question stringlengths 66 3.58k | answer stringlengths 1 230 | options dict | meta_info stringclasses 2
values | answer_idx stringclasses 4
values | metamap_phrases listlengths 1 184 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A 49-year-old woman presents with a mass in her left breast. She says she discovered the mass during a monthly self-examination 3 months ago and has been 'watching it' since that time. She believes the mass has enlarged since she first discovered it. The patient denies any ulceration, weight loss, fatigue, night sweats... | Perform an ultrasound of the left breast | {
"A": "Begin tamoxifen therapy",
"B": "Repeat a mammogram in 6 months",
"C": "Observe for 6 months and biopsy the mass if it persists",
"D": "Perform an ultrasound of the left breast"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
"mass",
"left breast",
"discovered",
"mass",
"monthly self-examination",
"months",
"watching",
"time",
"mass",
"enlarged",
"first discovered",
"patient denies",
"ulceration",
"weight loss",
"fatigue",
"night sweats",
"nipple discharge",
"past medical hi... |
A 28-year-old female presents to her primary care doctor complaining of new onset blurry vision. She first noticed her vision getting blurry toward the end of the day several days ago. Since then, she reports that her vision has been fine when she wakes up but gets worse throughout the day. She has also noticed that he... | It is associated with a benign proliferation of epithelial cells of the thymus | {
"A": "An increasing response will be seen on repeated nerve stimulation",
"B": "It is associated with a benign proliferation of epithelial cells of the thymus",
"C": "It is associated with a neoplasm of lung neuroendocrine cells",
"D": "It is caused by antibodies directed against presynaptic P/Q calcium chann... | step1 | B | [
"year old female presents",
"primary care doctor",
"new onset blurry vision",
"first",
"vision getting blurry",
"end",
"day",
"days",
"then",
"reports",
"vision",
"fine",
"wakes up",
"gets worse",
"day",
"eyelids",
"started to",
"goes",
"bed",
"exam",
"bilateral ptosis",
"w... |
A 62-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination after a recent change in her medication regimen. She reports that she feels well. She has type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, essential tremor, and chronic back pain. Current medications are metformin, glyburide, propranolol, sim... | Antagonism at β2-adrenergic receptors | {
"A": "Inhibition of norepinephrine and serotonine reuptake",
"B": "Antagonism at β2-adrenergic receptors",
"C": "Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme",
"D": "Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase"
} | step1 | B | [
"62 year old woman",
"physician",
"follow-up examination",
"recent change",
"medication regimen",
"reports",
"feels well",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"hyperlipidemia",
"hypertension",
"essential tremor",
"chronic back pain",
"Current medications",
"metformin",
"glyburide",
"propranolo... |
A 26-year-old woman presents to the clinic with complaints of missing her 'monthlies'. She usually has her menses are around the 15th of every month and they last for about 4 days. She is not on any birth control and has recently gotten into a relationship with a boy from college. She is on lithium for maintenance ther... | Continue her lithium monotherapy. | {
"A": "Continue her lithium monotherapy.",
"B": "Supplement her treatment with 3-4 mg of folate per day.",
"C": "Add another drug to the regime but decrease each drug’s dosage.",
"D": "Discontinue the lithium after delivery and before breastfeeding."
} | step1 | A | [
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"clinic",
"complaints",
"missing",
"monthlies",
"usually",
"menses",
"month",
"last",
"4 days",
"not",
"birth control",
"recently gotten",
"relationship",
"boy",
"college",
"lithium",
"maintenance therapy",
"bipolar disorder",
"took",
"off",
"lith... |
A 31-year-old woman comes to the physician because she thinks that her “right wrist is broken.” She says that she has severe pain and that “the bone is sticking out.” She has not had any trauma to the wrist. Her medical records indicate that she was diagnosed with schizophrenia 2 years ago and treated with olanzapine; ... | “I cannot see any injury of your wrist and the physical exam as well as the x-ray don't show any injury. I imagine that feeling as if your wrist was broken may be very uncomfortable. Can you tell me more about what it feels like?” | {
"A": "“I cannot see any injury of your wrist and the physical exam as well as the x-ray don't show any injury. I imagine that feeling as if your wrist was broken may be very uncomfortable. Can you tell me more about what it feels like?”",
"B": "\"\"\"I understand your concerns; however, your symptoms seem to be p... | step2&3 | A | [
"31 year old woman",
"physician",
"thinks",
"right wrist",
"broken",
"severe pain",
"bone",
"sticking out",
"not",
"trauma",
"wrist",
"medical records",
"diagnosed",
"schizophrenia 2 years",
"treated with olanzapine",
"not filled",
"prescriptions",
"past 4 months",
"Three weeks",... |
A 62-year-old male presents to his primary care physician complaining of a chronic cough. He reports a six-month history of progressively worsening cough and occasional hemoptysis. He has lost ten pounds over the same time frame. His medical history is notable for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. He... | Platinum-based DNA crosslinker | {
"A": "DNA alkylating agent",
"B": "Microtubule inhibitor",
"C": "Folate analog",
"D": "Platinum-based DNA crosslinker"
} | step1 | D | [
"62 year old male presents",
"primary care physician complaining of",
"chronic cough",
"reports",
"six-month history",
"worsening cough",
"occasional hemoptysis",
"lost ten pounds",
"same time frame",
"medical history",
"notable",
"hypertension",
"hyperlipidemia",
"diabetes mellitus",
"5... |
A 35-year-old man comes to the physician because of an ulcer on his penis that he first noticed 4 days ago. He is currently sexually active with multiple male partners and uses condoms inconsistently. Genital examination shows a shallow, nontender ulcer with a smooth base and indurated border along the shaft of the pen... | Transpeptidase | {
"A": "Transpeptidase",
"B": "Aminoacyl-tRNA binding",
"C": "Dihydrofolate reductase",
"D": "Dihydropteroate synthase"
} | step1 | A | [
"35 year old man",
"physician",
"of",
"ulcer",
"penis",
"first",
"4 days",
"currently sexually active",
"multiple male partners",
"uses condoms",
"Genital examination shows",
"shallow",
"nontender ulcer",
"smooth base",
"indurated border",
"shaft of",
"penis",
"bilateral inguinal l... |
A 65-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. He has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and was recently discharged from the hospital for an exacerbation. His cough and chills have since improved, but his mobility is still severely limited by dyspnea and fatigue. He smoked 2 packs of cigarett... | Oxygen therapy | {
"A": "Oral roflumilast",
"B": "Oral theophylline",
"C": "Antibiotic therapy",
"D": "Oxygen therapy"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"65 year old man",
"physician",
"follow-up examination",
"chronic obstructive pulmonary disease",
"recently discharged from",
"hospital",
"exacerbation",
"cough",
"chills",
"since improved",
"mobility",
"severely limited",
"dyspnea",
"fatigue",
"smoked 2 packs",
"cigarettes daily",
"... |
A 52-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider with colicky left flank pain that radiates to her groin. She appears to be in significant distress and is having trouble getting comfortable on the exam table. She and her mother both have a history of calcium oxalate kidney stones. She has a past medical histor... | Decrease protein intake | {
"A": "Increase electrolytes",
"B": "Switch to a sulfonylurea",
"C": "Switch to a potassium-sparing diuretic",
"D": "Decrease protein intake"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
"primary care provider",
"colicky left flank pain",
"radiates",
"groin",
"appears to",
"significant distress",
"getting",
"exam table",
"mother",
"history of calcium oxalate kidney stones",
"past medical history significant",
"type 2 diabetes",
"hypertension",
... |
A 44-year-old man is brought to the clinic by his wife insisting that her husband has been acting strange lately. He is a dentist by profession and has no known medical conditions. For the past 6 weeks, he has insisted on listening to the 6 PM news on the radio. He is adamant that the news anchor is referencing his lif... | Delusion of reference | {
"A": "Grandiose delusions",
"B": "Bizarre persecutory",
"C": "Delusion of inference",
"D": "Delusion of reference"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"clinic",
"wife",
"husband",
"dentist",
"profession",
"known medical conditions",
"past",
"weeks",
"listening",
"PM news",
"radio",
"news anchor",
"referencing",
"life",
"wife states",
"husband",
"fine",
"wife deny",
"use of",
"prescribed medicati... |
A 26-year-old female presents to the emergency department with high fever, productive cough, and hemoptysis. She says that she has also been getting red tender bumps under the skin as well as joint pain. She believes that her symptoms started a few days after a small earthquake hit near her hometown and was otherwise h... | Desert dust and sand | {
"A": "Bird and bat droppings",
"B": "Desert dust and sand",
"C": "Eastern United States soil",
"D": "Widespread"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old female presents",
"emergency department",
"high fever",
"productive cough",
"hemoptysis",
"getting red tender bumps",
"skin",
"joint pain",
"symptoms started",
"few days",
"small earthquake hit",
"healthy prior to",
"symptoms",
"pathogenic bacteria",
"detected",
"sputum cultu... |
During the obstetric clerkship, the doctor is observing a 3rd-year resident assist a delivery. The patient only had 1 prenatal ultrasound that reported a male fetus. The delivery progresses without complications. The pediatrician-in-charge of the newborn notices a short, broad, upturned penis with an orifice in its dor... | Clitoris | {
