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approaches infinity. == References == | {
"page_id": 1183025,
"title": "Zeta potential"
} |
Beryllium is a chemical element; it has symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is a steel-gray, hard, strong, lightweight and brittle alkaline earth metal. It is a divalent element that occurs naturally only in combination with other elements to form minerals. Gemstones high in beryllium include beryl (aquamarine, emerald, ... | {
"page_id": 3378,
"title": "Beryllium"
} |
°C (4,530 °F). The commercial use of beryllium requires the use of appropriate dust control equipment and industrial controls at all times because of the toxicity of inhaled beryllium-containing dusts that can cause a chronic life-threatening allergic disease, berylliosis, in some people. Berylliosis is typically manif... | {
"page_id": 3378,
"title": "Beryllium"
} |
high-energy neutrons, beryllium is a neutron multiplier, releasing more neutrons than it absorbs. This nuclear reaction is: 94Be + n → 2 42He + 2 n Neutrons are liberated when beryllium nuclei are struck by energetic alpha particles producing the nuclear reaction 94Be + 42He → 126C + n where 42He is an alpha particle a... | {
"page_id": 3378,
"title": "Beryllium"
} |
This is a consequence of the low density of matter when the temperature of the universe cooled enough for small nuclei to be stable. Creating such nuclei require nuclear collisions that are rare at low density.: 297 7Be is unstable and decays by electron capture into 7Li with a half-life of 53 days, but in the early un... | {
"page_id": 3378,
"title": "Beryllium"
} |
daughter products are used to examine natural soil erosion, soil formation and the development of lateritic soils, and as a proxy for measurement of the variations in solar activity and the age of ice cores. The production of 10Be is inversely proportional to solar activity, because increased solar wind during periods ... | {
"page_id": 3378,
"title": "Beryllium"
} |
however, beryllium is more abundant with a concentration of 0.1 ppb. == Extraction == The extraction of beryllium from its compounds is a difficult process due to its high affinity for oxygen at elevated temperatures, and its ability to reduce water when its oxide film is removed. Currently the United States, China and... | {
"page_id": 3378,
"title": "Beryllium"
} |
beryllium, and additional heating to 1,300 °C (2,370 °F) creates the compact metal. Heating beryllium hydroxide forms beryllium oxide, which becomes beryllium chloride when combined with carbon and chlorine. Electrolysis of molten beryllium chloride is then used to obtain the metal. == Chemical properties == A berylliu... | {
"page_id": 3378,
"title": "Beryllium"
} |
the solid state. BeF2 has a silica-like structure with corner-shared BeF4 tetrahedra. BeCl2 and BeBr2 have chain structures with edge-shared tetrahedra. Beryllium oxide, BeO, is a white refractory solid which has a wurtzite crystal structure and a thermal conductivity as high as some metals. BeO is amphoteric. Berylliu... | {
"page_id": 3378,
"title": "Beryllium"
} |
with the fluoride ion: [Be(H2O)4]2+ + n F− ⇌ Be[(H2O)2−nFn]2− + n H2O Beryllium(II) forms many complexes with bidentate ligands containing oxygen-donor atoms. The species [Be3O(H2PO4)6]2- is notable for having a 3-coordinate oxide ion at its center. Basic beryllium acetate, Be4O(OAc)6, has an oxide ion surrounded by a ... | {
"page_id": 3378,
"title": "Beryllium"
} |
with triallyl boron), bis(1,3-trimethylsilylallyl)beryllium, Be(mes)2, and (beryllium(I) complex) diberyllocene. Ligands can also be aryls and alkynyls. == History == The mineral beryl, which contains beryllium, has been used at least since the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt. In the first century CE, Roman naturalist Pliny... | {
"page_id": 3378,
"title": "Beryllium"
} |
made of fine particles with a dark metallic luster. The highly reactive potassium had been produced by the electrolysis of its compounds. He did not succeed to melt the beryllium particles. The direct electrolysis of a molten mixture of beryllium fluoride and sodium fluoride by Paul Lebeau in 1898 resulted in the first... | {
"page_id": 3378,
"title": "Beryllium"
} |
the thermal decomposition of beryllium iodide was investigated following the success of a similar process for the production of zirconium, but this process proved to be uneconomical for volume production. Pure beryllium metal did not become readily available until 1957, even though it had been used as an alloying metal... | {
"page_id": 3378,
"title": "Beryllium"
} |
