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historical events we have become neighbors with common boundaries fixed for all time, will not only guarantee lasting peace between our two peoples and countries, but can also represent an element of calm to our nerve-racked continent. This peace is the goal of all who are disposed to perform really constructive work."... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 18,000 | 18,500 |
February the Fuehrer made the following decision regarding the carrying-out of Operation Marita: The following dates are envisaged: Commencement of building bridge, 28 February; crossing of the Danube, 2 March." On 3 March 1941, British troops landed in Greece to assist the Greeks to resist the Italians; and on 18 Marc... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 18,450 | 18,950 |
countries. The Aggressive War against the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics On 23 August 1939 Germany signed the non-aggression pact with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The evidence has shown unmistakably that the Soviet Union on their part conformed to the terms of this pact; indeed the German 454 30 Sept.... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 18,900 | 19,400 |
State, and its partition, the creation of so-called Reich Commissariats, and the conversion of Estonia, Latvia, Bielorussia and other territories into German colonies. 455 30 Sept. 46 At the same time Germany drew Hungary, Romania, and Finland into the war against the U.S.S.R. In December 1940 Hungary agreed to partici... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 19,350 | 19,850 |
contemplating an attack upon Germany, and making preparations to that end. It is impossible to believe that this view was ever honestly entertained. The plans for the economic exploitation of the U.S.S.R., for the removal of masses of the population, for the murder of commissars 456 30 Sept. 46 and political leaders, w... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 19,800 | 20,300 |
to Oshima, the Japanese Ambassador, Hitler indicated his approval of the tactics which the Japanese had adopted of negotiating with the United States as long as possible, and then striking hard without any declaration of war. 457 30 Sept. 46 Although it is true that Hitler and his colleagues originally did not consider... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 20,250 | 20,750 |
(Article 80); renunciation of any rights in Memel (Article 99), and in the Free City of Danzig (Article 100); the recognition of the independence of the Czechoslovak State; and the military, naval, and air clauses against German rearmament found in Part V. There is no doubt that action was taken by the German Governmen... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 20,700 | 21,200 |
in the opinion of the Tribunal this pact was violated by Germany in all the cases of aggressive war charged in the Indictment. It is to be noted that on 26 January 1934 Germany signed a Declaration for the Maintenance of Permanent Peace with Poland, which was explicitly based on the Pact of Paris, and in which the use ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 21,150 | 21,650 |
law. " Nullum crimen sine lege, nulla poena sine lege. " It was submitted, that ex post facto punishment is abhorrent to the law of all civilized nations, that no sovereign power had made aggressive war a crime at the time that the alleged criminal acts were committed, that no statute had, defined aggressive war, that ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 21,600 | 22,100 |
it as an instrument of national policy in their relations to one another. "Article II: The High Contracting Parties agree that the settlement or solution of all disputes or conflicts, of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them, shall never be sought except by pacific means." The qu... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 22,050 | 22,550 |
greater moment than a. breach of one of the rules of the Hague Convention. In interpreting the words of the Pact, it must be remembered that international law is 463 30 Sept. 46 not the product of an international legislature, and that such international agreements as the Pact of Paris have to deal with general princip... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 22,500 | 23,000 |
24 September 1927, all the delegations then present (including the German, the Italian, and the Japanese) unanimously adopted a declaration concerning wars of aggression. The preamble to the declaration stated: "The Assembly: Recognizing the solidarity which unites the community of nations; being inspired by a firm des... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 22,950 | 23,450 |
that part of the law of nations which prescribes for the conduct of war, the status, rights, and duties of enemy nations as well as enemy individuals." 465 30 Sept. 46 He went on to give a list of cases tried by the courts, where individual offenders were charged with offenses against the laws of nations, and particula... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 23,400 | 23,900 |
466 30 Sept. 46 The Law as to the Common Plan or Conspiracy In the previous recital of the facts relating to aggressive war, it is clear that planning and preparation had been carried out in the most systematic way at every stage of the history. Planning and preparation are essential to the making of war. In the opinio... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 23,850 | 24,350 |
