{ "page_id": 77925925, "title": "Thiadiazine" }
The molecular formula C33H34N4O6 (molar mass : 582.64 g/mol) may refer to : Azelnidipine, a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker Biliverdin, a green tetrapyrrolic bile pigment and a product of heme catabolism	{ "page_id": 24120875, "title": "C33H34N4O6" }
In chemistry, the Halcon process refers to technology for the production of propylene oxide by oxidation of propylene with tert-butyl hydroperoxide. The reaction requires metal catalysts, which typically contain molybdenum: (CH3)3COOH + CH2=CHCH3 → (CH3)3COH + CH2OCHCH3 The byproduct tert-butanol is recycled or convert...	{ "page_id": 68226603, "title": "Halcon process" }
The Shanghai Stem Cell Institute is an institute in Shanghai, People's Republic of China dedicated to stem cell research. == The institute == The institute, located within the Shanghai Jiao Tong University under the School of Medicine faculty, is entirely funded by the government of the People's Republic of China. In 2...	{ "page_id": 23727664, "title": "Shanghai Stem Cell Institute" }
cells which were able to reproduce without any issues. == See also == Stem cell == References == == External links == Mice made from induced stem cells - Nature News	{ "page_id": 23727664, "title": "Shanghai Stem Cell Institute" }
Metal allergies inflame the skin after it has been in contact with metal. They are a form of allergic contact dermatitis. They are becoming more common, as of 2021, except in areas with regulatory countermeasures. People may become sensitized to certain metals by skin contact, usually by wearing or holding consumer pro...	{ "page_id": 69209653, "title": "Metal allergy" }
cases of metal allergy are caused by consumer products containing metal; exposure at work can also cause metal allergies. The largest human exposure to metals is ingestion; while food or drink containing metals can cause an allergic reaction in people who already have an allergy, it's not clear if it can cause a new al...	{ "page_id": 69209653, "title": "Metal allergy" }
containing potential allergens are stuck on the skin, and the skin is monitored for inflammation. For metal allergens, patch test reproducibility is low, and the extent to which they predict implant failures is debated. If the person being tested has a rash already, it may be difficult to do a patch test. Patch testing...	{ "page_id": 69209653, "title": "Metal allergy" }
(0.5 μg/cm2). They also set target values for nickel in ambient air; (20 ng/mg3) increases in nickel concentrations in ambient air, even when absolute levels are quite low, have been linked to increased rates of sensitization in human populations. Nickel allergy rates in Europe have decreased, though it is still the mo...	{ "page_id": 69209653, "title": "Metal allergy" }
Tetanolysin is a toxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria. Its function is unknown, but it is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of tetanus. The other C. tetani toxin, tetanospasmin, is more definitively linked to tetanus. It is sensitive to oxygen. Tetanolysin belongs to a family of protein toxins known a...	{ "page_id": 6950454, "title": "Tetanolysin" }
Francesca M. Kerton is a green chemist and Professor of Chemistry at Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada. == Early life == Kerton completed her B.Sc. (Hons) in chemistry with environmental science at the University of Kent. She then completed her D.Phil. (1995–1999) at the University of Sussex. == Academic care...	{ "page_id": 61279800, "title": "Francesca M. Kerton" }
(SCI) Canada Group. Kerton received the 2016 Dean's Distinguished Scholar Medal at Memorial University. In 2019, Kerton was recognized for her research with the Canadian Green Chemistry and Engineering Award (Individual). She was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 2016. == Other contributions == Kerton ...	{ "page_id": 61279800, "title": "Francesca M. Kerton" }
Single-cell genome and epigenome by transposases sequencing (scGET-seq) is a DNA sequencing method for profiling open and closed chromatin. In contrast to single-cell assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (scATAC-seq), which only targets active euchromatin, scGET-seq is also capable of probing inac...	{ "page_id": 70192699, "title": "ScGET-seq" }
this technology by also providing information on heterochromatin, providing a more comprehensive look at chromatin structure and dynamics within each cell. == Methods == === Sample preparation === Sample preparation for scGET-seq starts with obtaining a suspension of nuclei from cells using a method appropriate for the...	{ "page_id": 70192699, "title": "ScGET-seq" }
filtered of shared regions and then normalized and log2 transformed. Linear dimension reduction is done using principal component analysis (PCA). Groups of cells are identified using a k-NN algorithm and Leiden algorithm. Finally, the four matrices are combined using matrix factorization and UMAP reduction. ===== Cell ...	{ "page_id": 70192699, "title": "ScGET-seq" }
