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== O == Organic chemistry -- == P == Periodic table -- Pharmacology -- Physical chemistry -- Plastic -- Polymer -- Process control -- Process design -- Process modeling -- Process safety -- == Q == Qualitative inorganic analysis -- Quantitative analysis -- Quantum chemistry -- Quartz -- == R == Rate equation -- Reverse...	{ "page_id": 3667138, "title": "Index of chemical engineering articles" }
The Bank of Natural Capital is an educational initiative associated with The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) to communicate natural capital investment and value theory related to what are sometimes called "economic intangibles" to the global public, in particular the direct economic and financial value ...	{ "page_id": 29488325, "title": "Bank of Natural Capital" }
In organic chemistry, the Baudisch reaction is a process for the synthesis of nitrosophenols using metal ions. Although the products are of limited value, the reaction is of historical interest as an example of metal-promoted functionalization of aromatic substrates. == History and Mechanism == As described originally ...	{ "page_id": 10220742, "title": "Baudisch reaction" }
the reason Konecny observed very low percent yields. == Properties of o-nitrosophenols == Free nitrosophenols are readily oxidized in air, forming nitrophenols, or catechol and nitrite under more aggressive conditions. This makes them very difficult to handle in the absence of stabilization provided by the transition m...	{ "page_id": 10220742, "title": "Baudisch reaction" }
Complex Metal Salts". J. Org. Chem. 12 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1021/jo01165a001. PMID 20341356. Cronheim, G. (1947). "o-Nitrosophenols. II. New Substituted o-Nitrosophenols and Characteristic Properties of their Inner Complex Metal Salts". J. Org. Chem. 12 (1): 7–19. doi:10.1021/jo01165a002. PMID 20280732. Leonard, N. J.; Boy...	{ "page_id": 10220742, "title": "Baudisch reaction" }
Poisson's equation is an elliptic partial differential equation of broad utility in theoretical physics. For example, the solution to Poisson's equation is the potential field caused by a given electric charge or mass density distribution; with the potential field known, one can then calculate the corresponding electro...	{ "page_id": 193735, "title": "Poisson's equation" }
of the Green's function for Poisson's equation is given in the article on the screened Poisson equation. There are various methods for numerical solution, such as the relaxation method, an iterative algorithm. == Applications in physics and engineering == === Newtonian gravity === In the case of a gravitational field g...	{ "page_id": 193735, "title": "Poisson's equation" }
of free charges generates the electrostatic potential in a given region. Starting with Gauss's law for electricity (also one of Maxwell's equations) in differential form, one has ∇ ⋅ D = ρ f , {\displaystyle \mathbf {\nabla } \cdot \mathbf {D} =\rho _{f},} where ∇ ⋅ {\displaystyle \mathbf {\nabla } \cdot } is the diver...	{ "page_id": 193735, "title": "Poisson's equation" }
ε , {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \mathbf {E} =\nabla \cdot (-\nabla \varphi )=-\nabla ^{2}\varphi ={\frac {\rho _{f}}{\varepsilon }},} directly produces Poisson's equation for electrostatics, which is ∇ 2 φ = − ρ f ε . {\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\varphi =-{\frac {\rho _{f}}{\varepsilon }}.} Specifying the Poisson's equat...	{ "page_id": 193735, "title": "Poisson's equation" }
is the total charge, then the solution φ(r) of Poisson's equation ∇ 2 φ = − ρ f ε {\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\varphi =-{\frac {\rho _{f}}{\varepsilon }}} is given by φ ( r ) = 1 4 π ε Q r erf ⁡ ( r 2 σ ) , {\displaystyle \varphi (r)={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon }}{\frac {Q}{r}}\operatorname {erf} \left({\frac {r}{{\sqrt ...	{ "page_id": 193735, "title": "Poisson's equation" }
a smooth vector field V to be the gradient of a function f is that the curl of V must be identically zero. In case this condition is difficult to impose, it is still possible to perform a least-squares fit to minimize the difference between V and the gradient of f. In order to effectively apply Poisson's equation to th...	{ "page_id": 193735, "title": "Poisson's equation" }
for the pressure field p {\displaystyle p} is an example of a nonlinear Poisson equation: Δ p = − ρ ∇ ⋅ ( v ⋅ ∇ v ) = − ρ Tr ⁡ ( ( ∇ v ) ( ∇ v ) ) . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\Delta p&=-\rho \nabla \cdot (\mathbf {v} \cdot \nabla \mathbf {v} )\\&=-\rho \operatorname {Tr} {\big (}(\nabla \mathbf {v} )(\nabla \mathb...	{ "page_id": 193735, "title": "Poisson's equation" }