minimizes the heating effects caused by high-intensity, low energy X-rays typical of synchrotron radiation. Vacuum-tight windows and beam-tubes for radiation experiments on synchrotrons are manufactured exclusively from beryllium. In scientific setups for various X-ray emission studies (e.g., energy-dispersive X-ray sp... | {
"page_id": 3378,
"title": "Beryllium"
} |
Ferrari. Mixing about 2.0% beryllium into copper forms an alloy called beryllium copper that is six times stronger than copper alone. Beryllium alloys are used in many applications because of their combination of elasticity, high electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, high strength and hardness, nonmagnetic ... | {
"page_id": 3378,
"title": "Beryllium"
} |
beryllium with aluminium developed under the trade name AlBeMet for the high performance aerospace industry has low weight but four times the stiffness of aluminum alone. === Mirrors === Large-area beryllium mirrors, frequently with a honeycomb support structure, are used, for example, in meteorological satellites wher... | {
"page_id": 3378,
"title": "Beryllium"
} |
reactors as a moderator, reflector, or as cladding on fuel elements. Thin plates or foils of beryllium are sometimes used in nuclear weapon designs as the very outer layer of the plutonium pits in the primary stages of thermonuclear bombs, placed to surround the fissile material. These layers of beryllium are good "pus... | {
"page_id": 3378,
"title": "Beryllium"
} |
for nuclear fuel rods, because of its good combination of mechanical, chemical, and nuclear properties. Beryllium fluoride is one of the constituent salts of the eutectic salt mixture FLiBe, which is used as a solvent, moderator and coolant in many hypothetical molten salt reactor designs, including the liquid fluoride... | {
"page_id": 3378,
"title": "Beryllium"
} |
increasing the thermal conductivity of uranium dioxide nuclear fuel pellets. Beryllium compounds were used in fluorescent lighting tubes, but this use was discontinued because of the disease berylliosis which developed in the workers who were making the tubes. === Medical applications === Beryllium is a component of se... | {
"page_id": 3378,
"title": "Beryllium"
} |
and beryllium compounds as Category 1 carcinogens. === Occupational exposure === In the US, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has designated a permissible exposure limit (PEL) for beryllium and beryllium compounds of 0.2 μg/m3 as an 8-hour time-weighted average (TWA) and 2.0 μg/m3 as a short-term... | {
"page_id": 3378,
"title": "Beryllium"
} |
beryllium-containing alloys, in the manufacturing of electronic devices, and in the handling of other beryllium-containing material. === Detection === Early researchers undertook the highly hazardous practice of identifying beryllium and its various compounds from its sweet taste. A modern test for beryllium in air and... | {
"page_id": 3378,
"title": "Beryllium"
} |
– Beryllium MSDS: ESPI Metals Beryllium at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham) National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health – Beryllium Page National Supplemental Screening Program (Oak Ridge Associated Universities) Historic Price of Beryllium in USA | {
"page_id": 3378,
"title": "Beryllium"
} |
In alchemy, fixation is a process by which a previously volatile substance is "transformed" into a form (often solid) that is not affected by fire. It separates the substance or object and puts it back in the same or different shape at a subatomic level. Fixation is sometimes listed as one of the processes required for... | {
"page_id": 2428216,
"title": "Fixation (alchemy)"
} |
In quantum mechanics, the particle in a one-dimensional lattice is a problem that occurs in the model of a periodic crystal lattice. The potential is caused by ions in the periodic structure of the crystal creating an electromagnetic field so electrons are subject to a regular potential inside the lattice. It is a gene... | {
"page_id": 462138,
"title": "Particle in a one-dimensional lattice"
} |
wavefunction of the electron is unchanged. So now, instead of two boundary conditions we get one circular boundary condition: ψ ( 0 ) = ψ ( L ) . {\displaystyle \psi (0)=\psi (L).} If N is the number of ions in the lattice, then we have the relation: aN = L. Replacing in the boundary condition and applying Bloch's theo... | {
"page_id": 462138,
"title": "Particle in a one-dimensional lattice"
} |
ψ = A e i α x + A ′ e − i α x ( α 2 = 2 m E ℏ 2 ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {-\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}\psi _{xx}&=E\psi \\\Rightarrow \psi &=Ae^{i\alpha x}+A'e^{-i\alpha x}&\left(\alpha ^{2}={2mE \over \hbar ^{2}}\right)\end{aligned}}} For − b < x < 0 {\displaystyle -b<x<0} : − ℏ 2 2 m ψ x x = ( E + V 0 ) ψ ⇒ ψ = B... | {
"page_id": 462138,
"title": "Particle in a one-dimensional lattice"
} |
