text stringlengths 1 1.05M | meta dict |
|---|---|
Introduction {#sec1-0300060520910042}
============
Tuberculosis (TB), a life-threatening infectious disease, caused about 1.2 million deaths among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative individuals worldwide in 2018. Over 65% of the estimated 10 million new TB cases occurred in eight high-TB burden, low/middle-in... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction
===============
Dental caries still remains one of the most common diseases worldwide, especially in developing countries. A great effort has been made searching for the means to reduce cariogenic microflora, however, this seems to have been unsuccessful in completely eradicating caries-associated micr... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment plan optimization is a multi-objective problem that aims to provide dose coverage, homogeneity and conformity to planning target volume (PTV) while sparing organs-at-risk (OARs) \[[@CR1]--[@CR4]\]. From a mathematical perspective, dir... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction
============
Translocation of plants and animal populations between environments is one of the major forms of anthropogenic perturbation experienced by pristine populations (Suarez and Tsutsui [@b74]; Laikre et al. [@b41]), which often result in hybridization between native and exogenous individuals (Alle... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background
==========
Cinacalcet hydrochloride (CIN); N-\[1-(R)-(-)-(1-naphthyl) ethyl\]-3-\[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl\]-1-aminopropane HCl is a selective calcimimetic agent, which acts on a calcium-sensing receptor of the parathyroid gland. This principal negative regulator of parathyroid hormone release increases i... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
None of the authors has a proprietary interest in any of the products mentioned in this study.
Introduction {#aos14276-sec-0005}
============
Neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are the most common causes of severe vision loss in the western world (Ambati et al. [2003](#ao... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction
===============
Calixarenes is a flexible type of macrocyclic compounds that has soft π-donor cavities consisting of benzene rings along with hard oxygen cavities located on the hydroxyl lower rim. It is increasingly gaining importance in the field of host-guest chemistry owing to its formation of comp... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
This article is part of the Thematic Series \"Nanomaterial-based cancer theranostics\".
Introduction
============
Despite remarkable advances in targeted therapies of various human malignancies, cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide \[[@R1]\]. Nanoparticles (NPs) could be linked to various drugs, the... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
{#sp1 .42}
{#sp2 .43}
{#sp3 .44}
{#sp4 .45}
{#sp5 .46}
{#sp6 .47}
{#sp7 .48}
{#sp8 .49}
{#sp9 .5... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction
============
The BILAG-2004 index is a comprehensive composite clinical index that has been recently validated for the assessment of SLE disease activity \[[@B1; @B2; @B3; @B4]\]. This index is based on the Classic BILAG index and has many similarities with its predecessor: it is based on the principle of... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background
==========
With universal health coverage firmly on the global policy agenda, there is renewed interest in finding ways to alleviate inequities in health care, address access barriers, and make services more inclusive for marginalized groups \[[@B1]\]. Accessible care requires the provision of affordable, a... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION
============
DNA packaging and gene regulation are critical elements in all organisms. In *Escherichia coli*, a nucleoid-associated protein called histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS) is involved in DNA compaction and serves as a global transcription regulator mainly by functioning as a gene s... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
The content published in Cureus is the result of clinical experience and/or research by independent individuals or organizations. Cureus is not responsible for the scientific accuracy or reliability of data or conclusions published herein. All content published within Cureus is intended only for educational, research a... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION {#s1}
============
In multiple myeloma (MM), malignant plasma cells accrue in the bone marrow (BM) expressing CD138, a marker of terminal B-cell differentiation. In MM, an early question has been the nature of the cell of origin or normal B-cell counterpart in which neoplastic transformation begins. Addre... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disease associated with insulin resistance, obesity and the development of cardiovascular disorders (micro- and macrovascular), whose central factors are involved in the occurrence of high and prolonged cellular oxidative stress (Ox-S) \[[@... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
New substances, in particular stimulants, such as mephedrone, alpha-PVP, MDPV, and pentedrone, have been associated with a range of serious harms in Europe including acute poisonings and deaths (EMCDDA [@CR15]; Eur Drug Rep [@CR17]). In 2014, synthetic cathinones accounted for more th... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
All relevant data are within the paper and its supporting information files.