Nazi Party, announced in 1920, or the political affirmations expressed in Mein Kampf in later years. The Tribunal must 467 30 Sept. 46 examine whether a concrete plan to wage war existed, and determine the participants in that concrete plan. It is not necessary to decide whether a single master conspiracy between the d... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 24,300 | 24,800 |
men. When 468 30 Sept. 46 they, with knowledge of his aims, gave him their co-operation, they made themselves parties to the plan he had initiated. They are not to be deemed innocent because Hitler made use of them, if they knew what they were doing. That they were assigned to their tasks by a dictator does not absolve... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 24,750 | 25,250 |
influence of international law, the aggressive war is conducted by the Nazi leaders in the most barbaric way. Accordingly, war crimes were committed when and wherever the Fuehrer and his close associates thought them to be advantageous. They were for the most part the result of cold and criminal calculation. On some oc... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 25,200 | 25,700 |
the seas, killing, of hostages, plunder of public or private property, wanton destruction of cities, towns, or villages, or devastation not justified by military necessity." In the course of the war, many Allied soldiers who had surrendered to the Germans were shot immediately, I often as a matter of deliberate, calcul... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 25,650 | 26,150 |
complete violation of international law. When Allied airmen were forced to land in Germany, they were sometimes killed at once by the civilian population. The Police were instructed not to interfere with these killings, and the Ministry of Justice was informed that no one should be prosecuted for taking part in them. T... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 26,100 | 26,600 |
seek out among the prisoners elements which appear reliable, regardless of whether there are Communists concerned or not, in order to use them for intelligence purposes inside of the camp, and if advisable, later in the occupied territories also. By use of such informers, and by use of all other existing possibilities,... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 26,550 | 27,050 |
keep up on the march because of hunger and exhaustion, they were shot before the eyes of the horrified population, and the corpses were left. "In numerous camps no shelter for the prisoners of war was provided at all. They lay under the open sky during rain or snow. Even tools were not made available to dig holes or ca... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 27,000 | 27,500 |
the treatment of Soviet prisoners of war enclosed are based on a fundamentally different viewpoint." This protest, which correctly stated the legal position, was ignored. The Defendant Keitel made a note on this memorandum: "The objections arise from the military concept of chivalrous warfare. This is the destruction o... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 27,450 | 27,950 |
for the purpose of extorting confessions of the prisoner's own crimes. This order provided: "...Third degree may, under this supposition, only be employed against Communists, Marxists, Jehovah's Witnesses, saboteurs, terrorists, members of resistance movements, parachute agents, anti-social elements, Polish or Soviet R... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 27,900 | 28,400 |
occupied territories was the use of concentration camps. They were first established in Germany at the moment of the seizure of power by the Nazi Government. Their original purpose was to imprison without trial all those persons who were opposed to the Government, or who were in any way obnoxious to German authority. W... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 28,350 | 28,850 |
in the gas chambers or sent to special infirmaries, where they were given entirely inadequate medical treatment, worse food if possible than the working inmates, and left to die. The murder and ill-treatment of civilian populations reached its height in the treatment of the citizens of the Soviet Union and Poland. Some... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 28,800 | 29,300 |
and engineer in charge of the branch of the Solingen firm of Joseph Jung in Sdolbunov, Ukraine, from September 1941 to January 1944. He first of an described the attack upon the Jewish ghetto at Rovno: "... then the electric floodlights which had been erected all round the ghetto were switched on. SS and militia detail... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 29,250 | 29,750 |
by Himmler in July 1942, when he wrote: "It is not our task to germanize the East in the old sense, that is to teach the people there the German language and the German law, but to see to it that only people of purely Germanic blood live in the East." In August 1942 the policy for the Eastern Territories as laid down b... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 29,700 | 30,200 |
discussed with Rosenberg, Goering, Keitel, and others his plan for the exploitation of the Soviet population and territory, which included among other things the evacuation of the inhabitants of the Crimea and its settlement by Germans. A somewhat similar fate was planned for Czechoslovakia by the Defendant Von Neurath... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 30,150 | 30,650 |
a deliberate design and policy. There was in truth a systematic "plunder of public or private property," which was criminal under Article 6 (b) of the Charter. The German occupation policy was clearly stated in a speech made by the Defendant Goering on 6 August 1942 to the various German authorities in charge of occupi... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 30,600 | 31,100 |
