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Cluster decay, also named heavy particle radioactivity, heavy ion radioactivity or heavy cluster decay, is a rare type of nuclear decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a small "cluster" of neutrons and protons, more than in an alpha particle, but less than a typical binary fission fragment. Ternary fission into three ...	{ "page_id": 2094449, "title": "Cluster decay" }
of any energy loss for fragment deformation and excitation, as in cold fission phenomena or in alpha decay, the total kinetic energy is equal to the Q-value and is divided between the particles in inverse proportion with their masses, as required by conservation of linear momentum E k = Q A d / A {\displaystyle E_{k}=Q...	{ "page_id": 2094449, "title": "Cluster decay" }
height of the potential barrier, mainly of Coulomb nature, for emission of the charged particles is much higher than the observed kinetic energy of the emitted particles. The spontaneous decay can only be explained by quantum tunneling in a similar way to the first application of the Quantum Mechanics to Nuclei given b...	{ "page_id": 2094449, "title": "Cluster decay" }
tunneling may be calculated either by extending fission theory to a larger mass asymmetry or by heavier emitted particle from alpha decay theory. Both fission-like and alpha-like approaches are able to express the decay constant λ = ln ⁡ 2 / T c {\displaystyle \lambda =\ln 2/T_{\text{c}}} , as a product of three model-...	{ "page_id": 2094449, "title": "Cluster decay" }
in a unified manner cold alpha decay, cluster decay, and cold fission (see figure 6.7, p. 287 of the Ref. [2]). One can obtain with good approximation one universal curve (UNIV) for any kind of cluster decay mode with a mass number Ae, including alpha decay log ⁡ T = − log ⁡ P s − 22.169 + 0.598 ( A e − 1 ) {\displayst...	{ "page_id": 2094449, "title": "Cluster decay" }
Jones's experiment was running for about six months in order to get 11 useful events. With modern magnetic spectrometers (SOLENO and Enge-split pole), at Orsay and Argonne National Laboratory (see ch. 7 in Ref. [2] pp. 188–204), a very strong source could be used, so that results were obtained in a run of few hours. So...	{ "page_id": 2094449, "title": "Cluster decay" }
when the daughter nucleus has a magic number of neutrons (Nd = 126) and/or protons (Zd = 82). The known cluster emissions as of 2010 are as follows: == Fine structure == The fine structure in 14C radioactivity of 223Ra was discussed for the first time by M. Greiner and W. Scheid in 1986. The superconducting spectromete...	{ "page_id": 2094449, "title": "Cluster decay" }
PNP Agar is an agar medium used in microbiology to identify Staphylococcus species that have phosphatase activity. The medium changes color when p-nitrophenylphosphate disodium (PNP) is dephosphorylated. PNP agar is composed of Mueller–Hinton agar buffered to pH 5.6 to 5.8, with the addition of 0.495 mg/mL PNP. == Refe...	{ "page_id": 4191602, "title": "PNP agar" }
In polymer science, inherent viscosity is the ratio of the natural logarithm of the relative viscosity of a polymer to its mass concentration. Inherent viscosity scales inversely to mass density, and a common unit is dL/g. Inherent viscosity is defined as η i n h = ln ⁡ η r e l c {\displaystyle \eta _{inh}={\frac {\ln ...	{ "page_id": 38532467, "title": "Inherent viscosity" }
The theory of functional systems is a model that describes the structure of conduct, which was established by Russian and Soviet biologist and physiologist Pyotr Anokhin. == Overview == Functional systems were put forward by Anokhin as an alternative to the predominant concept of reflexes. Contrary to reflexes, the end...	{ "page_id": 30864758, "title": "Theory of functional systems" }
At this stage, comparison of the actual running of the ideal image created during the formation of acceptor result of the action (the reverse occurs afferentation) based on a comparison of the action, or adjusted, or terminated. Meeting the needs (authorizing termination of stage) Choice of targets and methods of achie...	{ "page_id": 30864758, "title": "Theory of functional systems" }
Leo Radom (born 13 December 1944) is an Australian computational chemist. He is a Emeritus Professor of Chemistry at the University of Sydney. He attended North Sydney Boys High School. He has a PhD and a DSc from the University of Sydney and carried out postdoctoral research under the late Sir John Pople. Previously, ...	{ "page_id": 3536249, "title": "Leo Radom" }
