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The Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001 (c. 23) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom "to prohibit the placing in a woman of a human embryo which has been created otherwise than by fertilisation". The act received Royal Assent on 4 December 2001. On 14 January 2001, the British government passed The Human ... | {
"page_id": 27063765,
"title": "Human Reproductive Cloning Act 2001"
} |
In stereochemistry, prochiral molecules are those that can be converted from achiral to chiral in a single step, such as changing one atom. An achiral species which can be converted to a chiral in two steps is called proprochiral. A molecule having only one plane of symmetry, or an inversion point and no plane of symme... | {
"page_id": 2291162,
"title": "Prochirality"
} |
of non-chiral citrate as a possible intermediate in the tricarboxylate cycle was mistaken. Another biochemical example of prochirality is glycerol. It is achiral, but when it is phosphorylated (at carbon number 3 in stereospecific numbering) the molecule becomes the chiral glycerol 3-phosphate, also called L-α-glycerop... | {
"page_id": 2291162,
"title": "Prochirality"
} |
A Vavilov center or center of origin is a geographical area where a group of organisms, either domesticated or wild, first developed its distinctive properties. Centers of origin were first identified in 1924 by Nikolai Vavilov. Vavilov posited that the center of origin for a species or genus is the same as its center ... | {
"page_id": 19854812,
"title": "Vavilov center"
} |
=== == See also == Crop wild relative Crop diversity Landrace Neglected and underutilized crop == References == | {
"page_id": 19854812,
"title": "Vavilov center"
} |
Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which both require one or more resources that are in limited supply (such as food, water, or territory). Competition lowers the fitness of both organisms involved since the presence of one of the organisms always reduces the amount of the resource available ... | {
"page_id": 4715998,
"title": "Competition (biology)"
} |
competition that occurs within a species. Interference competition occurs directly between individuals via aggression when the individuals interfere with the foraging, survival, and reproduction of others, or by directly preventing their physical establishment in a portion of the habitat. An example of this can be seen... | {
"page_id": 4715998,
"title": "Competition (biology)"
} |
occurs when resource use by one organism depletes the total amount available for other organisms. These organisms might never interact directly but compete by responding to changes in resource levels. Very obvious examples of this phenomenon include a diurnal species and a nocturnal species that nevertheless share the ... | {
"page_id": 4715998,
"title": "Competition (biology)"
} |
development through allelopathy. == Apparent competition == Apparent competition occurs when two otherwise unrelated prey species indirectly compete for survival through a shared predator. This form of competition typically manifests in new equilibrium abundances of each prey species. For example, suppose there are two... | {
"page_id": 4715998,
"title": "Competition (biology)"
} |
(Lepus arcticus). While some ecologists hypothesized that this was due to an overlap in the niche, other ecologists argued that the more plausible mechanism was that snowshoe hare populations led to an explosion in food-limited lynx populations, a shared predator of both prey species. Since the arctic hare has a relati... | {
"page_id": 4715998,
"title": "Competition (biology)"
} |
of resource competition. An empirical example is provided by two small fish species in postglacial lakes in Western Canada, where resource competition between prickly sculpin and threespine stickleback fish leads to a spatial niche shift mainly in threespine stickleback. As a consequence of this shift, predation by a s... | {
"page_id": 4715998,
"title": "Competition (biology)"
} |
the available resource). Among plants, size asymmetry is context-dependent and competition can be both asymmetric and symmetric depending on the most limiting resource. In forest stands, below-ground competition for nutrients and water is size-symmetric, because a tree's root system is typically proportionate to the bi... | {
"page_id": 4715998,
"title": "Competition (biology)"
} |
of the same species compete for the same resources in an ecosystem. A simple example is a stand of equally-spaced plants, which are all of the same age. The higher the density of plants, the more plants will be present per unit ground area, and the stronger the competition will be for resources such as light, water, or... | {