+ ) . {\displaystyle \psi (0^{-})=\psi (0^{+})\qquad \psi '(0^{-})=\psi '(0^{+}).} And that u(x) and u′(x) are periodic: u ( − b ) = u ( a − b ) u ′ ( − b ) = u ′ ( a − b ) . {\displaystyle u(-b)=u(a-b)\qquad u'(-b)=u'(a-b).} These conditions yield the following matrix: ( 1 1 − 1 − 1 α − α − β β e i ( α − k ) ( a − b )... | {
"page_id": 462138,
"title": "Particle in a one-dimensional lattice"
} |
following approximations: b → 0 ; V 0 → ∞ ; V 0 b = c o n s t a n t {\displaystyle b\to 0;\quad V_{0}\to \infty ;\quad V_{0}b=\mathrm {constant} } ⇒ β 2 b = c o n s t a n t ; α 2 b → 0 {\displaystyle \Rightarrow \beta ^{2}b=\mathrm {constant} ;\quad \alpha ^{2}b\to 0} ⇒ β b → 0 ; sin ( β b ) → β b ; cos ( β b ) → 1... | {
"page_id": 462138,
"title": "Particle in a one-dimensional lattice"
} |
= cosh ( α a ) + P sinh ( α a ) α a {\displaystyle \cos(ka)=\cosh(\alpha a)+P{\frac {\sinh(\alpha a)}{\alpha a}}} with the same formula for P as in the previous case ( P = m V 0 b a ℏ 2 ) {\displaystyle \left(P={\frac {mV_{0}ba}{\hbar ^{2}}}\right)} . == Band gaps in the Kronig–Penney model == In the previous parag... | {
"page_id": 462138,
"title": "Particle in a one-dimensional lattice"
} |
{\displaystyle V(x)=\sum _{K}{\tilde {V}}(K)\cdot e^{iKx},} where V ~ ( K ) = 1 a ∫ − a / 2 a / 2 d x V ( x ) e − i K x = 1 a ∫ − a / 2 a / 2 d x ∑ n = − ∞ ∞ A ⋅ δ ( x − n a ) e − i K x = A a . {\displaystyle {\tilde {V}}(K)={\frac {1}{a}}\int _{-a/2}^{a/2}dx\,V(x)\,e^{-iKx}={\frac {1}{a}}\int _{-a/2}^{a/2}dx\sum _{n=-... | {
"page_id": 462138,
"title": "Particle in a one-dimensional lattice"
} |
we recognize that: u k ( 0 ) = ∑ K ′ u ~ k ( K ′ ) {\displaystyle u_{k}(0)=\sum _{K'}{\tilde {u}}_{k}(K')} Plug this into the Schrödinger equation: [ ℏ 2 ( k + K ) 2 2 m − E k ] u ~ k ( K ) + A a u k ( 0 ) = 0 {\displaystyle \left[{\frac {\hbar ^{2}(k+K)^{2}}{2m}}-E_{k}\right]{\tilde {u}}_{k}(K)+{\frac {A}{a}}u_{k}(0)=... | {
"page_id": 462138,
"title": "Particle in a one-dimensional lattice"
} |
m a A = ∑ K 1 2 m E k ℏ 2 − ( k + K ) 2 {\displaystyle {\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}{\frac {a}{A}}=\sum _{K}{\frac {1}{{\frac {2mE_{k}}{\hbar ^{2}}}-(k+K)^{2}}}} To save ourselves some unnecessary notational effort we define a new variable: α 2 := 2 m E k ℏ 2 {\displaystyle \alpha ^{2}:={\frac {2mE_{k}}{\hbar ^{2}}}} and fi... | {
"page_id": 462138,
"title": "Particle in a one-dimensional lattice"
} |
1 π n + k a 2 + α a 2 ] {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{2m}}{\frac {a}{A}}&=\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }{\frac {1}{\alpha ^{2}-(k+{\frac {2\pi n}{a}})^{2}}}\\&=-{\frac {1}{2\alpha }}\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }\left[{\frac {1}{(k+{\frac {2\pi n}{a}})-\alpha }}-{\frac {1}{(k+{\frac {2\pi n}{a}})+\alph... | {
"page_id": 462138,
"title": "Particle in a one-dimensional lattice"
} |
energy, there is no solution according to these equation, and thus, the system will not have those energies: energy gaps. These are the so-called band-gaps, which can be shown to exist in any shape of periodic potential (not just delta or square barriers). For a different and detailed calculation of the gap formula (i.... | {
"page_id": 462138,
"title": "Particle in a one-dimensional lattice"
} |
Bloch states with momenta k {\displaystyle k} and − k {\displaystyle -k} , where k {\displaystyle k} is chosen so that the wavefunction vanishes at the boundaries. The energies of these states match the energy bands of the infinite system. For each band gap, there is one additional state. The energies of these states d... | {
"page_id": 462138,
"title": "Particle in a one-dimensional lattice"
} |
Dibyendu Nandi is an Indian space scientist known for his research related to the solar cycle, solar dynamo activity and their influence on space weather. Nandi is the head of the Center of Excellence in Space Sciences, India or CESSI at IISER Kolkata. He is associated with Montana State University, the Center for Astr... | {
"page_id": 36113723,
"title": "Dibyendu Nandi"
} |
of the International Space Weather Action teams of the Committee on Space Research. == Awards and recognition == Dibyendu Nandi was the 2012 recipient of the Karen Harvey Prize of the American Astronomical Society. This is the first time that a space scientist working in the Asia-Pacific region has received this honour... | {
"page_id": 36113723,
"title": "Dibyendu Nandi"
} |
Theoretical Physics, Sweden in 2018. Laxminarayana & Nagalaxmi Modali Award, Astronomical Society of India in 2018 Asia-Pacific Young Career Award in Solar Physics in 2019 == References == | {
"page_id": 36113723,
"title": "Dibyendu Nandi"
} |