Introduction {#sec004}
============
*Ascaris lumbricoides* is the most prevalent intestinal parasitic nematode of man, infecting approximately 819 million people worldwide in developing countries \[[@pntd.0005166.ref001]\]. Due to the high d... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#sec1-1}
============
The rabbit is a small animal belonging to lagomorphs, according to the digestive system, it is categorized as pseudoruminant that able to utilize large amounts of roughages by having large cecum and large intestine for microbial digestion. Further, rabbit could be easily raised for ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Filamentous fungi are of great economic importance as cell factories in industrial biotechnology. Due to their metabolic diversity, high production capacity, secretion efficiency, and the capability of conducting post-translational modifications, filamentous fungi like *Aspergillus niger*... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Citation
========
Liu W-G, Fabrizi S, Bai M, Yang X-K, Ahrens D (2014) A taxonomic revision of the *Neoserica* (sensu lato) *pilosula* group (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Sericini). ZooKeys 440: 89--113. doi: [10.3897/zookeys.440.8126](10.3897/zookeys.440.8126)
Introduction
============
*Neoserica* Brenske, 1897 is one... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION {#sec1-1}
============
This case report describes a neuroendocrine tumor (NET) arising from enterochromaffin cells that underwent neoplastic transformation.\[[@ref2]\] These tumors can arise in almost every organ of the body although they are most commonly found in the gastrointestinal tract and respirato... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
A 45-year-old male presented with a clinical history of vague upper abdominal pain. There was no significant medical illness or any history of renal disease in the past. Clinical examination and laboratory parameters were unremarkable. A serum creatinine value of 0.83 mg/dL, serum sodium of 139 mEq/L and serum potassiu... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
Castleman\'s disease (CD) or angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia was first described by Castleman and Towne in 1954 as an asymptomatic benign hyperplastic lymph node disorder resembling a thymoma \[[@B1], [@B2]\]. It is a rare benign lymphoproliferative disorder of unknown et... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-materials-12-03676}
===============
Chlorination is the most used method for disinfection worldwide \[[@B1-materials-12-03676]\]. The disinfection is produced by the chlorine oxidative capacity \[[@B2-materials-12-03676]\]. Typical levels of free chlorine in drinking water range from 0.2 to 0.5 ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
Myocardial infarction is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide \[[@B1], [@B2]\]. Myocardial infarction triggers a sequence of inflammatory reactions involving the infiltration, activation, apoptosis, and clearance of neutrophils \[[@B3]\]. Thus, neutrophils play i... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-foods-06-00024}
===============
Wine is not only one of the most ancient and consumed beverages, but it is also an important product from the nutritional point of view \[[@B1-foods-06-00024]\]. Among the variety of compounds which determine the overall quality of the final product, polyphenols c... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
{#sp1 .337}
{#sp2 .338}
{#sp3 .339}
{#sp4 .340}
{#sp5 .341}
{#sp6 .342}
{#sp7 .343}
{#sp8 .344}
{#sp9 .34... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background
==========
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, has a prevalence rate of 3-7% in children \[[@B1]\] and over 4% in adults \[[@B2]\]. The disorder, diagnosed primarily through parent and teacher report, is... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#ece31997-sec-0001}
============
Eusocial breeding systems are characterized by a division of labor between reproductive and nonreproductive task specialists (Hölldobler and Wilson [2009](#ece31997-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"}). Eusociality is curious because any specialization toward a nonreproductive cast... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. INTRODUCTION {#sec1}
===============
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand binding transcription factors belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily which includes receptors for steroids, thyroid hormone, and retinoids \[[@B1], [@B2]\]. PPARs function in a variety of roles including regul... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
The Africhol project {#Sec1}
====================
Cholera remains a substantial contributor to public health burden in many developing countries, particularly in sub-Sahara Africa. In 2014, 190,549 cases were reported to the World Health Organization (WHO), including 55% from Africa \[[@CR1]\]. Of the 2,231 deaths rep... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
