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Commander-in-Chief of the Army we employed our legal system in order to punish the excesses in the interest of discipline. I have already mentioned to you the example of the two death sentences in my corps. COL. TAYLOR: Well, in fact, Witness, were not these views of Hitler and the purpose of these orders very well kno... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol20): Two Hundreth Day | 10,800 | 11,300 |
the orders of Himmler for operational purposes. I think you also told us that Himmler was a bitter enemy 634 10 Aug. 46 of the Army. What did you do when you learned there was an Einsatzgruppe attached to the Army? What were you told about it? VON MANSTEIN: At that time it was reported to me-I do not even know if the n... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol20): Two Hundreth Day | 11,250 | 11,750 |
staff or any staff officer to keep you very carefully informed on what these independent groups under Himmler were doing in your area? VON MANSTEIN: No. One cannot speak of independent troops of Himmler, for this Einsatzgruppe was comparatively small and 635 10 Aug. 46 never put in an appearance. It only appeared when ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol20): Two Hundreth Day | 11,700 | 12,200 |
should operate within the combat elements of the Field Army with the mission of utterly smashing all resistance in conquered rear areas of the front as well as in conquered rear supply zones by every means and as quickly as possible. The various areas were then set down in which 636 10 Aug. 46 the Sipo and SD were to b... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol20): Two Hundreth Day | 12,150 | 12,650 |
Tribunal it was only at the front wher6 military operations could be disturbed? Is it not also true that rear areas are also important as regards the securing of communications and pacifying the population? Were you not concerned about the rear areas, too? VON MANSTEIN: In the rear areas we were interested in securing ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol20): Two Hundreth Day | 12,600 | 13,100 |
there were mass shootings, or any shootings at all, in this area. The political supervision by Political Police is a phenomenon which exists in every occupied territory. COL. TAYLOR: I think you have already testified that you did not know of any mass shootings in your area. Is that right? You did not know of any? VON ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol20): Two Hundreth Day | 13,050 | 13,550 |
report about such incidents, nor did I receive a report of the arrest of the GPU man, Kaminski. I remained in Nikolaievsk only until about 24 September; then I had my command post in the vicinity of Melitopol, which is far to the east. As far as the liquidation of Jews east of the Dnieper is concerned, I would point ou... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol20): Two Hundreth Day | 13,500 | 14,000 |
I ask to be shown to the witness, as I said first, the document by General Reichenau. It is USA-556. I will now ask that the witness be shown a new Document 4664-PS, USA-92-7. Will you look at this order, Witness, and tell us if this is not a document issued out of your headquarters and signed with your facsimile signa... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol20): Two Hundreth Day | 13,950 | 14,450 |
have been perpetrated on him and on the German people. "The fight behind the lines is not yet being taken seriously enough. Active co-operation of all soldiers must be demanded in the disarming of the population, the control and arrest of all roving soldiers and civilians, and the removal of Bolshevist symbols. "Every ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol20): Two Hundreth Day | 14,400 | 14,900 |
of the population by propaganda, encouragement of personal initiative, for instance by rewards, significance must be given to extensive collaboration of the population for combating the partisans and to, the development of the local Auxiliary Police. "For the achievement of this object the following must be demanded: "... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol20): Two Hundreth Day | 14,850 | 15,350 |
typed copy here, Your Honor, without the final page reference. Were you questioned before the Commissioners as follows: "You know the order of General Reichenau in which he stated that there should be no consideration shown to the civilian population? Did you see the order, and did it have any influence whatever on you... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol20): Two Hundreth Day | 15,300 | 15,800 |
the Jews as the supporters of the partisan movement, in the last analysis it had its proper justification. But all that has nothing to do with the fact that Jews were to be exterminated. They were to be excluded, and the system was to be removed. That is the point that matters. COL. TAYLOR: I think you told the Tribuna... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol20): Two Hundreth Day | 15,750 | 16,250 |
