Split (1)

train · 115k rows

text stringlengths 2 4.67k	source dict
of superbugs. According to studies, even if a patient does not need an antibiotic, a doctor is considerably more likely to prescribe one if they believe the patient does. == Safety and effects to the environment == Antimicrobial nanotechnology is an environmentally friendly solution because it is based from water and c...	{ "page_id": 67958010, "title": "Antimicrobial nanotechnology" }
The molecular formula C9H17NO4 (molar mass: 203.23 g/mol, exact mass: 203.1158 u) may refer to: Acetylcarnitine (ALC) Succinylmonocholine	{ "page_id": 37811450, "title": "C9H17NO4" }
The B2FH paper was a landmark scientific paper on the origin of the chemical elements. The paper's title is Synthesis of the Elements in Stars, but it became known as B2FH from the initials of its authors: Margaret Burbidge, Geoffrey Burbidge, William A. Fowler, and Fred Hoyle. It was written from 1955 to 1956 at the U...	{ "page_id": 12317945, "title": "B2FH paper" }
a mystery. Fred Hoyle offered a hypothesis for the origin of heavy elements. Beginning with a paper in 1946, and expanded upon in 1954, Hoyle proposed that all atomic nuclei heavier than lithium were synthesized in stars. Both theories agreed that some light nuclei (hydrogen, helium and a small amount of lithium) were ...	{ "page_id": 12317945, "title": "B2FH paper" }
nuclear physics and astrophysics involved in how stars produce these heavy elements. By scrutinizing the table of nuclides, the authors identified different stellar environments that could produce the observed isotopic abundance patterns and the nuclear processes that must be responsible for them. The authors invoke nu...	{ "page_id": 12317945, "title": "B2FH paper" }
test Hoyle's hypothesis. The quartet collaborated on several projects whilst in Cambridge; Fowler and Hoyle began work on a review that would become B2FH. Fowler returned to Caltech with the work far from complete, and encouraged the Burbidges to join him in California. Both of the Burbidges had temporary positions cre...	{ "page_id": 12317945, "title": "B2FH paper" }
Some have argued that Fred Hoyle deserved similar recognition for theoretical work on the topic, and contend that his unorthodox views concerning the Big Bang stopped him being awarded a share of the Nobel Prize. Geoffrey Burbidge, for example, argued in 2008 that "Hoyle should have been awarded a Nobel Prize for this ...	{ "page_id": 12317945, "title": "B2FH paper" }
This page provides supplementary chemical data on Ytterbium(III) chloride == Structure and properties data == == Thermodynamic properties == == Spectral data == == References ==	{ "page_id": 10024190, "title": "Ytterbium(III) chloride (data page)" }
Mewgenics is an upcoming tactical role-playing roguelike life simulation video game developed by Edmund McMillen and Tyler Glaiel. The game has players breed cats, which assume character classes and are sent out on adventures, featuring tactical combat on a procedurally-generated grid. Originally announced by Team Meat...	{ "page_id": 72545535, "title": "Mewgenics" }
may choose a cat to level up, thereby enhancing its abilities. The second stage of the game, breeding, comes into play once the player has completed their run. Surviving cats return to the house hub, carrying with them their statistics, as well as equipment that may be used by other cats. Two cats in the same room may ...	{ "page_id": 72545535, "title": "Mewgenics" }
Boy Forever, their planned handheld successor to Super Meat Boy, to prioritize Mew-Genics. It was originally planned to be released in 2014, with a playable build for attendees at PAX Prime in Seattle, Washington between August and September 2013, but Team Meat announced directly before the event that it would only be ...	{ "page_id": 72545535, "title": "Mewgenics" }
built upon an engine developed by Glaiel since 2010 that was capable of importing SVG assets created in Adobe Flash, which was previously utilized for development of The End Is Nigh. In October 2022, the official Steam page for Mewgenics was launched, touting it as a turn-based roguelike legacy game. The game was previ...	{ "page_id": 72545535, "title": "Mewgenics" }
The International Mass Spectrometry Foundation (IMSF) is a non-profit scientific organization in the field of mass spectrometry. It operates the International Mass Spectrometry Society, which consists of 37 member societies and sponsors the International Mass Spectrometry Conference that is held once every two years. =...	{ "page_id": 13235454, "title": "International Mass Spectrometry Foundation" }