"page_id": 4715998,
"title": "Competition (biology)"
} |
of time but were unable to gain a competitive edge until dinosaurs were devastated by the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. == Evolutionary strategies == In evolutionary contexts, competition is related to the concept of r/K selection theory, which relates to the selection of traits which promote success in partic... | {
"page_id": 4715998,
"title": "Competition (biology)"
} |
competitor would always exclude its competitors from that area. Therefore, species must at least have slightly different niches in order to coexist. == Character displacement == Competition can cause species to evolve differences in traits. This occurs because the individuals of a species with traits similar to competi... | {
"page_id": 4715998,
"title": "Competition (biology)"
} |
External links == http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Competition_%28Biology%29.aspx The Biological Basis for the ‘Thrill of Victory’ | {
"page_id": 4715998,
"title": "Competition (biology)"
} |
Phototrophic biofilms are microbial communities generally comprising both phototrophic microorganisms, which use light as their energy source, and chemoheterotrophs. Thick laminated multilayered phototrophic biofilms are usually referred to as microbial mats or phototrophic mats (see also biofilm). These organisms, whi... | {
"page_id": 15988191,
"title": "Phototrophic biofilm"
} |
also important for maintaining the well-being of the community. In general, phototrophic organisms in the biofilm provide a foundation for the growth of the community as a whole by mediating biofilm processes and conversions. The chemoheterotrophs use the photosynthetic waste products from the phototrophs as their carb... | {
"page_id": 15988191,
"title": "Phototrophic biofilm"
} |
and transcriptomics has helped characterize these unculturable organisms and has provided some insight into molecular mechanisms, microbial organization, and interactions in biofilms. == Ecology == Phototrophic biofilms can be found on terrestrial and aquatic surfaces and can withstand environmental fluctuations and ex... | {
"page_id": 15988191,
"title": "Phototrophic biofilm"
} |
cognizant method of assisting in plant development and protection by promoting the growth of microorganisms such as cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria can augment plant growth by colonizing on plant roots to supply carbon and nitrogen, which they can provide to plants through the natural metabolic processes of carbon dioxide... | {
"page_id": 15988191,
"title": "Phototrophic biofilm"
} |
phototrophic biofilms have greater nutrient uptake than other methods of nutrient removal utilizing algal biomass, and they are easier to harvest because they naturally grow on wastewater pond surfaces. Phototrophic activity of these films can precipitate dissolved phosphates due to an increase in pH; these phosphates ... | {
"page_id": 15988191,
"title": "Phototrophic biofilm"
} |
In cuisine, foam is a gelled or stabilized liquid in which air is suspended. Foams have been present in many forms over the history of cooking, such as whipped cream, meringue and mousse. In these cases, the incorporation of air, or another gas, creates a lighter texture and a different mouthfeel. Foams add flavor with... | {
"page_id": 5305823,
"title": "Foam (cooking)"
} |
tiny air bubbles and/or a different mouthfeel. In most of these products, proteins are the main surface active agents that help in the formation and stabilization of the dispersed gas phase. To create a protein-stabilized foam, it usually involves bubbling, whipping or shaking a protein solution and its foaming propert... | {
"page_id": 5305823,
"title": "Foam (cooking)"
} |
The molecular formula C6H9N3O2 (molar mass: 155.15 g/mol, exact mass: 155.0695 u) may refer to: Cupferron Histidine (His or H) | {
"page_id": 23524832,
"title": "C6H9N3O2"
} |
The Big Bang Theory is an American television sitcom created by Chuck Lorre and Bill Prady for CBS. It aired from September 24, 2007, to May 16, 2019, running for 12 seasons and 279 episodes. The show originally centered on five characters living in Pasadena, California: Leonard Hofstadter (Johnny Galecki) and Sheldon ... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
Mandy's First Marriage, premiered in October 2024 and follows Sheldon's older brother, Georgie, and his wife, Mandy. A fourth series, following Stuart, his girlfriend Denise, and geologist Bert Kibbler, is in development for Max. == Cast and characters == Johnny Galecki as Leonard Hofstadter: An experimental physicist ... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
