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publishes his new measurements of the mass–velocity dependence, and claims to disprove the formula of Lorentz and Einstein. At the same time, he accepts that both the old model of Abraham (1902) and the later model of Bucherer & Langevin (1904) are consistent with the data. 1907 – Max Von Laue describes how the relativ...	{ "page_id": 69602684, "title": "Timeline of special relativity and the speed of light" }
– Willem de Sitter describes how the light of double stars contradicts Ritz’s ballistic theory of light. 1914 – Ludwik Silberstein gives the first description of Thomas–Wigner rotation, then underappreciated. 1914 – Günther Neumann measures the mass–velocity dependence for electrons. His result favours the formula of L...	{ "page_id": 69602684, "title": "Timeline of special relativity and the speed of light" }
relativity. 1938 – Ives–Stilwell experiment measures time dilation via the relativistic Doppler effect. For the first time, the Lorentz transformations can be derived directly from empirical data, as would be noticed by Robertson in 1949. 1939 – Eugene Wigner rediscovers that SR predicts the Thomas–Wigner rotation. ===...	{ "page_id": 69602684, "title": "Timeline of special relativity and the speed of light" }
definition does not mention any frame of reference, assuming this speed is universal, and implicitly that special relativity is correct. == 21st century == 2011 – Faster-than-light neutrino anomaly is reported by CERN. 2012 – the anomaly in neutrino speed is explained by a failure of the equipment; this reason is offic...	{ "page_id": 69602684, "title": "Timeline of special relativity and the speed of light" }
The following is a partial list of the "D" codes for Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), as defined by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). This list continues the information at List of MeSH codes (D12.776). Codes following these are found at List of MeSH codes (D20). For other MeSH codes, see List of Me...	{ "page_id": 5115261, "title": "List of MeSH codes (D13)" }
MeSH D13.444.308.460 – DNA, recombinant MeSH D13.444.308.475 – DNA, ribosomal MeSH D13.444.308.475.230 – DNA, ribosomal spacer MeSH D13.444.308.480 – DNA, satellite MeSH D13.444.308.497 – DNA, single-stranded MeSH D13.444.308.497.220 – DNA, complementary MeSH D13.444.308.520 – DNA transposable elements MeSH D13.444.308...	{ "page_id": 5115261, "title": "List of MeSH codes (D13)" }
rna, heterogeneous nuclear MeSH D13.444.735.628.818 – rna, small nuclear MeSH D13.444.735.628.818.800 – rna, small nucleolar MeSH D13.444.735.635 – rna, plant MeSH D13.444.735.635.575 – rna, chloroplast MeSH D13.444.735.640 – rna precursors MeSH D13.444.735.650 – rna, protozoan MeSH D13.444.735.686 – rna, ribosomal MeS...	{ "page_id": 5115261, "title": "List of MeSH codes (D13)" }
– 3' untranslated regions MeSH D13.444.735.790.878.885 – 5' untranslated regions MeSH D13.444.735.828 – rna, viral === MeSH D13.570 – nucleosides === ==== MeSH D13.570.065 – arabinonucleosides ==== MeSH D13.570.065.090 – arabinofuranosyluracil MeSH D13.570.065.300 – cytarabine MeSH D13.570.065.300.050 – ancitabine MeSH...	{ "page_id": 5115261, "title": "List of MeSH codes (D13)" }
MeSH D13.570.685.350.200 – coformycin MeSH D13.570.685.350.200.700 – pentostatin MeSH D13.570.685.705 – thymidine MeSH D13.570.685.705.875 – stavudine MeSH D13.570.685.705.900 – trifluridine MeSH D13.570.685.705.950 – zidovudine MeSH D13.570.685.725 – tunicamycin MeSH D13.570.685.852 – uridine MeSH D13.570.685.852.150 ...	{ "page_id": 5115261, "title": "List of MeSH codes (D13)" }
D13.695.462 – nucleotides, cyclic ==== MeSH D13.695.462.200 – cyclic amp MeSH D13.695.462.200.225 – 8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate MeSH D13.695.462.200.250 – bucladesine MeSH D13.695.462.250 – cyclic cmp MeSH D13.695.462.275 – cyclic gmp MeSH D13.695.462.275.325 – dibutyryl cyclic gmp MeSH D13.695.462.300 – cyc...	{ "page_id": 5115261, "title": "List of MeSH codes (D13)" }
– nadp MeSH D13.695.667.138.850 – phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate MeSH D13.695.667.138.925 – vidarabine phosphate MeSH D13.695.667.454 – guanine nucleotides MeSH D13.695.667.454.160 – cyclic gmp MeSH D13.695.667.454.160.325 – dibutyryl cyclic gmp MeSH D13.695.667.454.200 – deoxyguanine nucleotides MeSH D13.695.667.454....	{ "page_id": 5115261, "title": "List of MeSH codes (D13)" }
– adenosine diphosphate MeSH D13.695.827.068.124.070 – adenosine diphosphate sugars MeSH D13.695.827.068.124.070.075 – adenosine diphosphate glucose MeSH D13.695.827.068.124.070.125 – adenosine diphosphate ribose MeSH D13.695.827.068.124.070.125.040 – o-acetyl-adp-ribose MeSH D13.695.827.068.124.070.125.195 – cyclic ad...	{ "page_id": 5115261, "title": "List of MeSH codes (D13)" }