at their present location." As a consequence of this order, agricultural products, raw materials needed by German factories, machine tools, transportation equipment, other finished products, and even foreign securities and holdings of foreign exchange were all requisitioned and sent to Germany. These resources were req... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 31,050 | 31,550 |
absolutely no reason for any obligation on our part to feed also the Russian people with the products of that surplus territory. We know that this is a harsh necessity, bare of any feelings." When the Soviet territory was occupied, this policy was put into effect; there was a large-scale confiscation of agricultural su... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 31,500 | 32,000 |
palaces of Peterhof, Tsarskoye Selo, and Pavlovsk were shipped to Germany. In his letter to Rosenberg of 3 October 1941 Reichskommissar Kube stated that the value of the objects 'of art taken from Bielorussia ran into millions of roubles. The scale of this plundering can also be seen in -the letter sent from Rosenberg'... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 31,950 | 32,450 |
country." The policy of the German occupation authorities was in flagrant violation of the terms of this convention. Some idea of this policy may be gathered from the statement made by Hitler in a speech on 9 November 1941: "The territory which now works for us contains more than 250,000,000 men, but the territory whic... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 32,400 | 32,900 |
in France, said: "During all this time a great number of Frenchmen were recruited, and voluntarily went to Germany." He was interrupted by the Defendant Sauckel: "Not only voluntarily, some were recruited forcibly." To which Kehrl replied: "The calling up started after the recruitment no longer yielded enough results."... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 32,850 | 33,350 |
a very great scale. Manhunts took place in the streets, at motion picture houses, even at churches and at night in private houses. Houses were sometimes burnt down, and the families taken as hostages, practices which were described by the Defendant Rosenberg as having their origin "in the blackest periods of the slave ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 33,300 | 33,800 |
of the war the concentration camps were so productive in certain types of work that the Gestapo was actually instructed to arrest certain classes of laborers so that they could be used in this way. Allied prisoners of war were also. regarded as a possible source 67 labor. Pressure was exercised on non-commissioned offi... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 33,750 | 34,250 |
institute conscription or forced labor.... The complete employment of all prisoners of war, as well as the use. of a gigantic number of new foreign civilian workers, men and women, has become an indisputable necessity for the solution of the mobilization of -the labor program in this war." Reference should also be made... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 34,200 | 34,700 |
of the race can be a citizen. A member of the race can only be one who is of German blood, without consideration of creed. Consequently, no Jew can be a member of the race." Other points of the program declared that Jews should be treated as foreigners, that they should not be permitted to hold public office, that they... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 34,650 | 35,150 |
the financial difficulties. It was further said that the connection of the anti-Semitic policy with aggressive war was not limited to economic matters. The German Foreign Office circular, in an article of 25 January 1939, entitled "Jewish question as a factor in German foreign policy in the year 1938," described the ne... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 35,100 | 35,600 |
over 135,000 Jews in 3 months. Nor did these special units operate completely independently of the German Armed Forces. There is clear evidence that leaders of the Einsatzgruppen obtained the co-operation of army commanders. In one case the relations between an Einsatzgruppe and the military authorities was described a... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 35,550 | 36,050 |
all part and parcel of the policy inaugurated in 1941, and it is not surprising that there should be evidence that one or two German officials entered vain protests against the brutal manner in which the killings were carried out. But the methods employed never conformed to a single pattern., The massacres of Rovno and... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 36,000 | 36,500 |
starvation, torture, and killing were general. The inmates were subjected to cruel experiments at Dachau in August 1942, victims were immersed in cold water until their body temperature was reduced to 28 degrees centigrade, when they died immediately. Other experiments included high altitude experiments in pressure cha... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 36,450 | 36,950 |
in violation of the domestic law of the country where perpetrated." As heretofore stated, the Charter does not define as a separate crime any conspiracy except the one set out in Article 6(a), dealing with Crimes against Peace. 496 30 Sept. 46 The Tribunal is of course bound by the Charter, in the definition which it g... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 36,900 | 37,400 |