and lived with his mother, Debbie (Carol Ann Susi). Unlike Sheldon, Leonard, Raj, Bernadette, and Amy, Howard does not hold a doctorate. He trains as an astronaut and goes into space as a payload specialist on the International Space Station. Howard initially fancies himself as a ladies man, but he later starts dating ... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
material for the character. Gilbert returned to The Big Bang Theory for its 200th episode. Melissa Rauch as Bernadette Rostenkowski-Wolowitz (recurring season 3, starring seasons 4–12): A young woman who initially is a co-worker at The Cheesecake Factory with Penny to pay her way through graduate school, where she is s... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
Bernadette, until he finds a place of his own. Laura Spencer as Emily Sweeney (recurring seasons 7–8, 10, starring season 9): A dermatologist at Huntington Hospital. Emily went to Harvard and delights in the macabre, and she states that she likes her job because she can cut things with knives. Prior to meeting Raj, Emi... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
Although the original pilot was not picked up, its creators were given an opportunity to retool it and produce a second pilot. They brought in the remaining cast and retooled the show to its final format. Katie was replaced by Penny (Kaley Cuoco). The original unaired pilot has never been officially released, but it ha... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
the strike ended, the show was picked up for a second season, airing in the 2008–2009 season, premiering in the same time slot on September 22, 2008. With increasing ratings, the show received a two-year renewal through the 2010–11 season in 2009. In 2011, the show was picked up for three more seasons. In March 2014, t... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
biology. === Theme song === The Canadian alternative rock band Barenaked Ladies wrote and recorded the show's theme song, which describes the history and formation of the universe and the Earth. Co-lead singer Ed Robertson was asked by Lorre and Prady to write a theme song for the show after the producers attended one ... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
season, then went up an additional $50,000 in each of the following three seasons, culminating in $350,000 per episode in the seventh season. In September 2013, Bialik and Rauch renegotiated the contracts they held since they were introduced to the series in 2010. On their old contracts, each was making $20,000–$30,000... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
Cuoco, Helberg, and Nayyar) took a 10 percent pay cut to allow Bialik and Rauch an increase in their earnings. This put Galecki, Parsons, Cuoco, Helberg and Nayyar at $900,000 per episode, with Parsons, Galecki, and Helberg also receiving overall deals with Warner Bros. Television. By the end of April, Bialik and Rauch... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
Greene appeared in the fourth season, as well as astrophysicist, science popularizer, and physics outreach specialist Neil deGrasse Tyson, who also appeared in the twelfth season. Cosmologist Stephen Hawking made a short guest appearance in a fifth-season episode; in the eighth season, Hawking video conferences with Sh... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
is going to change it again" (referring to Lucas' controversial alterations to the films). In "The Hot Troll Deviation", Katee Sackhoff of Battlestar Galactica appeared as Howard's fantasy dream girl. The characters have different tastes in franchises, with Sheldon praising Firefly but disapproving of Leonard's enjoyme... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
long-term relationship begins when Leonard returns from a three-month expedition to the North Pole in the season 3 premiere. However, when Leonard tells Penny that he loves her, she realizes she cannot say it back, and they break up. Both Leonard and Penny go on to date other people, most notably with Leonard dating Ra... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
the Season 9 finale, Penny and Leonard decide to have a second wedding ceremony for their family and friends, to make up for eloping. In season 10, Sheldon moves into Penny's old apartment with Amy, allowing Penny and Leonard to finally live on their own as husband and wife. In season 12, Penny announces that she does ... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