ribose MeSH D13.695.827.708.070.125.040 – o-acetyl-adp-ribose MeSH D13.695.827.708.070.125.195 – cyclic adp-ribose MeSH D13.695.827.708.070.125.600 – poly adenosine diphosphate ribose MeSH D13.695.827.708.260 – cytidine diphosphate diglycerides MeSH D13.695.827.708.400 – guanosine diphosphate sugars MeSH D13.695.827.70...	{ "page_id": 5115261, "title": "List of MeSH codes (D13)" }
The molecular formula C19H23N3 (molar mass: 293.41 g/mol, exact mass: 293.1892 u) may refer to: Amitraz Binedaline, or binodaline	{ "page_id": 36834690, "title": "C19H23N3" }
A primary standard in metrology is a standard that is sufficiently accurate such that it is not calibrated by or subordinate to other standards. Primary standards are defined via other quantities like length, mass and time. Primary standards are used to calibrate other standards referred to as working standards. See Hi...	{ "page_id": 200069, "title": "Primary standard" }
Such standards are often used to make standard solutions. These primary standards are used in titration and are essential for determining unknown concentrations or preparing working standards. == See also == Technical standard == References == == External links == Analytical Standards. Department of Chemistry, Universi...	{ "page_id": 200069, "title": "Primary standard" }
The molecular formula C20H34O (molar mass: 290.48 g/mol, exact mass: 290.2610 u) may refer to: Cembratrienol (CBTol) Geranylgeraniol Isotuberculosinol, also known as nosyberkol or edaxadiene	{ "page_id": 33230216, "title": "C20H34O" }
The Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons (HWE) reaction is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry of stabilized phosphonate carbanions with aldehydes (or ketones) to produce predominantly E-alkenes. In 1958, Leopold Horner published a modified Wittig reaction using phosphonate-stabilized carbanions. William S. Wadsworth and ...	{ "page_id": 3804552, "title": "Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction" }
modify the stereochemical outcome without modifying the structure of the phosphonate. They found greater (E)-stereoselectivity with the following conditions: Increasing steric bulk of the aldehyde Higher reaction temperatures (23 °C over −78 °C) Li > Na > K salts In a separate study, it was found that bulky phosphonate...	{ "page_id": 3804552, "title": "Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction" }
Burton Richter (March 22, 1931 – July 18, 2018) was an American physicist. He led the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) team which co-discovered the J/ψ meson in 1974, alongside the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) team led by Samuel Ting for which they won Nobel Prize for Physics in 1976. This discovery wa...	{ "page_id": 396684, "title": "Burton Richter" }
thus became known as the J/ψ meson. Richter and Ting were jointly awarded the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work. During 1975 Richter spent a sabbatical year at CERN where he worked on the ISR experiment R702. In 1987, Richter received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. Richter was a...	{ "page_id": 396684, "title": "Burton Richter" }
18, 2018, in Stanford, California, at the age 87. == See also == List of Jewish Nobel laureates List of independent discoveries == References == == Publications == Barber, W. C.; Richter, B.; Panofsky, W. K. H.; O'Neill, G. K. & B. Gittelman. "An Experiment on the Limits of Quantum Electro-dynamics", High-Energy Physic...	{ "page_id": 396684, "title": "Burton Richter" }
1975 and 1976 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976 Richter Burton, Nobel Luminaries Project, The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot SLAC Flickr album Historical photos of Burton Richter NIF Secretary of Energy Board Honoring Burton Richter at APS April 2019 Persis Drell, Vera Luth, and Maury Tigner, "Burton Richt...	{ "page_id": 396684, "title": "Burton Richter" }
Dichloroethane can refer to either of two isomeric organochlorides with the molecular formula C2H4Cl2: 1,1-Dichloroethane (ethylidene chloride) 1,2-Dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) == See also == Dichloroethene Difluoroethane	{ "page_id": 3018125, "title": "Dichloroethane" }
A total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRFM) is a type of microscope with which a thin region of a specimen, usually less than 200 nanometers can be observed. TIRFM is an imaging modality which uses the excitation of fluorescent cells in a thin optical specimen section that is supported on a glass slide....	{ "page_id": 1183118, "title": "Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope" }