"A": "Bartholin glands",
"B": "Labia majora",
"C": "Vestibule",
"D": "Clitoris"
} | step1 | D | [
"obstetric",
"doctor",
"observing",
"3rd year resident assist",
"delivery",
"patient only",
"1 prenatal ultrasound",
"reported",
"male fetus",
"delivery progresses",
"complications",
"pediatrician",
"charge",
"newborn",
"short",
"broad",
"penis",
"orifice",
"dorsal aspect",
"te... |
A 45-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of irritability and frequent bowel movements. During this time, she has had a 6.8-kg (15-lb) weight loss. She has not had a change in appetite or diet. She takes no medications. Her temperature is 37.4°C (99.4°F), pulse is 112/min, respirations are... | Radioactive iodine ablation | {
"A": "Subtotal thyroidectomy",
"B": "Radioactive iodine ablation",
"C": "Propranolol",
"D": "Methimazole"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"4 month history",
"irritability",
"frequent bowel movements",
"time",
"kg",
"weight loss",
"not",
"change in appetite",
"diet",
"takes",
"medications",
"temperature",
"4C",
"99 4F",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirations",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"74... |
A 50-year-old man presents to the emergency department for evaluation of a pulsatile headache, palpitations, chest pain, and anxiety. The vital signs include: heart rate 90/min, blood pressure 211/161 mm Hg, and respiration rate 18/min. His fundoscopic exam is remarkable for papilledema. An urgent urinalysis reveals in... | Alpha-blockers followed by beta-blockers | {
"A": "Beta-blockers followed by alpha-blockers",
"B": "Alpha-blockers followed by beta-blockers",
"C": "Emergent surgery",
"D": "Hydralazine"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"50 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"evaluation",
"pulsatile headache",
"palpitations",
"chest pain",
"anxiety",
"vital signs include",
"heart rate 90 min",
"blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
"respiration rate",
"min",
"fundoscopic exam",
"papilledema",
"urgent urinalysis revea... |
A 5-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother because his lips turned blue for several minutes while playing earlier that evening. She reports that he has had similar episodes during feeding that resolved quickly. He was born at term following an uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery. He is at t... | Right axis deviation on ECG | {
"A": "Right axis deviation on ECG",
"B": "Machine-like hum on auscultation",
"C": "Anomalous pulmonary venous return on MR angiography",
"D": "Diminutive left ventricle on echocardiogram\n\""
} | step2&3 | A | [
"5 month old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"mother",
"lips turned blue",
"minutes",
"playing earlier",
"evening",
"reports",
"similar episodes",
"feeding",
"resolved",
"born",
"term following",
"uncomplicated pregnancy",
"delivery",
"percentile",
"length",
"5th percent... |
A 65-year-old woman comes to the physician because of progressive weight loss for 3 months. Physical examination shows jaundice and a nontender, palpable gallbladder. A CT scan of the abdomen shows an ill-defined mass in the pancreatic head. She is scheduled for surgery to resect the pancreatic head, distal stomach, du... | Microcytic anemia | {
"A": "Hypercoagulable state",
"B": "Microcytic anemia",
"C": "Calcium oxalate kidney stones",
"D": "Increased bile production\n\""
} | step1 | B | [
"65 year old woman",
"physician",
"of progressive",
"months",
"Physical examination shows jaundice",
"nontender",
"palpable gallbladder",
"CT scan",
"abdomen shows",
"ill defined mass",
"pancreatic",
"scheduled",
"surgery to resect",
"pancreatic head",
"distal stomach",
"duodenum",
"... |
A 25-year-old G1P0 woman at 14 weeks estimated gestational age presents for prenatal care. She has no complaints. No significant past medical history. The patient is afebrile and vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination is unremarkable. Laboratory findings are significant for the following:
Thyroid-st... | Estrogen regulation of thyroxine-binding globulin secretion (TBG) | {
"A": "Estrogen regulation of thyroxine-binding globulin secretion (TBG)",
"B": "Placental production of thyroxine",
"C": "Progesterone regulation of TBG",
"D": "Estrogen mediated thyroid hyperplasia"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old",
"woman",
"weeks estimated gestational age presents",
"prenatal care",
"complaints",
"significant past medical history",
"patient",
"afebrile",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Physical examination",
"unremarkable",
"Laboratory findings",
"significant",
"following",
"Thyroid... |
A 50-year-old female is evaluated by her physician for recent weight gain. Physical examination is notable for truncal obesity, wasting of her distal musculature and moon facies. In addition she complains of abnormal stretch marks that surround her abdomen. The physician suspects pituitary adenoma. Which of the followi... | Cortisol suppression, high baseline ACTH | {
"A": "Cortisol suppression, normal baseline ACTH",
"B": "Cortisol suppression, high baseline ACTH",
"C": "No cortisol suppression, low baseline ACTH",
"D": "Elevation of cortisol above pre-test levels, high baseline ACTH"
} | step1 | B | [
"50 year old female",
"evaluated",
"physician",
"recent weight gain",
"Physical examination",
"notable",
"truncal obesity",
"wasting",
"distal musculature",
"moon facies",
"addition",
"abnormal stretch marks",
"surround",
"abdomen",
"physician suspects pituitary adenoma",
"following hi... |
A 64-year-old man presents to his physician 6 months after experiencing a myocardial infarction. The patient currently denies any symptoms and is only in for a check up. The patient's past medical history is notable for diabetes (type II), obesity, hypertension and cyclothymia. His current medications are hydrocholorth... | Irreversible inactivation of cyclooxygenase | {
"A": "GLUT-4 insertion in cell membranes",
"B": "Inhibition of angiotensin II formation",
"C": "Irreversible inactivation of cyclooxygenase",
"D": "Decreased inhibition of HMG CoA reductase"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"64 year old man presents",
"physician",
"months",
"experiencing",
"myocardial infarction",
"patient currently denies",
"symptoms",
"only",
"check up",
"patient's past",
"notable",
"diabetes",
"type II",
"obesity",
"hypertension",
"cyclothymia",
"current medications",
"metoprolol",... |
A 32-year-old woman comes to the physician with increasing jaundice and fatigue for the past week. She has no history of a serious illness. She takes no medications and denies use of recreational drugs. She does not drink alcohol. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Her body mass index is 21 kg/m2. On physical ex... | Anti-smooth muscle | {
"A": "Anti-double stranded DNA",
"B": "Anti-liver kidney microsomal type 2",
"C": "Anti-mitochondrial",
"D": "Anti-smooth muscle"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"increasing jaundice",
"fatigue",
"past week",
"history",
"serious illness",
"takes",
"medications",
"denies use of recreational drugs",
"not drink alcohol",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"body mass index",
"kg/m2",
"physical examination",
"icteric sc... |
A 22-year-old female presents at 24 weeks gestation with a chief complaint of burning upon urination. On physical exam, you note a gravid uterus that extends above the umbilicus. A urine analysis and culture is sent demonstrating over 100,000 colony forming units of E. coli. Of note this patient had a similar UTI 7 wee... | Nitrofurantoin and continue with nitrofurantoin prophylaxis for the rest of the pregnancy | {
"A": "Nitrofurantoin",
"B": "Cephalexin",
"C": "Nitrofurantoin and continue with nitrofurantoin prophylaxis for the rest of the pregnancy",
"D": "Cephalexin and IV antibiotic prophylaxis for the rest of the pregnancy"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old female presents",
"weeks gestation",
"chief complaint",
"burning",
"urination",
"physical exam",
"note",
"gravid uterus",
"extends",
"umbilicus",
"urine analysis",
"culture",
"sent",
"100",
"colony forming units",
"E",
"coli",
"note",
"patient",
"similar UTI",
"week... |
n 18-month-old toddler is brought to the pediatrician by her mother for cough. The mother reports that her daughter has had a productive-sounding cough and runny nose for the past 2 days. She has also noticed that her daughter feels warm. On chart review, this is the 4th time this patient is presenting for similar conc... | Hyper-IgM syndrome | {
"A": "Bruton agammaglobulinemia",
"B": " Common variable immunodeficiency",
"C": " Hyper-IgM syndrome",
"D": "Severe combined immunodeficiency"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"n",
"month old toddler",
"brought",
"pediatrician",
"mother",
"cough",
"mother reports",
"daughter",
"productive sounding cough",
"runny nose",
"past 2 days",
"daughter feels warm",
"chart review",
"4th time",
"patient",
"presenting",
"similar concerns",
"3 previous diagnoses",
... |
A 56-year old man presents to his primary care physician complaining of a dark spot on his left thigh. He says that he first noticed the spot about 3 years ago when he went to the beach with his family; however, at the time it was very small and he didn't think that it was worth mentioning. Since then, it has been grow... | Both copies of the gene encoding the target are non-functional in tumors | {
"A": "Both copies of the gene encoding the target are non-functional in tumors",
"B": "Overproduction of the gene product leads to disease",
"C": "The gene is involved in DNA repair",
"D": "The protein experienced gain of function mutation"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"dark spot",
"left thigh",
"first",
"spot",
"years",
"beach",
"family",
"time",
"very small",
"think",
"Since then",
"slowly",
"now concerned",
"size",
"not",
"symptoms associated with",
"lesion",
"Physical exam reveals",
"as... |
