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Introduction {#s1}
============
*Wolbachia* are common intracellular bacteria that are estimated to infect 40% of insect species [@pone.0049922-Zug1]. They are typically vertically transmitted from infected females to their offspring, and are best known for manipulating host reproduction in ways that enhance their own... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Introduction {#sec005}
============
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most frequent chronic dysimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) \[[@pone.0230959.ref001]\]. It is characterized by entirely or partially reversible episodes of ne... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
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1. Introduction
===============
To the advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients, the complete resection offers the best long-term survival.^\[[@R1]\]^ While the main factor of limiting resection is the amount of the future liver remnant (FLR). It is currently considered that the risk of postoperative liver fai... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-biomolecules-09-00787}
===============
T-2 toxin is produced by *Fusarium piriformis*, and it is one of the most toxic A trichothecenes. Myotoxins are widely distributed in grains and agricultural products and have many toxic effects on humans and animals \[[@B1-biomolecules-09-00787]\]. In Chin... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction
============
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death worldwide causing 9 million deaths in 2016, 0.4 million of which were attributable to alcohol consumption (4.2% of all cancer deaths) ([@b1-mco-0-0-2021]). The cancer burden is rising with an incidence ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-materials-13-00584}
===============
Phase change materials (PCMs) for storing and releasing energy represent promising energy storage media to solve the mismatch between energy supply and demand \[[@B1-materials-13-00584],[@B2-materials-13-00584],[@B3-materials-13-00584],[@B4-materials-13-00584]... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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![](edinbmedj74325-005... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
Inflammation is an adaptive response which can be triggered by microbial injection (bacterial infection) or tissue injury and activates toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization-domain proteins (NLRs). This innate immune response is mediated by macrophage... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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[^1]: Academic Editor: William J. Manning
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction
============
Osteoarthritis of the knee affects an important part of the population, causing disability in many individuals and engendering significant costs \[[@B1]\]. Its prevalence is also increasing, due in part to the aging of the population \[[@B2]\] and to higher obesity rates \[[@B3]\]. Clinical p... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction
============
Myelinating Schwann cells polarize their surface membranes into functionally and molecularly distinct membrane domains ([Trapp et al. 1995](#Trappetal1995){ref-type="bib"}). Initially, there are two principle domains. The abaxonal plasma membrane is exposed to and interacts with the external ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background
==========
*Campylobacter jejuni*is the most common cause of acute bacterial enteritis worldwide \[[@B1],[@B2]\]. Despite significant progress in recent years, critical gaps remain in our understanding of *C. jejuni*pathogenesis. The lack of a well-defined set of virulence determinants makes it difficult to... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background
==========
The incidence of brain metastases in breast cancer is about 5% \[[@B1],[@B2]\]. While patients with early breast cancer rarely develop brain metastases, symptomatic brain metastases are diagnosed in 10% to 16% of patients with metastatic breast cancer \[[@B1],[@B3],[@B4]\]. Advances in systemic t... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Somatic cells usually undergo a limited number of divisions termed the Hayflick limit \[[@R1]\]. When this limit is reached, cellular senescence, a permanent cell cycle arrest is triggered in conjunction with characteristic changes in cell morphology and physiology. Both endogenous and exogenous cues such as telomere a... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION {#S1}
============
β-lactamases enzyme are one of the major mechanism of resistance to β-lactam antibiotics in many Gram negative bacilli such as *Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii* and *Pseudomona aeruginosa* ([@R1],[@R2]). AmpC-β-lactamases are the main causes of resistance to β-lactams antibiot... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction
============
Injection-drug users are not only susceptible to HIV infection through injection, especially given HIV's extended viability within syringes (Abdala et al., [@B1]), but also through unprotected sexual contact with those infected with HIV, including other injection-drug users (Strathdee and Sto... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-cancers-12-01633}
===============
Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations are genetic alterations that are considered driver mutations and occur in 70--90% of lower-grade gliomas (LGG) \[[@B1-cancers-12-01633]\]; however, faithful models that recapitulate this disease are sparse. Genetically... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#s1}
===============
The left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery is the main vessel of human coronary circulation, and life-threatening consequences are seen when flow in this area is impaired.[@b1] Noninvasive measurement of coronary flow reserve (CFR), defined as the ratio of maximal to basel... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION {#s1}
============
The incidence of cancer is increasing globally, with nearly 14 million new cases diagnosed in 2012.^[@B1]^ The burden of cancer is growing in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where an estimated 766,000 incident cancer cases and 587,000 cancer deaths are projected to occur in 2020, an increase ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION
============
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transcription in animals \[for review see ([@b1],[@b2])\] requires the catalytic activity of an organelle-specific RNA polymerase (mtRNApol), a monomeric protein showing significant similarity to bacteriophage RNA polymerases ([@b3]), and some accessory factors. They... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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*To the Editor*:
In January 2020, the first cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection were reported in Europe. Multiple outbreaks have since then led to a global pandemic, as well as to massive medical, economic, and social repercussions ([@bib1], [@bib2]).
SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia c... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-plants-08-00568}
===============
Salinity is considered the most destructive abiotic stress that limits crop growth and yield. Under saline stress, plant accumulates salt to a toxic level causing ionic imbalance, osmotic stress, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), and early senescence \[[@B... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Introduction {#sec001}
============
How do we make value-based (i.e., preferential) decisions? A variety of computational models have put forth possible answers to this question in the form of general algorithms by which options are effectiv... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPN) \[[@CR1]\] are uncommon tumors that account for 0.2--2.7 % of all pancreatic tumors and are predominantly seen in young female patients for as-yet-unknown reasons \[[@CR2]\]. The fact that SPNs occur predominantly in young women led to the study of ge... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
Tamoxifen has been used as first line treatment for estrogen receptor alpha- (ER*α*-) positive breast tumors in women for many years \[[@B1]--[@B3]\]. However, resistance to tamoxifen occurs in many patients, although ER*α* expression is maintained in most tumors that acquire re... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction
===============
Polymaleimide (PMAI) is a type of polymer with high reactivity, often used as the polymeric skeleton of many functional materials with excellent thermal stability. For example, PMAI was used by Ganjadhara *et al.* to prepare nonlinear optical materials as liquid crystals to improve thei... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction
===============
Ebola virus (EBOV), species *Zaire ebolavirus* and family *Filoviridae*, has caused episodic disease outbreaks with high lethality in Africa since 1976. The current Ebola virus Makona variant (EBOV/Mak) epidemic originated from Guéckédou, Guinea in early December 2013 and extensive huma... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Heinrich, A., Heyl, K. A., Klaile, E., Müller, M. M., Klassert, T. E., Wiessner, A., Fischer, K., Schumann, R. R., Seifert, U., Riesbeck, K., Moter, A., Singer, B. B., Bachmann, S., and Slevogt, H. (2016) *Moraxella catarrhalis* induces CEACAM3‐Syk‐CARD9‐dependent activation of human granulocytes. Cellular Microbiology... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Nowadays, there are several methods for alignment of total knee arthroplasties (TKAs). These alignment methods can be divided into conventional techniques and navigational or image-guided surgery.