In human anatomy, the common iliac veins are formed by the external iliac veins and internal iliac veins. The left and right common iliac veins come together in the abdomen at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra, forming the inferior vena cava. They drain blood from the pelvis and lower limbs. Both common iliac vein...	{ "page_id": 2291066, "title": "Common iliac vein" }
formation of venous spurs and webs. This can lead to narrowing of the vein and cause persistent unilateral leg swelling, contributing to venous thromboembolism. == References ==	{ "page_id": 2291066, "title": "Common iliac vein" }
When speciation is not driven by (or strongly correlated with) divergent natural selection, it can be said to be nonecological, so as to distinguish it from the typical definition of ecological speciation: "It is useful to consider ecological speciation as its own form of species formation because it focuses on an expl...	{ "page_id": 64681338, "title": "Nonecological speciation" }
The Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology is a German institute for evolutionary biology. It is located in Plön, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. == History == The institute was founded by German zoologist Otto Zacharias as Hydrobiologische Station zu Plön. Working in Italy in the 1880s, Zacharias was inspired by t...	{ "page_id": 6747516, "title": "Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology" }
The Béchamp reduction (or Béchamp process) is a chemical reaction that converts aromatic nitro compounds to their corresponding anilines using iron as the reductant: 4 C6H5NO2 + 9 Fe + 4 H2O → 4 C6H5NH2 + 3 Fe3O4 This reaction was once a major route to aniline, but catalytic hydrogenation is the preferred method. == Re...	{ "page_id": 10220921, "title": "Béchamp reduction" }
In quantum mechanics, a density matrix (or density operator) is a matrix used in calculating the probabilities of the outcomes of measurements performed on physical systems. It is a generalization of the state vectors or wavefunctions: while those can only represent pure states, density matrices can also represent mixe...	{ "page_id": 62844, "title": "Density matrix" }
numbers that sum to one (also called populations of the two states \| 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle \|0\rangle } , \| 1 ⟩ {\displaystyle \|1\rangle } ). The off-diagonal elements are complex conjugates of each other (also called coherences); they are restricted in magnitude by the requirement that ( ρ i j ) {\displaystyle (\rho _{ij}...	{ "page_id": 62844, "title": "Density matrix" }
ψ j ⟩ {\displaystyle \left\|\psi _{j}\right\rangle } and coefficients p j {\displaystyle p_{j}} that are non-negative and add up to one.: 102 However, this representation will not be unique, as shown by the Schrödinger–HJW theorem. Another motivation for the definition of density operators comes from considering local m...	{ "page_id": 62844, "title": "Density matrix" }
states == A pure quantum state is a state that can not be written as a probabilistic mixture, or convex combination, of other quantum states. There are several equivalent characterizations of pure states in the language of density operators.: 73 A density operator represents a pure state if and only if: it can be writt...	{ "page_id": 62844, "title": "Density matrix" }
1 1 1 1 ) . {\displaystyle \|\psi \rangle \langle \psi \|={\frac {1}{2}}{\begin{pmatrix}1&1\\1&1\end{pmatrix}}.} Unlike the probabilistic mixture, this superposition can display quantum interference.: 81 Geometrically, the set of density operators is a convex set, and the pure states are the extremal points of that set. ...	{ "page_id": 62844, "title": "Density matrix" }
⟩ + β \| L ⟩ {\displaystyle \alpha \|\mathrm {R} \rangle +\beta \|\mathrm {L} \rangle } (with \| α \| 2 + \| β \| 2 = 1 {\displaystyle \|\alpha \|^{2}+\|\beta \|^{2}=1} ), corresponding to linear, circular, or elliptical polarization. Consider now a vertically polarized photon, described by the state \| V ⟩ = ( \| R ⟩ + \| L ⟩ ) / 2...	{ "page_id": 62844, "title": "Density matrix" }
light can be described as a statistical ensemble, e. g. as each photon having either \| R ⟩ {\displaystyle \|\mathrm {R} \rangle } polarization or \| L ⟩ {\displaystyle \|\mathrm {L} \rangle } polarization with probability 1/2. The same behavior would occur if each photon had either vertical polarization \| V ⟩ {\displaysty...	{ "page_id": 62844, "title": "Density matrix" }
matrix, is completely mixed.: 106 == Equivalent ensembles and purifications == A given density operator does not uniquely determine which ensemble of pure states gives rise to it; in general there are infinitely many different ensembles generating the same density matrix. Those cannot be distinguished by any measuremen...	{ "page_id": 62844, "title": "Density matrix" }