A 35-year-old African American male is admitted to the hospital following a recent diagnosis of systemic histoplasmosis and subsequently treated with an intravenous anti-fungal agent. During the course of his hospital stay, he complains of headaches. Work-up reveals hypotension, anemia, and elevated BUN and creatinine.... | Amphotericin B | {
"A": "Fluconazole",
"B": "Flucytosine",
"C": "Amphotericin B",
"D": "Terbinafine"
} | step1 | C | [
"35 year old African American male",
"admitted",
"hospital following",
"recent diagnosis",
"systemic histoplasmosis",
"treated with",
"intravenous anti-fungal agent",
"course",
"hospital",
"headaches",
"Work-up reveals hypotension",
"anemia",
"elevated BUN",
"creatinine",
"medication",
... |
An otherwise healthy 13-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of asthma attacks that have been increasing in frequency and severity over the past 4 weeks. He was first diagnosed with asthma 6 months ago. Current medications include high-dose inhaled fluticasone and salmeterol daily, with additional albuterol... | Omalizumab | {
"A": "Zileuton",
"B": "Omalizumab",
"C": "Theophylline",
"D": "Infliximab"
} | step1 | B | [
"healthy",
"year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"asthma attacks",
"increasing",
"frequency",
"severity",
"past 4 weeks",
"first diagnosed",
"asthma",
"months",
"Current medications include high-dose inhaled fluticasone",
"salmeterol daily",
"additional albuterol as needed",
"require... |
A 26-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of abdominal pain, dizziness, shortness of breath, and swelling and pruritus of the lips, tongue, and throat for 1 hour. The symptoms began minutes after he started eating a lobster dinner. It is determined that his symptoms are due to surface crosslinkin... | Tryptase | {
"A": "Tryptase",
"B": "Cathepsin",
"C": "Bradykinin",
"D": "Interferon gamma\n\""
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"abdominal pain",
"dizziness",
"shortness of breath",
"swelling",
"pruritus",
"lips",
"tongue",
"throat",
"hour",
"symptoms began minutes",
"started eating",
"lobster dinner",
"symptoms",
"due to surface crosslinking",
"IgE",
"im... |
A 62-year-old man comes to the physician because of a skin lesion on his nose. The patient has had the lesion for 11 months and it has increased in size over the past few months. He is a farmer and lives together with his wife. His mother died of metastatic melanoma at the age of 67 years. The patient has smoked a pack... | Basal cell carcinoma | {
"A": "Molluscum contagiosum",
"B": "Keratoacanthoma",
"C": "Basal cell carcinoma",
"D": "Actinic keratosis"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"62 year old man",
"physician",
"of",
"skin",
"nose",
"patient",
"lesion",
"months",
"increased in size",
"past",
"months",
"farmer",
"lives together with",
"wife",
"mother died",
"metastatic melanoma",
"age",
"67 years",
"patient",
"smoked",
"pack",
"cigarettes daily",
"... |
A 49-year-old man presents to a physician with the complaint of pain in the thigh after walking. He says that he is an office clerk with a sedentary lifestyle and usually drives to his office. On 2 occasions last month he had to walk to his office, which is less than a quarter of a mile from his home. On both occasions... | Exercise therapy | {
"A": "Exercise therapy",
"B": "Mediterranean diet",
"C": "A combination of aspirin and clopidogrel",
"D": "Pentoxifylline"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man presents",
"physician",
"complaint",
"pain in",
"thigh",
"walking",
"office clerk",
"sedentary lifestyle",
"usually drives",
"office",
"2 occasions last month",
"to walk",
"office",
"less than",
"quarter",
"mile",
"home",
"occasions",
"walking",
"experienced pain ... |
A 38-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of palpitations. She does not smoke or drink alcohol. Her pulse is 136/min and irregularly irregular. An ECG shows irregularly spaced QRS complexes with no distinct P waves. Treatment is started with a drug that slows atrioventricular node conducti... | Gingival hyperplasia | {
"A": "Tinnitus",
"B": "Dry mouth",
"C": "Peripheral edema",
"D": "Gingival hyperplasia"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"of",
"month history",
"palpitations",
"not smoke",
"drink alcohol",
"pulse",
"min",
"irregular",
"ECG shows",
"spaced QRS complexes",
"P waves",
"Treatment",
"started",
"drug",
"slows atrioventricular node conduction velocity",
"prevents voltage depe... |
A 45-year-old male presents to the hospital complaining of frequent headaches and a decreased libido. During the physical exam, the patient also states that he has recently been experiencing vision problems. The patient is suffering from what type of adenoma? | Lactotroph | {
"A": "Lactotroph",
"B": "Corticotroph",
"C": "Thyrotroph",
"D": "Gonadotroph"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old male presents",
"hospital",
"frequent headaches",
"decreased libido",
"physical exam",
"patient",
"states",
"recently",
"experiencing vision problems",
"patient",
"suffering",
"type",
"adenoma"
] |
A 62-year-old man presents for evaluation of an adrenal nodule, which was accidentally discovered while performing a computerized tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen for recurrent abdominal pain. The CT was negative except for a 3 cm low-density, well-circumscribed nodule in the left adrenal gland. He reports weight ga... | 1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test | {
"A": "ACTH stimulation test",
"B": "CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis",
"C": "1 mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test",
"D": "Inferior petrosal sampling"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"62 year old man presents",
"evaluation",
"nodule",
"discovered",
"performing",
"computerized tomography",
"scan of",
"abdomen",
"recurrent abdominal pain",
"CT",
"negative",
"low density",
"well circumscribed nodule",
"left adrenal gland",
"reports weight gain",
"kg",
"past",
"yea... |
A 48-year-old woman presents to an urgent care clinic with the complaints of bloody diarrhea, mid-abdominal discomfort, and cramping for 3 days. She also has nausea, vomiting, and fever. She reports that she had eaten raw oysters at a local seafood restaurant almost 3 days ago, but she denies any other potentially infe... | Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection | {
"A": "Rotavirus infection",
"B": "C. difficile colitis",
"C": "Bacillus cereus infection",
"D": "Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"48 year old woman presents",
"urgent care clinic",
"complaints",
"bloody diarrhea",
"mid abdominal discomfort",
"cramping",
"3 days",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"fever",
"reports",
"eaten raw oysters",
"local seafood restaurant almost 3 days",
"denies",
"infectious exposures",
"temperature... |
The parents of a newly adopted 5-year-old child brought him to the pediatrician after he started to have bouts of diarrhea and bloating. His symptoms are worse after consuming dairy products and ice cream. The immunization history is up to date. His height and weight are in the 60th and 70th percentiles, respectively. ... | Diet modification | {
"A": "Omeprazole",
"B": "Pancreatic lipase supplement",
"C": "Diet modification",
"D": "Cholestyramine"
} | step1 | C | [
"parents",
"newly adopted 5 year old child brought",
"pediatrician",
"started to",
"bouts",
"diarrhea",
"bloating",
"symptoms",
"worse",
"dairy products",
"ice cream",
"immunization history",
"date",
"height",
"weight",
"percentiles",
"physical examination",
"normal",
"pediatrici... |
A 19-year-old man presents to the emergency room after a suicidal gesture following a fight with his new girlfriend. He tearfully tells you that she is “definitely the one," unlike his numerous previous girlfriends, who were "all mean and selfish” and with whom he frequently fought. During this fight, his current girlf... | Borderline personality disorder | {
"A": "Bipolar I disorder",
"B": "Bipolar II disorder",
"C": "Borderline personality disorder",
"D": "Histrionic personality disorder"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man presents",
"emergency room",
"suicidal gesture following",
"fight",
"new girlfriend",
"one",
"numerous previous girlfriends",
"mean",
"selfish",
"frequently fought",
"fight",
"current girlfriend suggested",
"spend time",
"opened",
"window",
"jump",
"promised to never le... |
Two weeks after hospitalization for acute psychosis, a 27-year-old woman with a history of paranoid schizophrenia comes to the physician because of difficulty walking and shaking movements of her hands. Current medications include fluphenazine, which was started during her recent hospitalization. Examination shows a sh... | Muscarinic antagonist | {
"A": "β-adrenergic antagonist",
"B": "GABA agonist",
"C": "Dopamine antagonist",
"D": "Muscarinic antagonist"
} | step1 | D | [
"Two weeks",
"hospitalization",
"acute psychosis",
"27 year old woman",
"history of",
"schizophrenia",
"physician",
"difficulty walking",
"shaking movements of",
"hands",
"Current medications include fluphenazine",
"started",
"recent hospitalization",
"Examination shows",
"shuffling gait... |
A 22-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after being involved in a high-speed motor vehicle collision in which he was the unrestrained driver. After extrication, he had severe neck pain and was unable to move his arms and legs. On arrival, he is lethargic and cannot provide a history. Hospita... | Placement of Foley catheter | {
"A": "Placement of Foley catheter",
"B": "Intravenous dexamethasone therapy",
"C": "Cervical x-ray",
"D": "MRI of the spine"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department 30 minutes",
"involved",
"high speed motor vehicle collision",
"driver",
"extrication",
"severe neck",
"unable to move",
"arms",
"legs",
"arrival",
"lethargic",
"provide",
"history",
"Hospital records show",
"eight months",
"open red... |