has never become a mainstream tool due to several limitations. Although there are many variations of the prism configuration, most restrict access to the specimen which makes it difficult to perform manipulations, inject media into the specimen space, or carry out physiological measurements. Another disadvantage is tha...	{ "page_id": 1183118, "title": "Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope" }
molecules. TIRFM allows for selective excitation of the surface-bound fluorophores, while non-bound molecules are not excited and do not fluoresce. Due to the fact of sub-micron surface selectivity, TIRFM has become a method of choice for single molecule detection. There are many applications of TIRFM in cellular micro...	{ "page_id": 1183118, "title": "Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope" }
TIRFM enables a selective visualization of surface regions such as the basal plasma membrane (which are about 7.5 nm thick) of cells. Note, however, that the region visualized is at least a few hundred nanometers wide, so the cytoplasmic zone immediately beneath the plasma membrane is necessarily visualized in addition...	{ "page_id": 1183118, "title": "Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope" }
a cover slip/solution interface to generate the evanescent field. Typically objective-based TIRFM are more popularly used, however have lowered imaging quality due to stray light noise within the evanescent wave. ==== Prism-based ==== Less extraneous scattering Much cheaper (hundreds instead of thousands of dollars) Be...	{ "page_id": 1183118, "title": "Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope" }
1 ⁡ ( n 1 n 2 ) {\displaystyle \theta _{c}=\sin ^{-1}\left({\frac {n_{1}}{n_{2}}}\right)} For n 1 {\displaystyle n_{1}} the refractive index of sample, n 2 {\displaystyle n_{2}} the refractive index of the cover slip. Thus, as the angle of incidence reaches θ c {\displaystyle \theta _{c}} , we begin observing effects o...	{ "page_id": 1183118, "title": "Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope" }
of the fluorophores within the sample, with most common excitation wavelengths being in the 400–700 nm range for biological samples. In practice, a lightbox will generate a high intensity multichromatic laser, which will then be filtered to allow the desired wavelengths through to excite the sample. For objective-based...	{ "page_id": 1183118, "title": "Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope" }
which the system can accept or emit light. To achieve the greatest incident angles, it is desirable to pass light at an off-axis angle through the peripheries of the lens. ==== Back focal plane (BPF) ==== The back focal plane (also called "aperture plane") is the plane through which the excitatory beam is focused befor...	{ "page_id": 1183118, "title": "Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope" }
specimen, it also passes emission fluorescence light (longer wavelength) to the barrier filter and reflecting any scattered excitation light back in the direction of the laser source. This maximizes the amount of exciting radiation passing through the filter and emitted fluorescence beam that is detected by the detecto...	{ "page_id": 1183118, "title": "Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope" }
with the measurement of light. This will cause uncertainties during the detection of fluorescence photons. If N photons are measured in a particular measurement, there is a 63% probability that the true average value is in the range between N +√N and N −√N. This noise may cause misrepresentation of the object at incorr...	{ "page_id": 1183118, "title": "Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope" }
some blurring and noises. Optical aberrations are generally deterministic (it is constant throughout the image process and across different samples). Deterministic blurring can be eliminated by deconvoluting the signal and subtracting the known artifact. The deconvolution technique is simply using an inverse fourier tr...	{ "page_id": 1183118, "title": "Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope" }
In biological nomenclature, organisms often receive scientific names that honor a person. A taxon (e.g. species or genus; plural: taxa) named in honor of another entity is an eponymous taxon, and names specifically honoring a person or persons are known as patronyms. Scientific names are generally formally published in...	{ "page_id": 69275023, "title": "List of organisms named after famous people (born 1800–1899)" }