it true that this order is very carefully drawn so that the troops would understand and, shall we say, sympathize with what the Einsatzkommandos were doing in the way of mass extermination of Jews? VON MANSTEIN: You mean my order? COL. TAYLOR: Yes. VON MANSTEIN: No. There can be no question that I at any time urged my ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol20): Two Hundreth Day | 16,200 | 16,410 |
Avalon Home Document Collections Ancient 4000bce - 399 Medieval 400 - 1399 15 th Century 1400 - 1499 16 th Century 1500 - 1599 17 th Century 1600 - 1699 18 th Century 1700 - 1799 19 th Century 1800 - 1899 20 th Century 1900 - 1999 21 st Century 2000 - Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Volume 21 Two Hundreth Day Volume 21 Men... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 0 | 500 |
Prosecution is a millionfold murderer; secondly, that he was the head of that clique of criminals which carried out the atrocities in concentration camps; thirdly, that Pohl, by every means at his disposal, attempted to prevent the discovery of these atrocities and even committed new murders for this purpose. All that ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 450 | 950 |
a precautionary measure, I beg permission to apply for the Defendant Walter Funk to be recalled to the witness stand in order to give him an oppor-tunity to express himself on these completely new, assertions of Oswald Pohl. Mr. President, I submitted this application to the General Sec-retary in writing this morning, ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 900 | 1,400 |
consignment of German watches. That is the only thing I can remember with regard to watches. That he could have spoken of watches belonging to Jews who had been shot is completely out of the question. GEN. ALEXANDROV: Very well. Did you know that in Niko-laiev and Simferopol the executions were attended by represent-at... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 1,350 | 1,850 |
my area any prisoners died of starvation. GEN. ALEXANDROV: But you yourself admit that there was a tremendous mortality rate from starvation among the prisoners of war. You admitted so yourself here yesterday, did you not? VON MANSTEIN: I did not say that that was so in my army, but that I could see from the documents ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 1,800 | 2,300 |
to draw your attention to only one particular point in this decree. [A document was handed to the witness.] Do you remember this decree? VON MANSTEIN: I must look at it more closely for a moment. GEN. ALEXANDROV: If you please. VON MANSTEIN: I can no longer tell you today whether or not I received a copy of this order;... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 2,250 | 2,750 |
believe, therefore, that the purpose here was to lay waste the land and to, let us say, exterminate the population, but that the reason was a military reason in that the land was to be rendered useless for the continuation of military operations; that is what I believe. GEN. ALEXANDROV: It states here clearly enough wh... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 2,700 | 3,200 |
Red Army utilizing German women for purposes of this kind. VON MANSTEIN: I cannot give you an instance from the war. GEN. ALEXANDROV: Because there were none; but this decree of Hitler talks of utilizing Soviet women for erecting defense con-structions for German forces. That is what I am speaking about. Now we will go... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 3,150 | 3,650 |
GEN. ALEXANDROV: Under the code name "Jolka" -- that means "Christmas Tree" in English or "Tannenbaum" in German. VON MANSTEIN: Tannenbaum? No, it does not convey any-thing to me; I do not know. GEN. ALEXANDROV: I shall point out to you a few details relating to the plan. In the middle of July 1940, after the armistice... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 3,600 | 4,100 |
can only speak for myself, for my own order. That I personally was nothing more than a soldier, to that I think every one of my subordinates and my superiors can testify. I was not a political general, nor was 1, shall we say, a National Socialist general in the sense in which you mean it. This order was a consequence ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 4,050 | 4,550 |
Medical Corps of the German Army, consider it my duty to our people who have undergone such severe trials and to the whole world, to disclose one more page of Germany's preparation for war which has not been touched upon in Nuremberg. Aside from the former political and military leadership of Germany a large part of th... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 4,500 | 5,000 |