A 65-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of a 1-day history of fever and disorientation. His wife reports that he had abdominal pain and diarrhea the previous day. He drinks 60 oz of alcohol weekly. His pulse is 110/min and blood pressure is 96/58 mm Hg. Examination shows jaundice, palmar erythe... | Fibrous bands surrounding regenerating hepatocytes | {
"A": "Accumulation of iron in hepatocytes",
"B": "Ground-glass hepatocytes with cytotoxic T cells",
"C": "Fibrous bands surrounding regenerating hepatocytes",
"D": "Misfolded protein aggregates in hepatocellular endoplasmic reticulum"
} | step1 | C | [
"65 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"1-day history",
"fever",
"disorientation",
"wife reports",
"abdominal pain",
"diarrhea",
"previous day",
"drinks 60 oz",
"alcohol weekly",
"pulse",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"96 58 mm Hg",
"Examination shows jaundice",
"palmar e... |
A 10-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents because they are concerned about his “strange behavior”. The boy was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. He is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones. The parents state that he has always been a solitar... | Autism spectrum disorder, level 1 | {
"A": "Autism spectrum disorder, level 1",
"B": "Autism spectrum disorder, level 3",
"C": "Tourette’s syndrome",
"D": "Obsessive compulsive disorder"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"A 10 year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"parents",
"concerned",
"strange behavior",
"boy",
"born",
"weeks gestation",
"spontaneous vaginal delivery",
"date",
"vaccines",
"meeting",
"developmental milestones",
"parents state",
"always",
"solitary child",
"friends",
"recently"... |
A pathologist receives a skin biopsy specimen from a patient who is suspected to have developed graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following allogeneic stem-cell transplantation. The treating physician informs the pathologist that he is specifically concerned about the diagnosis as the patient developed skin lesions on t... | Hypergranulosis | {
"A": "Focal vacuolization in the basal cell layer",
"B": "Diffuse vacuolization in the basal cell layer",
"C": "Hypergranulosis",
"D": "Complete separation of the dermis and epidermis"
} | step1 | C | [
"pathologist receives",
"skin biopsy specimen from",
"patient",
"suspected to",
"graft-versus-host disease",
"following allogeneic stem-cell transplantation",
"treating physician informs",
"pathologist",
"concerned",
"diagnosis",
"patient",
"skin lesions",
"90th day post transplantation",
... |
A 21-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department following a motor vehicle collision. She has significant pain and weakness in her right arm and hand. Physical examination shows multiple ecchymoses and tenderness in the right upper extremity. She is able to make a fist, but there is marked decrease in grip st... | Radial nerve | {
"A": "Median nerve",
"B": "Radial nerve",
"C": "Radial artery",
"D": "Brachial artery"
} | step1 | B | [
"21-year-old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department following",
"motor vehicle collision",
"significant pain",
"weakness",
"right",
"hand",
"Physical shows multiple ecchymoses",
"tenderness",
"right",
"able to make",
"fist",
"marked decrease",
"grip strength",
"x-ray of",
"right up... |
A 44-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of confusion and agitation. She was brought by police after she was found walking along a highway. The patient's brother comes to join her soon after her arrival. He says she has peptic ulcer disease and hypertension. He thinks she drinks around half a ... | Folate deficiency | {
"A": "Folate deficiency",
"B": "Vitamin E deficiency",
"C": "Vitamin B1 deficiency",
"D": "Vitamin B12 deficency"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"confusion",
"agitation",
"brought",
"police",
"found walking",
"highway",
"patient's brother",
"to",
"arrival",
"peptic ulcer disease",
"hypertension",
"thinks",
"drinks",
"half",
"bottle",
"vodka daily",
"current medication... |
A 12-year-old boy is brought to his primary care physician because he has been tripping and falling frequently over the past 2 months. He says that he feels like he loses his balance easily and finds it difficult to walk in tight spaces such as his school hallways. Furthermore, he says that he has been experiencing ins... | Pineal gland | {
"A": "4th ventricle",
"B": "Pineal gland",
"C": "Pituitary gland",
"D": "Thalamus"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"primary care physician",
"tripping",
"falling frequently",
"past",
"months",
"feels",
"balance easily",
"finds",
"difficult",
"walk in tight spaces",
"school hallways",
"experiencing insomnia",
"same time period",
"past medical history",
"significant",
"... |
A 60-year-old man with a 1-year history of recurrent aspiration pneumonia is brought to the emergency department by his daughter after being found unconscious and gasping for air in his bed. Despite resuscitative efforts, the patient dies. Autopsy of the patient shows degeneration of the corticospinal tracts and anteri... | Riluzole | {
"A": "Nusinersen",
"B": "Glatiramer acetate",
"C": "Inactivated virus vaccine",
"D": "Riluzole"
} | step1 | D | [
"60 year old man",
"1",
"history of aspiration",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"daughter",
"found unconscious",
"gasping for air",
"bed",
"resuscitative efforts",
"patient dies",
"Autopsy",
"shows degeneration",
"corticospinal tracts",
"anterior horn cells",
"upper cervical cord",... |
A 42-year-old man presents to the emergency room complaining of a painful, swollen tongue that is making it hard to talk and swallow. The patient denies trauma, trouble breathing, and skin rashes. The patient has no known allergies and a minimal past medical history, except for newly diagnosed hypertension for which he... | Decreased bradykinin degradation | {
"A": "Increased angiotensin II due to decreased receptor response",
"B": "Decreased levels of C1 inhibitor protein",
"C": "Decreased bradykinin degradation",
"D": "Inhibition of 17-alpha-hydroxylase"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man presents",
"emergency room complaining of a painful",
"swollen tongue",
"making",
"hard to talk",
"swallow",
"patient denies trauma",
"trouble breathing",
"skin rashes",
"patient",
"known allergies",
"minimal past medical history",
"except for newly diagnosed hypertension",
"... |
A 56-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of chest pain. The pain occurs intermittently in 5-minute episodes. It is not conclusively brought on by exertion and sometimes occurs at rest. He has a history of hyperlipidemia and takes a high-dose statin daily. His father died of lung cancer at the age of ... | Raynaud phenomenon
" | {
"A": "Peripheral artery disease",
"B": "Stroke",
"C": "Type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"D": "Raynaud phenomenon\n\""
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man",
"emergency department",
"chest pain",
"pain occurs",
"5-minute episodes",
"not",
"brought",
"exertion",
"sometimes occurs",
"rest",
"history of hyperlipidemia",
"takes",
"high-dose statin daily",
"father died of lung cancer",
"age",
"67 years",
"mother",
"type 2 dia... |
A 5-year-old boy is referred to an immunologist because of episodes of recurrent infections. He complains of ear pain, nasal discharge, congestion, and headache. His medical history is significant for neonatal sepsis, recurrent bronchitis, and otitis media. The boy also had pneumocystis pneumonia when he was 11 months ... | μ and δ heavy chains | {
"A": "μ and δ heavy chains",
"B": "μ and ε heavy chains",
"C": "α and ε heavy chains",
"D": "α and γ heavy chains"
} | step1 | A | [
"5 year old boy",
"referred",
"immunologist",
"of episodes",
"recurrent infections",
"ear pain",
"nasal discharge",
"congestion",
"headache",
"medical history",
"significant",
"neonatal sepsis",
"recurrent bronchitis",
"otitis media",
"boy",
"pneumocystis pneumonia",
"months old",
... |
A 65-year-old man presents to the emergency department for a loss of vision. He was outside gardening when he suddenly lost vision in his right eye. He then immediately called emergency medical services, but by the time they arrived, the episode had resolved. Currently, he states that he feels fine. The patient has a p... | Ultrasound of the neck | {
"A": "Tissue plasminogen activator",
"B": "MRI",
"C": "Heparin bridge to warfarin",
"D": "Ultrasound of the neck"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"65 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"loss of vision",
"outside gardening",
"lost vision",
"right",
"then immediately called emergency medical services",
"time",
"arrived",
"episode",
"resolved",
"Currently",
"states",
"feels fine",
"patient",
"past medical diabetes",
... |
A 54-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of upper midthoracic back pain. The pain is severe, dull in quality, and worse during the night. Ten months ago, she underwent a modified radical mastectomy for invasive ductal carcinoma of the right breast. Physical examination shows normal muscle... | Azygos vein | {
"A": "Lateral axillary lymph nodes",
"B": "Azygos vein",
"C": "Thyrocervical trunk",
"D": "Thoracic duct"
} | step1 | B | [
"54 year old woman",
"physician",
"of",
"3 month history",
"upper",
"back pain",
"pain",
"severe",
"dull",
"quality",
"worse",
"night",
"Ten months",
"modified radical mastectomy",
"invasive ductal carcinoma of the",
"breast",
"shows normal muscle strength",
"Deep tendon reflexes",... |
A 52-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 3-hour history of right flank pain and nausea. Her only medication is a multivitamin. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows tenderness in the right costovertebral angle. Urinalysis shows a pH of 5.1, 50–60 RBC/hpf, and dum... | Calcium oxalate | {
"A": "Magnesium ammonium phosphate",
"B": "Calcium oxalate",
"C": "Cystine",
"D": "Ammonium urate"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman",
"emergency department",
"3 hour history",
"right flank pain",
"nausea",
"only medication",
"multivitamin",
