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es means and their corresponding standard errors. Degrees of freedom were estimated using the Satterthwaite approximation, which relaxes the assumption of homogeneity of variance, but entails the reported degrees of freedom contain numbers that are not integers. In all primary analyses, the control condition was used a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.852 | ["social_justice"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188777 | [
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he parameter estimates obtained in the control condition. We conducted analyses of mediated moderation following the directions given by Muller et al. (2005) . All continuous variables were standardized (which also mean-centers them) to enable interpretation of lower-order coefficients. Results Preliminary analyses Eff... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.848 | [] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188806 | [
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the control condition, we tested whether participants’ negative affect changed over time as a function of their experimental condition. The hypothesized two-way Condition × Time interaction was significant, F (1,110.0) = 16.10, p < .001, indicating that participants’ negative affect differentially changed over time as ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.712 | [] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188831 | [
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) and control ( M = 2.24, SE = 0.14) conditions did not differ in negative affect at baseline, t (62.3) = 0.03, p = .97, those in the stress induction condition reported significantly more negative affect post-stressor ( M = 2.72, SE = 0.14) than did their counterparts in the control condition ( M = 1.86, SE = 0.14), t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.742 | [] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188854 | [
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SST-G) stress induction condition did not differ from their counterparts in the TSST-G control condition with respect to pre-TSST-G negative affect ( p = .94). However, (A) participants in the stress induction condition experienced significantly greater negative affect post-stressor than pre-stressor ( p < .001), and t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.691 | 0.834 | [] | 457 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188877 | [
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articipants in the control condition ( p < .001). Similarly, (B) after the laboratory-based social stressor, participants in the stress group reported significantly more stress when asked about the stressfulness of the preceding task than did participants in the control group ( p < .001). Error bars represent ±1 SEM. I... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.689 | 0.832 | ["economy"] | 445 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188902 | [
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iffered significantly between the two conditions. Specifically, participants in the stress induction condition found the stressor task to be significantly more stressful ( M = 6.06, SE = 0.19) than did those in the control condition ( M = 3.96, SE = 0.20), t (34.5) = 7.46, p <.001, d = 1.47 ( Figure 1(B) ). Therefore, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.718 | [] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188925 | [
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it did for participants in the control condition. Effects of acute stress exposure on executive function Given prior research showing that stress impairs executive functions, we next examined whether participants in the acute stress induction condition committed more perseverative errors than participants in the contro... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.896 | 0.854 | [] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188947 | [
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e in the control condition ( M = 9.15, SE = 1.21), this difference was not significant, t (42.5) = 0.22, p =.828. Executive function, emotional reactivity to the stressor, and perceptions of the stressor Because we assessed emotional reactions to and perceptions of the acute stress manipulation, we were able to examine... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.693 | 0.842 | ["economy"] | 467 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188970 | [
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ffective responses to the laboratory stress task. As hypothesized, executive function scores under stress were inversely related to increases in negative affect in the stress condition, such that people with poorer executive function showed greater increases in negative affect, β = .203, t (110.0) = 1.70, p = .046 (one... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.71 | ["economy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189000 | [
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or severity, β = .137, t (87.4) = 1.39, p = .092 (one-tailed). In the control condition, executive function was not a predictor of changes in negative affect, β = −.153, t (110.0) = −1.20, p = .232, or perceived stressfulness of the control task, β = .112, t (80.0) = 1.00, p = .322. Thus, better executive function unde... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.722 | [] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189021 | [
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enuates the link between recent stress exposure and health To test our primary hypotheses, we first examined whether better executive function within a stressful context was associated with a weaker relation between recent life stress exposure and health complaints ( Table 1 ). As expected, recent stress exposure signi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.862 | [] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189043 | [
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duction condition than it was in the control condition, β = −.140, t (110.0) = −0.78, p = .436. Therefore, greater recent stress exposure was associated with poorer health for all participants, regardless of experimental condition. Table 1. The association between recent life stress exposure and health complaints is mo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.708 | [] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189066 | [
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severative Errors −.03 .81 Condition .23 .19 Recent Life Stress Exposure × Perseverative Errors −.25 .24 Recent Stress Life Exposure × Condition −.14 .44 Condition × Perseverative Errors .36 .07 Recent Life Stress Exposure × Perseverative Errors × Condition .61 .02 Open in a new tab Note : Significant effects are repre... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.693 | 0.696 | [] | 463 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189087 | [
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oes executive function moderate this association? In the control condition, the answer is no ( Table 1 ). The association between recent life stress exposure and health complaints did not change as a function of individuals’ executive function in the control condition, β = −.250, t (110.0) = −1.19, p = .239 ( Figure 2 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.866 | [] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189111 | [