furthermore all purifications of ρ {\displaystyle \rho } are of this form. == Measurement == Let A {\displaystyle A} be an observable of the system, and suppose the ensemble is in a mixed state such that each of the pure states \| ψ j ⟩ {\displaystyle \textstyle \|\psi _{j}\rangle } occurs with probability p j {\displays...	{ "page_id": 62844, "title": "Density matrix" }
P i ρ P i tr ⁡ [ ρ P i ] {\displaystyle \rho _{i}'={\frac {P_{i}\rho P_{i}}{\operatorname {tr} \left[\rho P_{i}\right]}}} when outcome i is obtained. In the case where the measurement result is not known the ensemble is instead described by ρ ′ = ∑ i P i ρ P i . {\displaystyle \;\rho '=\sum _{i}P_{i}\rho P_{i}.} If one...	{ "page_id": 62844, "title": "Density matrix" }
{tr} (\rho \ln \rho ).} This definition implies that the von Neumann entropy of any pure state is zero.: 217 If ρ i {\displaystyle \rho _{i}} are states that have support on orthogonal subspaces, then the von Neumann entropy of a convex combination of these states, ρ = ∑ i p i ρ i , {\displaystyle \rho =\sum _{i}p_{i}\...	{ "page_id": 62844, "title": "Density matrix" }
Liouville–von Neumann equation) describes how a density operator evolves in time. The von Neumann equation dictates that i ℏ d d t ρ = [ H , ρ ] , {\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}\rho =[H,\rho ]~,} where the brackets denote a commutator. This equation only holds when the density operator is taken to be in the Schr...	{ "page_id": 62844, "title": "Density matrix" }
{\displaystyle \rho _{\,\mathrm {I} }(t)} possesses identical structure to the von Neumann equation, except the Hamiltonian must also be transformed into the new picture: i ℏ d d t ρ I ( t ) = [ H 1 , I ( t ) , ρ I ( t ) ] , {\displaystyle {\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}\rho _{\text{I}}(t)=[H_{1,{\text{I}}}(t),\r...	{ "page_id": 62844, "title": "Density matrix" }
vanishing Planck constant ℏ {\displaystyle \hbar } , W ( x , p , t ) {\displaystyle W(x,p,t)} reduces to the classical Liouville probability density function in phase space. == Example applications == Density matrices are a basic tool of quantum mechanics, and appear at least occasionally in almost any type of quantum-...	{ "page_id": 62844, "title": "Density matrix" }
is still pure, but for all practical purposes irreversible, as the environment is a very large and complex quantum system, and it is not feasible to reverse their interaction. Decoherence is thus very important for explaining the classical limit of quantum mechanics, but cannot explain wave function collapse, as all cl...	{ "page_id": 62844, "title": "Density matrix" }
A (that is one without a distinguished representation as an algebra of operators) and states are positive linear functionals on A. However, by using the GNS construction, we can recover Hilbert spaces that realize A as a subalgebra of operators. Geometrically, a pure state on a C*-algebra A is a state that is an extrem...	{ "page_id": 62844, "title": "Density matrix" }
Ronchigram (after Italian physicist Vasco Ronchi [ˈroŋki]) is the convergent beam diffraction pattern of a known object with features comparable to the diffracting wavelength. In the case of electron Ronchigrams amorphous materials are used. The structure of the Ronchigram encodes information about the aberration phase...	{ "page_id": 57865596, "title": "Ronchigram" }
Mathematical oncology is the use of modeling and simulations applied to the study of cancer (oncology). == History == Teorell made preliminary efforts to model in a work published 1937 because of the problem of the time a drug injected exists within the body was an unknown. Modelling by epidemiological data originated ...	{ "page_id": 77657472, "title": "Mathematical oncology" }
Mathematical Oncology Program mathematical-oncology.org Cook, P. J.; Doll, Richard; Fellingham, S. A. (15 January 1969). "A mathematical model for the age distribution of cancer in man". International Journal of Cancer. 4 (1). John Wiley & Sons: 93–112. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910040113. PMID 5346480. Boeryd, B.; Ganelius, T....	{ "page_id": 77657472, "title": "Mathematical oncology" }
Probir Roy (born 4 October 1942) is an Indian particle physicist and a former professor at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research. He is also a senior scientist of the Indian National Science Academy at Bose Institute and a former Raja Ramanna fellow of Department of Atomic Energy at Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics. ...	{ "page_id": 53998974, "title": "Probir Roy" }