famous people (born 1950–present) The scientific names are given as originally described (their basionyms); subsequent research may have placed species in different genera, or rendered them taxonomic synonyms of previously described taxa. Some of these names may be unavailable in the zoological sense or illegitimate in...	{ "page_id": 69275023, "title": "List of organisms named after famous people (born 1800–1899)" }
The spermatheca (pronounced pl.: spermathecae ), also called receptaculum seminis (pl.: receptacula seminis), is an organ of the female reproductive tract in insects, e.g. ants, bees, some molluscs, Oligochaeta worms and certain other invertebrates and vertebrates. Its purpose is to receive and store sperm from the mal...	{ "page_id": 2100624, "title": "Spermatheca" }
Specialty drugs or specialty pharmaceuticals are a recent designation of pharmaceuticals classified as high-cost, high complexity and/or high touch. Specialty drugs are often biologics—"drugs derived from living cells" that are injectable or infused (although some are oral medications). They are used to treat complex o...	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
injectable medications used to treat complex chronic conditions". According to a 2013 article in the Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy, on the increasingly important role of specialty drugs in the treatment of chronic conditions and their cost, drugs are most typically defined as specialty because they are e...	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
"highly complex medications, typically biology-based, that structurally mimic compounds found within the body". Specialty drugs are often biologics—"drugs derived from living cells"—but biologics are "not always deemed to be specialty drugs". Biologics "may be produced by biotechnology methods and other cutting-edge te...	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
to be both high technology and high touch care, or patient-centered care with "more face-to-face time, more personal connections". Patient-centered care is defined by the Institute of Medicine as "care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs and values". Specialty drugs may be "dif...	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
rare diseases such as Huntington's disease, myoclonus, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Tourette syndrome and muscular dystrophy which affect small numbers of individuals residing in the United States. Not all specialty drugs are orphan drugs. According to Thomson Reuters in their 2012 publication "The Economic Power of ...	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
and 2010, most cancer care was provided in a community oncology practices. By 2008 many other drugs had been developed to treat cancer, and drug development had grown into a multibillion-dollar industry. In 2003 the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act was enacted—the largest overhaul of Medic...	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
known as Obamacare—most health plans had a four- or five-tier prescription drug formulary with specialty drugs in the highest of the tiers. == AARP == According to an AARP 2015 report, "All but 4 of the 46 therapeutic categories of specialty drug products had average annual retail price increases that exceeded the rate...	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
be ordered through specialty pharmacies and sells for "$9,850 for a month or $118,200 per year". According to a statement by the New York-based Pfizer the price "is not the cost that most patients or payors pay" since most prescriptions are dispensed through health plans, which negotiate discounts for medicines or get ...	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
"wasn't showing up on the radar". By 2009 specialty drugs had started doubling in cost and payers such as employers began to question. Vogenberg observed that by 2014 health care reform had changed the landscape for specialty drugs. There is a shift away from a marketplace based on a predominately clinical perspective,...	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
claims was $10,753 versus $185 for non-specialty drugs and the cost of specialty drugs continues to rise. With such steep prices by 2012 specialty drugs represented 15-20% of prescription drug reimbursement claims. Patient advocacy groups that lobby for payment for specialty drugs include the Alliance for Patient Acces...	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