Acrocyanosis is persistent blue or cyanotic discoloration of the extremities, most commonly occurring in the hands, although it also occurs in the feet and distal parts of the face. Although described over 100 years ago and not uncommon in practice, the nature of this phenomenon is still uncertain. The very term "acroc...	{ "page_id": 5633227, "title": "Acrocyanosis" }
warmer weather). The palms and soles exhibit a wide range of sweating from moderately moist to profuse, but all peripheral pulses should have normal rate, rhythm, and quality. Exposure to cold temperatures worsens the cyanosis, while it often improves on warming. Aside from the color changes, patients normally are asym...	{ "page_id": 5633227, "title": "Acrocyanosis" }
there is usually no associated trophic skin changes, localized pain, or ulcerations. Capillaroscopy and other laboratory methods may be helpful but only complement clinical diagnosis in unclear cases, especially when connective tissue disorders may be present. == Treatment == There is no standard medical or surgical tr...	{ "page_id": 5633227, "title": "Acrocyanosis" }
implying significant hormonal influences. There is some evidence that many cases of idiopathic acrocyanosis are in some way related to a disorder of estrogen, or aromatase. Around 50% of patients with POTS experience acrocyanosis of their legs while standing still. == In the newborn == Acrocyanosis is common initially ...	{ "page_id": 5633227, "title": "Acrocyanosis" }
An Introduction to Eat-me signals Eat-me signals are molecules exposed on the surface of a cell to induce phagocytes to phagocytose (eat) that cell. Currently known eat-me signals include: phosphatidylserine, oxidized phospholipids, sugar residues (such as galactose), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), calreticulin, annexin ...	{ "page_id": 69072077, "title": "Eat-me signals" }
chaperones are downregulated allowing for scramblases to facilitate the exposure of PtdSer and PtdEtn. Through the coordination of lipids, flippases, scramblases, and their associated chaperones, the exposure of eat-me signals is highly regulated, ensuring the proper identification and engulfment of apoptotic cells. Re...	{ "page_id": 69072077, "title": "Eat-me signals" }
pathway is a prominent pathway seen in malignant formation, specifically in the GI tract, and is a potential target for GI cancer research. Identification of Eat-Me signals Engulfment receptors found on phagocytes are crucial for the initiating engulfment of apoptotic cells as well as their proper identification. A var...	{ "page_id": 69072077, "title": "Eat-me signals" }
Synthetic paper is a material made out of synthetic resin which is made to have properties similar to regular paper. Synthetic paper is usually made out of either biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) or high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The applications include paper for labels (thus that can bond with ink) and non-...	{ "page_id": 63894735, "title": "Synthetic paper" }
Dexiothetism refers to a reorganisation of a clade's bauplan, with right becoming ventral and left becoming dorsal. The organism would then recruit a new left hand side. == Details == If a bilaterally symmetrical ancestor were to become affixed by its right hand side, it would occlude all features on that side. When th...	{ "page_id": 27522256, "title": "Dexiothetism" }
Hyperpigmentation, also known as the dark spots or circles on the skin, is the darkening of an area of skin or nails caused by increased melanin. == Causes == Hyperpigmentation can be caused by sun damage, inflammation, or other skin injuries, including those related to acne vulgaris.: 854 People with darker skin tones...	{ "page_id": 1111249, "title": "Hyperpigmentation" }
skin problem that causes dark discolored patchy hyperpigmentation. It typically occurs on the face and is symmetrical, with matching marks on both sides of the face. The condition is much more common in women than men, though men can get it too. According to the American Academy of Dermatology, 90 percent of people who...	{ "page_id": 1111249, "title": "Hyperpigmentation" }
retinoids such as tretinoin, or cysteamine hydrochloride. Hydroquinone was the most commonly prescribed hyperpigmentation treatment before the long-term safety concerns were raised, and the use of it became more regulated in several countries and discouraged in general by WHO. For the US, only 2% is at present sold ove...	{ "page_id": 1111249, "title": "Hyperpigmentation" }