University as an instructor. Before returning to India in 1972, he had a one-year spell at CERN during 1971–72 as a visiting scientist. Roy's career at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research started in 1972 as a visiting fellow and he became a regular research fellow a year later. He served the institution for three de...	{ "page_id": 53998974, "title": "Probir Roy" }
of two real polarised photons and the equation is now known as Roy's Sum Rule. Further, he proposed a solution for U(n)-symmetric Thirring model which has been detailed in two of his articles published in 1975. Later, shifting his focus to supersymmetry and supergravity, he suggested new τ -number violating signals for...	{ "page_id": 53998974, "title": "Probir Roy" }
discriminant at Indian Institute of Science in 2006, Symmetries of nonhierarchical neutrinos from high to low scales at IWTHEP-2007, and Dark Energy of the Universe at Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune in 2015. Roy is one among the Indian participants in the Oxford-India Network in Theoretical Ph...	{ "page_id": 53998974, "title": "Probir Roy" }
and received the elected fellowship of the National Academy of Sciences, India in 2001. == Selected bibliography == === Books === Probir Roy (1968). Current-algebra Applications in Kaon Physics. Department of Physics, Stanford University. Probir Roy (1975). Theory of Lepton-Hadron Processes at High Energies: Partons, S...	{ "page_id": 53998974, "title": "Probir Roy" }
dimensions at a linear collider". Physics Letters B. 634 (2–3): 295–301. arXiv:hep-ph/0509161. Bibcode:2006PhLB..634..295K. doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2006.01.056. S2CID 13912698. == Notes == == References == == External links == Manuel Drees, Rohini Godbole, Probir Roy (2017). "Theory and Phenomenology of Sparticles". Off...	{ "page_id": 53998974, "title": "Probir Roy" }
Radiological warfare is any form of warfare involving deliberate radiation poisoning or contamination of an area with radioisotopes. Nuclear warfare, both via fission and fusion weapons, creates radioisotopes in the form of fission products and neutron-activated surface material. This fallout is incorporated into milit...	{ "page_id": 324997, "title": "Radiological warfare" }
fission products from the spent fuel as a radiological weapon. The Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force authorized Operation Peppermint, to develop and distribute Geiger counters, film packets, and other radiation survey meters to detect radiological warfare. The United States pursued research into an offens...	{ "page_id": 324997, "title": "Radiological warfare" }
rapidly so that cobalt-60 fallout is 8 times more intense than fission at 1 year and 150 times more intense at 5 years. The very long-lived isotopes produced by fission would overtake the cobalt-60 again after about 75 years. Other salted bomb variants that do not use cobalt have also been theorized. For example, salti...	{ "page_id": 324997, "title": "Radiological warfare" }
especially if detectors for radioactivity are not installed beforehand. Radiological warfare with dirty bombs could be used for nuclear terrorism, spreading or intensifying fear. In relation to these weapons, nation states can also spread rumor, disinformation and fear. == Attacks on nuclear power facilities == In 1981...	{ "page_id": 324997, "title": "Radiological warfare" }
Plastic colorants are chemical compounds used to color plastic. Those compounds come in a form of dyes and pigments. The type of a colorant is chosen based on the type of a polymeric resin, that needs to be colored. Dyes are usually used with polycarbonates, polystyrene and acrylic polymers. Pigments are better suited ...	{ "page_id": 54588808, "title": "Plastic colorant" }
A micrometeorite is a micrometeoroid that has survived entry through the Earth's atmosphere. Usually found on Earth's surface, micrometeorites differ from meteorites in that they are smaller in size, more abundant, and different in composition. The IAU officially defines meteoroids as 30 micrometers to 1 meter; microme...	{ "page_id": 1176971, "title": "Micrometeorite" }
those in meteorites. The abundances of cosmogenic manganese (53Mn) in iron spherules and of cosmogenic beryllium (10Be), aluminum (26Al), and solar neon isotope in stony MMs are extraterrestrial The presence of pre-solar grains in some MMs and deuterium excesses in ultra-carbonaceous MMs indicates that they are not onl...	{ "page_id": 1176971, "title": "Micrometeorite" }