document should -not be admitted unless the witness is brought here for further examination? DR. LATERNSER: I should like to go even further, Mr. President, and apply that the document should not be admitted at all, since the witness is now going to be produced by the Prosecution, and- can then state these facts under ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 4,950 | 5,450 |
so that prisoners of war could be better fed? VON MANSTEIN: That is not known to me, because it did not take place in my area. I do know that in the winter of 1941-42 1 had to reduce the rations for my army in the Crimea since supplies from home did not arrive in sufficient quantity on account of the shortage of railro... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 5,400 | 5,900 |
were applied to German women? VON MANSTEIN: Yes. I know that that happened during the war, but even now women are conscripted for all sorts of work. My wife, for example, has been put to work collecting potato beetles. DR.LATERNSER: I mean, what happened in East Prussia in 1944? VON MANSTEIN: I cannot say that from my ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 5,850 | 6,350 |
to offices of the Army, because we never received such reports. DR.LATERNSER: During your examination last Saturday, you said that you were convinced that the other commanding generals would also have taken steps against mass executions, had they been reported to them? VON MANSTEIN: Yes, naturally. DR. LATERNSER: Is it... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 6,300 | 6,800 |
and so forth, but that certainly never applied in practice. DR. LATERNSER: I shall now read to you the affidavit, which I propose to introduce as evidence shortly, from Generalrichter Mantel, who, fortunately, had discussed just that point with General Wagner, and after reading it, I should like to ask you whether the ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 6,750 | 7,250 |
I asked him when he started to do business with the SS, if the Tri-bunal will recall, and I think I went rather fully into all possible phases at that time of relationships between the Defendant Funk and the SS, and there was a denial on the part of the Defendant Funk. Furthermore, he will have an opportunity, I assume... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 7,200 | 7,700 |
a desire to be heard.] THE PRESIDENT: Dr.Sauter, we have heard you fully upon the subject already. DR.SAUTER: Mr. President, may I point out one fact? This witness Pohl arrived at the Nuremberg prison on 1 June, that is, the first day of the sixth month; he was questioned in preparation for the affidavit on 15 July, th... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 7,650 | 8,150 |
the other hand, in view of the importance of the statement of Major General Schreiber and its particular relevance not only to the case of certain of the individual defendants but also to the case of the High Command, the Tribunal will allow General Schreiber to be heard as a witness if he is produced before the end of... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 8,100 | 8,600 |
were severely affected by the Aryan laws. The so-called master race is an absurdity. There is a mixture of Slav, Romanic, and Dinaric races in Germany. We also rejected the attitude in the Church question, and we succeeded in retaining chaplains in the Army up to the end. DR. LATERNSER: Was this attitude also true of t... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 8,550 | 9,050 |
the German generals? VON RUNDSTEDT: He complained very bitterly about the supreme military leaders. He said that he alone had been the one who had forced rearmament through. The supreme leaders had always resisted and said it was going too fast. In the occupation of the Rhineland, he charged the leaders with a certain ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 9,000 | 9,500 |
Poland at any time, I can say that in the first years after the World War, I also counted on this possibility. Hence the border protection and fortifications on the Eastern border of the Reich against Poland. But as I said, no sensible person thought of a war of aggression. We were in no, position to wage such a war. D... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 9,450 | 9,950 |
VON RUNDSTEDT: Until a short time before that I had been in France, and I had no knowledge whatever of the ostensible prep-arations of the Russians. At the conference, to our surprise, we were told that the Russians were-very strongly armed, were con-centrating troops and preparing to attack us. If I am not mistaken, i... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 9,900 | 10,400 |
as small or as large as possible? VON RUNDSTEDT: The operational area of the army was kept as small as possible, first, in order to trouble the army as little as possible with affairs in the rear, and secondly, to make the Ukraine district, et cetera, which was under the civil administration, as large as possible and t... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 10,350 | 10,850 |