there was an army in the field attempting to restore the occupied countries to their true owners, and in this case, therefore, the doctrine could not apply to any territories occupied after 1 September 1939. As to the war crimes committed in Bohemia and Moravia, it is a sufficient answer that these territories 497 30 S... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 37,350 | 37,850 |
leave to be heard by the Tribunal upon the question of the criminal character of the organization. The Tribunal shall 498 30 Sept. 46 have power to allow or reject the application. If the application is allowed, the Tribunal may direct in what manner the applicants shall be represented and heard." Article 10 of the Cha... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 37,800 | 38,300 |
hesitate to declare it to be criminal because the theory of (,group criminality" is new, or because it might be unjustly applied by some subsequent tribunals. On the other hand, the Tribunal should make such declaration of criminality so far as possible in a manner to insure that innocent persons will not be punished. ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 38,250 | 38,750 |
Indictment asks that the Tribunal declare to be criminal the following organizations: The Leadership Corps of the Nazi Party; the Gestapo; the SD; the SS; the SA; the Reich Cabinet; and the General Staff and High Command of the German Armed Forces. The Leadership Corps of the Nazi Party Structure and Component Parts: T... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 38,700 | 39,200 |
of the German State. The machinery of the Leadership Corps was used for the widespread dissemination of Nazi propaganda and to keep a detailed check on the political attitudes of the German people. In this activity the lower Political Leaders played a particularly important role. The Blockleiter were instructed by the ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 39,150 | 39,650 |
in the East." This bulletin stated that rumors were being started by returning soldiers concerning the conditions of Jews in the East which some Germans might not understand, and outlined in detail the official explanation to be given. This bulletin contained no explicit statement that the Jews were being exterminated,... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 39,600 | 40,100 |
limit on their working hours and under regulations which gave the employer the right to inflict corporal punishment. The Political Leaders, at least down to the Ortsgruppenleiter, were responsible for this supervision. On 5 May 1943, a memorandum of Bormann, instructing that mistreatment of slave laborers cease, was di... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 40,050 | 40,550 |
amounted to instructions to induce such lynchings or at least to violate the Geneva Convention by withdrawing any police protection. Some lynchings were carried out. pursuant to this program, but it does not appear that they were carried out throughout all of Germany. Nevertheless, the existence of this circular letter... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 40,500 | 41,000 |
of conflicting interests, but after examining the evidence has decided to consider the case of the Gestapo and SD together. The Gestapo and the SD were first linked together on 26 June 1936, by the appointment of Heydrich, who was the Chief of the SD, to the position of Chief of the Security Police, which was defined t... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 40,950 | 41,450 |
as the intelligence agency for the Security Police. A similar co-ordination existed in the local offices. Within Germany and areas which were 506 30 Sept. 46 incorporated within the Reich for the purpose of civil administration, local offices of the Gestapo, Criminal Police, and SD were formally separate. They were sub... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 41,400 | 41,900 |
particular significance in view of the law of 1 December 1933, declaring the unity of the Nazi Party and the German State. The Security Police and SD was a voluntary organization. It is true that many civil servants and administrative officials were transferred into the Security Police. The claim that this transfer was... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 41,850 | 42,350 |
Army in occupied territory, and also with the prevention of attacks by civilians on military installations or units, and committed war crimes and crimes against humanity on a wide scale. It has not been proved, however, that it was a part of the Gestapo and the Tribunal does not consider it as coming within the charge ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 42,300 | 42,800 |
the "final solution." Local offices of the Security Police and SD played an important role in the German administration of occupied territories. The nature of their participation is shown by measures taken in the summer of 1938 in preparation for the attack on Czechoslovakia which was then in contemplation. Einsatzgrup... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 42,750 | 43,250 |
war, as the SS embarked on a slave labor program of its own, the Gestapo was used to arrest workers for the purpose of insuring an adequate supply in the concentration camps. The local offices of the Security Police and SD were also involved in the commission of war crimes involving the mistreatment and murder of priso... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 43,200 | 43,700 |