collected from deep-sea sediments during the 1873 to 1876 expedition of HMS Challenger. In 1891, Murray and Renard found "two groups [of micrometeorites]: first, black magnetic spherules, with or without a metallic nucleus; second, brown-coloured spherules resembling chondr(ul)es, with a crystalline structure". In 1883...	{ "page_id": 1176971, "title": "Micrometeorite" }
a large area has been concentrated, such as from a roof downspout. === Polar depositions === Micrometeorites found in polar sediments are much less weathered than those found in other terrestrial environments, as evidenced by little etching of interstitial glass, and the presence of large numbers of glass spherules and...	{ "page_id": 1176971, "title": "Micrometeorite" }
of particles returned from the comet, Wild 2, by the Stardust spacecraft show that these particles have compositions that are consistent with many micrometeorites. Nonetheless, some parent bodies of micrometeorites appear to be asteroids with chondrule-bearing carbonaceous chondrites. == Extraterrestrial micrometeorite...	{ "page_id": 1176971, "title": "Micrometeorite" }
In biology, a ring species is a connected series of neighbouring populations, each of which interbreeds with closely sited related populations, but for which there exist at least two "end populations" in the series, which are too distantly related to interbreed, though there is a potential gene flow between each "linke...	{ "page_id": 980365, "title": "Ring species" }
Tibetan Plateau, while adapting to each new environment, meeting again in Siberia where the ends no longer interbreed. These and other discoveries led Mayr to first formulate a theory on ring species in his 1942 study Systematics and the Origin of Species. Also in the 1940s, Robert C. Stebbins described the Ensatina sa...	{ "page_id": 980365, "title": "Ring species" }
sever the breeding connection then the ring species' distal populations will be recognized as two distinct species. The problem is whether to quantify the whole ring as a single species (despite the fact that not all individuals interbreed) or to classify each population as a distinct species (despite the fact that it ...	{ "page_id": 980365, "title": "Ring species" }
spread from Nepal around the inhospitable Tibetan Plateau, to rejoin in Siberia, where the plumbeitarsus and the viridanus appeared to no longer mutually reproduce. Hoplitis producta House mouse Junonia coenia and J. genoveva/J. evarete Lalage leucopygialis, L. nigra, and L. sueurii Larus gulls form a circumpolar "ring...	{ "page_id": 980365, "title": "Ring species" }
rosella) complex Drosophila paulistorum Phylloscopus collybita and P. sindianus Phylloscopus (Willow warblers) Powelliphanta Rhymogona silvatica and R. cervina (the names and classification of these species have changed since the publication suggesting a ring species) Melospiza melodia, a song sparrow, forms a ring aro...	{ "page_id": 980365, "title": "Ring species" }
Dominant Species is a 2010 competitive, area control board game published by GMT Games, designed by Chad Jensen. The game is an evolution-themed game in which players take on the role of broad categories of life: mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians, arachnids, and insects in a world heading for the Ice Age. == Game Pl...	{ "page_id": 66909581, "title": "Dominant Species (board game)" }
tiles or species cubes in ways that help or hinder the players. However the two with most dramatic effects are Glaciation and Dominance. In the Glaciation action the player may change one tile to a much less hospitable tundra tile. This will remove species and possibly Elements from the board and also scores points. In...	{ "page_id": 66909581, "title": "Dominant Species (board game)" }
has ported the game to a digital format. A cards based version and a marine themed sequel have been produced. == Reception == The New Scientist have listed Dominant Species as one of the "9 of the best board games to play for fans of science and tech". According to Andrew Smith: Dominant Species can be a mean, frustrat...	{ "page_id": 66909581, "title": "Dominant Species (board game)" }
The molecular formula C9H12 may refer to: C3-Benzenes Propylbenzenes Cumene n-Propylbenzene Ethyltoluenes 2-Ethyltoluene 3-Ethyltoluene 4-Ethyltoluene Trimethylbenzenes 1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene Mesitylene (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene) Ethylidene norbornene Tetravinylmethane Vinyl norbornene	{ "page_id": 23524758, "title": "C9H12" }