"My Life as a Turkey" is a television episode that premiered in 2011 in the UK on BBC (season 30 of the series Natural World, August 1) and in the US on PBS (season 30 of the series Nature, November 16). It won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Nature Programming. It was based on the book Illumination in the Flatwoods by J... | {
"page_id": 41553212,
"title": "My Life as a Turkey"
} |
young turkeys in many ways were more conscious than I was. I actually felt a sort of embarrassment when I was in their presence - they were so in the moment - and ultimately their experience of that manifested in a kind of joy that I don’t experience and I was very envious of that. I was learning new things about turke... | {
"page_id": 41553212,
"title": "My Life as a Turkey"
} |
complexity that exists all around us. And I’ll never see the world in the same way again." == Awards == Emmy - Outstanding Nature Programming (2012) Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival - Best Writing (2011) == References == == External links == "My Life as a Turkey" at IMDb My Life as a Turkey (viewable at Daily Motion... | {
"page_id": 41553212,
"title": "My Life as a Turkey"
} |
The median tongue bud (also tuberculum impar) marks the beginning of the development of the tongue. It appears as a midline swelling from the first pharyngeal arch late in the fourth week of embryogenesis. In the fifth week, a pair of lateral lingual swellings (or distal tongue buds) develop above and in line with the ... | {
"page_id": 7998783,
"title": "Median tongue bud"
} |
Osteoimmunology (όστέον, osteon from Greek, "bone"; immunitas from Latin, "immunity"; and λόγος, logos, from Greek "study") is a field that emerged about 40 years ago that studies the interface between the skeletal system and the immune system, comprising the "osteo-immune system". Osteoimmunology also studies the shar... | {
"page_id": 12062017,
"title": "Osteoimmunology"
} |
vivo primary cultures of cells from the inflamed synovial fluid of patients with disease flare of the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis. == Clinical osteoimmunology == Clinical osteoimmunology is a field that studies a treatment or prevention of the bone related diseases caused by disorders of the immune system. ... | {
"page_id": 12062017,
"title": "Osteoimmunology"
} |
Cyanin may refer to: Cyanine, a non-systematic name of a synthetic dye family belonging to the polymethine group. Cyanin (anthocyanin) (Cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside), a diglucoside of the anthocyanidin cyanidin. | {
"page_id": 24120642,
"title": "Cyanin"
} |
1-Arseno-3-phosphoglycerate is a compound produced by the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, present in high concentrations in many organisms, from glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and arsenate in the glycolysis pathway. The compound is unstable and hydrolyzes spontaneously to 3-phosphoglycerate, bypassing the ... | {
"page_id": 39783756,
"title": "1-Arseno-3-phosphoglycerate"
} |
In statistical learning theory, a learnable function class is a set of functions for which an algorithm can be devised to asymptotically minimize the expected risk, uniformly over all probability distributions. The concept of learnable classes are closely related to regularization in machine learning, and provides larg... | {
"page_id": 48827727,
"title": "Learnable function class"
} |
sequence of functions { f ^ n } n = 1 ∞ {\displaystyle \{{\hat {f}}_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty }} that satisfies lim n → ∞ P ( I P ( f ^ n ) − inf f ∈ F I P ( f ) > ϵ ) = 0 {\displaystyle \lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }\mathbb {P} (I_{P}({\hat {f}}_{n})-\inf _{f\in {\mathcal {F}}}I_{P}(f)>\epsilon )=0} One usual algorithm to fin... | {
"page_id": 48827727,
"title": "Learnable function class"
} |
gives the solution. == Interpretations == If the true relationship between y {\displaystyle y} and x {\displaystyle x} is y ∼ f ∗ ( x ) {\displaystyle y\sim f^{*}(x)} , then by selecting the appropriate loss function, f ∗ {\displaystyle f^{*}} can always be expressed as the minimizer of the expected loss across all pos... | {
"page_id": 48827727,
"title": "Learnable function class"
} |
converge to 0. This is the well-known overfitting problem in statistics and machine learning literature. == Example: Tikhonov regularization == A good example where learnable classes are used is the so-called Tikhonov regularization in reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS). Specifically, let F ∗ {\displaystyle {\math... | {
"page_id": 48827727,
"title": "Learnable function class"
} |
finite sample settings is usually through cross-validation. == Relationship to empirical process theory == Part ( a ) {\displaystyle (a)} in (2) is closely linked to empirical process theory in statistics, where the empirical risk { ∑ i = 1 n L ( y i , f ( x i ) ) , f ∈ F } {\displaystyle \{\sum _{i=1}^{n}L(y_{i},f(x_{... | {