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en the stress induction and control condition, β = .61, t (110.0) = 2.37, p = .019 ( Figure 2 ). Although it could be thought that this effect was due to a restriction of range in the control group due to floor effects (i.e. no errors), there was no evidence of a floor effect in these data, as all participants complete... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.728 | [] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189138 | [
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gnificant, F (1,108) = 0.08, p = .785, indicating that the variance of perseverative errors in the control group did not differ from the variance of perseverative errors in the stress induction group. Therefore, these effects were not due to floor effects or to a relative lack of variability within the control group. F... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.86 | [] | 502 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189163 | [
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s in the stress induction and control conditions. Better executive function in the stress induction condition moderated the effects of recent life stress exposure on health ( p = .02), but these effects were not found for executive function assessed in the control condition ( p = .24). Therefore, the strength of associ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.697 | 0.846 | [] | 483 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189183 | [
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function capabilities specifically under stress. When we decomposed this interaction ( Table 2 ), we found that poorer executive function in the stress induction condition was associated with a stronger association between recent life stress exposure and health complaints, β = .39, t (55.0) = 2.32, p = .024. To further... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.856 | [] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189204 | [
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osure did not predict poorer health when executive function was high (1 SD below the mean error rate), β = −.10, t (51) −0.48, p = .64. Consistent with hypotheses, though, greater stress exposure was a moderately strong predictor of health complaints when executive function was at the mean, β = .29, t (51) = 2.26, p = ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.693 | 0.726 | [] | 463 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189230 | [
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an error rate), β = .68, t (51) = 3.01, p = .004. Together, these data indicate that better executive function when assessed in a stressful context – but not when assessed in a non-stressful context – was associated with an attenuated link between recent life stress exposure and health complaints in this sample. Table ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.868 | [] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189251 | [
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e standard deviation for every one standard deviation increase in perseverative errors. Variable β p Recent Life Stress Exposure .24 .05 Perseverative Errors .44 .003 Recent Life Stress Exposure × Perseverative Errors .50 .004 Open in a new tab Note : Significant effects are represented with a boldface p value. Mediati... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.708 | [] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189273 | [
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rations in the perceived severity of the different life stressors that individuals experienced. Given that the STRAIN inquires about both the occurrence of stressors and individuals’ perceived severity of experienced stressors, this analysis enabled us to examine whether better executive function in a stressful context... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.911 | 0.828 | [] | 454 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189302 | [
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perceived stressfulness of those same stressors. As hypothesized, the perceived severity of experienced stressors did not change as executive function decreased in the non-stressful control condition, β = −.14, t (106.2) = −1.37, p = .174 ( Table 3 ). However, the moderating effect of executive function on the associat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.714 | [] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189324 | [
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ions, β = .32, t (110.0) = 2.46, p = .015 ( Figure 3 ). Decomposing this interaction revealed that the strength of the association between recent stress exposure and perceived stressor severity increased as executive function decreased in the stress induction condition, β = .19, t (55.0) = 2.23, p = .030 ( Table 4 ). I... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.718 | [] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189350 | [
0.06610288470983505,
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0.01723877526819706,
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0.02239327... |
ife stress exposure and perceived stress severity for the different life stressors that participants experienced. Table 3. The association between recent life stress exposure and recent life stress perceived severity is moderated by executive function ability in the acute stress induction (but not control) condition. V... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.702 | [] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189371 | [
0.0714525654911995,
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Errors −.14 .17 Recent Life Stress Exposure × Condition −.07 .42 Condition × Perseverative Errors .20 .04 Recent Life Stress Exposure × Perseverative Errors × Condition .32 .02 Open in a new tab Note : Significant effects are represented with a boldface p value. This test illustrates the first step in mediated moderati... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.685 | 0.688 | [] | 426 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189393 | [
0.06319084018468857,
0.0418970100581646,
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0.0824536606669426,
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) depends upon levels of the moderator. Figure 3. Open in a new tab Better executive function under stress attenuates the relation between life stress exposure and severity. Better executive function in the stress induction condition was associated with an attenuated link between participants’ recent life stress exposu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.86 | [] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189415 | [
0.07351910322904587,
0.006499924696981907,
0.016324076801538467,
0.07735051214694977,
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0.03906559199094772,
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0.00215453514829278,
0.03138737007... |