A molecular orbital diagram, or MO diagram, is a qualitative descriptive tool explaining chemical bonding in molecules in terms of molecular orbital theory in general and the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) method in particular. A fundamental principle of these theories is that as atoms bond to form molecu...	{ "page_id": 7337217, "title": "Molecular orbital diagram" }
polyatomic molecules with a "central atom" such as methane (CH4) or carbon dioxide (CO2), a MO diagram may show one of the identical bonds to the central atom. For other polyatomic molecules, an MO diagram may show one or more bonds of interest in the molecules, leaving others out for simplicity. Often even for simple ...	{ "page_id": 7337217, "title": "Molecular orbital diagram" }
that of the original atomic orbitals. A bond involving molecular orbitals which are symmetric with respect to any rotation around the bond axis is called a sigma bond (σ-bond). If the phase cycles once while rotating round the axis, the bond is a pi bond (π-bond). Symmetry labels are further defined by whether the orbi...	{ "page_id": 7337217, "title": "Molecular orbital diagram" }
The electrons in the bonding MO's are called bonding electrons and any electrons in the antibonding orbital would be called antibonding electrons. The reduction in energy of these electrons is the driving force for chemical bond formation. Whenever mixing for an atomic orbital is not possible for reasons of symmetry or...	{ "page_id": 7337217, "title": "Molecular orbital diagram" }
between geometry and orbital energies is given in Walsh diagrams. == s-p mixing == The phenomenon of s-p mixing occurs when molecular orbitals of the same symmetry formed from the combination of 2s and 2p atomic orbitals are close enough in energy to further interact, which can lead to a change in the expected order of...	{ "page_id": 7337217, "title": "Molecular orbital diagram" }
the latter. However this is of less significance than the interaction of the bonding MOs. == Diatomic MO diagrams == A diatomic molecular orbital diagram is used to understand the bonding of a diatomic molecule. MO diagrams can be used to deduce magnetic properties of a molecule and how they change with ionization. The...	{ "page_id": 7337217, "title": "Molecular orbital diagram" }
order for dihydrogen is (2-0)/2 = 1. The photoelectron spectrum of dihydrogen shows a single set of multiplets between 16 and 18 eV (electron volts). The dihydrogen MO diagram helps explain how a bond breaks. When applying energy to dihydrogen, a molecular electronic transition takes place when one electron in the bond...	{ "page_id": 7337217, "title": "Molecular orbital diagram" }
is diberyllium. Beryllium has an electron configuration 1s22s2, so there are again two electrons in the valence level. However, the 2s can mix with the 2p orbitals in diberyllium, whereas there are no p orbitals in the valence level of hydrogen or helium. This mixing makes the antibonding 1σu orbital slightly less anti...	{ "page_id": 7337217, "title": "Molecular orbital diagram" }
can overlap side-on. The resulting bonding orbital has its electron density in the shape of two lobes above and below the plane of the molecule. The orbital is not symmetric around the molecular axis and is therefore a pi orbital. The antibonding pi orbital (also asymmetrical) has four lobes pointing away from the nucl...	{ "page_id": 7337217, "title": "Molecular orbital diagram" }
eV (broad), the 2σu electrons at 19 eV (doublet), the 1πu4 electrons at 17 eV (multiplets), and finally the 3σg2 at 15.5 eV (sharp). === Dioxygen === Oxygen has a similar setup to H2, but now we consider 2s and 2p orbitals. When creating the molecular orbitals from the p orbitals, the three atomic orbitals split into t...	{ "page_id": 7337217, "title": "Molecular orbital diagram" }
electrons equals the number of antibonding electrons and this molecule does not exist. === Dimolybdenum and ditungsten === Dimolybdenum (Mo2) is notable for having a sextuple bond. This involves two sigma bonds (4dz2 and 5s), two pi bonds (using 4dxz and 4dyz), and two delta bonds (4dx2 − y2 and 4dxy). Ditungsten (W2) ...	{ "page_id": 7337217, "title": "Molecular orbital diagram" }
acquired by delving into quantum chemistry; the Schrödinger equation can be applied to predict movement and describe the state of the electrons in a molecule. === NO === Nitric oxide is a heteronuclear molecule that exhibits mixing. The construction of its MO diagram is the same as for the homonuclear molecules. It has...	{ "page_id": 7337217, "title": "Molecular orbital diagram" }