AlphaFold is an artificial intelligence (AI) program developed by DeepMind, a subsidiary of Alphabet, which performs predictions of protein structure. It is designed using deep learning techniques. AlphaFold 1 (2018) placed first in the overall rankings of the 13th Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction (CASP) in ...	{ "page_id": 59766171, "title": "AlphaFold" }
can predict the structure of complexes created by proteins with DNA, RNA, various ligands, and ions. The new prediction method shows a minimum 50% improvement in accuracy for protein interactions with other molecules compared to existing methods. Moreover, for certain key categories of interactions, the prediction accu...	{ "page_id": 59766171, "title": "AlphaFold" }
intelligence (AI) deep learning technique. == Algorithm == DeepMind is known to have trained the program on over 170,000 proteins from the Protein Data Bank, a public repository of protein sequences and structures. The program uses a form of attention network, a deep learning technique that focuses on having the AI ide...	{ "page_id": 59766171, "title": "AlphaFold" }
the neural network's prediction converges, a final refinement step applies local physical constraints using energy minimization based on the AMBER force field. This step only slightly adjusts the predicted structure. A key part of the 2020 system are two modules, believed to be based on a transformer design, which are ...	{ "page_id": 59766171, "title": "AlphaFold" }
bond angles or lengths. With subsequent iterations the number of stereochemical violations fell. By the third iteration the GDT_TS of the prediction was approaching 90, and by the eighth iteration the number of stereochemical violations was approaching zero. The training data was originally restricted to single peptide...	{ "page_id": 59766171, "title": "AlphaFold" }
protein targets in this class, achieving a median score of 58.9 on the CASP's global distance test (GDT) score, ahead of 52.5 and 52.4 by the two next best-placed teams, who were also using deep learning to estimate contact distances. Overall, across all targets, AlphaFold 1 achieved a GDT score of 68.5. In January 202...	{ "page_id": 59766171, "title": "AlphaFold" }
Measured by the root-mean-square deviation (RMS-D) of the placement of the alpha-carbon atoms of the protein backbone chain, which tends to be dominated by the performance of the worst-fitted outliers, 88% of AlphaFold 2's predictions had an RMS deviation of less than 4 Å for the set of overlapped C-alpha atoms. 76% of...	{ "page_id": 59766171, "title": "AlphaFold" }
considered a significant achievement in computational biology and great progress towards a decades-old grand challenge of biology. Nobel Prize winner and structural biologist Venki Ramakrishnan called the result "a stunning advance on the protein folding problem", adding that "It has occurred decades before many people...	{ "page_id": 59766171, "title": "AlphaFold" }
November 2024. == Database of protein models generated by AlphaFold == The AlphaFold Protein Structure Database, a joint project between AlphaFold and EMBL-EBI, was launched on July 22, 2021. At launch, the database contained AlphaFold-predicted models for nearly the complete UniProt proteome of humans and 20 model org...	{ "page_id": 59766171, "title": "AlphaFold" }
AlphaFold models where appropriate. In the algorithm, the residues are moved freely, without any restraints. Therefore, during modeling the integrity of the chain is not maintained. As a result, AlphaFold may produce topologically wrong results, like structures with an arbitrary number of knots. == Applications == Alph...	{ "page_id": 59766171, "title": "AlphaFold" }
of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (Abstract Book), pp. 22–24 John Jumper et al. (December 2020), "AlphaFold 2". Presentation given at CASP 14. Abramson, J., Adler, J., Dunger, J. et al. (May 2024), "Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3", Nature 630, 493–500 (2024) == ...	{ "page_id": 59766171, "title": "AlphaFold" }
This article contains a list of the most studied restriction enzymes whose names start with S. It contains approximately 130 enzymes. The following information is given: Enzyme: Accepted name of the molecule, according to the internationally adopted nomenclature, and bibliographical references. (Further reading: see th...	{ "page_id": 27456923, "title": "List of restriction enzyme cutting sites: S" }
Tribromobenzenes are a group of bromobenzenes with the formula C6H3Br3, consisting of three bromine atoms bonded to a central benzene ring. There are three isomers of tribromobenzene: == See also == Trichlorobenzene == References ==	{ "page_id": 75888028, "title": "Tribromobenzene" }