Age-related bone loss markedly compromises skeletal integrity and increases fracture risk [@pone.0084868-Cooper1], [@pone.0084868-Seeman1]. While interventions against osteoclastic bone resorption have proved successful [@pone.0084868-Hosking1], anabolic therapies that can initiate *de ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Tobacco smoking represents a huge health hazard for both a pregnant woman and her fetus and it also represents the most important modifiable risk factor for fetal and neonatal morbidity and mortality (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [@CR37]). Pregnancy represents a conduc... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-viruses-10-00243}
===============
Recombination activating gene 1 (*RAG1*), as well as *RAG2*, is required for the activation of immunoglobulin (Ig) and T cell receptor (TCR) genes by catalyzing the combinatorial joining of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments that encode t... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
More than 15% of the world\'s population has no access to safe drinking water ([@bib44]). Waterborne parasitic protozoan diseases with worldwide distribution, result in four billion cases of diarrhoea, 1.6 million deaths annually ([www.who.int](http://www.who.int){#intref0010}) ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction
===============
Mer is a transmembrane tyrosine receptor kinase with extracellular immunoglobulin and fibronectin-like domains that recognize ligands such as growth arrest specific 6 (Gas6) and protein S ([@bib20]). Ligand-binding leads to autophosphorylation of activation loop tyrosine (Tyr749, Tyr753... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Custard apple is the fruit of *Annona squamosa* or *Annona asiatica*, which belongs to the genus *Annona* and family *Annonaceae* \[[Fig. 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}\].\[[@ref1]\] Custard apple is cultivated throughout India and is commonly known as "sitaphal" or "sugar apple" due to the sweet taste of the fruit (tastes li... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#sec1-0300060518777652}
============
Anterior capsular phimosis (or anterior capsule contraction syndrome) is a complication associated with continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) following cataract surgery.^[@bibr1-0300060518777652],[@bibr2-0300060518777652]^ Rapid proliferation of residual anterior... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION
============
Lumbar hernias are infrequent; they occur in the broad anatomic area bounded superiorly by the 12th rib, inferi-orly by the iliac crest, medially by the erector spinae, and laterally by the external oblique muscle. Lumbar hernias can be congenital or primary, occurring in the inferior lumbar ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#sec1}
============
The meniscus is an important cartilaginous tissue providing stability and smooth articulation within the knee joint, while bearing and transmitting loading during physiological activities [@bib1], [@bib2]. The overloading that is induced by joint instability causes meniscus degenerati... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} | |
1. Introduction {#sec1-microorganisms-07-00347}
===============
During the past decade, we have experienced increasing interest in the development of new technologies for alternative energy production using renewable and sustainable sources with beneficial environmental impact. Owing to the potential for replacing fos... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION
============
Stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) has been extensively used in critically ill patients to prevent upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. However, a large number of patients in intensive care units (ICUs) continue to receive acid-suppressing medications for SUP; and this widespread overzealous use... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s0005}
============
The percentage of women in medicine has increased from 5% of the physician workforce in 1900 to 35.2% in 2017 ([@b0005]). Similarly, women comprised 5.5% of matriculants to medical school in 1950 and 51.6% of matriculants to medical school in 2018 ([@b0005]). In dermatology, 64.5% of... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} | |
Nodular fasciitis (NF) is a pseudosarcomatous, self-limiting reactive process composed of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. NF is most common in young adults between 20 and 40 years of age and its preferential site is the upper extremities, followed by the trunk, especially the chest wall and back. NF in the head and nec... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