Complications associated with conventional techniques that use intramedullary alignment rods include extra blood loss peri... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction
============
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and life-threatening clinical syndrome with adverse outcomes, causing substantial morbidity and mortality in its acute phase ([@B9]; [@B19]). Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the major cause of AKI and occurs in many clinical settings, including surge... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Context {#Sec2}
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Assessing the vulnerability of human wellbeing to the impacts of climate change is a key challenge for humanity. The issue is complex and wide-ranging: levels of vulnerability vary across geographical regions, political boundaries and through time, dependent o... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a bulk intracellular degradation system that is responsible for the turnover of long-lived proteins, cytosolic components, and damaged organelles \[[@CR1]\]. Autophagy occurs at low levels in all cells to maintain cellular homeost... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1.. Introduction
================
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or ecstasy) is a phenylpropanolamine with structural similarities to both amphetamine and mescaline ([Figure 1](#f1-pharmaceuticals-04-00992){ref-type="fig"}). Ecstasy has come to symbolize one of the largest youth subcultures of the late 20th c... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
To enlarge its distributional range, a species must reach a new, previously unoccupied area, and then succeed in colonizing it. The first process (dispersal) is mainly related to the species ability to cross unfavorable areas [@pone.0049465-Brown1], whereas, the second (colonization) is... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION {#s1}
============
Since Huggins first reported that surgical castration is an effective treatment for advanced prostate cancer \[[@R1]\], hormonal therapy has become an established intervention for previously untreated patients with this disease. In 1982, Labrie *et al.* indicated the need for anti-andro... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a successful therapeutic option for the patients with knee osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. However, TKA changes the mechanical loads on the knee joint and causes bone mineral density and structure be adjusted to meet new mechanical demands surroun... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#S1}
============
It is well established that metformin will inhibit mitochondrial complex I activity, albeit at millimolar concentrations, and it has been generally postulated that its potent anti-diabetic effects occurs through this mechanism^[@R1],[@R2]^. It has since been described that by diminishin... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background
==========
While water is generally a pre-requisite of life, some species of microorganisms, plants and invertebrates are able to survive complete desiccation (anhydrobiosis; \[[@B1]\]). Many more species are able to survive partial dehydration, e.g. due to extracellular ice crystallization during freezing.... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
HNSCC is a disease with significant morbidity and mortality. It is the fifth most common cancer, which is responsible for 5% of all tumor patients, and accounts for 560,000 new cancer incidents and 300,000 cancer deaths worldwide [@pone.0093102-Parkin1]. More than 50,000 new cases of HN... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Pluripotency requires an intricate interplay between a specialized transcriptional circuitry, signaling pathways, and non-redundant mechanisms of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling ^[@R1],\ [@R2]^. In mammals, *Brg* is one member of a large family of DNA-dependent ATPases that are homologs of the yeast SWI2/SNF2 gene ^... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
The lack of social acceptance and high ecological risk associated with chemical control strategies has limited their widespread use on invasive amphibian species. However, when invasive amphibians are threatening the persistence of native biota and directly contributing to declines in bio... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Introduction {#sec001}
============
*Staphylococcus aureus* and group A *Streptococcus pyogenes* secrete a family of pyrogenic toxins including staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C (SEA, SEB, SEC), toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) and st... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Over 300 distinct emerging disease events have been recorded in the last six decades, and the trend is accelerating (Jones et al. [@CR25]). As the majority of emerging pathogens are zoonotic, originating largely from wildlife (Jones et al. [@CR25]), increased human-wildlife contact is... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
All relevant data are within the manuscript and Supporting Information files.