the Charter, or who were personally implicated as members of the organization in the commission of such crimes. The basis for this finding is the participation of the organization in war crimes and crimes against humanity connected with the war; this group declared criminal cannot include, therefore, persons who had ce... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 43,650 | 44,150 |
appointed as Reichsfuehrer, the SS consisted of 280 men who were regarded as especially trustworthy. In 1933 it was composed of 52,000 men drawn from all walks of life. The original formation of the SS was the Allgemeine SS, which by 1939 had grown to a corps of 240,000 men, organized on military lines into divisions a... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 44,100 | 44,600 |
the regular uniformed Police as well as the Security Police. Himmler established a system under which Higher SS and Police Leaders, appointed for each Wehrkreis, served as his personal representatives in co-ordinating the activities of the Order Police, Security Police and SD, and Allgemeine SS within their jurisdictio... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 44,550 | 45,050 |
execution of enormous numbers of persons. Waffen-SS divisions were responsible for many massacres and atrocities in occupied territories such as the massacres at Oradour and Lidice. From 1934 onwards the SS was responsible for the guarding and administration of concentration camps. The evidence leaves no doubt that the... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 45,000 | 45,500 |
activities. The Allgemeine SS was an active participant in the persecution of the Jews and was used as a source of concentration camp guards. Units of the Waffen-SS were directly involved in the killing of prisoners of war and the atrocities in occupied countries. It supplied personnel for the Einsatzgruppen, and had c... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 45,450 | 45,950 |
to be solved in occupied territory owing to their extensive training in questions of race and nationality. Himmler, in a series of speeches made in 1943, indicated his pride in the ability of the SS to carry out these criminal acts. He encouraged his men to be "tough and ruthless," he spoke of shooting "thousands of le... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 45,900 | 46,400 |
was founded in 1921 for political purposes. It was organized -on military lines. Its members wore their own uniforms and had their own discipline and regulations. After the Nazis had obtained power the SA greatly increased in membership due to the incorporation within it of certain veterans' organizations. In April 193... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 46,350 | 46,850 |
SA engaged in certain forms of military or paramilitary training. The SA continued to engage in the dissemination of Nazi propaganda. Isolated units of the SA were even involved in the steps leading up to aggressive war and in the commission of war crimes and crimes against humanity. SA units were among the first in th... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 46,800 | 47,300 |
is to be observed that from the time that it can be said that a conspiracy to make aggressive war existed, the Reich Cabinet did not constitute a governing body, but was merely an aggregation of administrative officers subject to the absolute control of Hitler. Not a single meeting of the Reich Cabinet was held after 1... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 47,250 | 47,750 |
of a small group like the Reich Cabinet. General Staff and High Command The Prosecution has also asked that the General Staff and High Command of the German Armed Forces be declared a criminal organization. The Tribunal believes that no declaration of criminality should 15e made with respect to the General Staff and Hi... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 47,700 | 48,200 |
officers. In effect, then, those indicted as members are military leaders of the Reich of the highest rank. No serious effort was made to assert that they composed an "organization" in the sense of Article 9. The assertion is rather that they were a "group," which is a wider and more embracing term than "organization."... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 48,150 | 48,650 |
of military officers, it has heard much evidence as to the participation of these officers in planning and waging aggressive war, and in committing war crimes and crimes against humanity. This evidence is, as to many of them, clear and convincing. They have been responsible in large measure for the miseries and sufferi... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Seventeenth Day | 48,600 | 48,983 |
Avalon Home Document Collections Ancient 4000bce - 399 Medieval 400 - 1399 15 th Century 1400 - 1499 16 th Century 1500 - 1599 17 th Century 1600 - 1699 18 th Century 1700 - 1799 19 th Century 1800 - 1899 20 th Century 1900 - 1999 21 st Century 2000 - Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Volume 22 30 Sept. 46 Volume 22 Menu Nur... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 0 | 500 |
the Hossbach conference of 5 November 1937, and he attended the other important conferences already discussed in this Judgment. In the Austrian Anschluss he was indeed the central figure, the ringleader. He said in court: "I must take 100 percent responsibility... I even overruled objections by the Fuehrer and brought ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 450 | 950 |
to Hitler. He was the planner and prime mover in the military and diplomatic preparation for war which Germany pursued. War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity The record is filled with Goering's admissions of his complicity in the use of slave labor. "We did use this labor for security reasons so that they would not be... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 900 | 1,400 |