"vital signs",
"normal",
"Physical examination shows tenderness",
"right costovertebral angle",
"Urinalysis shows",
"pH",
"RBC/hpf",
"shaped crystals",
"followin... |
A 24-year-old woman presents to the emergency department when she was found yelling and screaming outside a bowling alley. The patient was found smoking marijuana and eating pizza while stating “if I'm going to die I'm going to die happy.” She was brought in by police and has been compliant since her arrival. Upon ques... | Schizophreniform disorder | {
"A": "Bipolar disorder",
"B": "Brief psychotic disorder",
"C": "Major depression with psychotic features",
"D": "Schizophreniform disorder"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
"emergency department",
"found",
"screaming outside",
"bowling alley",
"patient",
"found smoking marijuana",
"eating pizza",
"stating",
"I m",
"to die I m",
"to die happy",
"brought",
"police",
"compliant",
"arrival",
"questioning",
"patient states",
"t... |
A 42-year-old gentleman presents to his primary care physician with complaints of persistent headaches and general weakness. He was recently diagnosed with severe hypertension that has been refractory to anti-hypertensive medications. Based on clinical suspicion, a basic metabolic panel is obtained which demonstrates a... | Zona Glomerulosa | {
"A": "Adrenal Capsule",
"B": "Zona Glomerulosa",
"C": "Zona Fasciculata",
"D": "Adrenal Medulla"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old",
"presents",
"primary care physician",
"complaints",
"persistent headaches",
"general weakness",
"recently diagnosed",
"severe hypertension",
"refractory",
"anti-hypertensive medications",
"Based",
"clinical suspicion",
"basic metabolic panel",
"obtained",
"demonstrates",
"s... |
A 52-year-old woman with HIV infection is brought to the emergency department 20 minutes after she had a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. She appears lethargic and confused. Laboratory studies show a CD4+ count of 89 cells/μL (N > 500). A CT scan of the head with contrast shows multiple ring-enhancing lesions in the b... | Cerebral toxoplasmosis | {
"A": "HIV encephalopathy",
"B": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy",
"C": "Primary CNS lymphoma",
"D": "Cerebral toxoplasmosis"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman",
"HIV infection",
"brought",
"emergency department 20 minutes",
"generalized tonic-clonic seizure",
"appears lethargic",
"confused",
"Laboratory studies show",
"CD4",
"count",
"cells",
"N",
"500",
"CT scan of",
"head",
"contrast shows multiple ring enhancing lesions in... |
A scientist is studying the process of thymus-dependent B cell activation in humans. He observes that, after bacterial infections, the germinal centers of secondary lymphoid organs become highly metabolically active. After subsequent reinfection with the same pathogen, the organism is able to produce immunoglobulins at... | Affinity maturation | {
"A": "Development of early pro-B cells",
"B": "Development of immature B cells",
"C": "T cell negative selection",
"D": "Affinity maturation"
} | step1 | D | [
"scientist",
"studying",
"process of thymus dependent",
"cell activation",
"humans",
"observes",
"bacterial infections",
"germinal centers",
"secondary lymphoid organs",
"highly",
"active",
"subsequent reinfection",
"same pathogen",
"organism",
"able to",
"immunoglobulins",
"a",
"f... |
A 43-year-old woman presents to the physician because of a persistent rash on her right nipple for 1 month. The rash has persisted despite topical medication. She has no personal or family history of any serious illnesses. Other medications include oral contraceptive pills. She is single and has never had any children.... | Invasive ductal carcinoma | {
"A": "Ductal carcinoma in situ",
"B": "Invasive ductal carcinoma",
"C": "Invasive lobular carcinoma",
"D": "Medullary carcinoma"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old woman presents",
"physician",
"of",
"persistent rash",
"right",
"1 month",
"rash",
"topical medication",
"personal",
"family history",
"serious illnesses",
"medications include oral contraceptive pills",
"single",
"never",
"children",
"Vital signs",
"normal limits",
"imag... |
A 65-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of persistent pain in her right shoulder. The pain is localized to the top of the shoulder and is worse with movement. She has stiffness in the right shoulder that is worse in the morning and usually lasts 20 minutes. The patient reports that she i... | Rotator cuff tear | {
"A": "Cervical radiculopathy",
"B": "Rotator cuff tear",
"C": "Subacromial bursitis",
"D": "Biceps tendinitis"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"65 year old woman",
"physician",
"2 month history",
"persistent pain",
"right shoulder",
"pain",
"localized",
"top",
"shoulder",
"worse",
"movement",
"stiffness",
"right shoulder",
"worse",
"morning",
"usually lasts 20 minutes",
"patient reports",
"unable to brush",
"hair",
"s... |
A 66-year-old male presents to the outpatient cardiology clinic for evaluation of suspected primary hypertension. His blood pressure is elevated to 169/96 mm Hg, and his heart rate is 85/min. Physical examination reveals an overweight male with regular heart and lung sounds. Following repeated elevated blood pressure m... | Hyperuricemia | {
"A": "Hyperuricemia",
"B": "Hypocalcemia",
"C": "Hypoglycemia",
"D": "Hypernatremia"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"66 year old male presents",
"outpatient cardiology clinic",
"evaluation",
"suspected primary",
"blood pressure",
"elevated",
"96 mm Hg",
"heart rate",
"85 min",
"Physical examination reveals",
"overweight male",
"regular heart",
"lung sounds",
"Following repeated elevated blood pressure m... |
A group of scientists studying the properties of muscle cells in vitro decide to conduct an experiment to observe their distinguishing properties. 3 types of muscle cells isolated from human tissues are labeled as X, Y, and Z and placed in physiological solutions alongside controls X’, Y’ and Z’. Antibodies against the... | Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle | {
"A": "Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle",
"B": "Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, skeletal muscle",
"C": "Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle",
"D": "Smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle"
} | step1 | C | [
"A group",
"scientists studying",
"properties",
"muscle in vitro",
"to conduct",
"experiment to observe",
"properties",
"types of muscle cells isolated",
"human tissues",
"labeled",
"placed",
"physiological solutions",
"controls",
"Antibodies",
"sarcoplasmic Ca2",
"ATPase",
"added",
... |
A 3-year-old girl presents with her mother for a well-child checkup. Recent laboratory data has demonstrated a persistent normocytic anemia. Her mother denies any previous history of blood clots in her past, but she says that her mother has also had to be treated for pulmonary embolism in the recent past, and her broth... | A recessive beta-globin mutation causing morphological changes to the RBC | {
"A": "Increased red blood cell sensitivity to complement activation, making patients prone to thrombotic events",
"B": "A recessive beta-globin mutation causing morphological changes to the RBC",
"C": "An X-linked recessive disease in which red blood cells are increasingly sensitive to oxidative stress",
"D":... | step2&3 | B | [
"3 year old girl presents",
"mother",
"well-child checkup",
"Recent laboratory data",
"persistent normocytic",
"mother denies",
"previous history",
"blood clots",
"past",
"mother",
"to",
"treated",
"pulmonary embolism",
"recent past",
"brother",
"to",
"anemia",
"entire life",
"pa... |
A 62-year-old woman presents to the primary care physician with complaints of urinary leakage over the last 2 months. History reveals that the leakage occurred when she sneezed, laughed, or coughed. Her menopause occurred 11 years ago and she is a mother of 3 children. Vital signs include blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg, h... | Kegel exercises | {
"A": "Kegel exercises",
"B": "Placement of the catheter",
"C": "Urethropexy",
"D": "Pessary insertion"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"62 year old woman presents",
"primary care physician",
"complaints of urinary leakage",
"last",
"months",
"History reveals",
"leakage occurred",
"sneezed",
"laughed",
"coughed",
"menopause occurred",
"years",
"mother",
"children",
"Vital signs include blood pressure",
"80 mm Hg",
"h... |
A 15-year-old boy with Down syndrome is admitted to the hospital because of a 2-week history of pallor, easy bruising, and progressive fatigue. He has a history of acute lymphoblastic leukemia that has been in remission for 2 years. Examination shows cervical and axillary lymphadenopathy. Bone marrow biopsy predominant... | Increase in double-stranded DNA breaks | {
"A": "Decrease in nucleotide synthesis",
"B": "Increase in double-stranded DNA breaks",
"C": "Inhibition of thymidylate synthase",
"D": "Inhibition of topoisomerase I"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old boy",
"Down syndrome",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"2-week history",
"pallor",
"easy bruising",
"progressive fatigue",
"history of acute lymphoblastic leukemia",
"remission",
"2 years",
"Examination shows cervical",
"axillary lymphadenopathy",
"Bone marrow biopsy",
"shows immature ... |
A 68-year-old man, accompanied by his wife, presents to his physician with cognitive decline and hallucinations. The patient’s wife tells that his cognitive impairment progressed gradually over the past 6 years, and first began with problems counting and attention. The hallucinations began approximately a year ago. The... | Decreased perfusion and dopaminergic activity in occipital lobes on PET | {
"A": "Decreased perfusion and dopaminergic activity in occipital lobes on PET",
"B": "Multiple lacunar infarcts on MRI",
"C": "Hypoperfusion and hypometabolism in frontal lobes on SPECT",
"D": "Pontine 'hot-cross bun' sign on MRI"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"68 year old man",