co-operation with the Pétain Government. As the Resistance movement in southern France became ever stronger and developed into a tre-mendous threat to the troops fighting in the Mediterranean area -that was in the winter of 1943 and 1944-the Commander-in-Chief West was made responsible for the southern part of France.... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 10,800 | 11,300 |
VON RUNDSTEDT: My point of view is the following, based on quite understandable patriotic feeling: Disorderly, irregular warfare behind the front of the enemy army must bring very great misery to the population of the country affected. No army in the world can tolerate such conditions for any length of time, and in the... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 11,250 | 11,750 |
offensive. Was- an order to shoot prisoners ever issued before or during this offensive? VON RUNDSTEDT: Such an order was not issued by Hitler. On the contrary, he considered it most important to take as many prisoners as possible in the offensive. I consider it impossible that a subordinate military command issued suc... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 11,700 | 12,200 |
fatherland. DR. LATERNSER: You lost your position three times during the war. What were the reasons? VON RUNDSTEDT: In 1941 a quite impossible order of a tech-nical nature was issued from above, and would have led to the destruction of the entire Kleist Panzer Army near Rostov. I ob-jected to it, I demanded that the or... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 12,150 | 12,650 |
of cavalry battles and of infantry bayonet attacks, witnessed the increasing mechanization of warfare with regret. Today the bravest men and the best troops are helpless against the force of sheer material. All the more did we leaders believe that where there was fighting on land, the old soldierly decent forms of batt... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 12,600 | 13,100 |
RUNDSTEDT: That is correct. COMMANDER CALVACORESSI: And you knew from your former experience that although on the map that gap was shown as swamp land, it could be used by troops; and you therefore advised about the steps that should be taken to prevent its exploita-tion by the enemy? VON RUNDSTEDT: I pointed out that ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 13,050 | 13,550 |
himself? That strengthened his hand, did it not? VON RUNDSTEDT: Yes; one might say that. COMMANDER CALVACORESSI: You all agreed in giving similar advice to the advice which had been given by General-oberst Beck? THE PRESIDENT: Is this a convenient time to break off? COMMANDER CALVACORESSI: Yes, My Lord. [The Tribunal r... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 13,500 | 14,000 |
RUNDSTEDT: I did not quite understand that. Did you say the borders of Germany were expanding? They did not do that. It was only in 1938 through the Sudeten affair and until... COMMANDER CALVACORESSI: I mean from the beginning of the period of the Anschluss until the outbreak of the war with Poland? VON RUNDSTEDT: Yes,... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 13,950 | 14,450 |
Prussian policy was revised and insisted upon by Von Seeckt because, as a result of the Kapp Putsch, he saw how important it was to keep the Army out of entanglements with incompetent politicians. VON RUNDSTEDT: That is entirely my view too. All the more since the Hitler Putsch in 1923 placed the Army in a very difficu... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 14,400 | 14,900 |
am only putting to you the fact that when Hitler's power was assured and there was no more danger of his being a failure, the nonpolitical opponents began to disappear. VON RUNDSTEDT: No, we always remained nonpolitical. Of course there were active National Socialists, like Reichenau and Blomberg, in the Army, but the ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 14,850 | 15,350 |
Commission was made concerning 1939, when we had drawn up our troops in the West, and when the question arose whether Holland and Belgium would remain neutral or not. My answer was given in that connection at the time. COMMANDER CALVACORESSI: Very well. You have also said that you opposed or you fought Nazi totalitaria... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 15,300 | 15,800 |
information about these training courses which Reinecke held. COMMANDER CALVACORESSI: All I am asking you to do is to look at certain passages in this document which I shall indicate to you and which, in my submission, show that the extreme non--political attitude of the generals was not maintained at this time. VON RU... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 15,750 | 16,250 |
in the West. Those were the thoughts which I expressed, and which were the basis for our games of war: how were we going to defend ourselves against an invasion from the East and West,, or from the East or the West. COMMANDER CALVACORESSI: Well, now, we have already had that. You have never agreed with General Von Blom... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 16,200 | 16,700 |