India is considered oral cancer capital of the world, and it accounts for one-third of all cases. Oral cancer ranks among the top three types of cancer in the country with 75,000--80,000 new cases being reported every year. The age-adjusted rate of oral cancer in India is 12.6 per 100,000 population, which is approxima... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
肺癌已成为我国发病率最高的恶性肿瘤，其中非小细胞肺癌（non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC）约占80%-85%^\[[@b1]\]^，严重威胁着人们的生命健康。近年来针对NSCLC的治疗，主要包括化疗和靶向治疗，虽明显改善了进展期患者的生存，使其中位无进展生存期达8个月-12个月，但仍不能治愈疾病^\[[@b2]\]^。因此寻找新的药物和治疗手段非常必要。
硫利达嗪作为一种多巴胺受体阻断剂，可靶向作用于大脑中的多巴胺受体，缓解精神障碍所致的紧张与焦虑，曾被广泛应用于精神分裂症等精神疾病的治疗。近期研究却显示硫利达嗪在体外可抑制多种肿瘤细胞的增殖，如宫颈癌、乳腺癌、胃癌及肝癌等^\[[@b3]-[@b6... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
Humans are able to perceive the actions of others with relative ease, even when their movements are reduced only to points of light \[[@B1]\]. Although much work has been done to determine the anatomical regions that give rise to this remarkable process (for a review, see [@B2]) the und... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Phillips The three genera, *Exallosorus*[@CR17] J. Agardh [@CR2] C. Agardh and *Zonaria*[@CR1] were established based on the characteristics of their reproductive structures, which used as key characters in the taxonomy of Dictyotaceae (Papenfuss [@CR16]; Womersley [@CR34]; Phillips and C... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
Pelagic squids play a major role in the trophic structure of marine ecosystems as they constitute large pelagic biomasses, and are voracious predators and important prey for other organisms [@pone.0022194-Rodhouse1]. However, knowledge of their life history traits, including feeding str... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Removal of introns from pre-mRNAs, a process called splicing, is an important step in the expression of eukaryotic genes. Splicing adds an important layer to the spatial and temporal regulation of gene expression, which is essential for the generation of diverse cell types from an identical genome ([@bib3]). Splicing o... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
Tungsten (also known as wolfram, W) is a strong, flexible transition metal, with a high melting point. These traits have led to it becoming an indispensable part of a broad range of industrial and commercial processes and devices that are key in modern lifestyles [@pone.0077546-Harper1]... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Important cellular processes result from the concerted action of multiple proteins organized in complex networks. Studies in evolution have revealed how individual proteins can acquire new functions due to changes in their binding specificity or catalytic potential[@b1][@b2][@b3][@b4][@b5]. However, these characteristi... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Abundant evidence suggests that in the case of atherothrombotic coronary artery obstruction, coronary collateral formation compensates myocardial ischemia \[[@CR1], [@CR2]\] and improves patients' clinical outcome and even survival \[[@CR3], [@CR4]\]. The mechanism of collateral vessel gr... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-viruses-11-00016}
===============
Implementation of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to clinical and environmental samples has led to the identification of new species of the Picornaviridae family \[[@B1-viruses-11-00016]\]. This family is currently divided into 29 genera whose natural hosts are... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
New tools in science such as genome sequencing, RNASeq, microarrays, and metabolomics have provided enormous new data resources. Researchers are increasingly challenged to keep up with the avalanche of data and often feel overwhelmed. Fortunately, there are powerful search tools avail... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#sec1_1}
============
Brain metastasis (BM) is rare in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. In a recent cohort study, BM was diagnosed in 8.5% of patients. The cumulative incidence of BM after 5 years was estimated at 16.3% in patients with lung cancer, 9.8% in patients with renal cell carcinoma, 7.4% in pa... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Preface {#Sec1}
=======
The dialogue between science and the humanities is on-going, and remains vital in modern society. But it easy to take the view that two influential ways of thinking about the human which have emerged in recent years are of unusual significance and so potentially of broader relevance to society.... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION
============
Various clinical procedures in dentistry carried out on adults and children require the use of palatal injections for obtaining local anesthesia. These palatal injections can be painful owing to the thick keratinized palatal mucosa, especially for pediatric patients whose cooperation is essen... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
All relevant data are within the manuscript and Supporting Information file.