between bulk exome sequencing and scGET-seq results, scGET-seq fails to capture all exome SNVs. == References ==	{ "page_id": 70192699, "title": "ScGET-seq" }
In bioethics, ethics of organ transplantation refers to the ethical concerns on organ transplantation procedures . Both the source and method of obtaining the organ to transplant are major ethical issues to consider, as well as the notion of distributive justice. == Sources == Organ harvesting from live people is one o...	{ "page_id": 37883452, "title": "Ethics of organ transplantation" }
of organs may trample on respect for the right to life. The question is made even more complicated by the fact that the "irreversibly" criterion for legal death cannot be adequately defined and can easily change with changing technology. As controversies on the boundary of life and death grow, the debate on when to ter...	{ "page_id": 37883452, "title": "Ethics of organ transplantation" }
whose need are uncontrollable should be preferred over people who choose a poor lifestyle. Donor matching intended to optimize life-years gained is also subject to debate, as people value their organ and the remainder of their lives differently. In practice, organ and tissue banks often choose patients in ways that sec...	{ "page_id": 37883452, "title": "Ethics of organ transplantation" }
This page provides supplementary chemical data on bismuth(III) oxide. == Material Safety Data Sheet == MSDS from Fischer Scientific == Structure and properties == == Thermodynamic properties == == Spectral data == == References ==	{ "page_id": 3018300, "title": "Bismuth(III) oxide (data page)" }
In physical cosmology, baryogenesis (also known as baryosynthesis) is the physical process that is hypothesized to have taken place during the early universe to produce baryonic asymmetry, the observation that only matter (baryons) and not antimatter (antibaryons) is detected in universe other than in cosmic ray collis...	{ "page_id": 462396, "title": "Baryogenesis" }
which the rate would be too slow to explain the presence of matter today. These estimates predict that a large volume of material will occasionally exhibit a spontaneous proton decay, which has not been observed. Therefore, the imbalance between matter and antimatter remains a mystery. Baryogenesis theories are based o...	{ "page_id": 462396, "title": "Baryogenesis" }
in favour of matter over time. The goal of cosmological theories of baryogenesis is to explain the baryon asymmetry factor using quantum field theory of elementary particles.: 37 == Sakharov conditions == In 1967, Andrei Sakharov proposed a set of three necessary conditions that a baryon-generating interaction must sat...	{ "page_id": 462396, "title": "Baryogenesis" }
all the observed matter in the universe. This insufficiency has not yet been explained, theoretically or otherwise. Baryogenesis within the Standard Model requires the electroweak symmetry breaking to be a first-order cosmological phase transition, since otherwise sphalerons wipe out any baryon asymmetry that happened ...	{ "page_id": 462396, "title": "Baryogenesis" }
not to wipe out the excess of baryons there. In total, there is net creation of baryons (as well as leptons). In this scenario, non-perturbative electroweak interactions (i.e. the sphaleron) are responsible for the B-violation, the perturbative electroweak Lagrangian is responsible for the CP-violation, and the domain ...	{ "page_id": 462396, "title": "Baryogenesis" }
ħ as the Planck constant divided by 2π and c as the speed of light in vacuum, and ζ(3) as Apéry's constant. At the current CBR photon temperature of 2.725 K, this corresponds to a photon density nγ of around 411 CBR photons per cubic centimeter. Therefore, the asymmetry parameter η, as defined above, is not the "best" ...	{ "page_id": 462396, "title": "Baryogenesis" }
suggests that in the early universe, particles such as the B-meson decay into a visible Standard Model baryon as well as a dark antibaryon that is invisible to current observation techniques. === Asymmetric Dark Matter === The asymmetric dark matter proposal investigates mechanisms that would explain the abundance of d...	{ "page_id": 462396, "title": "Baryogenesis" }
Safety in numbers is the hypothesis that, by being part of a large physical group or mass, an individual is less likely to be the victim of a mishap, accident, attack, or other bad event. Some related theories also argue (and can show statistically) that mass behaviour (by becoming more predictable and "known" to other...	{ "page_id": 921151, "title": "Safety in numbers" }
walking and cycling, in a range of countries, with rates of collisions between motorists and cyclists or walkers. He found an inverse relationship that was hypothesised to be explained by a concept described as 'behavioural adaptation', whereby drivers who are exposed to greater numbers of cyclists on the road begin to...	{ "page_id": 921151, "title": "Safety in numbers" }