p orbital is divided into px, py, and pz. With these derived atomic orbitals, symmetry labels are deduced with respect to rotation about the principal axis which generates a phase change, pi bond (π) or generates no phase change, known as a sigma bond (σ). Symmetry labels are further defined by whether the atomic orbit...	{ "page_id": 7337217, "title": "Molecular orbital diagram" }
identity operation E and by σv(xz) (reflection in the plane bisecting the H-O-H angle). The oxygen atomic orbitals are labeled according to their symmetry as a1 for the 2s orbital and b1 (2px), b2 (2py) and a1 (2pz) for the three 2p orbitals. The two hydrogen 1s orbitals are premixed to form a1 (σ) and b2 (σ*) MO. Mixi...	{ "page_id": 7337217, "title": "Molecular orbital diagram" }
Metal dusting is "a catastrophic form of corrosion that occurs when susceptible materials are exposed to environments with high carbon activities." The corrosion manifests itself as a break-up of bulk metal to metal powder. The suspected mechanism is firstly the deposition of a graphite layer on the surface of the meta...	{ "page_id": 24179967, "title": "Metal dusting" }
The International Conference on Microreaction Technology (IMRET) is a scientific conference series in the field of micro process engineering and the science of microreactors. == Chronology == IMRET 1, Frankfurt, Germany, February 1997 IMRET 2, New Orleans, United States, March 1998 IMRET 3, Frankfurt, Germany, April 19...	{ "page_id": 6157570, "title": "International Conference on Microreaction Technology" }
Bootstrap aggregating, also called bagging (from bootstrap aggregating) or bootstrapping, is a machine learning (ML) ensemble meta-algorithm designed to improve the stability and accuracy of ML classification and regression algorithms. It also reduces variance and overfitting. Although it is usually applied to decision...	{ "page_id": 1307911, "title": "Bootstrap aggregating" }
original, bootstrap, and out-of-bag datasets. Each section below will explain how each dataset is made except for the original dataset. The original dataset is whatever information is given. === Creating the bootstrap dataset === The bootstrap dataset is made by randomly picking objects from the original dataset. Also,...	{ "page_id": 1307911, "title": "Bootstrap aggregating" }
that an object is left out of the bootstrap dataset is low. The next few sections talk about how the random forest algorithm works in more detail. === Creation of Decision Trees === The next step of the algorithm involves the generation of decision trees from the bootstrapped dataset. To achieve this, the process exami...	{ "page_id": 1307911, "title": "Bootstrap aggregating" }
examining a bootstrapped set of samples, only a small but consistent number of unique features are considered when ranking them as classifiers. This means that each tree only knows about the data pertaining to a small constant number of features, and a variable number of samples that is less than or equal to that of th...	{ "page_id": 1307911, "title": "Bootstrap aggregating" }
random forests are too deep, overfitting can still occur due to over-specificity. If the forest is too large, the algorithm may become less efficient due to an increased runtime. Random forests also do not generally perform well when given sparse data with little variability. However, they still have numerous advantage...	{ "page_id": 1307911, "title": "Bootstrap aggregating" }
set D {\displaystyle D} , Inducer I {\displaystyle I} and the number of bootstrap samples m {\displaystyle m} as input. Generate a classifier C ∗ {\displaystyle C^{*}} as output Create m {\displaystyle m} new training sets D i {\displaystyle D_{i}} , from D {\displaystyle D} with replacement Classifier C i {\displaysty...	{ "page_id": 1307911, "title": "Bootstrap aggregating" }
the lines. By taking the average of 100 smoothers, each corresponding to a subset of the original dataset, we arrive at one bagged predictor (red line). The red line's flow is stable and does not overly conform to any data point(s). == Advantages and disadvantages == Advantages: Many weak learners aggregated typically ...	{ "page_id": 1307911, "title": "Bootstrap aggregating" }
(1): 78–100. doi:10.1017/S0269888913000313. S2CID 27301684. Boehmke, Bradley; Greenwell, Brandon (2019). "Bagging". Hands-On Machine Learning with R. Chapman & Hall. pp. 191–202. ISBN 978-1-138-49568-5.	{ "page_id": 1307911, "title": "Bootstrap aggregating" }