insisting to Leonard and Penny that they are not romantically involved. In "The Agreement Dissection", Sheldon and Amy talk in her apartment after a night of dancing, and she kisses him on the lips. Instead of getting annoyed, Sheldon says "fascinating" and later asks Amy to be his girlfriend in "The Flaming Spittoon A... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
to open up over the rest of the season, and he starts a more intimate relationship with Amy. However, in the season finale, Sheldon leaves town temporarily to cope with several changes and Amy becomes distraught. However, 45 days into the trip, Sheldon gets mugged and calls for Leonard to drive him home, only to be con... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
the eleventh-season finale. === "Soft Kitty" === The song "Soft Kitty" is described by Sheldon as a song sung by his mother when he was ill. Its repeated use in the series popularized the song. A scene showing the origin of the song in Sheldon's childhood is depicted in an episode of Young Sheldon, which aired on Febru... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
to use the stairs. Stairway conversations between the characters as they walk up the three flights to their apartments occur in almost every episode, often serving as a transition between longer scenes. The Season 3 episode, "The Staircase Implementation" reveals that the elevator was broken when Leonard was experiment... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
was reported the deal "set a record price for a cable off-network sitcom purchase". On September 17, 2019, as part of an extension of the TBS agreement through 2028, Warner Bros.' then-upcoming streaming service HBO Max (now Max) acquired the exclusive American streaming rights to the series. In December 2024, it was a... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
started off slowly in the ratings, failing to make the top 50 in its first season (ranking 68th), and ranking 40th in its second season. When the third season premiered on September 21, 2009, however, The Big Bang Theory ranked as CBS's highest-rated show of that evening in the adults 18–49 demographic (4.6/10) along w... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
viewers with 20.44 million. Showrunner Steve Molaro, who took over from Bill Prady with the sixth season, credits some of the show's success to the sitcom's exposure in off-network syndication, particularly on TBS, while Michael Schneider of TV Guide attributes it to the timeslot move two seasons earlier. Chuck Lorre a... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
to rising ratings. The first part began airing on December 17, 2009, at 9:00 p.m. while the second part, containing the remaining eleven episodes, began airing in the same time period from May 6, 2010. The first half of the fourth season began airing on November 4, 2010, at 9:00 p.m., drawing 877,000 viewers, with a fu... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
to stream from February 15, 2016. === Canadian ratings === The Big Bang Theory started off quietly in Canada, but managed to garner major success in later seasons. The Big Bang Theory is telecast throughout Canada via the CTV Television Network in simultaneous substitution with cross-border CBS affiliates. Now immensel... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
16, 2014, a Lego Ideas project portraying the living room scene in Lego style with the main cast as mini-figures reached 10,000 supporters on the platform, which qualified it to be considered as an official set by the Lego Ideas review board. On November 7, 2014, Lego Ideas approved the design and began refining it. Th... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
take part in a stolen show. === Spin-offs === ==== Young Sheldon ==== In November 2016, it was reported that CBS was in negotiations to create a spin-off of The Big Bang Theory centered on Sheldon as a young boy. The prequel series, described as "a Malcolm in the Middle-esque single-camera family comedy" would be execu... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
the younger Sheldon and viewed by the current-day Sheldon. On January 6, 2018, the show was renewed for a second season. On February 22, 2019, CBS renewed the series for both the third and fourth seasons. On March 30, 2021, CBS renewed the series for a fifth, sixth, and seventh season. The prequel series came to an end... | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
Official website The Big Bang Theory at IMDb The Big Bang Theory at Rotten Tomatoes The Big Bang Theory at Discogs (list of releases) | {
"page_id": 11269605,
"title": "The Big Bang Theory"
} |