and oncology—contributed 55.9% of the spend for all specialty medications billed through the pharmacy benefit in 2014. The U.S. spent 742.6% more on hepatitis C medications in 2014 than it did in 2013; this therapy class was not among the top 10 specialty classes in 2013. == Specialty pharmacies == As the market demand...	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
McKesson Specialty Care Solutions to administer its FDA-approved Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) program for Abstral. URAC's Specialty Pharmacy Accreditation "provides an external validation of excellence in Specialty Pharmacy Management and provides Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) oriented processe...	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
the management of these drugs. They make calls to remind patients of the need for refills, provide education to patients, monitor patients for adverse events and work with primary care provider offices to monitor the outcomes of the medication. The high cost of specialty pharmaceuticals is one of their defining charact...	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
One of the barriers is strict regulation by the Food and Drug Administration of what pharmaceutical manufacturers may communicate to the public, limiting that communication to formulary committees for managed care, for example. Additionally, studies tend to be constructed using observational design, instead of as rando...	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
patient and provide basic drug use information and counseling. According to Maria Hardin, vice president of patient services for the National Organization for Rare Disorders, an alliance of voluntary health and patient advocacy groups working with rare diseases, "As the cost of drugs increases, management of the financ...	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
a "single source for high-touch patient care management to control side effects, patient support and education to ensure compliance or continued treatment, and specialized handling and distribution of medications directly to the patient or care provider. Specialty medications may be covered under either the medical or ...	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
in 2014 were CVS Specialty parent company CVS Health with $20.5B in sales, Express Scripts's Accredo at $15B, Walgreens Boots Alliance's Walgreens Specialty at $8.5B, UnitedHealth Group's OptumRx at $2.4B, Diplomat Pharmacy at $2.1B, Catamaran's BriovaRx at $2.0B, Specialty Prime Therapeutics's Prime Therapeutics at $1...	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
to stock oral oncology agents, and were not set up to deliver the counseling that often accompanies these medications". == U.S. national market share == According to IMS Health "Specialty pharmaceutical spending is on the rise and is expected to increase from approximately $55 billion in 2005 to $1.7 trillion in 2030, ...	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
help patients and providers navigate the process of obtaining permission to use, and reimbursement for, expensive specialty therapies". Industry observers look to pioneering efforts by Genentech and Genzyme under the tenure of Henri Termeer, "when some of their earliest biotech products entered the marketplace". Specia...	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
Acthar", provided a "group of Medical Science Liaisons to work with health care providers who are administering Acthar" and limited distribution to its sole specialty distributor, Curascript. The 2007 pricing model brought "Acthar in line with the cost of treatments for other very rare diseases". The cost for a course ...	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
to describe the alleged exclusive agreements such as that between the specialty mail-order pharmacy Philodor and Valeant, mail-order pharmacy Linden Care and Horizon Pharma Plc. In November 2015 Express Scripts Holding Co.—the largest U.S. manager of prescription drug benefits—"removed the mail-order pharmacy Linden Ca...	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
was moved by the dilemma of a young mother with myoclonus. == Further reading == Pharmaceutical Market Size, Share, Growth, and Industry Analysis". Report from The Market Intelligence. Oct 24, 2024. == References ==	{ "page_id": 48172434, "title": "Specialty drugs in the United States" }
Dichloropropane can refer to any of several chemical compounds: 1,1-Dichloropropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane 2,2-Dichloropropane == See also == Dichloropropene	{ "page_id": 3018131, "title": "Dichloropropane" }