Snow algae are a group of freshwater micro-algae that grow in the alpine and polar regions of the Earth. Snow algae have been found on every continent but are restricted to areas with temperatures between 0°C-10°C. Snow algae are pigmented by chlorophyll and carotenoids and can be a variety of colors depending on the i...	{ "page_id": 2487511, "title": "Snow algae" }
algae distribution. The algae's life stage may also play a large role in the color of the snow. Many blooms are higher in chlorophylls and primary carotenoids during early stages of the bloom, causing the snow to appear green or yellow. Later in the summer, the bloom may switch to orange or red due high production of a...	{ "page_id": 2487511, "title": "Snow algae" }
of snow, which can sometimes overshadow the effects of snow algal community dynamics on the albedo. Under warmer conditions snow algae experience more growth, which can further reduce the albedo of snow and ice sheets. This positive feedback loop, similar to the ice-albedo feedback, can exacerbate the melting of perenn...	{ "page_id": 2487511, "title": "Snow algae" }
The Illustris project is an ongoing series of astrophysical simulations run by an international collaboration of scientists. The aim is to study the processes of galaxy formation and evolution in the universe with a comprehensive physical model. Early results were described in a number of publications following widespr...	{ "page_id": 43316441, "title": "Illustris project" }
supercomputer at the Leibniz Computing Centre (Germany). A total of 19 million CPU hours was required, using 8,192 CPU cores. The peak memory usage was approximately 25 TB of RAM. A total of 136 snapshots were saved over the course of the simulation, totaling over 230 TB cumulative data volume. A code called "Arepo" wa...	{ "page_id": 43316441, "title": "Illustris project" }
model was developed, which among other features included Magnetohydrodynamics planned three simulations, which used different volumes at different resolutions. The intermediate simulation (TNG100) was equivalent to the original Illustris simulation. Unlike Illustris, it was run on the Hazel Hen machine at the High Perf...	{ "page_id": 43316441, "title": "Illustris project" }
LEAPER (Leveraging endogenous ADAR for programmable editing of RNA) is a genetic engineering technique in molecular biology by which RNA can be edited. The technique relies on engineered strands of RNA to recruit native ADAR enzymes to swap out different compounds in RNA. Developed by researchers at Peking University i...	{ "page_id": 65074394, "title": "LEAPER gene editing" }
could have the potential to treat almost half of all known hereditary disorders. Highly specific editing efficiencies of up to 80% can be achieved when LEAPER editing using arRNA151 is delivered via a plasmid or viral vector or as a synthetic oligonucleotide, though this efficiency varied significantly across cell type...	{ "page_id": 65074394, "title": "LEAPER gene editing" }
The following is a list of marine ecoregions, as defined by the WWF and The Nature Conservancy The WWF/Nature Conservancy scheme groups the individual ecoregions into 12 marine realms, which represent the broad latitudinal divisions of polar, temperate, and tropical seas, with subdivisions based on ocean basins. The ma...	{ "page_id": 13366494, "title": "List of marine ecoregions" }
Vancouver Coast and Shelf Northern California === Warm Temperate Northeast Pacific === Southern California Bight Cortezian Magdalena Transition == Tropical Atlantic == === Tropical Northwestern Atlantic === Bermuda Bahamian Eastern Caribbean Greater Antilles Southwestern Caribbean Western Caribbean Southern Gulf of Mex...	{ "page_id": 13366494, "title": "List of marine ecoregions" }
=== Western Coral Triangle === Palawan/North Borneo Eastern Philippines Sulawesi Sea/Makassar Strait Halmahera Papua Banda Sea Lesser Sunda Northeast Sulawesi === Eastern Coral Triangle === Bismarck Sea Solomon Archipelago Solomon Sea Southeast Papua New Guinea === Sahul Shelf === Gulf of Papua Arafura Sea Arnhem Coast...	{ "page_id": 13366494, "title": "List of marine ecoregions" }
Southern New Zealand === Chatham Island (198) Central New Zealand (199) South New Zealand (200) Snares Island (201) === East Central Australian Shelf === Tweed-Moreton (202) Manning-Hawkesbury (203) === Southeast Australian Shelf === Cape Howe (204) Bassian (205) Western Bassian (206) === Southwest Australian Shelf ===...	{ "page_id": 13366494, "title": "List of marine ecoregions" }
The Oxford Electric Bell or Clarendon Dry Pile is an experimental electric bell, in particular a type of bell that uses the electrostatic clock principle that was set up in 1840 and which has run nearly continuously ever since. It was one of the first pieces purchased for a collection of apparatus by clergyman and phys...	{ "page_id": 2159838, "title": "Oxford Electric Bell" }