Calcium looping (CaL), or the regenerative calcium cycle (RCC), is a second-generation carbon capture technology. It is the most developed form of carbonate looping, where a metal (M) is reversibly reacted between its carbonate form (MCO3) and its oxide form (MO) to separate carbon dioxide from other gases coming from ... | {
"page_id": 42268134,
"title": "Calcium looping"
} |
Whilst the process can be theoretically performed an infinite number of times, the calcium oxide sorbent degrades as it is cycled. For this reason, it is necessary to remove (purge) some of the sorbent from the system and replace it with fresh sorbent (often in the carbonate form). The size of the purge stream compared... | {
"page_id": 42268134,
"title": "Calcium looping"
} |
temperature of 650-700 °C is chosen as a compromise between higher equilibrium (maximum) capture at lower temperatures due to the exothermic nature of the carbonation step, and a decreased reaction rate. Similarly, the temperature of >850 °C in the calcinator strikes a balance between increased rate of calcination at h... | {
"page_id": 42268134,
"title": "Calcium looping"
} |
air separation processes are being developed. The penalties of calcium looping may be reduced by providing the heat for the calcination indirectly. This can be done in one of the following ways: Combustion of fuel in an external chamber and conduction of energy in to the vessel Combustion of fuel in an external chamber... | {
"page_id": 42268134,
"title": "Calcium looping"
} |
the activity of the sorbent reduces quite markedly in laboratory, bench-scale and pilot plant tests. This degradation has been attributed to three main mechanisms, as shown below. === Attrition === Calcium oxide is friable, that is, quite brittle. In fluidised beds, the calcium oxide particles can break apart upon coll... | {
"page_id": 42268134,
"title": "Calcium looping"
} |
raise the temperature of fresh limestone from ambient temperature, can be provided by in-situ oxy-fired combustion of fuel in the calciner. Although additional energy is required to separate O2 from N2, the majority of the energy input can be recovered because the carbonator reaction is exothermic and CO2 from the calc... | {
"page_id": 42268134,
"title": "Calcium looping"
} |
(including on the large internal surface of porous CaO), it impedes further CO2 capture. This product layer grows over the pores and seals them off, forcing carbonation to follow a slower, diffusion dependent mechanism. === Sintering === CaO is also prone to sintering, or change in pore shape, shrinkage and grain growt... | {
"page_id": 42268134,
"title": "Calcium looping"
} |
on the original size fraction but also the number of cycles used and the type of limestone used. === Disposal routes === Proposed disposal routes of waste sorbent include: Landfill; Disposal at sea; Use in cement manufacture; Use in flue gas desulfurisation (FGD). The lifecycle CO2 emissions for power generation with C... | {
"page_id": 42268134,
"title": "Calcium looping"
} |
energy efficiency. Some work has been undertaken into whether calcium looping affects the quality of the Portland cement produced, but results so far seem to suggest that the production of strength-giving phases such as alite are similar for calcium looped and non-calcium looped cement. == Direct Separation Technology ... | {
"page_id": 42268134,
"title": "Calcium looping"
} |
the ocean, thereby permanently capturing addition carbon from the ocean as the CaCO3 reacts to form Ca(HCO3)2 and reversing ocean acidification. == Economic implications == Calcium looping has several economic advantages. === Cost per metric ton for CO2 captured === Firstly, Ca-looping offers greater cost advantage com... | {
"page_id": 42268134,
"title": "Calcium looping"
} |
the indirectly heated Ca-looping process have been reported for integrated concepts in the lime production. These variables should therefore be taken into account to achieve further cost reductions in the Ca-looping process. The cost of limestone is largely driven by market forces, and is outside the control of the pla... | {
"page_id": 42268134,
"title": "Calcium looping"
} |
it is necessary to consider the political, environmental, and health effects of the process as well. === Political implications === Though many recent scientific reports (e.g.: the seven-wedge stabilization plan by Pacala and Socolow) convey an urgent need to deploy CCS, this urgency has not spread to the political est... | {
"page_id": 42268134,
"title": "Calcium looping"
} |
tonne of cement produced. In the developing world, economic growth will drive infrastructure growth, increasing cement demand. Deploying a waste product for cement production could therefore have a large, positive environmental impact. === Environmental implications === The starting material for calcium looping is lime... | {