evident, for with Hitler's creation of this military machine, Germany could feel secure against any attack from abroad. What we had not succeeded in doing by peace-ful means, Hitler achieved with a stroke of his pen; that is, the rearmament program. But I stress this fact once more: for an attack even on Poland, these ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 16,650 | 17,150 |
because I told counsel that the Commando Order was not carried out by us, but passed up under silence. Since, however, it came to the Army from Hitler and had been announced in the Wehrmacht commumqué, one might have had to say at that time: "No, I will not carry out that order," whereupon one would have been dismisse... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 17,100 | 17,600 |
for the sake of argument, behaved badly in occupied territory, a logical reason for it would be the knowledge by them that their commanders had a ruthless disregard and indifference for the sufferings of the population. THE PRESIDENT: The Tribunal thinks that it is too hypothetical a question to put to him. COMMANDER C... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 17,550 | 18,050 |
you commanded three, or was it four, armies in Army Group South? VON RUNDSTEDT: I had four armies under my command, besides the Romanians. COMMANDER CALVACORESSI: And of these four armies which fought so far away so many years ago, we have recovered orders of this kind from two. I put it to you that any soldier of the ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 18,000 | 18,500 |
an infamy beyond words. I only heard of those rumors from the American papers after I was taken prisoner. According to these, Rommel's young son was supposed to have said that his father took poison in order not to be hanged. COMMANDER CALVACORESSI: You never heard during all these months that succeeded the death of Ro... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 18,450 | 18,950 |
as Hitler was concerned, though. DR. LATERNSER: And on the other hand, there were always discussions and meetings concerning the solving of tasks in all the armies? VON RUNDSTEDT: Yes, I imagine so. DR. LATERNSER: Now with reference to Affidavit Number 5, by General Blaskowitz. The Prosecution has emphasized that leade... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 18,900 | 19,400 |
Army Group South, did not like this gap. That was why I reported to Hitler, saying: "My army group has such and such a task and will do this or that. It would be a good plan if some troops were to pass through this gap." It was not a disagreement with Bock at all, it was a su ggestion for improvement coming from me. DR... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 19,350 | 19,850 |
LATERNSER: Mr. President, in the event that Professor Dr. Schreiber is produced by the Russian Prosecution, and only in that case, I should like to make application for another witness to be questioned on this point, on which he can give the most exact information. But only in that case. THE PRESIDENT: Perhaps you woul... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 19,800 | 20,300 |
became unemployed around this time, I professionally joined the SA Group Staff West as adjutant in 1932. In 1933 1 was transferred to the SA Group "Bayrische Ostmark" and became Stabsfuehrer. In 1934, as Standartenfuehrer, I was transferred to Traunstein. From 1935 to 1937 1 was Brigadefuehrer. In 1937 1 became section... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 20,250 | 20,750 |
for a reorganization in 1931? BOCK: The development of the Party and the spreading of the SA over the entire Reich necessitated at that time, in my opinion, a closer co-ordination and a corresponding organization of the leadership of the SA. Furthermore, it was urgently necessary, because of the Party rallies which too... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 20,700 | 21,200 |
the service of the State and of the Police and were armed. By whom were they armed in these instances? I BOCK: As far as I know, the SA units which were used for emergency State services or as auxiliary Police were armed by the competent authorities by whom they were employed, and were also generally led by the corresp... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 21,150 | 21,650 |
SA Leadership. And finally, there was the service for emergencies, which had to be practiced before-hand in order to be effective. HERR BÃHM: Did the SA members fulfill their obligations? BOCK: As far as I could see in my units, the SA men performed their duty gladly, only there were great difficulties for the men, di... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 21,600 | 22,100 |