75% drop in cyclists deaths and the number of trips increased by 72%. In England, between 2000 and 2008, serious bicycle injuries declined by 12%. Over the same period, the number of bicycle trips made in London doubled. Motor vehicle traffic decreased by 16%, bicycle use increased by 28% and cyclist injuries had decre...	{ "page_id": 921151, "title": "Safety in numbers" }
bridges into downtown was measured to have increased 369% between 1992 and 2008. During that same period, the number of reported crashes increased by only 14%. In Copenhagen, Denmark, between 1995 and 2006, the number of cyclists killed or seriously injured fell by 60%. During the same period, cycling increased by 44% ...	{ "page_id": 921151, "title": "Safety in numbers" }
The ouzo effect ( OO-zoh), also known as the louche effect ( LOOSH) and spontaneous emulsification, is the phenomenon of formation of a milky oil-in-water emulsion when water is added to ouzo and other anise-flavored liqueurs and spirits, such as pastis, rakı, arak, sambuca and absinthe. Such emulsions occur with only ...	{ "page_id": 15470144, "title": "Ouzo effect" }
diagram. However, the microscopic mechanisms responsible for the observed slowing of Ostwald ripening rates at increasing ethanol concentrations appear not fully understood. == Applications == Emulsions have many commercial uses. A large range of prepared food products, detergents, and body-care products take the form ...	{ "page_id": 15470144, "title": "Ouzo effect" }
The interorbital region of the skull is located between the eyes, anterior to the braincase. The form of the interorbital region may exhibit significant variation between taxonomic groups. In oryzomyine rodents, for example, the width, form, and presence of beading in the interorbital region vary among species. In bird...	{ "page_id": 24907331, "title": "Interorbital region" }
The cavity method is a mathematical method presented by Marc Mézard, Giorgio Parisi and Miguel Angel Virasoro in 1987 to derive and solve some mean field-type models in statistical physics, specially adapted to disordered systems. The method has been used to compute properties of ground states in many condensed matter ...	{ "page_id": 4263491, "title": "Cavity method" }
European Physical Journal B. 20 (2): 217–233. arXiv:cond-mat/0009418. Bibcode:2001EPJB...20..217M. doi:10.1007/PL00011099. ISSN 1434-6028. S2CID 59494448. Mézard, Marc; Parisi, Giorgio (2003). "The Cavity Method at Zero Temperature". Journal of Statistical Physics. 111 (1/2): 1–34. arXiv:cond-mat/0207121. Bibcode:2003J...	{ "page_id": 4263491, "title": "Cavity method" }
A pancake machine is an electrically-powered machine that automatically produces cooked pancakes. It is believed that the earliest known pancake machine was invented in the United States in 1928. Several types of pancake machines exist that perform in various manners, for both commercial and home use. Some are fully au...	{ "page_id": 47451719, "title": "Pancake machine" }
such as the pouring of batter. Commercial pancake machines may be used in the foodservice industry, in cafeterias and by restaurants, and can serve to reduce the waste of stale pancake batter. Some hotels have pancake machines that guests are allowed to operate. They are also used in other environments in a self-servic...	{ "page_id": 47451719, "title": "Pancake machine" }
software to accomplish this. == See also == Food processing French fries vending machine Let's Pizza List of cooking appliances Waffle iron == References == == External links == Media related to Pancake machines at Wikimedia Commons	{ "page_id": 47451719, "title": "Pancake machine" }
Cherenkov radiation () is electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle (such as an electron) passes through a dielectric medium (such as distilled water) at a speed greater than the phase velocity (speed of propagation of a wavefront in a medium) of light in that medium. A classic example of Cherenkov radi...	{ "page_id": 24383048, "title": "Cherenkov radiation" }
Lucien Mallet described the luminous radiation of radium irradiating water having a continuous spectrum. In 2019, a team of researchers from Dartmouth's and Dartmouth-Hitchcock's Norris Cotton Cancer Center discovered Cherenkov light being generated in the vitreous humor of patients undergoing radiotherapy. The light w...	{ "page_id": 24383048, "title": "Cherenkov radiation" }
state, the molecules re-emit the energy given to them to achieve excitation as photons. These photons form the spherical wavefronts which can be seen originating from the moving particle. If v p < c / n {\displaystyle v_{\text{p}}<c/n} , that is the velocity of the charged particle is less than that of the speed of lig...	{ "page_id": 24383048, "title": "Cherenkov radiation" }