"page_id": 42268134,
"title": "Calcium looping"
} |
while other methods such as amine scrubbing is required a vastly upscale solvent scrubbing towers. In addition, crushed limestone used in calcium looping as the sorbent is a natural product, which is well distributed all over the world, non-hazardous and inexpensive. Many cement manufacturers or power plants located cl... | {
"page_id": 42268134,
"title": "Calcium looping"
} |
Furthermore, this advantage can be compounded by introducing technology such as cryogenic O2 separation systems. This ups the efficiency of the calcium looping technology by increasing the energy density by 57.4%, making the already low energy penalties even less of an issue. Calcium looping already has an energy advan... | {
"page_id": 42268134,
"title": "Calcium looping"
} |
+ 318 + 51) GW = 784 GW = 7.84 × 1011 W Number of 500 MW power plants: 7.84 × 1011 W / 5.00 × 108 W = 1568 power plants Amount of cement that can be produced from Ca-looping waste: 1568 × 6.11 × 108 kg cement/ year = 9.58 × 1011 kg cement/year Production from Ca-looping waste as percent of total annual cement consumpti... | {
"page_id": 42268134,
"title": "Calcium looping"
} |
The Gordon E. Moore Medal is an award given yearly by the Society of Chemical Industry (SCI America) to someone who has displayed early career success involving innovation in chemical industries. Success is judged in terms of both market impact and effects on quality of life of their work. == Recipients == 2024, Caleb ... | {
"page_id": 53868007,
"title": "Gordon E. Moore Medal (SCI)"
} |
The Penex process is a continuous catalytic process used in the refining of crude oil. It isomerizes light naphtha (C5/C6) into higher-octane, branched C5/C6 molecules. It also reduces the concentration of benzene in the gasoline pool. It was first used commercially in 1958. Ideally, the isomerization catalyst converts... | {
"page_id": 12449256,
"title": "Penex"
} |
(Molex technology) and returning them to the reactor. == Results == A single pass of feedstock with an octane rating of 50-60 through such a bed typically produces an end product rated at 82-86. If the feedstock is subsequently passed through a DIH (deisohexanizer) column, the end product typically has an octane rating... | {
"page_id": 12449256,
"title": "Penex"
} |
This article contains a list of the most studied restriction enzymes whose names start with L to N inclusive. It contains approximately 120 enzymes. The following information is given: Enzyme: Accepted name of the molecule, according to the internationally adopted nomenclature, and bibliographical references. (Further ... | {
"page_id": 27457008,
"title": "List of restriction enzyme cutting sites: L–N"
} |
The Hartman effect describes how the delay time for a quantum tunneling particle is independent of the thickness of the opaque barrier. It is named after Thomas Hartman, who discovered it in 1962. == Overview == The Hartman effect is the tunneling effect through a barrier where the tunneling time tends to a constant fo... | {
"page_id": 12908018,
"title": "Hartman effect"
} |
== Experimental verification of Hartman effect == Tunneling time experiments with quantum particles like electrons are extremely difficult, not only because of the timescales (attoseconds) and length scales (sub-nanometre) involved, but also because of possible confounding interactions with the environment that have no... | {
"page_id": 12908018,
"title": "Hartman effect"
} |
measured group delay was independent of the number of layers, or equivalently, the thickness of the photonic barrier, thus confirming the Hartman effect for tunneling light waves. In another optical experiment, Longhi, et al. sent 380-ps wide laser pulses through the stop band of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG). They measu... | {
"page_id": 12908018,
"title": "Hartman effect"
} |
Hartman effect has also been observed with acoustic waves. Yang, et al. propagated ultrasound pulses through 3d phononic crystals made of tungsten carbide beads in water. For frequencies inside the stop band they found that the group delay saturated with sample thickness. By converting the delay to a velocity through v... | {
"page_id": 12908018,
"title": "Hartman effect"
} |
a decaying exponential, becomes independent of length for a long enough barrier. The group delay saturates because the stored energy saturates. He redefined the group delay in tunneling as the lifetime of stored energy escaping through both ends. This interpretation of group delay as a lifetime also explains why the tr... | {
"page_id": 12908018,
"title": "Hartman effect"
} |