"page_id": 48827727,
"title": "Learnable function class"
} |
Herb-induced liver injury (HILI) is a form of drug-induced liver injury caused by herbal medicines, typically herbal supplements or herb-based ethnomedicines. == Prevalence == Herbs are a common component of ethnomedicines and their potential hepatotoxicity is a concern for people taking such medicines or other herbal ... | {
"page_id": 79891792,
"title": "Herb-induced liver injury"
} |
In organic chemistry, the Kumada coupling is a type of cross coupling reaction, useful for generating carbon–carbon bonds by the reaction of a Grignard reagent and an organic halide. The procedure uses transition metal catalysts, typically nickel or palladium, to couple a combination of two alkyl, aryl or vinyl groups.... | {
"page_id": 10685778,
"title": "Kumada coupling"
} |
and palladium(II) oxidation states. Initially, the electron-rich Pd(0) catalyst (1) inserts into the R–X bond of the organic halide. This oxidative addition forms an organo-Pd(II)-complex (2). Subsequent transmetalation with the Grignard reagent forms a hetero-organometallic complex (3). Before the next step, isomeriza... | {
"page_id": 10685778,
"title": "Kumada coupling"
} |
processes. These issues have been circumvented by the presence of an activating group, such as the carbonyl in α-bromoketones, that drives the reaction forward. However, Kumada couplings have also been performed with non-activated alkyl chains, often through the use of additional catalysts or reagents. For instance, wi... | {
"page_id": 10685778,
"title": "Kumada coupling"
} |
high reactivity of the Grignard reagent, Kumada couplings have limited functional group tolerance which can be problematic in large syntheses. In particular, Grignard reagents are sensitive to protonolysis from even mildly acidic groups such as alcohols. They also add to carbonyls and other oxidative groups. As in many... | {
"page_id": 10685778,
"title": "Kumada coupling"
} |
=== The Kumada coupling is suitable for large-scale, industrial processes, such as drug synthesis. The reaction is used to construct the carbon skeleton of aliskiren (trade name Tekturna), a treatment for hypertension. === Synthesis of polythiophenes === The Kumada coupling also shows promise in the synthesis of conjug... | {
"page_id": 10685778,
"title": "Kumada coupling"
} |
Brian David Josephson (born 4 January 1940) is a Welsh condensed matter physicist and a professor emeritus of physics at the University of Cambridge. Best known for his pioneering work on superconductivity and quantum tunnelling, he shared the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physics with Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever for his discover... | {
"page_id": 396631,
"title": "Brian Josephson"
} |
recalled overhearing Nicholas Kurti, an examiner from Oxford, discuss Josephson's exam results with David Shoenberg, reader in physics at Cambridge, and asking: "Who is this chap Josephson? He seems to be going through the theory like a knife through butter." While still an undergraduate, he published a paper on the Mö... | {
"page_id": 396631,
"title": "Brian Josephson"
} |
drop in voltage; that when there is a voltage drop, the current should oscillate at a frequency related to the drop in voltage; and that there is a dependence on any magnetic field." This became known as the Josephson effect and the junction as a Josephson junction. His calculations were published in Physics Letters (c... | {
"page_id": 396631,
"title": "Brian Josephson"
} |
the IBM 3033 mainframe. === Nobel Prize === Josephson was awarded several important prizes for his discovery, including the 1969 Research Corporation Award for outstanding contributions to science, and the Hughes Medal and Holweck Prize in 1972. In 1973 he won the Nobel Prize in Physics, sharing the $122,000 award with... | {
"page_id": 396631,
"title": "Brian Josephson"
} |
and the University of Missouri-Rolla in 1987. == Parapsychology == === Early interest and Transcendental Meditation === Josephson became interested in philosophy of mind in the late sixties and, in particular, in the mind–body problem, and is one of the few scientists to argue that parapsychological phenomena (telepath... | {
"page_id": 396631,
"title": "Brian Josephson"
} |
Perrott-Warrick Fund, set up in Trinity in 1937 to fund parapsychology research, is still administered by the college. He continued to explore the idea that there is intelligence in nature, particularly after reading Fritjof Capra's The Tao of Physics (1975), and in 1979 took up a more advanced form of TM, known as the... | {
"page_id": 396631,
"title": "Brian Josephson"
} |