The obturator fascia, or fascia of the internal obturator muscle, covers the pelvic surface of that muscle and is attached around the margin of its origin. Above, it is loosely connected to the back part of the arcuate line, and here it is continuous with the iliac fascia. In front of this, as it follows the line of or...	{ "page_id": 5174537, "title": "Obturator fascia" }
The Bodroux–Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis is a chemical reaction whereby a Grignard reagent is converted to an aldehyde one carbon longer. Reaction of a Grignard reagent with triethyl orthoformate gives an acetal, which can be hydrolyzed to an aldehyde. For example, the synthesis of n-hexanal: == See also == Bouveault...	{ "page_id": 2028811, "title": "Bodroux–Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis" }
Titermax is a mixture of compounds used in antibody generation and vaccination to stimulate the immune system to recognise an antigen given together with the mixture. Titermax is a developed immune adjuvant. It is a water-in-oil emulsion and consists of squalene, an emulsifier (sorbitan monooleate 80), a patented block...	{ "page_id": 6550797, "title": "Titermax" }
Operation Ranch Hand was a U.S. military operation during the Vietnam War, lasting from 1962 until 1971. Largely inspired by the British use of chemicals 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D (Agent Orange) during the Malayan Emergency in the 1950s, it was part of the overall herbicidal warfare program during the war called "Operation Tra...	{ "page_id": 259341, "title": "Operation Ranch Hand" }
The remaining 5% were sprayed by the U.S. Chemical Corps, other military branches, and the Republic of Vietnam using hand sprayers, spray trucks, helicopters and boats, primarily around U.S. military installations. == Defoliants == The herbicides used were sprayed at up to 50 times the concentration than for normal agr...	{ "page_id": 259341, "title": "Operation Ranch Hand" }
combined with an oil-based mixture of picloram, a proprietary Dow Chemical product called Tordon 101, an ingredient of Agent White. The herbicides were procured by the U.S. military from Dow Chemical Company (all but Agent Blue), Monsanto (Agent Orange, Agent Purple, and Agent Pink), Hercules Inc. (Agent Orange and Age...	{ "page_id": 259341, "title": "Operation Ranch Hand" }
the Mekong Delta region where U.S. Navy patrol boats were vulnerable to attack from areas of undergrowth along the water's edge. Storage, mixing, loading, and washing areas and a parking ramp were located just off the base's inside taxiway between the Hot Cargo Ramp and the control tower. For operations along the centr...	{ "page_id": 259341, "title": "Operation Ranch Hand" }
and 2,4-D (virtually identical to America's use in Vietnam) on a large scale throughout the Malayan Emergency in the 1950s in order to destroy bushes, crops, and trees in effort to deny communist insurgents the cover they needed to ambush passing convoys. Indeed, Secretary of State Dean Rusk told President Kennedy on 2...	{ "page_id": 259341, "title": "Operation Ranch Hand" }
used, weather conditions and other details were recorded and later put into a database called the Herbicide Reporting System (HERBS) tapes. The effectiveness of the spraying was influenced by many factors including weather and terrain. Spray runs occurred during the early morning hours before temperatures rose above 85...	{ "page_id": 259341, "title": "Operation Ranch Hand" }
Laboratory found that 2,4,5-T could cause birth defects and stillbirths in mice. The U.S. government suspended the military use of 2,4,5-T in the U.S. in April 1970. Sporadic crop destruction sorties using Agent Blue and Agent White continued throughout 1970 until the final Ranch Hand run was flown on 7 January 1971. =...	{ "page_id": 259341, "title": "Operation Ranch Hand" }
Atoll in 1977 Aerial herbicide application in the War on Drugs == References == == Further reading == Buckingham, William A. Jr. Operation Ranch Hand. Office of Air Force History, 1982. Archived == External links == An extensive repository of Agent Orange documentation, especially as regards US Military operations and ...	{ "page_id": 259341, "title": "Operation Ranch Hand" }
The CompTox Chemicals Dashboard is a freely accessible online database created and maintained by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The database provides access to multiple types of data including physicochemical properties, environmental fate and transport, exposure, usage, in vivo toxicity, and in vitro ...	{ "page_id": 60552462, "title": "CompTox Chemicals Dashboard" }