of other anomalous Cherenkov effects, such as radiation in a backwards direction (see below) whereas ordinary Cherenkov radiation forms an acute angle with the particle velocity. In their original work on the theoretical foundations of Cherenkov radiation, Tamm and Frank wrote, "This peculiar radiation can evidently no...	{ "page_id": 24383048, "title": "Cherenkov radiation" }
particle travels the distance x p = v p t = β c t {\displaystyle x_{\text{p}}=v_{\text{p}}t=\beta \,ct} whereas the emitted electromagnetic waves are constricted to travel the distance x em = v em t = c n t . {\displaystyle x_{\text{em}}=v_{\text{em}}t={\frac {c}{n}}t.} So the emission angle results in cos ⁡ θ = 1 n β ...	{ "page_id": 24383048, "title": "Cherenkov radiation" }
One can also obtain such reverse-cone Cherenkov radiation in non-metamaterial periodic media where the periodic structure is on the same scale as the wavelength, so it cannot be treated as an effectively homogeneous metamaterial. === In vacuum === The Cherenkov effect can occur in vacuum. In a slow-wave structure, like...	{ "page_id": 24383048, "title": "Cherenkov radiation" }
E {\displaystyle E} emitted from Cherenkov radiation, per unit length traveled x {\displaystyle x} and per frequency ω {\displaystyle \omega } . μ ( ω ) {\displaystyle \mu (\omega )} is the permeability and n ( ω ) {\displaystyle n(\omega )} is the index of refraction of the material the charged particle moves through....	{ "page_id": 24383048, "title": "Cherenkov radiation" }
core electronic transitions in a material, as the index of refraction is often greater than 1 just below a resonant frequency (see Kramers–Kronig relation and Anomalous dispersion). As in sonic booms and bow shocks, the angle of the shock cone is directly related to the velocity of the disruption. The Cherenkov angle i...	{ "page_id": 24383048, "title": "Cherenkov radiation" }
therapy has been shown to induce a substantial amount of Cherenkov light in the tissue being treated, due to electron beams or photon beams with energy in the 6 MV to 18 MV ranges. The secondary electrons induced by these high energy x-rays result in the Cherenkov light emission, where the detected signal can be imaged...	{ "page_id": 24383048, "title": "Cherenkov radiation" }
other projects. Similar methods are used in very large neutrino detectors, such as the Super-Kamiokande, the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) and IceCube. Other projects operated in the past applying related techniques, such as STACEE, a former solar tower refurbished to work as a non-imaging Cherenkov observatory, w...	{ "page_id": 24383048, "title": "Cherenkov radiation" }
sensitive planar photon detector, which allows reconstructing a ring or disc, whose radius is a measure for the Cherenkov emission angle. Both focusing and proximity-focusing detectors are in use. In a focusing RICH detector, the photons are collected by a spherical mirror and focused onto the photon detector placed at...	{ "page_id": 24383048, "title": "Cherenkov radiation" }
In cell biology, a deuterosome is a protein structure within a multiciliated cell (such as an epithelial cell of respiratory tract) that produces multiple centrioles. Most cells in the human body possess one primary cilium, a relatively small protrusion of the cell membrane that looks like a stick or a finger under the...	{ "page_id": 49024588, "title": "Deuterosome" }
The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (usually abbreviated to WCSP) was an "international collaborative programme that provides the latest peer reviewed and published opinions on the accepted scientific names and synonyms of selected plant families." Maintained by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, it was availab...	{ "page_id": 38145616, "title": "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families" }
A strangelet (pronounced ) is a hypothetical particle consisting of a bound state of roughly equal numbers of up, down, and strange quarks. An equivalent description is that a strangelet is a small fragment of strange matter, small enough to be considered a particle. The size of an object composed of strange matter cou...	{ "page_id": 20647505, "title": "Strangelet" }
is a collection of a number of up and down quarks (in some nuclei a fairly large number), confined into triplets (neutrons and protons). According to the strange matter hypothesis, strangelets are more stable than nuclei, so nuclei are expected to decay into strangelets. But this process may be extremely slow because t...	{ "page_id": 20647505, "title": "Strangelet" }
or artificial occurrence == Although nuclei do not decay to strangelets, there are other ways to create strangelets, so if the strange matter hypothesis is correct there should be strangelets in the universe. There are at least three ways they might be created in nature: Cosmogonically, i.e. in the early universe when ...	{ "page_id": 20647505, "title": "Strangelet" }