Zamboni piles. At one point this sort of device played an important role in distinguishing between two different theories of electrical action: the theory of contact tension (an obsolete scientific theory based on then-prevailing electrostatic principles) and the theory of chemical action. The Oxford Electric Bell does...	{ "page_id": 2159838, "title": "Oxford Electric Bell" }
MALLET is a Java "Machine Learning for Language Toolkit". == Description == MALLET is an integrated collection of Java code useful for statistical natural language processing, document classification, cluster analysis, information extraction, topic modeling and other machine learning applications to text. == History ==...	{ "page_id": 5371104, "title": "Mallet (software project)" }
Margaret Mee and the Moonflower (Portuguese: Margaret Mee e a Flor da Lua) is a 2012 Brazilian documentary film directed by Malu De Martino, about the work and legacy of British botanical artist Margaret Mee, who moved to Brazil in the 1950s, produced over 400 illustrations about Brazilian flora and, used her art as a ...	{ "page_id": 38991074, "title": "Margaret Mee and the Moonflower" }
HeLa () is an immortalized cell line used in scientific research. It is the oldest human cell line and one of the most commonly used. HeLa cells are durable and prolific, allowing for extensive applications in scientific study. The line is derived from cervical cancer cells taken on February 8, 1951, from Henrietta Lac...	{ "page_id": 324834, "title": "HeLa" }
simply for the benefit of science. Neither Lacks nor her family gave permission to harvest the cells. The cells were later commercialized, although never patented in their original form. There was no requirement at that time to inform patients or their relatives about such matters, because discarded material or materia...	{ "page_id": 324834, "title": "HeLa" }
total number of HeLa cells that have been propagated in cell culture far exceeds the total number of cells that were in Henrietta Lacks's body. === Controversy === Lacks's case is one of many examples of the lack of informed consent in 20th-century medicine. Communication between tissue donors and doctors was virtually...	{ "page_id": 324834, "title": "HeLa" }
resolve the issue of patient privacy, Johns Hopkins established a joint committee with the NIH and several of Lacks's family members to determine who receives access to Henrietta Lacks's genome. In 2021, Henrietta Lacks's estate sued to get past and future payments for the alleged unauthorized and widely known sale of ...	{ "page_id": 324834, "title": "HeLa" }
Tuskegee University to supply Salk and other labs with HeLa cells. Less than a year later, Salk's vaccine was ready for human trials. === Virology === HeLa cells have been used in testing how parvovirus infects cells of humans, dogs, and cats. These cells have also been used to study viruses such as the oropouche virus...	{ "page_id": 324834, "title": "HeLa" }
cells have been used in a number of cancer studies, including those involving sex steroid hormones, such as estradiol and other estrogens, and estrogen receptors, along with estrogen-like compounds, such as quercetin, which has cancer-reducing properties. There have also been studies on HeLa cells, involving the effect...	{ "page_id": 324834, "title": "HeLa" }
abnormally rapidly, even compared with other cancer cells. Like many other cancer cells, HeLa cells have an active version of telomerase during cell division, which copies telomeres over and over again. This prevents the incremental shortening of telomeres that is implicated in aging and eventual cell death. In this wa...	{ "page_id": 324834, "title": "HeLa" }
resulted in a paper that had been accepted for publication in March 2013 – but that was also put on hold while the Lacks family's privacy concerns were addressed. On 7 August 2013, NIH director Francis Collins announced a policy of controlled access to the cell line genome, based on an agreement reached after three mee...	{ "page_id": 324834, "title": "HeLa" }
contamination. Stanley Gartler (1967) and Walter Nelson-Rees (1975) were the first to publish on contamination of various cell lines by HeLa cells. Gartler noted that "with the continued expansion of cell culture technology, it is almost certain that both interspecific and intraspecific contamination will occur." HeLa ...	{ "page_id": 324834, "title": "HeLa" }