Introduction {#sec005}
============
The World Health Organisation (WHO) has called for the elimination of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection by 2030 \[[@pone.0192763.ref001]\]. Improvements in the efficiency of patient assessment and treatmen... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#s0005}
===============
Limonene is one of the most frequently occurring natural monoterpenes found in the plant kingdom. It is the main component of essential oils extracted from citrus fruit rinds ([@b0135]). Its applications as a flavour and fragrance additive in food products, cosmetics, household... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
{#sp1 .111}
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
The implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is the first line of treatment for life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTa's) both as primary (patients who have an increased risk of experiencing VTa's) and secondary prophylaxis (patients who have previously experienced VTa... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-molecules-24-03791}
===============
In 2011, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations reported that "one-third of the edible parts of food produced for human consumption gets lost or wasted globally, which is about 1.3 billion tons per year". Post-harvesting and processi... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background
==========
Much of our current knowledge of genetics and genomics comes from traditional model organisms that are often raised for many generations in the laboratory. Although model organisms offer several advantages, as with inbred strains where it is often easier to isolate the factors associated with par... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-foods-08-00119}
===============
The genus *Bacillus* consists of versatile and ubiquitous gram-positive species that are mostly harmless, however some species demonstrate pathogenic capacities \[[@B1-foods-08-00119],[@B2-foods-08-00119],[@B3-foods-08-00119]\]. Food-borne pathogenic microorganism... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background
==========
In the post-genome era, we observe rapid development in systems biology, a field focusing on interactions among the components of biological systems. *Gene regulatory networks*(*genetic networks*, in short) have been proposed to better understand the interaction of various kinds of genes, protein... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
{#sp1 .66}
{#sp2 .67}
{#sp3 .68}
{#sp4 .69}
{#sp5 .70}
{#sp6 .71}
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
A diverse range of animals are capable of visually detecting moving objects within cluttered environments. This discrimination is a complex task, particularly in response to a small target generating very weak contrast as it moves against a highly textured background. The neural process... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-healthcare-08-00059}
===============
Blacklegged ticks, *Ixodes scapularis* (Acari: Ixodidae), have a native range east of the Rocky Mountains, and are vectors of multiple enzootic pathogens. This human-biting ectoparasite is known to harbor and transmit at least nine different tick-borne, zoono... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
1. Introduction {#sec001}
===============
Heart disease affects increasingly people all over the world \[[@pone.0178530.ref001]\]. In some forms of heart disease, including myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathies and hypertensive heart disea... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#Sec1_10}
============
Nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) is also known as nucleophosmin (NPM), nucleolar phosphoprotein B23, and numatrin in mammals, and NO38 in amphibians. NPM1 was first discovered as a nucleolar protein in rat liver cells and Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
Microbial communities respond to, and effect change on, surrounding geochemical conditions. Advances in community proteogenomics and transcriptomics have allowed for understanding the molecular basis of this interplay for some communities of interest [@pone.0056018-Marchetti1]--[@pone.0... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-insects-11-00277}
===============
*Elasmolomus pallens* (Dallas) is a seed bug which belongs to the family Rhyparochromidae, within the superfamily Lygaeoidea and in the order Hemiptera. The family was formerly considered as a subfamily within the Lygaeidae until the recent reanalysis of the phy... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background
==========
Chickpea (*Cicer arietinum*L.) is an annual, self-pollinating, diploid (2n = 2x = 16) pulse crop that ranks third in world legume production \[[@B1]\]. Australia is currently the largest exporter of chickpea and yield for 2006--2007 has been forecasted at 239,000 tonnes, most of which will be exp... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Research involving nanomaterials has brought to light their intriguing electronic, magnetic and optical properties, so different from their bulk counterparts^[@CR1]--[@CR5]^. Amongst these, metallic nanoparticles are of particular interest, given their ability to modulate light-matter... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
In the era of precision medicine, overall survival alone is not an adequate endpoint for assessing healthcare quality, comparing treatment efficacy, or informing decision making for patients with cancer, especially for cancers with long survival times such as breast cancer. Rather, examin... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction
============
Infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), leads to depressed cellular immunity and can result in co-infection with opportunistic pathogens and severe disease ([@B6]; [@B19]; [@B1]; [@B24]). The available treat... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Heavy load carriage is a common phenomenon in military operations; Indian soldiers have to carry heavy loads over different terrains and in extreme environmental conditions. The distributed mode of load carriage (existing load carriage ensembles, ELCes) can support a load of up to 21.4 kg... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
Poly(*N*-isopropylacrylamide)-based hydrogel (PNIPAM) is one of the most popular classes of hydrogels and has been used in various material fabrications because of its thermo-responsive property.^[@ref1]^ Hydrogels of this class exhibit large volume phase transition at a specifi... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. INTRODUCTION