lead to strangelet production. The experimental signature of a strangelet would be its very high ratio of mass to charge, which would cause its trajectory in a magnetic field to be very nearly, but not quite, straight. The STAR collaboration has searched for strangelets produced at the RHIC, but none were found. The La...	{ "page_id": 20647505, "title": "Strangelet" }
a larger strangelet would be more stable than a smaller one. One speculation that has resulted from the idea is that a strangelet coming into contact with a lump of ordinary matter could over time convert the ordinary matter to strange matter. This is not a concern for strangelets in cosmic rays because they are produc...	{ "page_id": 20647505, "title": "Strangelet" }
The strange matter hypothesis remains unproven. No direct search for strangelets in cosmic rays or particle accelerators has yet confirmed a strangelet. If any of the objects such as neutron stars could be shown to have a surface made of strange matter, this would indicate that strange matter is stable at zero pressure...	{ "page_id": 20647505, "title": "Strangelet" }
starting a catastrophic chain reaction which destroys Earth. The story A Matter most Strange in the collection Indistinguishable from Magic by Robert L. Forward deals with the making of a strangelet in a particle accelerator. Impact, published in 2010 and written by Douglas Preston, deals with an alien machine that cre...	{ "page_id": 20647505, "title": "Strangelet" }
Stars Explained" (Video). Kurzgesagt. 14 April 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15. Retrieved 15 April 2019 – via YouTube.	{ "page_id": 20647505, "title": "Strangelet" }
The molecular formula C6H4N2O2 (molar mass: 136.11 g/mol) may refer to: Bimane or syn-Bimane anti-Bimane(Pubchem: 54280186) Dinitrosobenzene diiminobenzoquinone	{ "page_id": 31657554, "title": "C6H4N2O2" }
Umbrella species are species selected for making conservation-related decisions, typically because protecting these species indirectly protects the many other species that make up the ecological community of its habitat (the umbrella effect). Species conservation can be subjective because it is hard to determine the st...	{ "page_id": 11406931, "title": "Umbrella species" }
in combination with other tools will more effectively protect other species in land management reserves than using umbrella species alone. Individual invertebrate species can be good umbrella species because they can protect older, unique ecosystems. There have been cases where umbrella species have protected a large a...	{ "page_id": 11406931, "title": "Umbrella species" }
loophole excluding federally protected plants on private property. However, the California Environmental Quality Act reinforces state conservation regulations. Using the Endangered Species Act to protect termed umbrella species and their habitats can be controversial because they are not as well enforced in some states...	{ "page_id": 11406931, "title": "Umbrella species" }
LAR1 ('Lichen-Associated Rhizobiales 1') refers to a specific bacterial lineage in the order Hyphomicrobiales (formerly Rhizobiales) that has most frequently been found directly in association with lichens. This lineage is currently known to associate with lichens that have a green-algal photosynthetic partner (as oppo...	{ "page_id": 25366100, "title": "Lar1" }
of nifH, the primary gene involved in nitrogen fixation, and have uncovered sequences that share the same phylogenetic affinities as the LAR1 lineage. However, the diversity of bacteria found in environmental samples, the frequency with which horizontal gene transfer occurs in bacteria, and the lack of physiological st...	{ "page_id": 25366100, "title": "Lar1" }
Biogenic silica (bSi), also referred to as opal, biogenic opal, or amorphous opaline silica, forms one of the most widespread biogenic minerals. For example, microscopic particles of silica called phytoliths can be found in grasses and other plants. Silica is an amorphous metalloid oxide formed by complex inorganic pol...	{ "page_id": 4001363, "title": "Biogenic silica" }
the oceans: 4.2 ± 0.8 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1 Submarine volcanism and associated hydrothermal emanations: 1.9 ± 1.0 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1 Glacial weathering: 2 × 1012 g SiO2 yr−1 Low temperature submarine weathering of oceanic basalts Some silica may also escape from silica-enriched pore waters of pelagic sediments on the seaf...	{ "page_id": 4001363, "title": "Biogenic silica" }
the biological pump. As a result, diatoms, and other silica-secreting organisms, play a crucial role in the global carbon cycle, and have the ability to affect atmospheric CO2 concentrations on a variety of time scales, by sequestering CO2 in the ocean. This connection between biogenic silica and organic carbon, togeth...	{ "page_id": 4001363, "title": "Biogenic silica" }