What other regulations were there in the SA? BOCK: There was a general service regulation hi the SA; special orders were contained in the salute regulation, the uniform regula-tion, the medical regulation, and the drill order. HERR BÃHM: Why was this drill regulation necessary? Must one not conclude a military charact... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 22,050 | 22,550 |
and year by year. In addition, the work for this Sport or Defense Insignia was not the main task which we had in the SA, but taking this test was more or less voluntary and considered supplementary. HERR BÃHM: Are training and the discipline of this Defense Sport Insignia to be judged from a military point of view? BO... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 22,500 | 23,000 |
got this all. You are going straight through the examinations as far as I can make out, when you know we don't want that. HERR BÃHM: Yes, Mr. President, I will try to condense it a little. [Turuing to the witness.] The Prosecution asserts that 25,000 officers were trained in these schools. What do you have to say to t... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 22,950 | 23,450 |
the decree was issued was not such that one could speak of an analogous continuation. Our whole training from 1934 to 1939 was only a general sport training. Otherwise, in my opinion, there would have been no need for any agreement between the SA and the commanders-in-chief of the three branches of the Wehrmacht. In th... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 23,400 | 23,900 |
above all those in the special units, manufactured about 90 percent of their equipment themselves or made use of materials they had procured from their working sites or had collected from friends or acquaintances. HERR BÃHM: Witness, there was rifle practice in the SA, among other things. Will you tell us what kinds o... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 23,850 | 24,350 |
in the newspaper. Apart from that, the contents were similar to those of other publications. HERR BÃHM: Did you, as chief of office, Amtschef, with the Supreme SA Leadership, have any influence on the setup of that publication? BOCK: No, I had no influence on that newspaper. I only know that my superior, the Hauptamts... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 24,300 | 24,800 |
still remembered the fighting days, remained calm and prudent. HERR BÃHM: In what light, however, did you see the various excesses which have occurred later on from 1933 to 1934, according to the statement which you have now given? BOCK: In my opinion, the excesses which occurred later in spite of the discipline and o... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 24,750 | 25,250 |
There were no restraints? Or is it yes? BOCK: I asked a question of the prosecutor. What restraints did the-SA man not have in contrast to others? That is how I under-stood the question. MAJOR BARRINGTON: Was the SA man as free in his behavior, or was the SA man more free in his behavior than the ordinary German citize... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 25,200 | 25,700 |
e3falted above the Army? Yes or no? BOCK: I have already said that, as far as I am concerned, I never had or assumed any special privilege, and therefore I cannot imagine that the SA man could have availed himself of any such privilege. MAJOR BARRINGTON: Very well then; that is your answer. Now, look at Article 18, on ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 25,650 | 26,150 |
do not know what has been decreed in detail according to the service regulations. The SA man, as I have seen it, was armed in as far as he was used in the State or police auxiliary service. MAJOR BARRINGTON: Can you tell me any other case besides police service where he would have to use his arms, except self-defense? ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 26,100 | 26,600 |
show perfectly clearly that the Nazi Party regarded the SA as a privileged party who were entitled to commit crimes if they were advantageous to the Movement? BOCK: The SA man was led, and could not on the basis of that regulation act as an individual, or as he wanted to. MAJOR BARRINGTON: My Lord, I have only got one ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 26,550 | 27,050 |
attention is laid: Marching, drill, shooting, field training, and last of all, sport. Can you see that? BOCK: Yes. MAJOR BARRINGTON: Now turn on to Page 9, which gives you a similar thing for the second training period, from February to April 1939. In the middle of the page you will see, underlined again: Drill, firing... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and First Day | 27,000 | 27,293 |
Avalon Home Document Collections Ancient 4000bce - 399 Medieval 400 - 1399 15 th Century 1400 - 1499 16 th Century 1500 - 1599 17 th Century 1600 - 1699 18 th Century 1700 - 1799 19 th Century 1800 - 1899 20 th Century 1900 - 1999 21 st Century 2000 - Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Volume 21 Two Hundred and First Day Volu... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 0 | 500 |