In zoological nomenclature, emendations are intentional alterations made to the spelling of taxon names. In bacteriological nomenclature, emendations are made to the circumscription of a taxon. All emendations are considered by default to be available names. An emendation may be "justified" (when the original spelling ... | {
"page_id": 30733816,
"title": "Emendation (zoology)"
} |
as if it had been justified, and used as the valid spelling of a taxon name by the majority of authors, then it is reclassified as a justified emendation and treated as such in perpetuity. == Examples == correcting a typographical error in the original work is a justified emendation; e.g., a name published as "lashmire... | {
"page_id": 30733816,
"title": "Emendation (zoology)"
} |
A T memory stem cell (TSCM) is a type of long-lived memory T cell with the ability to reconstitute the full diversity of memory and effector T cell subpopulations as well as to maintain their own pool through self-renewal. First described in mice in 2009 then in humans represent a cell type that has reshaped the landsc... | {
"page_id": 72742393,
"title": "T memory stem cell"
} |
in sharp contrast to the existing hierarchical model of human T cell differentiation: naïve T cells (Tn) → effector T cells (Teff) → effector memory T cells → central memory T cells (Tcm)/. After primary antigen exposure and elimination, antigen-specific TSCM preferentially survive among memory T cells and stably persi... | {
"page_id": 72742393,
"title": "T memory stem cell"
} |
diabetes patients there was an enrichment of self-reactive clonotypes in TSCM rather than in Tm, suggesting that TSCM might serve as a pool of autoreactive T cells. == In host defense == Pathogen-specific TSCM cells have been identified in a number of studies of human acute and chronic infections caused by viruses, bac... | {
"page_id": 72742393,
"title": "T memory stem cell"
} |
a combination of IL-7 and IL-15, which have been successfully used to generate tumor-redirected TSCM cells from naive cell precursors, with yielding cells having a gene signature of naturally occurring TSCM cells and enhanced proliferative capacity compared to other T cell subsets. This strategy can be particularly sui... | {
"page_id": 72742393,
"title": "T memory stem cell"
} |
cells exhaustion, T cells stepwise lose their “stemness” while acquiring “exhaustion”. Therefore, approaches that would avoid T cells exhaustion and would “reinvigorate” exhausted T cells have a potential to significantly improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies. Studies of the recent years revealed that TCF-1+ T... | {
"page_id": 72742393,
"title": "T memory stem cell"
} |
type and therapy, most studies agree that tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in patients responding to checkpoint-blockade therapy, such as anti-PD1 therapy, contain more TCF1+ early memory T cells, while fewer T cells with exhausted phenotype compared with TILs in non-responders. A study performed on the preclinical... | {
"page_id": 72742393,
"title": "T memory stem cell"
} |
Transient liquid phase diffusion bonding (TLPDB) is a joining process that has been applied for bonding many metallic and ceramic systems which cannot be bonded by conventional fusion welding techniques. The bonding process produces joints with a uniform composition profile, tolerant of surface oxides and geometrical d... | {
"page_id": 34010616,
"title": "Transient liquid phase diffusion bonding"
} |
higher than the bonding temperature. The joining technique dates back to ancient times. For example, copper oxide painted as an interlayer and covered with tallow or glue to hold gold balls on to a gold article were heated in a reducing flame to form a eutectic alloy alloy at the bond area. == Kinetics == There are man... | {
"page_id": 34010616,
"title": "Transient liquid phase diffusion bonding"
} |
Bodil Holst is a Danish-Norwegian physicist known for her work on nanoscale imaging, material characterisation and mask based lithography using molecular beams. Other research areas include smart surfaces and plant fibre identification. She is a professor in the department of physics and technology at the University of... | {
"page_id": 63567359,
"title": "Bodil Holst"
} |
General relativity is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915, with contributions by many others after 1915. According to general relativity, the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the warping of space and time by those masses. Before the advent of ... | {
"page_id": 1963519,
"title": "History of general relativity"
} |