== Disorders of the skin == Athlete's foot Callus and Corns of the Skin Onychocryptosis (Ingrown Toenail) Keratosis palmaris et plantaris == Disorders of the joints == Arthritis mutilans Hallux valgus (bunion) Hallux varus Diabetic Arthropathy (Charcot Foot) Rheumatoid arthritis Osteoarthritis == Disorders of the bones...	{ "page_id": 7671190, "title": "List of disorders of foot and ankle" }
Sir Nevill Francis Mott (30 September 1905 – 8 August 1996) was a British physicist who won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1977 for his work on the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems, especially amorphous semiconductors. The award was shared with Philip W. Anderson and J. H. Van Vleck. The three ha...	{ "page_id": 396697, "title": "Nevill Mott" }
In 1948 he became Henry Overton Wills Professor of Physics and Director of the Henry Herbert Wills Physical Laboratory at Bristol. In 1954 he was appointed Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge, a post he held until 1971. He was instrumental in the painful cancellation of the planned particle accelerator because ...	{ "page_id": 396697, "title": "Nevill Mott" }
would not interact at long range. Finally the delocalisation of the valence d electrons in transitional metals and alloys would explain the possibility for the magnetic moments of atoms to be expressed as fractions of Bohr magnetons, leading to ferro or antiferromagnetic coupling at short range. This last contribution,...	{ "page_id": 396697, "title": "Nevill Mott" }
emulsion (see latent image). His work on oxidation, besides fostering new research in the field (notably by J. Bénard and Nicolás Cabrera), was the root of the concept of the band gap produced in semiconductors by gradients in the distribution of donor and acceptor impurities. During World War II, Mott joined the "Army...	{ "page_id": 396697, "title": "Nevill Mott" }
is known as the Mott transition. The term Mott insulator is also named for him, as well as the Mott polynomials, which he introduced. === Publications === N. F. Mott revived the old Philosophical Magazine and transformed it into a lively publication essentially centred on the then-new field of solid state physics, attr...	{ "page_id": 396697, "title": "Nevill Mott" }
early 1960s he was chairman of the British Pugwash group. He was knighted in 1962. Mott received an honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 1972. In 1981, Mott became a founding member of the World Cultural Council. He continued to work until he was about ninety. He was made a Member of the Order of the Compa...	{ "page_id": 396697, "title": "Nevill Mott" }
Graviton (Franklin Hall) is a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Jim Shooter and artist Sal Buscema, he first appeared in The Avengers #158, dated April 1977. Over the years, he has mainly opposed the Avengers in their various incarnations. Originally a gravity ...	{ "page_id": 1510811, "title": "Graviton (comics)" }
outside world, a fellow scientist sends a distress signal to the superhero team the Avengers. A furious Graviton then lifts the facility several thousands of feet into the sky and threatens to kill the scientist. The Avengers then arrive and attack but are all defeated when trapped in a gravity field. Graviton then pro...	{ "page_id": 1510811, "title": "Graviton (comics)" }
criminal elements under his leadership, but is defeated by the West Coast Avengers. Graviton was among the villains recruited by Mister Bitterhorn into Mephisto's Legion Accursed. They were used in part of a plot to kill the Beyonder with Mephisto's Beyondersbane weapon, but were delayed by the Thing until the weapon m...	{ "page_id": 1510811, "title": "Graviton (comics)" }
stopping the alien invasion and saves the Thunderbolts. Under unrevealed circumstances, Graviton returned to Earth once more and was rendered powerless long enough to be imprisoned on the Raft with other superhuman criminals. However, when Electro shorted out the Raft's defenses to free Sauron, Graviton and dozens of o...	{ "page_id": 1510811, "title": "Graviton (comics)" }
Hulk. In "Avengers: Standoff!", Graviton was shown in a training video for the S.H.I.E.L.D. Cadets working in the gated community Pleasant Hill being subjected to Kobik, which turned him into a mild-mannered Pleasant Hill chef named Howie Howardson. In "Secret Empire", Graviton joins Helmut Zemo's Army of Evil. == Powe...	{ "page_id": 1510811, "title": "Graviton (comics)" }