high position of the SA man must not be disgraced by treatment of damaging, disparaging, or unjust character. BOCK: The rights were the consequences of certain duties. If the SA man was under special obligation he had to have special rights. But never -- that was constantly emphasized -- could he overstep the existing ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 450 | 950 |
law, he also thereby harms his fatherland. HERR BOEHM: The training directives were also shown to you, and Pages 7 and 9 of them were pointed out to you. There is talk here of policing duties, of drill, shooting practice, exercises in open country, and sports. Did not the pentathlon in the Olympic Games consist of just... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 900 | 1,400 |
SA? BOCK: To us, the drill and the training of the men as individuals as well as in closed formations were always done for the purpose of presenting a unified picture in public appearances. HERR BOEHM: I have no more questions to put to the witness. THE PRESIDENT: The witness can retire. HERR BOEHM: Mr. President, I sh... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 1,350 | 1,850 |
number of such weapons were found and it did not remain unknown to us that a large number of our active opponents were willing to use these weapons to bring about such chaotic conditions. HERR BOEHM: Can one say that the SA, in confiscating the weapons at that time, was carrying out an assignment of the State? SCHAEFER... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 1,800 | 2,300 |
my superior with regard to the concentration camp at Oranienburg. I must mention that he paid frequent surprise visits to Oranienburg and inspected with great thoroughness the measures which had been ordered. He was known to me as a man who advocated the absolute maintenance of correctness and discipline. HERR BOEHM: I... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 2,250 | 2,750 |
SCHAEFER: I know nothing about this alleged deterioration of relations between Diels and the Supreme SA Leadership. I do not think that what he says is correct, because a few yea rs later I found him to be on very close terms with the then Chief of Staff Lutze; that was in connection with a tour in the Ems district. He... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 2,700 | 3,200 |
to scrutinize this figure of 40,000 internees, and particularly the number of 40 camps which Diels mentions. During 1933 Oranienburg soon became the only camp for political opponents from Berlin and the whole province of Brandenburg. A few transit camps which had existed up till then were dissolved. There could not hav... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 3,150 | 3,650 |
SCHAEFER: The Fi1hrer of the Gruppe Berlin-Brandenburg had no influence on the camp itself. He had no influence on the conduct or the general administration of the concentration camp. HERR BOEHM: Could one assume that individual actions carried out by him meant terror measures of the SA? SCHAEFER: I did not hear of any... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 3,600 | 4,100 |
Camp Oranienburg was to be dissolved immediately. He asked me to come to Berlin at once, as he wanted to go with me to the Prussian Ministry of the Interior to investigate why the dissolution of the camp had been ordered so suddenly. We went to the Prussian Ministry of the Interior together and learned to our great ast... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 4,050 | 4,550 |
emphasize that at this point. I recall a Christmas speech of Diels, which he made to the prisoners on the occasion of their release, and in which he said that Minister President Goering had urged that at Christmas very extensive releases of prisoners should take place. THE PRESIDENT: Dr. BOEHM, the Tribunal is not tryi... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 4,500 | 5,000 |
opinion. HERR BOEHM: The former Reichstag Member for the SPD, Seger, of Dessau, wrote a book on Oranienburg. Do you know it? SCHAEFER: Yes. Seger himself sent me this book. HERR BOEHM: Do you know that Seger submitted this book to the Ministry of Justice for the investigation of the complaints which he made? SCHAEFER: ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 4,950 | 5,450 |
THE PRESIDENT: Dr. B6hm, if it is submitted in cross-examination, the witness will then be able to answer questions which are put upon the book. It isn't necessary for you to anticipate possible cross-examination. HERR BOEHM: Very well, Mr. President. May I continue? Is Seger's assertion true that Gauleiter Laeber of D... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 5,400 | 5,900 |
the use of the auxiliary police, and so, through him, by the State, I received the order to establish the camp. BEER BOEHM: What persons were brought to the Oranienburg Camp? SCHAEFER: Mainly, of course, active opponents were sent to the Oranienburg Camp. Then there were elements of the Movement and the SA, who owing t... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 5,850 | 6,350 |