symposium on consciousness at Cambridge in 1978, publishing the proceedings as Consciousness and the Physical World (1980), with neuroscientist V. S. Ramachandran. A conference on "Science and Consciousness" followed a year later in Cordoba, Spain, attended by physicists and Jungian psychoanalysts, and addressed by Jos... | {
"page_id": 396631,
"title": "Brian Josephson"
} |
Wegener's death. Science writer Martin Gardner criticized Josephson in 1980 for complaining to The New York Review of Books, along with three other physicists, about an article by J. A. Wheeler that ridiculed parapsychology. Several physicists complained in 2001 when, in a Royal Mail booklet celebrating the Nobel Prize... | {
"page_id": 396631,
"title": "Brian Josephson"
} |
as pseudoscience, although Josephson has expressed support for it since attending a conference at which French immunologist Jacques Benveniste first proposed it. Cold fusion is the hypothesis that nuclear reactions can occur at room temperature. When Martin Fleischmann, the British chemist who pioneered research into i... | {
"page_id": 396631,
"title": "Brian Josephson"
} |
Benjamins Publishing, 1995. Josephson, Brian; Rubik, Beverly A.; Fontana, David; Lorimer, David. "Defining consciousness", Nature, 358(618), 20 August 1992. Rosen, Joe. "Josephson, Brian David," Encyclopedia of Physics, Infobase Publishing, 2009, pp. 165–166. Stapp, Henry. "Quantum Approaches to Consciousness," in Phil... | {
"page_id": 396631,
"title": "Brian Josephson"
} |
Paracatenula is a genus of millimeter sized free-living marine gutless catenulid flatworms. Paracatenula spp. are found worldwide in warm temperate to tropical subtidal sediments. They are part of the interstitial meiofauna of sandy sediments. Adult Paracatenula lack a mouth and a gut and are associated with intracellu... | {
"page_id": 43978074,
"title": "Paracatenula"
} |
trophosome. The frontal part of the worms—the rostrum—is transparent and bacteria-free, and houses the brain, while the trophosome region appears white due to light refracting inclusions in the bacterial symbionts. Some species of Paracatenula such as P. galateia possess a statocyst with a single statolith. == Life cyc... | {
"page_id": 43978074,
"title": "Paracatenula"
} |
stands in contrast to all other reduced symbionts vertically transmitted for hundreds of millions of years. Ca. R. santandreae symbionts fix carbon dioxide, store carbon in multiple storage compounds and produce all necessary building blocks for cellular life, including sugars, nucleotides, amino acids, vitamins and co... | {
"page_id": 43978074,
"title": "Paracatenula"
} |
Display behaviour is a set of ritualized behaviours that enable an animal to communicate to other animals (typically of the same species) about specific stimuli. Such ritualized behaviours can be visual, but many animals depend on a mixture of visual, audio, tactical and chemical signals. Evolution has tailored these s... | {
"page_id": 5770589,
"title": "Display (zoology)"
} |
communicates that both are ready for copulation. Flies belonging to the genus Megaselia also show such behaviour. Contrary to the typically female-selected mating that occurs for most organisms, these flies have females that show the display behaviour and males that choose the mate. Females have a bright orange colouri... | {
"page_id": 5770589,
"title": "Display (zoology)"
} |
the information she gathers from this interaction to make a decision on who she will mate with. This display behaviour consists of various flight patterns, wing and colour displays, and particular vocalizations. ==== Mammals ==== Along with invertebrates and birds, vertebrates like the harbour seal also show display be... | {
"page_id": 5770589,
"title": "Display (zoology)"
} |
such display behaviour. Depending upon the species and evolutionary histories, environmental factors such as temperature, elevation, and precipitation can affect the presence of these behaviours. Along with environmental cues, social cues can also play a role in the demonstration of display behaviour. For example, aggr... | {
"page_id": 5770589,
"title": "Display (zoology)"
} |
is more direct, in the form of fighting between males. In a small number of species, females compete for males; these include species of jacana, species of phalarope, and the spotted hyena. In all these cases, the female of the species shows traits that help in same-sex battles: larger bodies, aggressiveness, territori... | {
"page_id": 5770589,
"title": "Display (zoology)"
} |
Environmental analysis is the use of examination and statistical methods to study the chemical and biological factors that determine the quality of an environment. The purpose of this is commonly to monitor and study levels of pollutants in the atmosphere, rivers and other specific settings. Also, to monitor amounts of... | {