"wife",
"presents",
"physician",
"cognitive decline",
"hallucinations",
"patients wife",
"cognitive impairment progressed",
"past",
"years",
"first began",
"problems counting",
"attention",
"hallucinations began approximately",
"year",
"patient",
"realistic",
"no... |
A 14-year-old Somalian boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother because of a painful penile erection since he woke up 3 hours ago. His family recently emigrated to the United States from a refugee camp, and his past medical history is unknown. He has never had a health check up prior to this visit. On f... | Sickle cell disease | {
"A": "Sickle cell disease",
"B": "Heroin abuse",
"C": "Non-Hodgkin lymphoma",
"D": "Sildenafil intake"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old",
"boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"mother",
"painful penile erection",
"woke up",
"hours",
"family recently",
"United States",
"refugee camp",
"past medical history",
"unknown",
"never",
"health check up prior to",
"visit",
"further questioning",
"mother reports... |
A 48-year-old female presents to your office with a 1-year history of dry eyes and difficulty swallowing. She complains of blinking frequently and of eye strain while using her computer at work. She also reports stiffness in her knees and lower back. Past medical history is unremarkable and she does not take medication... | Anti-SS-A | {
"A": "Anti-SS-A",
"B": "Anti-CCP",
"C": "Anti-Smith",
"D": "Anti-Jo-1"
} | step1 | A | [
"48 year old female presents",
"office",
"year history of dry eyes",
"difficulty swallowing",
"blinking frequently",
"eye strain",
"using",
"computer",
"work",
"reports stiffness",
"knees",
"lower back",
"Past medical history",
"unremarkable",
"not take medications",
"denies cigarette"... |
A 13-year-old boy is brought to the emergency room by his mother for a generalized tonic-clonic seizure that occurred while attending a laser light show. The patient’s mother reports that he has been otherwise healthy but states, “he often daydreams”. Over the past several months, he has reported recurrent episodes of ... | Valproate | {
"A": "Diazepam",
"B": "Ethosuximide",
"C": "Phenytoin",
"D": "Valproate"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old boy",
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"reported recurrent episodes of jerky movements involving",
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An 81-year-old woman presents to her physician complaining of occasional right-sided weakness in her arm and leg. She reports 3 such episodes over the last 6 months, each lasting only 1 hour and not significantly affecting her daily functioning. The patient denies numbness and tingling, pain, weakness in her left side,... | Perform carotid endarterectomy on left side only | {
"A": "Repeat carotid ultrasound in 6 months",
"B": "Increase atorvastatin to 80 mg daily",
"C": "Perform carotid artery angioplasty with stenting (CAS)",
"D": "Perform carotid endarterectomy on left side only"
} | step2&3 | D | [
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"affecting",
"daily functioning",
"patient denies numbness",
"tingling",
"pain",
"weakness",
"left side",
"changes",
"sp... |
A 49-year-old woman comes to the office complaining of 2 weeks of urinary incontinence. She says she first noticed some light, urinary dribbling that would increase with sneezing or coughing. This dribble soon worsened, soaking through a pad every 3 hours. She denies any fevers, chills, abdominal pain, hematuria, dysur... | Methylene blue instillation into the bladder | {
"A": "Cystoscopy",
"B": "Methylene blue instillation into the bladder",
"C": "Post-void residual volume",
"D": "Transvaginal ultrasound"
} | step2&3 | B | [
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"3 hours",
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"fevers",
"chills",
"abdominal pain",
"hematuria",
"dysuria",
"abnormal... |
A biology graduate student is performing an experiment in the immunology laboratory. He is researching the recombination activation genes RAG1 and RAG2 in order to verify the function of these genes. He then decides to carry out the experiment on knock-out mice so that these genes will be turned off. Which of the follo... | Total lack of B and T cells | {
"A": "Defect of NADPH oxidase in phagocyte",
"B": "Total lack of B and T cells",
"C": "Absence of CD18 in leukocytes",
"D": "The mice should be asymptomatic"
} | step1 | B | [
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Please refer to the summary above to answer this question
Which of the following is most appropriate to confirm the diagnosis in this patient?"
"Patient information
Age: 62 years
Gender: F, self-identified
Ethnicity: unspecified
Site of care: office
History
Reason for Visit/Chief Concern: “My cough is getting worse.”
H... | High-resolution CT scan of the chest | {
"A": "Bronchoalveolar lavage",
"B": "Sweat chloride test",
"C": "Mycobacterial sputum culture",
"D": "High-resolution CT scan of the chest"
} | step2&3 | D | [
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"summary above to answer",
"question",
"following",
"most appropriate to confirm",
"diagnosis",
"patient",
"Patient Age",
"62 years Gender",
"F",
"self identified Ethnicity",
"unspecified Site of care",
"office History Reason for Visit",
"Concern",
"cough",
"getting worse",
... |
A 5-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her parents because of difficulty at school. She does not listen to her teachers or complete assignments as requested. She does not play or interact with her peers. The girl also ignores her parents. Throughout the visit, she draws circles repeatedly and avoids eye conta... | Autism spectrum disorder | {
"A": "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder",
"B": "Autism spectrum disorder",
"C": "Childhood disintegrative disorder",
"D": "Rett syndrome\n\""
} | step1 | B | [
"5 year old girl",
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"physician",
"parents",
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"not play",
"peers",
"girl",
"ignores",
"parents",
"visit",
"draws circles repeatedly",
"eye contact",
"Physical",
"neurological examinat... |
A 74-year-old Hispanic man comes to the physician because of a three-week history of dizziness upon standing and a brief loss of consciousness one hour ago. The patient suddenly collapsed on his way to the bathroom after waking up in the morning. He did not sustain any injuries from his collapse. He has a history of ga... | Cardiac myxoma | {
"A": "Cardiac myxoma",
"B": "Aortic valve stenosis",
"C": "Drug-induced hypotension",
"D": "Grand mal seizure"
} | step2&3 | A | [
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"physician",
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"bathroom",
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"morning",
"not sustain",
"injuries",
"collapse",
"history of gastroesophageal reflux disease",
"benign prostati... |
A 41-year-old man presents to his primary care provider complaining of a blistering skin rash. He was out in the sun with his family at a baseball game several days ago. Later that evening he developed a severe blistering rash on his forearms, back of his neck, and legs. He denies fevers, chills, malaise, abdominal pai... | Uroporphyrinogen | {
"A": "Aminolevulinic acid",
"B": "Hydroxymethylbane",
"C": "Protoporphyrin",
"D": "Uroporphyrinogen"
} | step1 | D | [
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"primary care provider complaining of a blistering skin rash",
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"baseball game several days",
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"severe blistering",
"forearms",
"neck",
"legs",
"denies fevers",
"chills",
"malaise",
"abdominal pain",
"chest pain",
"... |
A 45-year-old male presents to your office with complaints of chronic insomnia. After reviewing his medical history, you decide to prescribe zolpidem. Which of the following is a valid reason to choose zolpidem over a benzodiazepine? | Zolpidem has a lower risk of tolerance and dependence | {
"A": "Zolpidem does not bind to the GABA receptor",
"B": "Zolpidem has a slow onset of action",
"C": "Zolpidem has a lower risk of tolerance and dependence",
"D": "Zolpidem is a potent muscle relaxant"
} | step1 | C | [
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"complaints",
"chronic insomnia",
"reviewing",
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"to",
"zolpidem",
"following",
"valid reason to choose zolpidem",
"benzodiazepine"
] |
You are conducting a systematic review on the effect of a new sulfonylurea for the treatment of type II diabetes. For your systematic review you would like to include 95% confidence intervals for the mean of blood glucose levels in the treatment groups. What further information is necessary to abstract from each of the... | Standard deviation, mean, sample size | {
"A": "Power, mean, sample size",
"B": "Power, standard deviation, sample size",
"C": "Standard deviation, mean, sample size",
"D": "Standard deviation, mean, sample size, power"
} | step1 | C | [
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"systematic review",
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"systematic review",
"to include 95",
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"treatment groups",
"further information",
"abstract",
"original papers",
"order to calcula... |
A 35-year-old woman comes to the physician for the evaluation of fatigue and dizziness for the past 2 months. During this period, she has also had mild upper abdominal pain that is not related to food intake. She has no personal or family history of serious illness. She immigrated to the United States from Italy 10 yea... | Mutation in the beta-globin gene | {
"A": "Ferrochelatase and ALA dehydratase inhibition",
"B": "Mutation in the beta-globin gene",
"C": "Mutation in the δ-ALA synthase gene",
"D": "Vitamin B12 deficiency"
} | step2&3 | B | [
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"months",
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"not related",