but in the conquered territories as well. His own utterances then and his testimony now shows this interest was primarily economic-how to get their property and how to force them out of the economic life of Europe. As these countries fell before the German Army, he extended the Reich anti-Jewish laws to them; the Reich... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 1,350 | 1,850 |
positions, Hess was an active supporter of preparations for war. His signature appears on the law of 16 March 1935, establishing compulsory military service. Throughout the years he supported Hitler's policy of vigorous rearmament in many speeches. He told the people that they must sacrifice for armaments, repeating th... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 1,800 | 2,300 |
war and England for being responsible for Poland's attitude. After the invasion of Poland Hess signed decrees incorporating Danzig and certain Polish territories into the Reich and setting up the Government General (Poland). These specific steps which this defendant took in support of Hitler's plans for aggressive acti... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 2,250 | 2,750 |
guilty on Counts Three and Four. VON RIBBENTROP Ribbentrop is indicted under all four Counts. He joined the Nazi Party in 1932. By 1933 he had been made foreign policy adviser to Hitler, and in the same year the representative of the Nazi Party on foreign policy. In 1934 he was appointed Delegate for Disarmament Questi... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 2,700 | 3,200 |
the Slovaks to proclaim their independence. He was present at the conference of 14 and 15 March 1939, at which Hitler, by threats of invasion, compelled President Hacha to consent to the German occupation of Czechoslovakia. After the German troops had marched in, Ribbentrop signed the law establishing a protectorate ov... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 3,150 | 3,650 |
a way as to prevent its detection by the protecting powers. Ribbentrop is also, responsible for War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity because of his activities with respect to occupied countries and Axis satellites. The top German official in both Denmark and Vichy France was a Foreign Office representative, and Ribbe... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 3,600 | 4,100 |
guilty on all four Counts. KEITEL Keitel is indicted on all four Counts. He was Chief of Staff to the then Minister of War Von Blomberg from 1935 to 4 February 1938; on that day Hitler took command of the Armed Forces, making Keitel Chief of the High Command of the Armed Forces. Keitel did not have command authority ov... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 4,050 | 4,550 |
also heard Hitler decree on 27 March that the destruction, of Yugoslavia should take place with "unmerciful harshness." Keitel testified that he opposed the invasion of the Soviet Union for military reasons, and also because it would constitute a violation of the Non-Aggression Pact. Nevertheless he initialed "Case Bar... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 4,500 | 5,000 |
for one German soldier, with the comment that human life was less than nothing in the East. On 1 October he ordered military commanders always to have hostages to execute when German soldiers were attacked. When Terboven, the Reich Commissioner in Norway, wrote Hitler that Keitel's suggestion that workmen's relatives b... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 4,950 | 5,450 |
of the Security Police and SD and head of the Reich Security Head Office (RSHA), a position which had been held by Heydrich until his assassination in June 1942. He held the rank of Obergruppenfuehrer in the SS. Crimes against Peace As leader of the SS in Austria Kaltenbrunner was active in the Nazi intrigue against th... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 5,400 | 5,900 |
under which certain escaped prisoners of war who were recaptured were taken to Mauthausen and shot. The order for the execution of Commando troops was extended by the Gestapo to include parachutists while Kaltenbrunner was chief of the RSHA. An order signed by Kaltenbrunner instructed the Police not to interfere with a... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 5,850 | 6,350 |
did so pursuant to an understanding with Himmler under which he was to confine his activities to matter involving foreign intelligence and not to assume overall control over the activities of the RSHA. He claims that the criminal program had been started before his assumption of office; that he seldom knew what was goi... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 6,300 | 6,800 |
to obtain Norwegian assistance. As a result of this conference Rosenberg arranged for Quisling to collaborate closely with the National Socialists and to receive political assistance by the Nazis. When the war broke out Quisling began to express fear of British intervention in Norway. Rosenberg supported this view and ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 6,750 | 7,250 |
in the West. With his appointment as Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories on 17 July 1941, Rosenberg became the supreme authority for those areas. He helped to formulate the policies of Germanization, exploitation, forced labor, extermination of Jews and opponents of Nazi rule, and he set up the administ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 7,200 | 7,700 |