"page_id": 24972641,
"title": "Environmental analysis"
} |
ecosystem health. Remote sensing can be used for environmental analysis by taking imagery shot by satellites in multiple wavelengths to assess areas of different scales for a certain objective. Remote sensing can be used to identify land use, it can be used to determine damages from forest fires, it can be used for wea... | {
"page_id": 24972641,
"title": "Environmental analysis"
} |
Caesium oxide (IUPAC name), or cesium oxide, describes inorganic compounds composed of caesium and oxygen. Several binary (containing only Cs and O) oxides of caesium are known. Caesium oxide may refer to: Caesium suboxides (Cs7O, Cs4O, and Cs11O3) Caesium monoxide (Cs2O, the most common oxide) Caesium peroxide (Cs2O2)... | {
"page_id": 68881763,
"title": "Caesium oxide"
} |
Ceration is a chemical process, a common practice in alchemy. It is performed by continuously adding a liquid by imbibition to a hard, dry substance while it is heated. Typically, this treatment makes the substance softer, more like molten wax (cera in Latin). Pseudo-Geber's Summa Perfectionis explains that ceration is... | {
"page_id": 2428263,
"title": "Ceration"
} |
Marker assisted selection or marker aided selection (MAS) is an indirect selection process where a trait of interest is selected based on a marker (morphological, biochemical or DNA/RNA variation) linked to a trait of interest (e.g. productivity, disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and quality), rather than o... | {
"page_id": 11406702,
"title": "Marker-assisted selection"
} |
of this type of marker include the presence or absence of an awn, leaf sheath coloration, height, grain color, aroma of rice etc. In well-characterized crops like maize, tomato, pea, barley or wheat, tens or hundreds of genes that determine morphological traits have been mapped to specific chromosome locations. Biochem... | {
"page_id": 11406702,
"title": "Marker-assisted selection"
} |
to be readily identifiable, at which point the experimenter must "score" or evaluate the population and act to retain the preferred genotypes). Most MAS uses screenable markers rather than selectable markers. == Gene vs marker == The gene of interest directly causes production of protein(s) or RNA that produce a desire... | {
"page_id": 11406702,
"title": "Marker-assisted selection"
} |
MAS == An ideal marker: Has easy recognition of phenotypes - ideally all possible phenotypes (homo- and heterozygotes) from all possible alleles Demonstrates measurable differences in expression between trait types or gene of interest alleles, early in the development of the organism Testing for the marker does not hav... | {
"page_id": 11406702,
"title": "Marker-assisted selection"
} |
== Selection for major genes linked to markers == 'Major genes' that are responsible for economically important characteristics are frequent in the plant kingdom. Such characteristics include disease resistance, male sterility, self-incompatibility, and others related to shape, color, and architecture of whole plants a... | {
"page_id": 11406702,
"title": "Marker-assisted selection"
} |
with the pathogen is not even allowed for safety reasons. Moreover, sometimes expression is dependent on environmental conditions. The phenotype is affected by two or more unlinked genes (epistatis). For example, selection for multiple genes which provide resistance against diseases or insect pests for gene pyramiding.... | {
"page_id": 11406702,
"title": "Marker-assisted selection"
} |
techniques are based on linkage and are therefore referred to as "linkage mapping".A == Single step MAS and QTL mapping == In contrast to two-step QTL mapping and MAS, a single-step method for breeding typical plant populations has been developed. In such an approach, in the first few breeding cycles, markers linked to... | {
"page_id": 11406702,
"title": "Marker-assisted selection"
} |
of MAS for backcross breeding == A minimum of five or six-backcross generations are required to transfer a gene of interest from a donor (may not be adapted) to a recipient (recurrent – adapted cultivar). The recovery of the recurrent genotype can be accelerated with the use of molecular markers. If the F1 is heterozyg... | {
"page_id": 11406702,
"title": "Marker-assisted selection"
} |
wheat breeding: present status and future possibilities". Molecular Breeding. 26 (2): 145–161. doi:10.1007/s11032-009-9359-7. ISSN 1380-3743. S2CID 9989382. Moose, Stephen P.; Mumm, Rita H. (1 July 2008). "Molecular Plant Breeding as the Foundation for 21st Century Crop Improvement". Plant Physiology. 147 (3). Oxford U... | {
"page_id": 11406702,
"title": "Marker-assisted selection"
} |