their relevance to a specific research topic (such as additives in cigarettes or chemicals demonstrating effects on neurodevelopmental effects) or the specific assay endpoints they are covered by. Within the online dashboard searches can be performed by product/use categories, assay/gene, systematic name, synonym, CAS ...	{ "page_id": 60552462, "title": "CompTox Chemicals Dashboard" }
Chemical database Environmental science Environmental informatics == References ==	{ "page_id": 60552462, "title": "CompTox Chemicals Dashboard" }
Selman Abraham Waksman (July 22, 1888 – August 16, 1973) was a Jewish American inventor, Nobel Prize laureate, biochemist and microbiologist whose research into the decomposition of organisms that live in soil enabled the discovery of streptomycin and several other antibiotics. A professor of biochemistry and microbiol...	{ "page_id": 718096, "title": "Selman Waksman" }
agriculture. He continued his studies at Rutgers, receiving a Master of Science the following year, in 1916. During his graduate study, he worked under J. G. Lipman at the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station at Rutgers performing research in soil bacteriology. Waksman spent some months in 1915–1916 at the United...	{ "page_id": 718096, "title": "Selman Waksman" }
Waksman, was succeeded in this position by his son, Byron H. Waksman, from 1970 to 2000. == Research == === Streptomycin === Waksman had been studying the Streptomyces family of organisms since his college student days and had, for a time, been studying the organism Streptomyces griseus. Streptomycin was isolated from ...	{ "page_id": 718096, "title": "Selman Waksman" }
considerable mistake by failing to recognize Schatz's contribution." Systematic experiments to test several strains of antibiotics against several different disease organisms were underway in Waksman's laboratory at the time. Their classic approach was to explore a complete matrix with rows consisting of antibiotics an...	{ "page_id": 718096, "title": "Selman Waksman" }
the practice of Concord grape rootstock to safeguard French vineyards from fungal infections. == Awards and honors == Waksman acquired many awards and honors, including the Nobel Prize in 1952; the Star of the Rising Sun granted to him by the emperor of Japan, and the rank of Commandeur in the French Légion d'honneur. ...	{ "page_id": 718096, "title": "Selman Waksman" }
Balance of Credit for Discovery" Findagrave: Selman Waksman The Waksman Institute of Microbiology at Rutgers University No Nobel for You – Top 10 Nobel Snubs, Scientific American	{ "page_id": 718096, "title": "Selman Waksman" }
In organic synthesis the Béchamp reaction is used for producing arsonic acids from activated aromatic substrates. The reaction is an electrophilic aromatic substitution, using arsenic acid as the electrophile. The reaction proceeds according to this idealized stoichiometry for the preparation of arsanilic acid: C6H5NH2...	{ "page_id": 10220817, "title": "Bechamp reaction" }
Orinoeme rubricollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by William John Macleay in 1886. == References ==	{ "page_id": 45544724, "title": "Orinoeme rubricollis" }
Thyroxine deiodinase may refer to: Iodothyronine deiodinase Thyroxine 5-deiodinase	{ "page_id": 25883927, "title": "Thyroxine deiodinase" }
Mathematical chemistry is the area of research engaged in novel applications of mathematics to chemistry; it concerns itself principally with the mathematical modeling of chemical phenomena. Mathematical chemistry has also sometimes been called computer chemistry, but should not be confused with computational chemistry...	{ "page_id": 1570072, "title": "Mathematical chemistry" }
useful number or the result of some standardized experiment; concept from cheminformaticsPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Molecular modelling – Discovering chemical properties by physical simulations List of quantum chemistry and solid state physics software List of software for molecular mechanics ...	{ "page_id": 1570072, "title": "Mathematical chemistry" }
AlphaStar is an artificial intelligence (AI) software developed by DeepMind for playing the video game StarCraft II. It was unveiled to the public by name in January 2019. AlphaStar attained "Grandmaster" status in August 2019, a significant milestone not just for AI in video games, but arguably for the field as a whol...	{ "page_id": 59766042, "title": "AlphaStar (software)" }
in Q1 of 2017. By 2017, DeepMind was experimenting with feeding StarCraft data into its software. In August 2017, DeepMind and Blizzard released development tools to assist in bot development, as well as data from 65,000 historical games. At the time, computer scientist and StarCraft tournament manager David Churchill ...	{ "page_id": 59766042, "title": "AlphaStar (software)" }