southern hemispheres. A striking feature of siliceous ooze distribution is a ca. 200 km wide belt stretching across the Southern Ocean. Some equatorial regions of upwelling, where nutrients are abundant and productivity is high, are also characterized by local siliceous ooze. Siliceous oozes are composed primarily of t...	{ "page_id": 4001363, "title": "Biogenic silica" }
waters. Consequently, considerable decoupling of organic C and silica occurs during settling through the water column. The accumulation of biogenic silica in the seabed represents 12% of the surface production, whereas the seabed organic-carbon accumulation rate accounts for solely <0.5% of the surface production. As a...	{ "page_id": 4001363, "title": "Biogenic silica" }
in increasing opal production. The Southern Ocean and the North Pacific also display maximum biogenic silicate/Corganic flux ratios, and consist thus in an enrichment in biogenic silicate, compared to Corganic export flux. This combined increase in opal preservation and export makes the Southern Ocean the most importan...	{ "page_id": 4001363, "title": "Biogenic silica" }
Pacific. Total biogenic silica accumulation rates in these regions amounts nearly 0.6 × 1014 g SiO2 yr−1, which is equivalent to 10% of the dissolved silica input to the oceans. Continental margin upwelling areas, such as the Gulf of California, the Peru and Chile coast, are characteristic for some of the highest bioge...	{ "page_id": 4001363, "title": "Biogenic silica" }
Biogenic silica preservation ==== BSi preservation is measured by: Sedimentation rates, mainly sediment traps (Honjo); Benthic remineralization rates ("recycling"), benthic flux chamber (Berelson); BSi concentration in sediments, chemical leaching in alkaline solution, site specific, need to differentiate lithogenic vs...	{ "page_id": 4001363, "title": "Biogenic silica" }
availability on nutrient consumption ratio of diatoms in oceanic waters." Nature 393: 774-777. Werner, D. (1977). The Biology of Diatoms. Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press.	{ "page_id": 4001363, "title": "Biogenic silica" }
In genetics, DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) are regions of chromatin that are sensitive to cleavage by the DNase I enzyme. In these specific regions of the genome, chromatin has lost its condensed structure, exposing the DNA and making it accessible. This raises the availability of DNA to degradation by enzymes, s...	{ "page_id": 38669910, "title": "DNase I hypersensitive site" }
and 41,193 DHSs in leaf and flower tissues have been identified, respectively. == Regulatory DNA tools == The study of DHS profiles combined with other techniques allows analysis of regulatory DNA in humans: Transcription factor: Using the ChIP-Seq technique, the binding sites to DNA in certain transcription factor gro...	{ "page_id": 38669910, "title": "DNase I hypersensitive site" }
chromatin that enter in contact in the promoter/enhancer connections. It was confirmed that the majority of promoters were related with more than one enhancer, which indicates the existence of a complicated network of regulation for the immense majority of genes. Surprisingly, they also found that approximately half of...	{ "page_id": 38669910, "title": "DNase I hypersensitive site" }
The FSBI Medal is an international fish biology and/or fisheries science prize awarded annually for exceptional advances by a scientist in the earlier stages of his or her career. Medallists have made a significant contribution to the field of fish biology through their achievements in scientific research. The medal is...	{ "page_id": 45616726, "title": "FSBI Medal" }
Branch migration is the process by which base pairs on homologous DNA strands are consecutively exchanged at a Holliday junction, moving the branch point up or down the DNA sequence. Branch migration is the second step of genetic recombination, following the exchange of two single strands of DNA between two homologous ...	{ "page_id": 20975192, "title": "Branch migration" }
but does not separate the strands as helicase would. The final step in branch migration is called resolution and requires the protein RuvC. The protein is a dimer, and will bind to the Holliday junction when it takes on the stacked X form. The protein has endonuclease activity, and cleaves the strands at exactly the sa...	{ "page_id": 20975192, "title": "Branch migration" }
free to move up and down the strands. When the ions are present, they neutralize the negatively charged backbone. This allows the strands to move closer together and the junction adopts the stacked X structure. It is during this state that resolution will be optimal, allowing RuvC to bind to the junction. == References...	{ "page_id": 20975192, "title": "Branch migration" }