===============
The existence of nAChRs was first suggested by Langley in 1905 \[[@R1]\], when he showed that nicotine could stimulate denervated muscle cells. This observation led Langley to propose the concept of receptor and signal transduction \[[@R2]\]. Since then, there has been a breakthrough in... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Many important therapeutics including key antibiotics are derived from compounds produced by fungal organisms[@b1], yet fungal enzymatic diversity is a largely untapped resource for cheap biosynthesis of medical molecules and the potential for the discovery of novel therapeutics[@b2][@b3]. The baker\'s yeast *Saccharom... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION {#SEC1}
============
Recent years have seen substantial improvements in the scale and resolution with which vital biological processes are modeled. Computational approaches centered on Monte Carlo simulation and other numerical methods ([@B1]--[@B3]) have allowed the description of the association, diffus... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction
============
Background
----------
Health information exchange (HIE) has been found to improve quality of care in general \[[@ref1]\], and it constitutes an important aspect of the successful treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) in particular \[[@ref2]-[@ref6]\]. Common HIE solutions are disease-specific ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-insects-08-00130}
===============
All complex multicellular life evolved either in alliance with, or in defense from, microbes, which have dominated Earth for billions of years \[[@B1-insects-08-00130]\]. In order to fully understand organismal function, diversity, and evolution, microbial inter... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Wild animals play a key role in the transmission of many infectious diseases into humans by serving as reservoirs for important pathogens such as West Nile virus (WNV), avian influenza virus (AIV), and Lyme disease. Animal health surveillance may contribute to the early detection and prev... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background
==========
Cardiologists are able to quantify the coronary flow velocity during coronary angiography by means of a Doppler guide wire system. The computer analysis of the Doppler shift reflects the actual blood flow velocity in the coronary artery \[[@B1]\]. In addition, measuring the coronary flow velocity... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
The concept of synergistic robotics has been proposed as an alternative to active surgical robots completely automating subsequences of a given surgical task \[[@CR1]\]. Synergistic systems provide a simultaneous shared control where the surgical tool is cooperatively maneuvered by th... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Critical care units are under increasing pressure to account for the large cost of managing complex patients. Ideally, cost-utilisation analysis (€/QALY) \[[@B1]\] should be used to assess treatment; however, this is very difficult in the uncontrolled environment of a working critical care unit with a heterogeneous pat... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Background {#Sec1}
==========
As with many other commercially important aquatic species, a global decline has been reported for the Norway lobster, *Nephrops norvegicus* in recent years. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), *N. norvegicus* captures declined from 75,999 t in 2007 to 54,762 t by 201... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
The role of laparoscopic resection in the management of colon cancer is now widely accepted following several large-scale randomised controlled trials \[[@B1]--[@B6]\]. In terms of oncologic outcomes, these studies demonstrated comparable long-term results between the laparoscop... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
The healthy oral cavity is a primary requisite for beautiful looks. Despite the fact that it is largely preventable, dental caries is the most common chronic disease of childhood \[[@B1]\]. Caries in very young children known as early childhood caries may be defined according to... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
INTRODUCTION {#s1}
============
Although the feet occupy only 5% of the areas of the human body, they control postures through afferent information obtained through the sense of the soles, provide stability for maintenance of balance, and absorb impacts[@r1]^)^.
The deformation into flatfoot is induced when the media... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
1. Introduction {#sec1-ijerph-12-09672}
===============
Uric acid is the end-product of endogenous and dietary purine metabolism in humans. It is formed by the liver and mainly excreted by the kidneys (65%--75%) and intestines (25%--35%) \[[@B1-ijerph-12-09672]\]. Any factors that caused either higher synthesis or low... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
Directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into a variety of cell types has vast promise in the context of personalized human therapeutics and also towards understanding developmental paradigms. Specifically, hESC-derived hematopoietic subsets could theoretically be ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
{#sp1 .591}
{#sp2 .592}
{#sp3 .593}
{#sp4 .594}
{#sp5 .595}
{#sp6 .596}
| {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction {#s1}
============
In the past, bryophyte species have been classified in what concerns desiccation as either tolerant or sensitive (reviewed in [@B56]). [@B1] did one of the first attempts to classify vegetative desiccation tolerance (DT) in a wide range of bryophytes through vitality tests based on the ... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
All data are found within the paper.
Introduction {#sec004}
============
The prevailing obesity and sedentary life style has resulted in the pandemic of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which is responsible for a great share of the health care resources worldwide. Type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1DM and T2DM) are caused... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Introduction
============
The antibiotic nucleocidin **1** is among the very rare fluorinated natural products.[@cit1] It is a 5′-*O*-sulfonyl antibiotic produced by the actinomycete bacterium *Streptomyces calvus.*[@cit2] Nucleocidin **1** is a member of a small class of such antibiotics which include the chlorine co... | {
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.