the Nazi Party in charge of legal affairs in 1933, and in the same year President of the Academy of German Law. Frank was also given the honorary rank of Obergruppenfiffirer in the SA. In 1942 Frank became involved in a temporary dispute with Himmler as to the type of legal system which should be in effect in Germany. ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 7,650 | 8,150 |
Government General was to be tried by summary courts of the Security Police and SD and sentenced to death. The economic demands made on the Government General were far in excess of the needs of the army of occupation and were out of all proportion to the resources of the country. The food raised in Poland was shipped t... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 8,100 | 8,600 |
under the direction of Sauckel; and that the extermination of the Jews was by the Police and SS under direct orders from Himmler. It is undoubtedly true that most of the criminal program charged against Frank was put into, effect through the Police, that Frank had jurisdictional difficulties with Himmler over the contr... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 8,550 | 9,050 |
Reich. The numerous laws he drafted, signed, and administered, abolished all opposition parties and prepared the way for the Gestapo and their concentration camps to extinguish all individual opposition. He was largely, responsible for the legislation which suppressed the trade unions, the Church, the Jews. He performe... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 9,000 | 9,500 |
following various professions and for confiscating their 545 1 Oct. 46 property, he signed a final decree in 1943, after the mass destruction of Jews in the East, which placed them "outside the law" and handed them over to the Gestapo. These laws paved the way for the "final solution," and were extended by Frick to the... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 9,450 | 9,950 |
this Judgment, 546 1 Oct. 46 came under Frick's jurisdiction. He had knowledge that insane, sick, and aged people, "useless eaters," were being systematically put to death. Complaints of these murders reached him, but he did nothing to stop them. A report of the Czechoslovak War Crimes Commission estimated that 275,000... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 9,900 | 10,400 |
23 different articles of Der Stuermer between 1938 and 1941 were produced in evidence, in which extermination "root and branch" was preached. Typical of his teachings was a leading article in September 1938 which termed the Jew a germ and a pest, not a human being, but "a parasite, an enemy, an evil-doer, a disseminato... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 10,350 | 10,850 |
Israelitisches Wochenblatt, which Streicher received and read, carried in each issue accounts of Jewish atrocities in the East, and gave figures on the number of Jews who had been deported and killed. For example, issues appearing in the summer and fall of 1942 reported the death of 72,729 Jews in Warsaw, 17,542 in Lod... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 10,800 | 11,300 |
August 1939, and a member of the Central Planning Board in September 1943. Crimes against Peace Funk became active in the economic field after the Nazi plans to wage aggressive war had been clearly defined. One of his representatives attended a conference on 14 October 1938, at which Goering announced a gigantic increa... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 11,250 | 11,750 |
Jews. On 12 November 1938, after the pogroms of November, he attended a meeting held under the chairmanship of Goering to discuss the solution of the Jewish problem and proposed a decree providing for the banning of Jews from all business activities, which Goering issued the same day under the authority of the Four Yea... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 11,700 | 12,200 |
them, usually by deportation from occupied territories. Funk did not appear to be particularly interested in this aspect of the forced labor program and usually sent a deputy to, attend the meetings, often SS General Ohlendorf, the former chief of the SD inside of Germany and the former commander of Einsatzgruppe D. Bu... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 12,150 | 12,650 |
and as Plenipotentiary General for the War Economy he was active in organizing the German economy for war. He made detailed plans for industrial mobilization and the co-ordination of the Army with industry in the event of war. He was particularly concerned with shortages of raw materials and started a scheme of stock-p... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 12,600 | 13,100 |
the end of 1938, in an attempt to regain control of fiscal policy through the Reichsbank, Schacht refused an urgent request of the Reichsminister of Finance for a special credit to pay the salaries of civil servants which were not covered by existing funds. On 2 January 1939, Schacht held a conference with Hitler at wh... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 13,050 | 13,550 |
the early Nazi aggressions. Prior to the occupation of Austria he set a rate of exchange between the mark and the schilling. After the occupation of Austria he arranged for the incorporation of the Austrian National Bank into the Reichsbank and made a violently pro-Nazi speech in which he stated- that the Reichsbank wo... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol22): Two Hundred and Eighteenth Day | 13,500 | 14,000 |
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