His argument for speciation depends on these points: the chromosomal incompatibility of HeLa cells with human cells; the ecological niche of HeLa cells; their ability to persist and expand well beyond the desires of human cultivators; the possession by HeLa cells of their own clonal karyotype, defining it as a distinct...	{ "page_id": 324834, "title": "HeLa" }
also == Clonally transmissible cancer Moore v. Regents of the University of California, case that set precedent for discarded tissue List of contaminated cell lines WI-38 James Harrison (blood donor) == References == == Further reading == Hannah Landecker (2000). "Immortality, In Vitro: A History of the HeLa Cell Line"...	{ "page_id": 324834, "title": "HeLa" }
Weerman degradation, also named Weerman reaction, is a name reaction in organic chemistry. It is named after Rudolf Adrian Weerman, who discovered it in 1910. In general, it is an organic reaction in carbohydrate chemistry in which amides are degraded by sodium hypochlorite, forming an aldehyde with one less carbon. So...	{ "page_id": 8516837, "title": "Weerman degradation" }
with a free bond is built 2. The intermediate (3) is generated by rearrangement. At this point two different mechanisms are possible. In the mechanism above two methanol molecules reacts with the intermediate. So is the compound (4) generated. After this carbon dioxide, water, ammonium and methanol are separated in dif...	{ "page_id": 8516837, "title": "Weerman degradation" }
Biocybernetics is the application of cybernetics to biological science disciplines such as neurology and multicellular systems. Biocybernetics plays a major role in systems biology, seeking to integrate different levels of information to understand how biological systems function. The field of cybernetics itself has or...	{ "page_id": 3929318, "title": "Biocybernetics" }
to animal reproduction. Humans are a k- selected species that typically have fewer offspring that they nurture for longer periods than r -selected species. It could be argued that when Britain created colonies in regions like North America and Australia, these colonies, once they became independent, should be seen as o...	{ "page_id": 3929318, "title": "Biocybernetics" }
Theory Systems Biology == Early proponents == Early proponents of biocybernetics include Ross Ashby, Hans Drischel, and Norbert Wiener among others. Popular papers published by each scientist are listed below. Ross Ashby, "Introduction to Cybernetics", 1956 Hans Drischel, "Einführung in die Biokybernetik." 1972 Norbert...	{ "page_id": 3929318, "title": "Biocybernetics" }
Pellets are a processed form of iron ore utilized in the steel industry, specifically designed for direct application in blast furnaces or direct reduction plants. These pellets are spherical in shape, with diameters ranging from 8 to 18 millimeters. The production of iron ore pellets involves several steps, including ...	{ "page_id": 77395174, "title": "Pellet (steel industry)" }
United States, this technique was employed to process fine concentrates from the Mesabi Range during World War II. This was necessary as naturally rich iron ores (containing over 50% iron) were being depleted. The development of pelletizing fine magnetite ores, which typically have less than 44 mm in size and are aroun...	{ "page_id": 77395174, "title": "Pellet (steel industry)" }
be conducted in multiple phases and may use either dry or wet methods) and by employing magnetic separation and flotation techniques. Blending: The ore concentrate may be mixed with additives to achieve the desired chemical composition. Common additives include dolomite, olivine, and quartzite, which typically account ...	{ "page_id": 77395174, "title": "Pellet (steel industry)" }
=== Pelletizing ore enhances the efficiency of blast furnaces and direct reduction plants by providing several advantages over raw iron ore: Handling Resistance: Pellets are more resilient to handling, including in wet conditions, and do not cause clogging in storage hoppers. Uniform Composition: The consistent and kno...	{ "page_id": 77395174, "title": "Pellet (steel industry)" }
the end of the 20th century. Initially, sulfur accelerates the extraction of oxygen from the iron oxide, but this effect reverses once metallic iron begins to form, significantly slowing the oxygen extraction process. This unusual behavior is attributed to sulfur's strong affinity for the metallic iron that forms on th...	{ "page_id": 77395174, "title": "Pellet (steel industry)" }
is commonly used to classify pellets based on their chemical properties. This index is calculated using the ratio of calcium oxide (CaO) to silicon dioxide (SiO2): i = CaO SiO 2 {\displaystyle {\ce {i={\frac {CaO}{SiO2}}}}} Pellets with an index (i) less than 1 are classified as acidic. Pellets with an index (i) greate...	{ "page_id": 77395174, "title": "Pellet (steel industry)" }