Juan José Giambiagi (18 June 1924 – 8 January 1996) was an Argentine physicist and discoverer of the dimensional regularization. == References == Wolfgang Bietenholz, Lilian Prado; Revolutionary physics in reactionary Argentina. Physics Today 1 February 2014; 67 (2): 38–43. https://doi.org/10.1063/PT.3.2277[1] Biograph...	{ "page_id": 8648100, "title": "Juan José Giambiagi" }
Eichler's rule is one of several coevolutionary rules which states that parasites tend to be highly specific to their hosts, and thus it seems reasonable to expect a positive co-variation between the taxonomic richness of hosts and that of their parasites. == History == A rule to describe the taxonomic relationship bet...	{ "page_id": 36238757, "title": "Eichler's rule" }
This is a list of long marriages. It includes only marriages extending over at least 80 years. == Background == A study by Robert and Jeanette Lauer, reported in the Journal of Family Issues, conducted on 40 sets of spouses married for at least 50 years, concluded that the long-term married couples received high scores...	{ "page_id": 4519333, "title": "List of long marriages" }
in 1925, and died in 2016 and 2019, respectively. Guinness World Records published its first edition in 1955. In the 1984 to 1998 editions, the longest recorded marriages were between Sir Temulji Bhicaji and Lady Nariman, and Lazarus and Mary Molly Rowe. According to the New England Historical and Genealogical Register...	{ "page_id": 4519333, "title": "List of long marriages" }
The molecular formula C13H14N2O (molar mass: 214.26 g/mol, exact mass: 214.1106 u) may refer to: Fenyramidol, or phenyramidol Harmaline	{ "page_id": 24376745, "title": "C13H14N2O" }
Sequanium was the proposed name for a new element that Romanian physicist Horia Hulubei reported he had discovered in 1939. The name derived from the Latin word Sequana for the river Seine running through Paris where Hulubei worked at that time. Hulubei thought he had discovered element 93 in a tantalite sample from th...	{ "page_id": 24180148, "title": "Sequanium" }
Osmos is a 2009 puzzle video game developed by Canadian developer Hemisphere Games for various systems such as Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, OnLive, iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch and Android. It was designed by Eddy Boxerman, founder of Hemisphere and a former developer at Ubisoft Montreal. == Gameplay == The aim of t...	{ "page_id": 24114614, "title": "Osmos" }
the "force" levels, special motes ("Attractors") influence other motes with a force similar to gravitation. The player has to take into account orbital physics when planning movement in order to save mass when changing course. In these levels, the game optionally assists the player with a course trajectory tool that pl...	{ "page_id": 24114614, "title": "Osmos" }
Resource consumption is about the consumption of non-renewable, or less often, renewable resources. Specifically, it may refer to: water consumption energy consumption electric energy consumption world energy consumption natural gas consumption/gas depletion oil consumption/oil depletion logging/deforestation fishing/o...	{ "page_id": 49542583, "title": "Resource consumption" }
Electroelution is a method used to extract a nucleic acid or a protein sample from an electrophoresis gel by applying a negative current in the plane of the smallest dimension of the gel, drawing the macromolecule to the surface for extraction and subsequent analysis. For example, electroblotting is based upon the same...	{ "page_id": 4126141, "title": "Electroelution" }
After the explanation of van der Waals forces by Fritz London, several scientists soon realised that his definition could be extended from the interaction of two molecules with induced dipoles to macro-scale objects by summing all of the forces between the molecules in each of the bodies involved. The theory is named a...	{ "page_id": 5436866, "title": "Hamaker theory" }
Kim Sterelny (born 1950) is an Australian philosopher and professor of philosophy in the Research School of Social Sciences at Australian National University and Victoria University of Wellington. He is the winner of several international prizes in the philosophy of science, and was previously editor of Biology and Phi...	{ "page_id": 18675139, "title": "Kim Sterelny" }
from evolutionary psychology. By combining an account of neural plasticity, group selection, and niche construction, Sterelny shows how much of the data on which nativist accounts rely can be accounted for without attributing a large number of genetically hardwired modules to the mind/brain. In 2008 Sterelny was awarde...	{ "page_id": 18675139, "title": "Kim Sterelny" }