and confinement in concentration camps? SCHAEFER: An order for protective custody had in all cases to be issued first. HERR BOEHM: Who issued this order? SCHAEFER: The political police or the Kreis police authority issued these orders. HERR BOEHM: To what work were the people in the concentration camps assigned? SCHAEF... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 6,300 | 6,800 |
gone into before the Commission or it was not. HERR BOEHM: It was mentioned before the Commission, Mr. President. But I now wanted to add the question whether SA men, not only these three officers, but SA men, were punished and dismissed. THE PRESIDENT: Then you can pass on from the three officers. HERR BOEHM: It is tr... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 6,750 | 7,250 |
select the important points and deal with them and give Your Lordship and the Tribunal an opportunity for judging the witness and seeing his merits and capabilities. My Lord, I do ask, very respectfully, that some limit should be put on this very extended examination in controversion of the Tribunal's ruling. THE PRESI... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 7,200 | 7,700 |
of one of these visits you were told: "Now you are going to show us only what we are permitted to see and all the rest will remain concealed from us"? SCHAEFER: That is correct. That was put to me and I thereupon saw to it that these visitors to the camp should be able to go wherever they pleased. There was nothing to ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 7,650 | 8,150 |
the last eight months this Tribunal has heard a great deal of evidence about concentration camps. Do you deny, now, that even in 1933 concentration camps were regarded throughout Germany with terror? SCHAEFER: I did not quite understand the question. MAJOR BARRINGTON: I will state it again. Do you deny that. even in 19... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 8,100 | 8,600 |
document-which is Number 787-PS, My Lord, in Book 16a, at Page 16. That is a letter written by Dr. Görtner, the Reich Minister of Justice, to Hitler, and he describes at the beginning of the letter the maltreatment of prisoners in Hohenstein, including torture by a Orip apparatus. If you look toward the end of the let... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 8,550 | 9,050 |
was just because of the interest that Kerrl took in you that he did in fact appoint you to your position with the "Strafgefangenenlager," later. It was just because of that I am suggesting that you might have talked the whole problem out with him. Did you or did you not? SCHAEFER: Only insofar as it concerned the Camp ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 9,000 | 9,500 |
were separated from the group of inmates who had maltreated them. Ebert was soon released, after a few weeks of internment. He and Heilmann never complained to me personally. I learned of their ill-treatment at the hands of other inmates from a third party and I took steps immediately to prevent such things from happen... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 9,450 | 9,950 |
camp: "The moment had at last come when our old SA men could refresh the memory of some of these provocateurs who had been especially in the foreground politically." Do you see that? [The witness made no response.] MAJOR BARRINGTON: Well, the translation may not be exactly as it comes in your book; but do you see the p... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 9,900 | 10,400 |
PRESIDENT: You are saying, are you not, you don't know what you mean by "refreshing their memories"? SCHAEFER: Yes. MAJOR BARRINGTON: Let me help you a little by referring you to another passage not very far away from that. Just turn to Page 25, and you will see a passage in between brackets there. "Rarely have I seen ... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 10,350 | 10,850 |
point too ... THE PRESIDENT: The Tribunal would like to know how you did treat them. You said in certain cases inmates had to be treated accordingly. "Accordingly" meaning, I suppose, not too gently; is that what you meant? SCHAEFER: My Lord, the question ran simply be answered in this way: If an inmate believed-and th... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 10,800 | 11,300 |
under the orders of the Police, and that they, in fact, became deputy policemen for the purpose, is that your evidence? SCHAEFER: Yes. MAJOR BARRINGTON: Tell me this. Why do you suppose that Goering chose SA men to do this job? Was it because the ordinary police would not do it? SCHAEFER: No. A little while ago I expla... | Yale Avalon (proceedings_vol21): Two Hundred and Second Day | 11,250 | 11,750 |
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