is necessary to solve what DeepMind's Dave Silver calls "the exploration problem": discovering new strategies would otherwise be like finding a "needle in a haystack". Agents then play each other and deploy deep reinforcement learning. These main agents also learn by playing against suboptimal "exploiter agents" whose ...	{ "page_id": 59766042, "title": "AlphaStar (software)" }
was surprised by AlphaStar, stating that he did not expect such a "superhuman" performance for "another couple of years"; in contrast, Churchill states "StarCraft is nowhere near being 'solved', and AlphaStar is not yet even close to playing at a world champion level". == Legacy == DeepMind argues that insights from Al...	{ "page_id": 59766042, "title": "AlphaStar (software)" }
Acta Morphologica Neerlando-Scandinavica (ISSN 0001-6225) is an anatomical journal that was published in Utrecht, Netherlands, by Oosthoek from 1956 to 1989. It consists of volumes 1–27, and is a continuation of the earlier journal Acta Neerlandica Morphologiae normalis et pathologicae (ISSN 0033-183X), published by Oo...	{ "page_id": 19789082, "title": "European Journal of Morphology" }
The genetic history of Italy includes information around the formation, ethnogenesis, and other DNA-specific information about the inhabitants of Italy. Modern Italians mainly descend from the ancient peoples of Italy, including Indo-European speakers (Romans and other Latins, Falisci, Picentes, Umbrians, Oscans, Sicel...	{ "page_id": 28046622, "title": "Genetic history of Italy" }
substantial genetic ancestry shift towards central and northern European ancestry in the inhabitants of the city of Rome in late antiquity and the medieval era. The authors tentatively link the origin of this ancestry with Visigoths and Lombards. Previously, most citizens in the imperial era clustered with central and ...	{ "page_id": 28046622, "title": "Genetic history of Italy" }
was greater than that observed throughout the entire European continent. The genetic distance between Northern and Southern Italians, although large for a single European nationality, is similar to that between the Northern and the Southern Germans. Northern and Southern Italians began to diverge as early as the Late G...	{ "page_id": 28046622, "title": "Genetic history of Italy" }
what would be later called Magna Graecia. Around the same time, Phoenician colonists settled on the western side of Sicily. During the same period the Etruscan civilization developed on the coast of Southern Tuscany and Northern Latium. In the 4th century BC, Gauls settled in Northern Italy and in parts of Central Ital...	{ "page_id": 28046622, "title": "Genetic history of Italy" }
mtDNA 2007 study proposing such an origin based on modern Murlo samples has since been criticized. Overall, ancient DNA supports the view that the Etruscans were a native population of central Italy, preserving local ancestry despite language retention from pre-Indo-European times. === Latins === A genetic study publis...	{ "page_id": 28046622, "title": "Genetic history of Italy" }
inhabitants. The results supported a distribution of genetic variation along a north–south axis and supported demic diffusion. South Italian samples clustered with southeast and south-central European samples, and northern groups with West Europe.: 295 A 2004 study by Semino et al. showed that Italians from the north-c...	{ "page_id": 28046622, "title": "Genetic history of Italy" }
Balkan populations than northern ones; conversely, northern samples are genetically closer to North-West Europe and Northern Balkan groups". The position of Volterra in central Tuscany keeps the debate about the origins of Etruscans open, although the numbers are strongly in favor of the autochthonous thesis: the low p...	{ "page_id": 28046622, "title": "Genetic history of Italy" }
conquest of the last town, Noto in 1091, and would last until 1198. Nowadays it is in central and western Sicily, that Norman Y-DNA is common, with 15% to 20% of the lineages belonging to haplogroup I, this percentage drops to 8% in the eastern part of the island. The North African male contribution to Sicily was estim...	{ "page_id": 28046622, "title": "Genetic history of Italy" }
with the exception of Latium, Volterra, Basilicata and Sicily where frequencies between 2 and 3% have been found. A study in 2012 by Brisighelli et al. stated that an analysis of ancestral informative markers "as carried out in the present study indicated that Italy shows a very minor sub-Saharan African component that...	{ "page_id": 28046622, "title": "Genetic history of Italy" }