== Creation of general relativity == === Early investigations === The first relativistic theory of gravity was proposed by Henri Poincaré in 1905. He published a Lorentz invariant theory on four-dimensional spacetime, where gravity is transmitted by gravitational waves that travel at the speed of light. As Einstein lat... | {
"page_id": 1963519,
"title": "History of general relativity"
} |
to calculate that the deflection is nonzero. Einstein urged astronomers to attempt direct observation of light deflection of fixed stars near the Sun during solar eclipses when they would be visible. German astronomer Erwin Finlay-Freundlich publicized Einstein's challenge to scientists around the world. In October 191... | {
"page_id": 1963519,
"title": "History of general relativity"
} |
accurate star positions. In hindsight, the occluding weather and lack of results in 1912 and 1914 favored Einstein. If clear photographs and measurable results had been possible, Einstein's 1911 prediction might have been proven wrong. The amount of deflection that he calculated in 1911 was too small (0.83 seconds of a... | {
"page_id": 1963519,
"title": "History of general relativity"
} |
Riemannian geometry and, more generally, to differential geometry. On the recommendation of Italian mathematician Tullio Levi-Civita, Einstein began exploring the usefulness of general covariance (essentially the use of tensors) for his gravitational theory. For a while, Einstein thought that there were problems with t... | {
"page_id": 1963519,
"title": "History of general relativity"
} |
was quoted saying it was "probably the greatest scientific discovery ever made". There have been claims that scrutiny of the specific photographs taken on the Eddington expedition showed the experimental uncertainty to be comparable to the magnitude of the effect Eddington claimed to have demonstrated, and that a 1962 ... | {
"page_id": 1963519,
"title": "History of general relativity"
} |
precession of Mercury, and so had Einstein very excited. However, it was soon realized that they were inconsistent with the local conservation of energy–momentum unless the universe had a constant density of mass–energy–momentum. In other words, air, rock and even a vacuum should all have the same density. This inconsi... | {
"page_id": 1963519,
"title": "History of general relativity"
} |
it was rumored that only three people in the world understood it. There was an illuminating, though probably apocryphal, anecdote about this. As related by Ludwik Silberstein, during one of Eddington's lectures he asked "Professor Eddington, you must be one of three persons in the world who understands general relativi... | {
"page_id": 1963519,
"title": "History of general relativity"
} |
my career". At the time, it was an ad hoc hypothesis to add in the cosmological constant, as it was only intended to justify one result (a static universe). === More exact solutions === Progress in solving the field equations and understanding the solutions has been ongoing. The solution for a spherically symmetric cha... | {
"page_id": 1963519,
"title": "History of general relativity"
} |
LIGO team, corroborating another prediction of the theory 100 years after it was published. The first image of a black hole, the supermassive one at the center of galaxy Messier 87, was published by the Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration on 10 April 2019. == Alternative theories == There have been various attempts t... | {
"page_id": 1963519,
"title": "History of general relativity"
} |
the mainstream of theoretical physics. During this period, many of the concepts and terms which continue to inspire the imaginations of gravitation researchers and the general public were introduced, including black holes and gravitational singularities. At the same time, in a closely related development, the study of ... | {
"page_id": 1963519,
"title": "History of general relativity"
} |
Flux (also known as FLUX.1) is a text-to-image model developed by Black Forest Labs, based in Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany. Black Forest Labs was founded by former employees of Stability AI. As with other text-to-image models, Flux generates images from natural language descriptions, called prompts. == History == Blac... | {
"page_id": 78378498,
"title": "Flux (text-to-image model)"
} |
for Nvidia's Blackwell microarchitecture. The company also announced the release of Flux Pro Finetuning API, designed for customisation and fine-tuning of Flux-generated images and a partnership with German media company Hubert Burda Media for usage of Flux Pro as part of content creation. == Models == Flux is a series... | {
"page_id": 78378498,
"title": "Flux (text-to-image model)"
} |
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