exceeds 0.25, which may potentially cause issues in a blast furnace. === Self-melting pellets === Self-melting pellets, also known as basic pellets, are a type of iron ore pellet that was developed in the United States in the 1990s. These pellets are designed for use in blast furnaces and are produced by adding lime (c...	{ "page_id": 77395174, "title": "Pellet (steel industry)" }
(Al2O3 ), 2.25% calcium oxide (CaO), 1.50% magnesium oxide (MgO), and 0.01% phosphorus (P). === Other types of pellets === To cater to specific customer needs, manufacturers have developed alternative pellet types that offer distinct properties and performance characteristics: Self-Reducing Pellets: Self-reducing pelle...	{ "page_id": 77395174, "title": "Pellet (steel industry)" }
pp. 187–208. ISBN 978-92-79-26476-4. Ledebur, Adolf (1895). Manuel théorique et pratique de la métallurgie du fer, Tome I et Tome II (in French). Translated by Barbary de Langlade. pp. 231–233, 245–248. Oeters, Franz; Steffen, Rolf (1982). "Das Hochofenverhalten von Möller und Koks". Metallurgie: Berichte, gehalten im ...	{ "page_id": 77395174, "title": "Pellet (steel industry)" }
Intracrine signaling is a mode of hormone and growth factor action in which signaling molecules exert their effects within the same cell that produces them, without being secreted into the extracellular environment. The term intracrine was originally coined to describe peptides that either act within the cell that synt...	{ "page_id": 4060393, "title": "Intracrine" }
others may be secreted to influence neighboring cells. In such cases, an intracrine can function in a paracrine manner while still exerting its effects within the original cell through intracellular signaling. == A conceptual shift to intracrinology from endocrinology == The field of intracrinology was introduced about...	{ "page_id": 4060393, "title": "Intracrine" }
it a critical regulator of cardiovascular physiology and pathology. ==== Intracrine localization and mechanisms ==== Intracellular Ang II is generated within cardiac cells either through internalization of circulating Ang II or by intracellular synthesis via non-secreted renin and angiotensinogen. Unlike its extracellu...	{ "page_id": 4060393, "title": "Intracrine" }
heart failure. Additionally, the ability of intracrine Ang II to modulate gap junctions and ion channels highlights its potential role in electrical remodeling of the heart. This mechanism may underlie the persistent electrical abnormalities seen in pathological cardiac conditions. === Parathyroid hormone-related prote...	{ "page_id": 4060393, "title": "Intracrine" }
vascular remodeling and adaptation in response to hemodynamic changes. ==== Implications for cardiovascular disease and therapeutics ==== The dual extracellular and intracellular actions of PTHrP make it a promising target for cardiovascular therapies. Given its role in regulating cardiac cell growth and vascular integ...	{ "page_id": 4060393, "title": "Intracrine" }
of genes involved in cell survival, proliferation, and vascular patterning. Its presence in stem cell nuclei suggests that it may regulate ribosomal DNA transcription, similar to other intracrines, thereby coordinating cellular growth and differentiation. ==== Intracrine VEGF and cardiac protection ==== The intracrine ...	{ "page_id": 4060393, "title": "Intracrine" }
traditional extracellular signaling pathways. These factors, including VEGF, PTHrP, and Angiotensin II, influence key processes such as cardiac development, hypertrophy, fibrosis, angiogenesis, and electrical conductivity. By operating within the cells that synthesize them, intracrines regulate gene expression, protein...	{ "page_id": 4060393, "title": "Intracrine" }
levels, highlighting the necessity of intracrine VEGF in stem cell regulation. Similarly, the homeodomain transcription factor Pdx-1 can be internalized by target cells, where it upregulates its own synthesis and drives pancreatic duct cells toward an insulin-producing phenotype, demonstrating the ability of intracrine...	{ "page_id": 4060393, "title": "Intracrine" }
for genetic modification. This approach could provide safer and more controlled methods for generating patient-specific stem cells. === Conclusion === Intracrines are fundamental to development, acting as intracellular regulators that guide stem cell differentiation, organogenesis, and tissue remodeling. By establishin...	{ "page_id": 4060393, "title": "Intracrine" }