Introduction {#sec005}
============
*Candida* species are the fourth most common nosocomial bloodstream organism \[[@pone.0216956.ref001]\], and ocular involvement is reported as one of the main complications in patients with candidemia \[[... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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Seismic wave studies of the lower mantle have established relatively reliable seismic models including compressional and shear wave velocities (*V*~*P*~ and *V*~*S*~) in one-, two-, and three-dimensional tomographic models (e.g., PREM, AK135, S40RTS)[@b6][@b7][@b8]. Thus far, it has been shown that most of the lower ma... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction
============
MiRNAs belong to a class of non-coding endogenous RNAs with the lengths ranging from 18 nt to 25 nt. They have been much explored as gene expression regulators that involve many biological processes, including differentiation, proliferation, development and apoptosis of cells, hormone secreti... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
To the Editor: Periventricular nodular heterotopias (PNHs) represent a malformation of cortical development caused by an improper neuronal migration during forebrain formation.\[[@ref1][@ref2]\] There is a wide spectrum of anatomical and clinical presentations of PNH, ranging from asymptomatic small unilateral or bilat... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Key points {#Sec1}
==========
Congenital anomalies of the systemic venous return are rare.They are the result of complex deviations in the persistence/regression of segments of the primitive venous network.There can be anatomic variations of the superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava, and the azygos-hemiazygos ven... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Introduction {#sec001}
============
Cancer causes nearly one out of four deaths in the United States; progress against this disease has been limited by the difficulty of therapeutically targeting cancer cells without affecting the surroundin... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-ijerph-17-02668}
===============
In response to the global tobacco epidemic, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced a Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) to support governments in reducing tobacco demand and supply issues \[[@B1-ijerph-17-02668]\]. The FCTC is a progressive tr... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#sec1_1}
============
Wipple disease (WD) is characterized by a chronic, multisystem and recurrent infection caused by the gram-positive bacillus *Tropheryma whipplei* and recognized as important bacterial cause of malabsorption. It is a rare disease whose true incidence is unknown; some studies show an ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:e004215 DOI: [10.1161/JAHA.117.004215](10.1161/JAHA.117.004215)
Correction {#jah32625-sec-0001}
==========
In the article by Tunstall‐Pedoe, et al, "Twenty‐Year Predictors of Peripheral Arterial Disease Compared With Coronary Heart Disease in the Scottish Heart Health Extended Cohort (SHHEC),... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Los conflictos de interés (CdI) son estructurales al sistema, no coyunturales. Algunos autores prefieren denominar complejo médico-industrial (CMI)[@bib0005] al entramado --normalizado, mayoritariamente transparente y legal- de relaciones entre científicos, académicos, profesionales y sus respectivas instituciones, con... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction
============
Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is one of the most common congenital malformations among live births worldwide[@B5]. The prevalence of NSCL/P is about 1.7 *per* 1000 live births, although this rate is different in terms of geographical position and ethnicity[@B18]... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Spatial attention leads to enhanced sensory processing and improved behavioral outcomes (e.g., higher hit rates and faster reaction times)^[@CR1],[@CR2]^. Classic studies of spatial attention assumed that its neural and behavioral effects were continuous during attentional deployment.... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction
============
The genus Enterovirus (EV) of the family Picornaviridae includes several medically important pathogens such as poliovirus, echoviruses, coxsackieviruses, numbered enteroviruses, and rhinoviruses ([@B3]). In past decades, several enteroviruses have emerged as serious public health concerns. Re... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction
============
Clinical assessment of acute abdomen in children poses a challenge to both the paediatrician and the surgeon. Foreign bodies are one of the main causes of acute abdomen in children. In general, most upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract foreign bodies are related to food impaction, with meat bein... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
Ribosome biogenesis is a highly complex process in which hundreds of different proteins co-operate in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis, processing, ribosome subunit assembly and transport [@pone.0009578-Boisvert1]. Nucleoli are the actual sites for ribosome biogenesis but these structures... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
Up to one third of epilepsy patients continue to experience seizures or unacceptable medication-related side effects. Among patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, more than half develop drug-resistant seizures [@pone.0066885-Leppik1]. Moreover, most of the available drugs only inhibit ic... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction
============
Infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), is used as an immunosuppressive agent for the treatment of moderate-to-severe Crohn\'s disease.[@B1] TNF-α antagonists such as infliximab have been associated with adverse effects, including local reactions, in... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
With the advent of Web2.0, user-generated contents such as product reviews, status on social networking services, and microblogs are exploding in the Internet. The growing availability of subjective contents makes extracting useful sentiment information from subjective contents ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Introduction {#sec001}
============
The genome of *Escherichia coli* supports the transcription of four different types of RNA: ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), messenger RNA and small non-coding RNA (sRNA). rRNA and tRNA represent... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
**What's Known**
Resveratrol induces the expression of the exon IX transcript of the *BDNF* gene in hippocampal tissues from male rats.