A bacterivore is an organism which obtains energy and nutrients primarily or entirely from the consumption of bacteria. The term is most commonly used to describe free-living, heterotrophic, microscopic organisms such as nematodes as well as many species of amoeba and numerous other types of protozoans, but some macros...	{ "page_id": 6688339, "title": "Bacterivore" }
Paul Felix Neményi (June 5, 1895 – March 1, 1952) was a Hungarian mathematician and physicist who specialized in continuum mechanics. He was known for using what he called the inverse or semi-inverse approach, which applied vector field analysis, to obtain numerous exact solutions of the nonlinear equations of gas dyna...	{ "page_id": 1642078, "title": "Paul Neményi" }
be collectively known as Martians, that included Theodore von Kármán (b. 1881), George de Hevesy (b. 1885), Leó Szilárd (b. 1898), Dennis Gabor (b. 1900), Eugene Wigner (b. 1902), John von Neumann (b. 1903), Edward Teller (b. 1908), and Paul Erdős (b. 1913). == Family tree == === Mathematical career === A child prodigy...	{ "page_id": 1642078, "title": "Paul Neményi" }
dress as anyone else. He told me that he thought this was a country of freedom, and the man is only judged according to his internal values and not his external appearance." In 1947 Neményi was appointed a physicist with the Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, Maryland. He was head of the Theoretical Mechanics Sectio...	{ "page_id": 1642078, "title": "Paul Neményi" }
published a critique of the entire Encyclopædia Britannica, and suggested improvements for such diverse sections as psychology and psychoanalysis. Neményi was also deeply interested in the philosophy of mathematics and mathematical education. Clifford Truesdell writes that it was Neményi who first taught him "that mech...	{ "page_id": 1642078, "title": "Paul Neményi" }
Dulles on May 22, 1959, J. Edgar Hoover wrote, "Investigation has established that Robert James Fischer’s father was one Paul Felix Nemenyi." A court document signed by Regina Fischer following Paul Neményi's death states that Bobby "was born to the decedent out of wedlock". Paul Neményi and Bobby Fischer physically re...	{ "page_id": 1642078, "title": "Paul Neményi" }
Thermodynamic equilibrium is a notion of thermodynamics with axiomatic status referring to an internal state of a single thermodynamic system, or a relation between several thermodynamic systems connected by more or less permeable or impermeable walls. In thermodynamic equilibrium, there are no net macroscopic flows of...	{ "page_id": 265823, "title": "Thermodynamic equilibrium" }
impermeable partitions, and a thermodynamic operation removes or makes the partitions more permeable, then it spontaneously reaches its own new state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium and this is accompanied by an increase in the sum of the entropies of the portions. == Overview == Classical thermodynamics deals wi...	{ "page_id": 265823, "title": "Thermodynamic equilibrium" }
minimum at thermodynamic equilibrium. The various types of equilibriums are achieved as follows: Two systems are in thermal equilibrium when their temperatures are the same. Two systems are in mechanical equilibrium when their pressures are the same. Two systems are in diffusive equilibrium when their chemical potentia...	{ "page_id": 265823, "title": "Thermodynamic equilibrium" }
internal energy as heat between the two systems are equal and opposite. An adiabatic wall between the two systems is 'permeable' only to energy transferred as work; at mechanical equilibrium the rates of transfer of energy as work between them are equal and opposite. If the wall is a simple wall, then the rates of tran...	{ "page_id": 265823, "title": "Thermodynamic equilibrium" }
of isolation, no change occurs in it. A system in a relation of contact equilibrium with another system may thus also be regarded as being in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium. == Multiple contact equilibrium == The thermodynamic formalism allows that a system may have contact with several other syste...	{ "page_id": 265823, "title": "Thermodynamic equilibrium" }
and eventually reaches a new and final equilibrium with the surroundings. Following Planck, this consequent train of events is called a natural thermodynamic process. It is allowed in equilibrium thermodynamics just because the initial and final states are of thermodynamic equilibrium, even though during the process th...	{ "page_id": 265823, "title": "Thermodynamic equilibrium" }
an example, temperature controls heat exchanges. Global thermodynamic equilibrium (GTE) means that those intensive parameters are homogeneous throughout the whole system, while local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) means that those intensive parameters are varying in space and time, but are varying so slowly that, for ...	{ "page_id": 265823, "title": "Thermodynamic equilibrium" }

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