substance. S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson tries to save Hall, but the latter is pulled into the gravitonium, where he got trapped. The substance reappears in the episode "Providence", when Hydra agents release it before their leader John Garrett gives the gravitonium back to Quinn. In a flashback depicted in the fifth...	{ "page_id": 1510811, "title": "Graviton (comics)" }
Internal conversion is a transition from a higher to a lower electronic state in a molecule or atom. It is sometimes called "radiationless de-excitation", because no photons are emitted. It differs from intersystem crossing in that, while both are radiationless methods of de-excitation, the molecular spin state for int...	{ "page_id": 2362780, "title": "Internal conversion (chemistry)" }
In quantum and theoretical chemistry, an intruder state is a particular situation arising in perturbative evaluations, where the energy of the perturbers is comparable in magnitude to the energy associated to the zero order wavefunction. In this case, a divergent behavior occurs, due to the nearly zero denominator in t...	{ "page_id": 4525469, "title": "Intruder state" }
Joaquim da Costa Ribeiro (Rio de Janeiro, July 8th 1906 - July 29th, 1960) was a Brazilian physicist and university professor in Brazil. He discovered the thermodielectric effect, also known as the Workman-Reynolds in the US. Ribeiro was a member of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences and was the first Scientific Directo...	{ "page_id": 79826334, "title": "Joaquim da Costa Ribeiro" }
may 1950, six years after the complete description of the phenomenom, two american scientists, Everly J. Workman and Steve E. Reynolds, published an article on Physical Review describing the observation of the thermodielectric effect in ice and water, without acknowledging Costa Ribeiro's findings. Despite attempts by ...	{ "page_id": 79826334, "title": "Joaquim da Costa Ribeiro" }
The Volcano Ranch experiment was an array of particle detectors in Volcano Ranch, New Mexico, used to measure ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. The array was built by John Linsley and Livio Scarsi in 1959. On February 22, 1962, Linsley observed an air shower at Volcano Ranch created by a primary particle with an energy gr...	{ "page_id": 33885598, "title": "Volcano Ranch experiment" }
Vat Yellow 1 is a vat dye, yellow in appearance under some conditions used in cloth dyeing. == References ==	{ "page_id": 42208674, "title": "Vat Yellow 1" }
Absolute molar mass is a process used to determine the characteristics of molecules. == History == The first absolute measurements of molecular weights (i.e. made without reference to standards) were based on fundamental physical characteristics and their relation to the molar mass. The most useful of these were membra...	{ "page_id": 16977319, "title": "Absolute molar mass" }
molar mass of a standard were known, the time at which this standard eluted should be equal to a specific molar mass. Using multiple standards, a calibration curve of time versus molar mass can be developed. This is significant for polymer analysis because a single polymer could be shown to have many different componen...	{ "page_id": 16977319, "title": "Absolute molar mass" }
As the demands on polymer properties increased, the necessity of getting absolute information on the molar mass and size also increased. This was especially important in pharmaceutical applications where slight changes in molar mass (e.g. aggregation) or shape may result in different biological activity. These changes ...	{ "page_id": 16977319, "title": "Absolute molar mass" }
polymer fraction. == Applications == Light scattering measurements can be applied to synthetic polymers, proteins, pharmaceuticals and particles such as liposomes, micelles, and encapsulated proteins. Measurements can be made in one of two modes which are un-fractionated (batch mode) or in continuous flow mode (with SE...	{ "page_id": 16977319, "title": "Absolute molar mass" }
(laser)-light scattering (LALS) method == LALS measurements are measuring at a very low angle where the scattering vector is almost zero. LALS does not need any model to fit the angular dependence and hence is giving more reliable molecular weights measurements for large molecules. LALS alone does not give any indicati...	{ "page_id": 16977319, "title": "Absolute molar mass" }
Hicks, C. Jackson and G.K. Wyatt Am. Lab. 20(6) (1988), 106 C. Jackson, L.M. Nilsson and P.J. Wyatt J. Appl. Poly. Sci. 43 (1989), 99	{ "page_id": 16977319, "title": "Absolute molar mass" }