Pervaded volume is a measure of the size of a polymer chain in space. In particular, it is "the volume of solution spanned by the polymer chain". == Scaling == The pervaded volume V scales as the cube of the chain size V ≈ R 3 {\displaystyle V\approx R^{3}} R is some length scale describing the chain conformation such ...	{ "page_id": 17691881, "title": "Pervaded volume" }
Fluoromethcathinone (FMC) can refer to several substituted cathinone compounds: 2-Fluoromethcathinone (2-FMC) 3-Fluoromethcathinone (3-FMC) 4-Fluoromethcathinone (4-FMC; flephedrone)	{ "page_id": 28833004, "title": "Fluoromethcathinone" }
In organic chemistry the addition of the prefix benzo to the name of a chemical compound indicates the addition of an even number of carbon atoms to an unsaturated or already aromatic compound by which a new aromatic ring is formed. Between the prefix benzo and the name of the parent compound then place of the addition...	{ "page_id": 2618605, "title": "List of benzo compounds" }
Max Born was a scientist who worked in many fields. Below is a list of things named in his honour. == Chemistry == Born–Haber cycle Born–Landé equation Born–Mayer equation Born equation == Physics == BBGKY hierarchy (Bogoliubov–Born–Green–Kirkwood–Yvon hierarchy) Born–Oppenheimer approximation Born–Huang approximation ...	{ "page_id": 40236269, "title": "List of things named after Max Born" }
Chemotaxis receptors are expressed in the surface membrane with diverse dynamics, some of them have long-term characteristics as they are determined genetically, others have short-term moiety as their assembly is induced ad hoc in the presence of the ligand. The diverse feature of the chemotaxis receptors and ligands p...	{ "page_id": 6812911, "title": "Chemotactic selection" }
In morphogenesis, apical constriction is the process in which contraction of the apical side of a cell causes the cell to take on a wedged shape. Generally, this shape change is coordinated across many cells of an epithelial layer, generating forces that can bend or fold the cell sheet. == Morphogenetic role == Apical ...	{ "page_id": 26342640, "title": "Apical constriction" }
other morphogenetic forces working in parallel. Researchers have shown that the removal of bottle cells does not inhibit gastrulation, but simply makes it less efficient. Bottle cell removal does, however, result in deformed embryos. Neural tube cells in Xenopus apically constrict during the initial invagination as wel...	{ "page_id": 26342640, "title": "Apical constriction" }
regulate actin dynamics. == References == == External links == http://worms.zoology.wisc.edu/urchins/SUgast_primary4.html http://www.sdbonline.org/fly/newgene/foldgs1.htm	{ "page_id": 26342640, "title": "Apical constriction" }
In Molecular biology, an insert is a piece of DNA that is inserted into a larger DNA vector by a recombinant DNA technique, such as ligation or recombination. This allows it to be multiplied, selected, further manipulated or expressed in a host organism. Inserts can range from physical nucleotide additions using a tech...	{ "page_id": 14677231, "title": "Insert (molecular biology)" }
cut fragments, rejoin different fragments, and insert the new genes. The field has expanded tremendously in terms of precision and accuracy since then. Computers and technology have made it technologically easier to achieve narrowing of error and expand understanding in this field. Computers having a high capacity for ...	{ "page_id": 14677231, "title": "Insert (molecular biology)" }
for this is the ability for these enzymes to have the precision to cut and separate the desired sequence within a gene. == Zinc finger nuclease == Zinc finger nucleases are genetically engineered enzymes that combine fusing a zinc finger DNA-binding domain on a DNA-cleavage domain. These are also combined with CRISPR-C...	{ "page_id": 14677231, "title": "Insert (molecular biology)" }
The molecular formula C8H17N (molar mass: 127.23 g/mol; exact mass: 127.136099 u) may refer to: Coniine Isocyclamine	{ "page_id": 23524591, "title": "C8H17N" }
The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) is a scientific research instrument for conducting spectrographic astronomical surveys of distant galaxies. Its main components are a focal plane containing 5,000 fiber-positioning robots, and a bank of spectrographs which are fed by the fibers. The instrument enables an ...	{ "page_id": 49411310, "title": "Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument" }
in the understanding of dark energy and the expansion rate of the universe at early times, one of the greatest mysteries in the understanding of the physical laws. DESI will measure the expansion history of the universe using the baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) imprinted in the clustering of galaxies, quasars, and t...	{ "page_id": 49411310, "title": "Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument" }