The perineal raphe is a visible line or ridge of tissue on the body that extends from the anus through the perineum to the scrotum (male) or the vulva (female). It is found in both males and females, arises from the fusion of the urogenital folds, and is visible running medial through anteroposterior, to the anus where... | {
"page_id": 6098286,
"title": "Perineal raphe"
} |
A contig (from contiguous) is a set of overlapping DNA segments that together represent a consensus region of DNA. In bottom-up sequencing projects, a contig refers to overlapping sequence data (reads); in top-down sequencing projects, contig refers to the overlapping clones that form a physical map of the genome that ... | {
"page_id": 331121,
"title": "Contig"
} |
sequences of the small fragments, are put into a database. The assembly software then searches this database for pairs of overlapping reads. Assembling the reads from such a pair (including, of course, only one copy of the identical sequence) produces a longer contiguous read (contig) of sequenced DNA. By repeating thi... | {
"page_id": 331121,
"title": "Contig"
} |
order to provide a framework to guide the later assembly of the sequence reads of the genome. This map identifies the relative positions and overlap of the clones used for sequencing. Sets of overlapping clones that form a contiguous stretch of DNA are called contigs; the minimum number of clones that form a contig tha... | {
"page_id": 331121,
"title": "Contig"
} |
clones, they will likely have restriction sites in common, and will thus share several fragments. Because the number of fragments in common and the length of these fragments is known (the length is judged by comparison to a size standard), the degree of overlap can be deduced to a high degree of precision. === Gaps bet... | {
"page_id": 331121,
"title": "Contig"
} |
Thomas “Rock” Mackie is a medical physicist. He grew up in Saskatoon and received his undergraduate degree in Physics from the University of Saskatchewan in 1980. He went on to earn his doctorate in Physics at the University of Alberta in 1984. His expertise is in radiation therapy treatment planning and intensity modu... | {
"page_id": 11210100,
"title": "Thomas Rockwell Mackie"
} |
Measurements (ICRU). == References == "Madison campus offers a road map for UWM and Milwaukee". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel (Milwaukee, Wisconsin). September 17, 2005. Retrieved 2008-07-30. Dar, Stephanie (April 3, 2008). "TomoTherapy founder shares his steps to business' success. Thomas Rockwell Mackie told faculty mem... | {
"page_id": 11210100,
"title": "Thomas Rockwell Mackie"
} |
This timeline describes the major developments, both experimental and theoretical, of: Einstein’s special theory of relativity (SR), its predecessors like the theories of luminiferous aether, its early competitors, i.e.: Ritz’s ballistic theory of light, the models of electromagnetic mass created by Abraham (1902), Lor... | {
"page_id": 69602684,
"title": "Timeline of special relativity and the speed of light"
} |
that c is finite and invariant. Innovations like the use of Foucault's rotating mirror or the Fizeau wheel are not listed here – see the article about speed of light. This timeline also ignores, for reasons of volume and clarity: the long story of spacetime and the concept of time as the fourth dimension; e.g. the idea... | {
"page_id": 69602684,
"title": "Timeline of special relativity and the speed of light"
} |
peculiar behaviour of γ Draconis as stellar aberration. Bradley uses this fact to estimate the speed of light in air or vacuum, and his result is more accurate than Huygens’s: about 3.0×108 m/s in modern units. For the first time, the measurement is correct to the first two significant figures. == 19th century == === B... | {
"page_id": 69602684,
"title": "Timeline of special relativity and the speed of light"
} |
Lorentz transformations. 1887 – the Michelson–Morley experiment fails to detect aether wind, disproving some aether theories and leading to new ones. 1889 – George FitzGerald conjectures the length contraction to explain the Michelson–Morley experiment. === 1890s === 1892 – Hendrik Lorentz – independently of FitzGerald... | {
"page_id": 69602684,
"title": "Timeline of special relativity and the speed of light"
} |
how the electron’s momentum – or, using later terms, its relativistic mass – depends on its speed. The results seem to confirm Abraham’s model. 1903 – Olinto De Pretto presents his aether theory with some form of mass–energy equivalence. It was described by a formula looking like Einstein’s E = mc2, but with different ... | {
"page_id": 69602684,
"title": "Timeline of special relativity and the speed of light"
} |
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