FI6 is an antibody that targets a protein found on the surface of all influenza A viruses called hemagglutinin. FI6 is the only known antibody found to bind all 16 subtypes of the influenza A virus hemagglutinin and is hoped to be useful for universal influenza virus therapy. The antibody binds to the F domain HA trime...	{ "page_id": 32574888, "title": "FI6 (antibody)" }
crystal structure of the FI6 antibody when it was bound to H1 and H3 HA proteins. Sitting atop the HA spike is a globular head domain that binds to cellular receptors during viral entry and contains the major antigenic sites targeted by the immune system. Because of this selective pressure, the sequence in the head dom...	{ "page_id": 32574888, "title": "FI6 (antibody)" }
HA stalk that include the FI6 epitope and have already been shown to stimulate broad, but not universal, protective effects against H1N1 and H3N2 strains in vaccinated animals. Using protein engineering and adjuvants to focus the immune system on the FI6 epitope may be the critical next step along the path to a univers...	{ "page_id": 32574888, "title": "FI6 (antibody)" }
The UCSF Industry Documents Library (IDL) is a digital archive of internal tobacco, drug, food, chemical and fossil fuel corporate documents, acquired largely through litigation, which illustrate industry efforts to influence policies and regulations meant to protect public health. Created and maintained by the UCSF Li...	{ "page_id": 48827817, "title": "Industry Documents Library" }
Terpenoidallyltransferase may refer to: All-trans-octaprenyl-diphosphate synthase, an enzyme All-trans-decaprenyl-diphosphate synthase, an enzyme	{ "page_id": 38866348, "title": "Terpenoidallyltransferase" }
Rhizochromulinales is an order of Dictyochophyceae. The order includes the genus, Rhizochromulina. Ciliophrys is also sometimes included in this group. == References ==	{ "page_id": 23203246, "title": "Rhizochromulinales" }
Terpenyl pyrophosphate synthetase may refer to: All-trans-octaprenyl-diphosphate synthase, an enzyme All-trans-decaprenyl-diphosphate synthase, an enzyme	{ "page_id": 38866350, "title": "Terpenyl pyrophosphate synthetase" }
When placed into solution, salts begin to dissolve and form ions. This is not always in equal proportion, due to the preference of an ion to be dissolved in a given solution. The ability of an ion to preferentially dissolve (as a result of unequal activities) over its counterion is classified as the potential determini...	{ "page_id": 7867823, "title": "Potential determining ion" }
OH− and complex ions formed by bonding with H+ and OH−. == References == == Further reading == Patrick Brezonik; William Arnold (22 March 2011). Water Chemistry: An Introduction to the Chemistry of Natural and Engineered Aquatic Systems. Oxford University Press. p. 540. ISBN 978-0-19-973072-8. Retrieved 3 February 2014...	{ "page_id": 7867823, "title": "Potential determining ion" }
ESyPred3D is an automated homology modeling program. Alignments are obtained by combining, weighting and screening the results of several multiple alignment programs. The final three-dimensional structure is built using the modeling package MODELLER. == Method == To perform homology modeling, the ESyPred3D program firs...	{ "page_id": 18615729, "title": "ESyPred3D" }
A trajectory or flight path is the path that an object with mass in motion follows through space as a function of time. In classical mechanics, a trajectory is defined by Hamiltonian mechanics via canonical coordinates; hence, a complete trajectory is defined by position and momentum, simultaneously. The mass might be ...	{ "page_id": 200115, "title": "Trajectory" }
agrees with the observed orbits of planets, comets, and artificial spacecraft to a reasonably good approximation, although if a comet passes close to the Sun, then it is also influenced by other forces such as the solar wind and radiation pressure, which modify the orbit and cause the comet to eject material into space...	{ "page_id": 200115, "title": "Trajectory" }
the mathematical form of Newton's second law of motion: force equals mass times acceleration, for such situations. == Examples == === Uniform gravity, neither drag nor wind === The ideal case of motion of a projectile in a uniform gravitational field in the absence of other forces (such as air drag) was first investiga...	{ "page_id": 200115, "title": "Trajectory" }
speed v {\displaystyle v} is obtained when v h = v v {\displaystyle v_{h}=v_{v}} , i.e. the initial angle is 45 ∘ {\displaystyle ^{\circ }} . This range is v 2 / g {\displaystyle v^{2}/g} , and the maximum altitude at the maximum range is v 2 / ( 4 g ) {\displaystyle v^{2}/(4g)} . ==== Derivation of the equation of mot...	{ "page_id": 200115, "title": "Trajectory" }

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