"food intake",
"personal",
"family history",
"serious illness",
"United States",
"Italy 10 years",
"Menses occur",
"regular",
"day inter... |
A researcher faces the task of calculating the mean height of male students in an undergraduate class containing a total of 2,000 male students and 1,750 female students. The mean height of a sample of male students is computed as 176 cm (69.3 in), with a standard deviation of 7 cm (2.8 in). The researcher now tries to... | Total sample size of the study | {
"A": "A sampling frame of all of the male students in the undergraduate class",
"B": "The given data are adequate, and no more data are needed.",
"C": "The mean height of all the male students in the undergraduate class",
"D": "Total sample size of the study"
} | step1 | D | [
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"computed",
"69",
"standard deviation",
"2",
"researcher now",
"to calculate",
... |
A 38-year-old man presents to a fertility specialist. He is concerned that he is infertile. His wife had two children from a previous marriage and has regular menses. They have been married three years and have been trying to conceive for the past two. His vitals are normal. Physical exam reveals bilateral gynecomastia... | Aromatase | {
"A": "Testosterone",
"B": "Inhibin B",
"C": "Aromatase",
"D": "Prolactin"
} | step1 | C | [
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"fertility specialist",
"concerned",
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"wife",
"two children",
"previous marriage",
"regular menses",
"married three years",
"to",
"past two",
"normal",
"Physical exam reveals bilateral gynecomastia",
"elongated limbs",
"small testicles",
"Levels",
... |
A 25-year-old man comes to the physician because of left-sided knee pain for 2 weeks. The pain started while playing basketball after suddenly hearing a popping sound. He has been unable to run since this incident. He has asthma, allergic rhinitis, and had a progressive bilateral sensorineural hearing impairment at bir... | Arthroscopy of the left knee | {
"A": "Arthrocentesis of the left knee",
"B": "Open meniscal repair",
"C": "MRI scan of the left knee",
"D": "Arthroscopy of the left knee"
} | step2&3 | D | [
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"physician",
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"2 weeks",
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"unable to run",
"incident",
"asthma",
"allergic rhinitis",
"progressive bilateral",
"birth treated with cochlear implants",
"only medication",
"salbutam... |
A 34-year-old Caucasian female presents with truncal obesity, a rounded "moon face", and a "buffalo hump". Serum analysis shows hyperglycemia. It is determined that a pituitary adenoma is the cause of these symptoms. Adrenal examination is expected to show? | Diffuse hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex | {
"A": "Atrophy of the adrenal cortex",
"B": "Diffuse hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex",
"C": "Atrophy of the adrenal medulla",
"D": "Atrophy of the adrenal gland"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old Caucasian female presents",
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"rounded",
"moon face",
"buffalo hump",
"Serum analysis shows hyperglycemia",
"pituitary adenoma",
"cause",
"symptoms",
"examination",
"expected to show"
] |
You are interested in examining the prevalence of a highly contagious viral disease over a time period of 5 years. The virus appears to be indigenous to rural parts of northern Africa. Which of the following research study designs would be optimal for your analysis? | Cohort study | {
"A": "Case series",
"B": "Case-control",
"C": "Cross-sectional",
"D": "Cohort study"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"interested",
"examining",
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"highly contagious viral disease",
"time period",
"years",
"virus appears to",
"indigenous",
"rural parts of northern Africa",
"following research study designs",
"optimal",
"analysis"
] |
A 9-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his dad for an annual well-child exam. The boy was diagnosed with ADHD at an outside clinic and has been on methylphenidate for symptom management for the past year. The father reports that the patient is more energetic but that his teacher still complains of him "spacing ou... | Blockage of thalamic T-type calcium channels | {
"A": "Blockage of dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake",
"B": "Blockage of thalamic T-type calcium channels",
"C": "Increase in duration of chloride channel opening",
"D": "Increase in the frequency of chloride channel opening"
} | step1 | B | [
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"symptom management",
"past year",
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"patient",
"more energetic",
"teacher",
"spacing out",
"class",
"patient reports",
"diffic... |
A 17-year-old girl suddenly grabs her chest and collapses to the ground while playing volleyball at school. The teacher rushes to evaluate the situation and finds that the girl has no pulse and is not breathing. He starts chest compressions. An automated external defibrillator (AED) is brought to the scene within 3 min... | Accessory pathway from atria to ventricles | {
"A": "Automatic discharge of irregular impulses in the atria",
"B": "Wandering atrial pacemaker",
"C": "Accessory pathway from atria to ventricles",
"D": "Blockage in conduction pathway"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old girl",
"grabs",
"chest",
"collapses",
"playing volleyball",
"school",
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"finds",
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"pulse",
"not breathing",
"starts chest compressions",
"automated external defibrillator",
"brought",
"3 minutes",
"shock",
"delivered",
"girl regains cons... |
A 68-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of abdominal pain for 3 days. Physical examination shows guarding and tenderness to palpation over the left lower abdomen. Test of the stool for occult blood is positive. A CT scan of the abdomen is shown. Which of the following mechanisms best explains the ... | Impaired organ ascent | {
"A": "Failed neural crest cell migration",
"B": "Abnormal organ rotation",
"C": "Abnormal outpuching of hollow organ",
"D": "Impaired organ ascent"
} | step1 | D | [
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"emergency department",
"of abdominal pain",
"3 days",
"Physical examination shows guarding",
"tenderness",
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"left lower abdomen",
"Test",
"stool",
"occult blood",
"positive",
"CT scan",
"abdomen",
"shown",
"following mechanisms best",
"patient's imag... |
A 73-year-old man presents to his primary care physician complaining of increased urinary frequency, nocturia, and incomplete emptying after void. He is otherwise healthy, with no active medical problems. On examination, a large, symmetric, firm, smooth prostate is palpated, but otherwise the exam is normal. Which of t... | Hydronephrosis | {
"A": "Hydronephrosis",
"B": "Bladder cancer",
"C": "Prostatitis",
"D": "Renal cancer"
} | step2&3 | A | [
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"primary care physician",
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"nocturia",
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"active medical",
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"symmetric",
"firm",
"smooth prostate",
"palpated",
"exam",
"normal",
"following",
"potential complicati... |
A 34-year-old female visits her primary care physician because recently she has started to have painful, numb, and discolored toes. She is otherwise healthy and has no family history of similar conditions that she can recall. Occasionally during these episodes, her fingers and nose will also have similar symptoms. On e... | No cell wall | {
"A": "Acid-fast",
"B": "Gram-negative",
"C": "Gram-positive",
"D": "No cell wall"
} | step1 | D | [
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"similar symptoms",
"examination",
"patient's appearance",... |
A 76-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his daughter because he has been feeling lightheaded and almost passed out during dinner. Furthermore, over the past few days he has been experiencing heart palpitations. His medical history is significant for well-controlled hypertension and diabetes. Given t... | Propafenone | {
"A": "Mexiletine",
"B": "Procainamide",
"C": "Propafenone",
"D": "Propanolol"
} | step1 | C | [
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"Given",
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"electrocardiogram",
"performed ... |
A 15-year-old high school rugby player presents to your clinic with a sore throat. He reports that he started feeling fatigued along with body aches about a week ago. His vitals and physical are normal except for an exudative pharynx and an enlarged spleen. Monospot test comes back positive and the student is told not ... | Epstein-Barr virus; B-cells | {
"A": "Cytomegalovirus; T-cells",
"B": "Epstein-Barr virus; B-cells",
"C": "Group A Streptococcus; Neutrophils",
"D": "Epstein-Barr virus; T-cells"
} | step1 | B | [
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A 27-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by ambulance following a motor vehicle accident 1 hour prior. He appears agitated. His blood pressure is 85/60 mm Hg, the pulse is 110/min, and the respiratory rate is 19/min. Physical examination shows bruising of the left flank and fracture of the left lower th... | Immediate surgical exploration | {
"A": "Immediate surgical exploration",
"B": "Observation with delayed repair",
"C": "Renal artery embolization",
"D": "Renal artery embolization with delayed nephrectomy"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"27 year old man",
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"ambulance following",
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"85 60 mm Hg",
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"min",