new optical corrector design creates a very large, 8.0 square degree field of view on the sky, which combined with the new focal plane instrumentation weighs approximately 10 tonnes. The focal plane accommodates 5,000 small robotic fiber positioners on a 10.4 millimeter pitch. The entire focal plane can be reconfigured...	{ "page_id": 49411310, "title": "Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument" }
of DESI as a new Major Item of Equipment was provided in the Fiscal Year 2015 Energy & Water appropriations legislation. Construction on the new instrument started June 22, 2016 with CD-3 (Start Construction) approval and was largely assembled by 2019 with commissioning finishing in March 21, 2020 in advance of the pan...	{ "page_id": 49411310, "title": "Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument" }
History == DESI received a go-ahead to start R&D for the project in December 2012 with the assignment of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory as the managing laboratory. Dr. Michael Levi, a senior scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory was appointed by the laboratory to be DESI's project director w...	{ "page_id": 49411310, "title": "Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument" }
the DESI Spectral Viewer to show up. The spectrum can be explored in the DESI Spectral Viewer (see External Links under Index\| Legacy Surveys). === Early data release === On 13 June 2023 the DESI Early Data Release (EDR) was announced. The EDR contains spectra of nearly two million galaxies, quasars and stars. One earl...	{ "page_id": 49411310, "title": "Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument" }
External links == Official DESI site Index\| Legacy Survey Legacy Survey Sky Browser Science Final Design Report Instrument Final Design Report DESI data Key publications Omnibus DESI collaboration Telescope tracks 35 million galaxies in Dark Energy hunt, BBC Science report, 28 October 2019	{ "page_id": 49411310, "title": "Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument" }
Fosmids are similar to cosmids but are based on the bacterial F-plasmid. The cloning vector is limited, as a host (usually E. coli) can only contain one fosmid molecule. Fosmids can hold DNA inserts of up to 40 kb in size; often the source of the insert is random genomic DNA. A fosmid library is prepared by extracting ...	{ "page_id": 7664887, "title": "Fosmid" }
the F-plasmid origin of replication and partitioning mechanisms to allow cloning of large DNA fragments. A library that provides 20–70-fold redundant coverage of the genome can easily be prepared. == DNA libraries == The first step in sequencing entire genomes is cloning the genome into manageable units of some 50-200 ...	{ "page_id": 7664887, "title": "Fosmid" }
major advantage of Fosmids over other cosmid systems lies in its capability of stably propagating human DNA fragments. Highly repetitive in nature, human DNA is well known for its extreme instability in multicopy vector systems. It has been found that the stability increases dramatically when the human DNA inserts are ...	{ "page_id": 7664887, "title": "Fosmid" }
Chloronaphthalene may refer to: 1-Chloronaphthalene 2-Chloronaphthalene	{ "page_id": 54326520, "title": "Chloronaphthalene" }
The Bousso bound captures a fundamental relation between quantum information and the geometry of space and time. It appears to be an imprint of a unified theory that combines quantum mechanics with Einstein's general relativity. The study of black hole thermodynamics and the information paradox led to the idea of the h...	{ "page_id": 30471415, "title": "Bousso's holographic bound" }
to the future. The Bousso bound evades all known counterexamples to the spacelike bound. It was proven to hold when the entropy is approximately a local current, under weak assumptions. In weakly gravitating settings, the Bousso bound implies the Bekenstein bound and admits a formulation that can be proven to hold in a...	{ "page_id": 30471415, "title": "Bousso's holographic bound" }
Antimicrobial nanotechnology is the study of using biofilms to disrupt a microbe's cell membrane, deliver an electric charge to the microbe, and cause immediate cellular death via a "mechanical kill" process, preventing the original microbe from mutating into a superbug. The biofilms are made up of long atomic chains t...	{ "page_id": 67958010, "title": "Antimicrobial nanotechnology" }

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