**What's New**
Resveratrol causes an increase in the expression levels of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor exons III, IV and IX but not the exon I in the hippocampi of rats.
I... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Brown recluse spider bite envenomation can be a significant traumatic injury. Probably overreported, brown recluse spider bites and their resultant tissue injury patterns are well documented; however, treatment regimens are somewhat controversial. We present an unusual case of a presumed brown recluse spider bite injur... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
All relevant data are within the manuscript.
Background {#sec006}
==========
Out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures for health care pose barriers to accessing health services and impose great financial risk on populations in low-income settings. Studies show that even small OOP costs can drive patients and families into po... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Induction of anesthesia is the most crucial and stressful period of general anesthesia for the young patient as well as the anesthesiologist.[@ref1] The consequences of this stressful experience by a child become apparent in the immediate postanesthetic period and may persist for weeks or even longer.[@ref2] Inhalation... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Individuals with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) are known to be at high risk for morbidity and mortality, and intensified lipid management and lifestyle modifications are essential and integral parts of secondary prevention^[@CR1],\ [@CR2]^. However, a considerable res... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
The sequences of a large collection of *L. monocytogenes* plasmids were analyzed to determine whether select genes are activated under salt and acid stress conditions and if plasmid-harbourage is associated with enhanced growth under salt and acid stress conditions. The results highlight the widespread distribution of ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
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Introduction {#s1}
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The liver stage of malaria is an attractive target for vaccination. During the liver stage sporozoites invade hepatocytes where they replicate without provoking clinical illness. After the infected hepatocytes burst, merozoites are released into the blood stream and infect red blood cel... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#sec1}
============
*Phenacoccus solenopsis* (*P. solenopsis*) Tinsley (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) was first reported as a cotton pest in Texas, USA (Fuchs *et al*., [@ref7]). Given the high variation of this species in terms of its morphological characteristics, biological ada... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION {#s1}
============
Many animals live in environments with temperature fluctuations throughout the year. One way that animals can attempt to counter the negative effects of fluctuating temperatures is through thermoregulatory mechanisms ([@BIO031005C21]). These thermoregulatory mechanisms can help keep ani... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-nutrients-12-01861}
===============
Communicating health messages clearly and openly to the public is challenging, as much of the evidence focuses on longevity and disease prevention, rather than behaviours that generate instant results and gratification \[[@B1-nutrients-12-01861]\]. Previous re... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s0001}
============
Around 300 BC, during the time of the ancient Greek physician, Hippocrates, the first documented examination of human bodily fluids was conducted. This gave birth to laboratory medicine, which is the use of laboratory tests to guide clinical investigations.^[@CIT0001]^ Ever since, as... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Breast cancer is a spectrum of diseases comprised of different tumor subtypes, each with a distinct biology and clinical behavior. To capture this diversify, we characterized the variation in gene expression across human breast tumors using DNA microarrays and identified at least five distinct tumor subtypes that are s... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
The intestinal mucosa represents a pivotal border between the organism and its environment. The large contact surface of the gut allows efficient nutrient absorption, acts as an important barrier for pathogens and toxins, and participates in the innate immune response (Mariani et al. ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant primary brain tumor [@pone.0062982-Adamson1]. GBM patients have a median survival of about fourteen months despite aggressive multimodality treatment [@pone.0062982-Ohgaki1]. Given the pathological and clinical heterogeneous nat... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction
============
Anxiety disorders are common problems that result in enormous suffering and economic costs \[[@ref1]\]. Unfortunately, a large proportion of people who suffer from anxiety disorder remain either untreated or inadequately treated \[[@ref2],[@ref3]\]. Effective treatments for anxiety disorders ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
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"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used as flame retardants in a wide range of consumer and household goods ([@b14-ehp-119-168]). Their chemical stability allows PBDEs to be global environmental contaminants ([@b6-ehp-119-168]; [@b44-ehp-119-168]). An alarming increase in PBDE concentrations in humans has... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s0005}