a significant European admixture (30–60%), much of it Southern European, a lot of which came from Italy when Jewish diaspora males of Middle Eastern origin migrated to Rome and found wives among local women who then converted to Judaism. More specifically, Ashkenazi Jews could be modeled as being 50% Levantine and 50% ...	{ "page_id": 28046622, "title": "Genetic history of Italy" }
the Eneolithic Age and the Roman Age. A 2020 analysis of maternal haplogroups from ancient and modern samples in the central Italian region of Umbria finds a substantial genetic similarity among modern Umbrians and the area's pre-Roman inhabitants, and evidence of substantial genetic continuity in the region from pre-R...	{ "page_id": 28046622, "title": "Genetic history of Italy" }
average admixture date of around 55 generations/1100 years ago was also calculated, "consistent with North African gene flow at the end of the Roman Empire and subsequent Arab migrations" A 2012 study by Di Gaetano et al. used 1,014 Italians with wide geographical coverage. It showed that the current population of Sard...	{ "page_id": 28046622, "title": "Genetic history of Italy" }
sample from Anatolia. But there hasn't been any significant admixture from the Middle East or North Africa into Italy and the rest of Southern Europe since then. Ancient DNA analysis reveals that Ötzi the Iceman clusters with modern Southern Europeans and closest to Italians (the orange "Europe S" dots in the plots bel...	{ "page_id": 28046622, "title": "Genetic history of Italy" }
al. (2012) and Fiorito et al. (2015) but has much better geographical coverage of samples, with 737 individuals from 20 locations in 15 different regions being tested. The study also for the first time includes a formal admixture test that models the ancestry of Italians by inferring admixture events using all of the W...	{ "page_id": 28046622, "title": "Genetic history of Italy" }
of Post-Neolithic Caucasus- and Levantine-related ancestries." A news article associated with the Max Planck Society, reviewing the results, while beginning by stating that "populations along the eastern Mediterranean coast share a genetic heritage that transcends nationality", also points out how this study is interes...	{ "page_id": 28046622, "title": "Genetic history of Italy" }
Early European Farmers (Neolithic), and Western Steppe Herders (Bronze Age). A 2022 genome-wide study of more than 700 individuals from the South Mediterranean area (102 from Southern Italy), combined with ancient DNA from neighbouring areas, found high affinities of South-Eastern Italians with modern Eastern Peloponne...	{ "page_id": 28046622, "title": "Genetic history of Italy" }
PMID 30206220. Aneli, Serena; Saupe, Tina; Montinaro, Francesco; Solnik, Anu; Molinaro, Ludovica; Scaggion, Cinzia; Carrara, Nicola; Raveane, Alessandro; Kivisild, Toomas; Metspalu, Mait; Scheib, Christiana; Pagani, Luca (2022). "The genetic origin of Daunians and the Pan-Mediterranean southern Italian Iron Age context...	{ "page_id": 28046622, "title": "Genetic history of Italy" }
Machine learning control (MLC) is a subfield of machine learning, intelligent control, and control theory which aims to solve optimal control problems with machine learning methods. Key applications are complex nonlinear systems for which linear control theory methods are not applicable. == Types of problems and tasks ...	{ "page_id": 53802271, "title": "Machine learning control" }
as neural networks. The core idea revolves around learning a control policy that minimizes a long-term cost function J {\displaystyle J} , defined as J ( x ( t ) ) = ∫ t ∞ e − γ ( τ − t ) r ( x ( τ ) , u ( τ ) ) d τ {\displaystyle J(x(t))=\int _{t}^{\infty }e^{-\gamma (\tau -t)}r(x(\tau ),u(\tau ))\,d\tau } , where x {...	{ "page_id": 53802271, "title": "Machine learning control" }
the review article of PJ Fleming & RC Purshouse (2002). As is the case for all general nonlinear methods, MLC does not guarantee convergence, optimality, or robustness for a range of operating conditions. == See also == Reinforcement learning == References == == Further reading ==	{ "page_id": 53802271, "title": "Machine learning control" }
In machine learning, the Highway Network was the first working very deep feedforward neural network with hundreds of layers, much deeper than previous neural networks. It uses skip connections modulated by learned gating mechanisms to regulate information flow, inspired by long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural...	{ "page_id": 55375136, "title": "Highway network" }