Kim Sterelny, Australian National University profile	{ "page_id": 18675139, "title": "Kim Sterelny" }
Angomonas deanei is a flagellated trypanosomatid protozoan. As an obligate parasite, it infects the gastrointestinal tract of insects, and is in turn a host to symbiotic bacteria. The bacterial endosymbiont Ca. "Kinetoplastibacterium crithidii" maintains a permanent mutualistic relationship with the protozoan such that...	{ "page_id": 39908807, "title": "Angomonas deanei" }
bacterial nature of the endosymbiont was confirmed in 1977 when it was shown that it could be killed by treating with an antibiotic chloramphenicol, and that it helps the host in synthesising the amino acid arginine from ornithine. As more structural and molecular details were studied, the distinction of A. deanei from...	{ "page_id": 39908807, "title": "Angomonas deanei" }
introns and transcription of long polycistronic mRNAs required by other eukaryotes for complex gene activities. Its entire genome is distributed in 29 chromosomes and contains 10,365 protein-coding genes, 59 transfer RNAs, 26 ribosomal RNAs, and 62 noncoding RNAs. While the protozoan has its separate mitochondria that ...	{ "page_id": 39908807, "title": "Angomonas deanei" }
to infect different mosquitos, and flies, and capable of infecting mammalian fibroblast cells under experimental conditions. Transmission from one insect to another occurs between adults (horizontal transmission) only, and the protozoan cannot fix itself in the hindgut of insect larvae. The flagellum is used as an adhe...	{ "page_id": 39908807, "title": "Angomonas deanei" }
related to members of the genus Taylorella. Re-analysis by GTDB finds the genus sister to Profftella, a symbiont of Diaphorina citri. == References == == External links == Taxonomy at Glycobase Protein database and taxonomy at UniProt Taxonomic information Taxonomic hierarchy at The Taxonomicon Genome information at We...	{ "page_id": 39908807, "title": "Angomonas deanei" }
Mean field theory gives sensible results as long as one is able to neglect fluctuations in the system under consideration. The Ginzburg criterion tells quantitatively when mean field theory is valid. It also gives the idea of an upper critical dimension, a dimensionality of the system above which mean field theory give...	{ "page_id": 26998219, "title": "Ginzburg criterion" }
criterion by another, more relevant one. == Footnotes == == References == V. L. Ginzburg (1961). "Some remarks on phase transitions of the 2nd kind and the microscopic theory of ferroelectric materials". Soviet Physics - Solid State. 2: 1824. D. J. Amit (1974). "The Ginzburg criterion-rationalized". J. Phys. C: Solid S...	{ "page_id": 26998219, "title": "Ginzburg criterion" }
Noisy text analytics is a process of information extraction whose goal is to automatically extract structured or semistructured information from noisy unstructured text data. While Text analytics is a growing and mature field that has great value because of the huge amounts of data being produced, processing of noisy t...	{ "page_id": 6026708, "title": "Noisy text analytics" }
of these data are unstructured and the style of writing is very different from, say, well-written news articles. Analysis for the web data is important because they are sources for market buzz analysis, market review, trend estimation, etc. Also, because of the large amount of data, it is necessary to find efficient me...	{ "page_id": 6026708, "title": "Noisy text analytics" }
quality of the print etc. It can range from 2-3% word error rates to as high as 50-60% word error rates. Handwritten annotations can be particularly hard to decipher, and error rates can be quite high in their presence. Short Messaging Service (SMS): Language usage over computer mediated discourses, like chats, emails ...	{ "page_id": 6026708, "title": "Noisy text analytics" }
Bryology (from Greek bryon, a moss, a liverwort) is the branch of botany concerned with the scientific study of bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts). Bryologists are botanists who have an active interest in observing, recording, classifying or researching bryophytes. The field is often studied along with lich...	{ "page_id": 8517077, "title": "Bryology" }
Bryological Society. == Recognized bryologists == Miles Joseph Berkeley (1803–1889) Elizabeth Gertrude Britton (1858–1934) Margaret Sibella Brown (1866–1961) Agnes Fry (1869–1957/8) Heinrich Christian Funck (1771–1839) Robert Kaye Greville (1794–1866) Wilhelm Theodor Gümbel (1812–1858) Inez M. Haring (1875–1968) Hirosh...	{ "page_id": 8517077, "title": "Bryology" }

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