============
The elaboration of the myelin sheath around neuronal axons, and the associated white matter maturation, is a cornerstone of human neurodevelopment. Myelinated white matter forms efficient communication pathways that shape the integrated neural systems responsible for higher order fun... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Cerebral aneurysms are cerebrovascular protruding sacs that develop in specific cerebrovascular sites. The most severe consequence of cerebral aneurysm is its rupture and intracranial subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), causing a high mortality rate. Multiple intracranial aneurysms are observe... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
With the advent of corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) in 1997 and its gradual acceptance in the beginning of the twenty-first century, the treatment paradigm for keratoconus and other corneal ectatic disorders has shifted dramatically \[[@CR1]\]. In general, visual rehabilitation in... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1.. Introduction {#s1}
================
Plants are of fundamental importance to life on land, so developing an understanding of their origins and early evolution has been a quest for generations of botanists. Once the domain of morphology and palaeontology, recent progress in comparative genomics and molecular develop... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#sec1_1}
============
Gallstone ileus represents a rare complication of cholelithiasis. It usually occurs in elderly female patients and symptomatic biliary disease is usually elicited from the patient\'s history. Multiple episodes of acute cholecystitis can finally result in the formation of a bilio-dig... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#sec1-1}
============
Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) has been one of the major causes of revision surgery after total knee arthroplasty (TKA).[@ref1][@ref2][@ref3] Many strategies to reduce the PJI have been applied during preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative stages.[@ref4] In the preope... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
In epidemiologic studies, depressive disorders are found to be the most common mental disorder worldwide. There is an increasingly negative effect on both individual psychosocial functioning, physical health and national economy in general (Lépine & Briley, [@ref6]). There is still a widespread lack of information abou... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
I[NTRODUCTION]{.smallcaps} {#sec1-1}
==========================
Technological advancements and development of new therapeutic and diagnostic modalities have taken the medical services to a much higher level, thus improving the provision of overall quality healthcare services to the patients. Despite these progressive ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
Most species of invertebrates are incapable of synthesis of sterols *de novo* and rely on a dietary source of these compounds [@pone.0021316-Rees1]. Many of these species, such as plant pest insects and plant-parasitic nematodes, obtain primarily C~29~ and C~28~ sterols (e.g. sitosterol... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major communicable diseases, and nearly 2 million people die every year\[[@ref1]\]. TB is ranked seventh among all illness\[[@ref2]\]. Isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) are the two major regimens currently used for the treatment of TB for a period of 4 to 6 months\[[@ref3]\], which ma... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
In the ophthalmic drug delivery systems, protective barriers of eye lead to low absorption of drug and it leads to poor bioavailability of therapeutic drugs. The *cul*-*de*-*sac* normally holds 7--9 *μ*L of tears but can retain up to approximately 20--30 *μ*L without overflowing... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
See related commentary by Goldstein, <http://ccforum.com/content/11/3/141>
Introduction
============
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is difficult to measure in clinical practice \[[@B1]-[@B4]\]. The ideal laboratory marker should be of endogen synthesis, regular production rate, eliminated only by glomerular filtrat... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
The content published in Cureus is the result of clinical experience and/or research by independent individuals or organizations. Cureus is not responsible for the scientific accuracy or reliability of data or conclusions published herein. All content published within Cureus is intended only for educational, research a... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
**Core tip:** Treatment of hepatitis C has now become much easy and simple with the advent of direct acting anti-viral agents (DAAs) against hepatitis C virus (HCV). Although the DAAs are highly effective in eradicating HCV infection, they have different mechanisms of action, side effects, resistance factors and drug-d... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
The effects of pregnancy on diabetic retinopathy are well known, including worsening of existing retinopathy leading to sometimes permanent loss of vision. However, little has been published in the literature about the changes that may take place in the retina of a diabetic moth... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
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