"respiratory rate",
"min",
"Physical examination shows bruising",
"left flank",
"fracture of",
"le... |
A 67-year-old man presents to the surgical clinic with swelling of his right leg, fever, and chills for 2 days. The maximum recorded temperature was 38.3°C (101.0°F) at home. His right leg is red and swollen from the dorsum of the foot to the thigh with an ill-defined edge. Venous stasis ulcers are present in both of h... | Increase in temperature | {
"A": "Decrease in 2,3-DPG",
"B": "Increase in temperature",
"C": "Decrease in temperature",
"D": "Increase in CO production"
} | step1 | B | [
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"dorsum of",
"foot",
"thigh",
"ill defined edge",
"Venous stasis ulcers",
"present",
"limbs",
... |
A 36-year-old Caucasian woman is referred to the outpatient clinic by a physician at a health camp for 6-months of foul-smelling diarrhea with bulky and floating stools as well as significant flatulence which makes her extremely uncomfortable at work and social events. She has concomitant weight loss and recently fract... | Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies | {
"A": "Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies",
"B": "D-xylose test",
"C": "Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCAs)",
"D": "Hydrogen breath test"
} | step2&3 | A | [
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"social events",
"concomitant weight loss",
"recently fractured",
"wrist",
... |
A 58-year-old woman with a history of breast cancer, coronary artery disease, gastroesophageal reflux, and diabetes mellitus is diagnosed with angiosarcoma. Which of the following most likely predisposed her to this condition? | History of mastectomy with lymph node dissection | {
"A": "Inherited dysfunction of a DNA repair protein",
"B": "History of exposure to asbestos",
"C": "History of mastectomy with lymph node dissection",
"D": "Hereditary disorder"
} | step1 | C | [
"58 year old woman",
"history of breast cancer",
"coronary artery disease",
"gastroesophageal reflux",
"diabetes mellitus",
"diagnosed",
"angiosarcoma",
"following most likely predisposed",
"condition"
] |
A 38-year-old man with chronic hepatitis C comes to the physician because of a 10-day history of darkening of his skin and painless blisters. He started working as a landscaper 2 weeks ago. He drinks 2 beers every night and occasionally more on the weekends. Examination shows bullae and oozing erosions in different sta... | Uroporphyrinogen III | {
"A": "Protoporphyrin",
"B": "Delta-aminolevulinic acid",
"C": "Uroporphyrinogen III",
"D": "Unconjugated bilirubin"
} | step1 | C | [
"A",
"year old man",
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"physician",
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"painless blisters",
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"2 weeks",
"drinks 2 beers",
"night",
"occasionally",
"weekends",
"Examination shows bullae",
"erosions",
"different stages",
"healing",
"arms... |
A 20-year-old man presents to the emergency department by his father for not sleeping for 2 nights consecutively. His father noticed that the patient has been in an unusual mood. One day ago, the patient disrobed in front of guests after showering. He has also had lengthy conversations with strangers. One month ago, th... | Lithium | {
"A": "Carbamazepine",
"B": "Escitalopram",
"C": "Lithium",
"D": "Observation"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"20 year old man presents",
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"One day",
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"lengthy conversations",
"strangers",
"One month",
"patient took out",
"large loan",
"bank",
"order to fund",
... |
A 27-year-old woman comes to the physician because she has been hearing voices in her apartment during the past year. She also reports that she has been receiving warning messages in newspaper articles during this period. She thinks that “someone is trying to kill her”. She avoids meeting her family and friends because... | Quetiapine | {
"A": "Quetiapine",
"B": "Fluphenazine",
"C": "Lithium carbonate",
"D": "Clozapine"
} | step1 | A | [
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"physician",
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"newspaper articles",
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"to kill",
"meeting",
"family",
"friends",
"not",
"not use illicit drugs",
"Physical examination shows",
"abnormalities",... |
A 26-year-old woman presents to the emergency department for shortness of breath. She was walking up a single flight of stairs when she suddenly felt short of breath. She was unable to resolve her symptoms with use of her albuterol inhaler and called emergency medical services. The patient has a past medical history of... | Intermittent catheterization | {
"A": "TMP-SMX",
"B": "Sterile technique",
"C": "Avoidance of systemic steroids",
"D": "Intermittent catheterization"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
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"walking up a single flight of stairs",
"felt short of breath",
"unable to resolve",
"symptoms",
"use of",
"albuterol inhaler",
"called emergency medical services",
"patient",
"past medical",
"constipation",
"irritab... |
A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician because of episodic abdominal pain and fullness for 1 month. The pain extends from the epigastrium to the right upper quadrant. Episodes last up to 2 hours and are not aggravated by eating. She describes the pain as 5 out of 10 in intensity. She has severe nausea and had 6 epi... | Oral albendazole | {
"A": "Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography",
"B": "Oral metronidazole",
"C": "Intravenous clindamycin",
"D": "Oral albendazole"
} | step2&3 | D | [
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"10",
"intensity",
"severe nausea",
"episodes of vomiting",
"last",
"days",... |
A 3-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a 3-day history of fever and chills. The mother reports that he has also been limping for 2 days. He has no history of trauma to this region. His temperature is 38.9°C (102°F). Physical examination shows dull tenderness over his left lower extremity. The range of ... | Proximal metaphysis of the femur | {
"A": "Proximal metaphysis of the femur",
"B": "Proximal epiphysis of the femur",
"C": "Diaphysis of the tibia",
"D": "Acetabulum of the ilium"
} | step1 | A | [
"3 year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"3-day history",
"fever",
"chills",
"mother reports",
"limping",
"2",
"history",
"trauma",
"region",
"temperature",
"Physical examination shows dull tenderness",
"left lower extremity",
"range of motion",
"leg",
"limited",
"pain",
"walk... |
A 1-year-old boy presents to the physician with a fever and a persistent cough for the past 5 days. His parents noted that since birth, he has had a history of recurrent skin infections, ear infections, and episodes of pneumonia with organisms including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas, and Candida. Physical exam is ... | Dihydrorhodamine test | {
"A": "Complete blood count",
"B": "Dihydrorhodamine test",
"C": "Flow cytometry for CD18 protein",
"D": "Fluorescent in situ hybridization"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old boy presents",
"physician",
"fever",
"persistent cough",
"past 5 days",
"parents noted",
"birth",
"history of recurrent skin infections",
"ear infections",
"episodes of pneumonia",
"organisms including Staphylococcus aureus",
"Pseudomonas",
"Candida",
"Physical exam",
"notable"... |
Three days after being admitted to the hospital because of a fall from the roof of a two-story building, a 27-year-old man is being monitored in the intensive care unit. On arrival, the patient was somnolent and not oriented to person, place, or time. A CT scan of the head showed an epidural hemorrhage that was 45 cm3 ... | Enteral feeding via nasogastric tube | {
"A": "Oral feeding",
"B": "Total parenteral nutrition",
"C": "Enteral feeding via nasogastric tube",
"D": "Enteral feeding using a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube\n\""
} | step2&3 | C | [
"Three days",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"fall from",
"roof",
"two story building",
"27 year old man",
"monitored",
"intensive care unit",
"arrival",
"patient",
"somnolent",
"not oriented to person",
"place",
"time",
"CT scan of",
"head showed",
"epidural hemorrhage",
"cm3",
"size... |
A 50-year-old man presents to the emergency department due to altered mental status. His symptoms began approximately two weeks prior to presentation where he complained of increasing fatigue, malaise, loss of appetite, and subjective fever. Vital signs are significant for a temperature of 102.0°F (38.9°C). On physical... | Tight junctions | {
"A": "Desmosomes",
"B": "Gap junctions",
"C": "Tight junctions",
"D": "Capillary fenestrations"
} | step1 | C | [
"50 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"altered mental status",
"symptoms began approximately two weeks prior to presentation",
"increasing fatigue",
"malaise",
"loss of appetite",
"subjective fever",
"Vital signs",
"significant",
"temperature",
"physical examination",
"holosyst... |
A 3-year-old boy is diagnosed with an alpha-gal allergy, also known as mammalian meat allergy (MMA). This condition is mediated by a reaction to the carbohydrate, galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose. An experimental treatment has been developed to halt the N-linked oligosaccharide addition that occurs in the synthesis of thi... | Rough endoplasmic reticulum | {
"A": "Golgi apparatus",
"B": "Rough endoplasmic reticulum",
"C": "Sodium-potassium pump",
"D": "Proteasome"
} | step1 | B | [
"3 year old boy",
"diagnosed",
"alpha gal allergy",
"known",
"mammalian meat",
"condition",
"mediated",
"reaction",
"carbohydrate",
"galactose alpha-1 3 galactose",
"experimental treatment",
"to",
"N linked oligosaccharide addition",
"occurs",
"synthesis",
"compound",
"following cell... |
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