⋅ T ( x , W T ) + x ⋅ C ( x , W C ) = H ( x , W H ) ⋅ T ( x , W T ) + x ⋅ ( 1 − T ( x , W T ) ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}y=H(x,W_{H})\cdot T(x,W_{T})+x\cdot C(x,W_{C})\\=H(x,W_{H})\cdot T(x,W_{T})+x\cdot (1-T(x,W_{T}))\end{aligned}}} == Related work == Sepp Hochreiter analyzed the vanishing gradient problem in 19...	{ "page_id": 55375136, "title": "Highway network" }
if their gates are kept open (activation 1.0), they become Residual Networks. The residual connection is a special case of the "short-cut connection" or "skip connection" by Rosenblatt (1961) and Lang & Witbrock (1988) which has the form x ↦ F ( x ) + A x {\displaystyle x\mapsto F(x)+Ax} . Here the randomly initialized...	{ "page_id": 55375136, "title": "Highway network" }
The North American Mycological Association (NAMA), is a non-profit organization of amateurs and professionals who are interested in fungi, including mushrooms, morels, truffles, molds, and related organisms. NAMA aims "to promote, pursue, and advance the science of mycology." == Membership == Membership is open to all ...	{ "page_id": 9368863, "title": "North American Mycological Association" }
The forest floor, also called detritus or duff, is the part of a forest ecosystem that mediates between the living, aboveground portion of the forest and the mineral soil, principally composed of dead and decaying plant matter such as rotting wood and shed leaves. In some countries, like Canada, forest floor refers to ...	{ "page_id": 23065889, "title": "Forest floor" }
Decomposers, such as arthropods and fungi, are necessary for the transformation of dead organic matter to usable nutrients. The sustained productivity of forests is closely linked with the decomposition of shed plant parts, particularly the nutrient-rich foliage. The forest floor is also an important fuel source in for...	{ "page_id": 23065889, "title": "Forest floor" }
of temperate forests which store nutrients in soil. The lush vegetation is made possible by the abundance and rapid action of termites, millipedes and other organisms, which break down organic matter and promptly consign it to the mycorrhizal network. Therefore, the leaf litter layer of tropical forests may be consider...	{ "page_id": 23065889, "title": "Forest floor" }
Reverse diffusion refers to a situation where the transport of particles (atoms or molecules) in a medium occurs towards regions of higher concentration gradients, opposite to that observed during diffusion. This phenomenon occurs during phase separation and is described by the Cahn–Hilliard equation. Reverse diffusion...	{ "page_id": 2684190, "title": "Reverse diffusion" }
Highly charged ions (HCI) are ions in very high charge states due to the loss of many or most of their bound electrons by energetic collisions or high-energy photon absorption. Examples are 13-fold ionized iron, Fe13+ or Fe XIV in spectroscopic notation, found in the Sun's corona, or naked uranium, U92+ (U XCIII in spe...	{ "page_id": 15725860, "title": "Highly charged ion" }
A resonator is a device or system that exhibits resonance or resonant behavior. That is, it naturally oscillates with greater amplitude at some frequencies, called resonant frequencies, than at other frequencies. The oscillations in a resonator can be either electromagnetic or mechanical (including acoustic). Resonator...	{ "page_id": 521510, "title": "Resonator" }
most often used for a homogeneous object in which vibrations travel as waves, at an approximately constant velocity, bouncing back and forth between the sides of the resonator. The material of the resonator, through which the waves flow, can be viewed as being made of millions of coupled moving parts (such as atoms). T...	{ "page_id": 521510, "title": "Resonator" }
is rectilinear. If the resonator is inhomogeneous or has a nonrectilinear shape, like a circular drumhead or a cylindrical microwave cavity, the resonant frequencies may not occur at equally spaced multiples of the fundamental frequency. They are then called overtones instead of harmonics. There may be several such ser...	{ "page_id": 521510, "title": "Resonator" }
used at microwave frequencies and above, where wavelengths are short enough that the cavity is conveniently small in size. Due to the low resistance of their conductive walls, cavity resonators have very high Q factors; that is their bandwidth, the range of frequencies around the resonant frequency at which they will r...	{ "page_id": 521510, "title": "Resonator" }

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.