on the association between recent life stress exposure and recent life stress severity ( p = .17). As such, better executive function as assessed under a stressful (but not control) context led to decreased perceptions of severity for the different stressors that participants experienced. Table 4. The moderating effect... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.854 | [] | 507 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189440 | [
0.07385629415512085,
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the perceived severity of recent life stressors. Variable β p Recent Life Stress Exposure −.12 .66 Recent Life Stress Perceived Severity .57 .04 Perseverative Errors −.02 .89 Condition .31 .07 Recent Life Stress Exposure × Perseverative Errors −.09 .82 Recent Life Stress Exposure × Condition −.26 .34 Recent Life Stress... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.708 | [] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189463 | [
0.061828214675188065,
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0.03... |
Perceived Severity × Condition .18 .63 Recent Life Stress Perceived Severity × Perseverative Errors × Condition .19 .68 Open in a new tab Note : Significant effects are represented with a boldface p value. This test illustrates the final step in mediated moderation, as the mediator (Recent Life Perceived Stress Severit... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.69 | 0.838 | ["philosophy"] | 449 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189489 | [
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d this criterion in the present data ( Table 5 ). As predicted, stressor severity was a significant predictor of health complaints, β = .57, t (110.0) = 2.12, p = .036, and this association was not significantly greater in the stress condition than in the control condition, β = .18, t (110.0) = 0.49, p = .626, indicati... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.69 | 0.708 | [] | 452 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189512 | [
0.053779732435941696,
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severity of recent stress exposure ( Figure 4 ). Just as important for demonstrating mediation, the formerly significant condition by recent life stress by executive function interaction was no longer significant, β = .22, t (110.0) = 0.48, p = .64, indicating that stressor severity explained the variance in the relati... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.854 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189536 | [
0.09508544951677322,
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rity of their recent life stress exposure mediated the association between better executive function under acute stress and an attenuated relation between stress and health. Importantly, there was no main effect of condition on any of the recent life stress or health variables (see Table 5 ), indicating that self-repor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.685 | 0.83 | [] | 426 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189559 | [
0.06933488696813583,
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0.05498996749520302,
0.06592404097318649,
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0.01863456517457962,
0.00406648637726903,
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uenced by the experimental manipulation. Table 5. Lack of differences in recent life stress and health complaints by experimental condition. Variable M stress M control t p d Recent Life Stress Exposure 6.8 6.8 0.00 .999 0.00 Recent Life Stress Severity 16.2 17.8 −0.75 .456 −0.14 Health Complaints 0.20 −0.20 1.18 .241 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.69 | 0.702 | [] | 449 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189595 | [
0.07694361358880997,
0.024713005870580673,
0.00438242731615901,
0.10191446542739868,
0.06495954096317291,
0.041510209441185,
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0.04331111162900925,
0.07893705368041992,
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0.021946603432297707,
0.0084120556... |
everity on mental and physical health complaints. In both a bivariate association ( p < .001) and in the complete model ( p = .036), greater recent life stress severity predicted more mental and physical health complaints. Moreover, when accounting for the effects of stress severity, executive function under stress no ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.86 | [] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189620 | [
0.0684874877333641,
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der stress with an attenuated link between stress and health was mediated by lesser perceptions of stress severity. Additional, direct test of mediation Although the random assignment of time slots (rather than participants) to experimental conditions requires the use of a multilevel model in order to control Type I er... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.87 | [] | 503 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189644 | [
0.09341723471879959,
0.03747246786952019,
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0.13191823661327362,
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0.018804458901286125,
0.038064658641815186,
-0.... |
icant: β = .22, 95% CI of β [.03, .46], p = .013. Discussion The fact that stress exposure contributes to increased risk for a variety of disorders is well documented ( Cohen et al., 2007 ; Slavich, 2016 ). Despite countless studies examining these associations, however, little is known about factors that moderate thes... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.686 | 0.694 | [] | 428 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189668 | [
0.05813756212592125,
0.015748783946037292,
0.038648027926683426,
0.11942192912101746,
0.07514707744121552,
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0.09173383563756943,
0.14454348385334015,
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the deleterious impact that stress has on health. We addressed this important issue here by conducting a combined naturalistic, laboratory-based study in which we assessed participants’ recent life stress exposure and current health complaints, as well as their executive function capabilities under stressful and non-st... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.84 | ["economy", "communication", "education"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189693 | [
0.06457946449518204,
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0.03195285052061081,
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0.011... |
d with an attenuated link between recent life stress exposure and poor health. Additionally, this attenuated association between stress and health was mediated by lower perceived stressfulness of the actual life stressors that individuals experienced. These findings are consistent with prior research showing that execu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.904 | 0.84 | [] | 481 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189718 | [
0.05940588563680649,
0.05090804398059845,
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0.0144532211124897,
-0.03218093886971474,
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sed under stress ( Quinn & Joormann, 2015a , b ). To our knowledge, however, the present data are the first to provide empirical support for the formulation that better executive function under stress is associated with a weaker relation between actual life stress exposure and health. Specifically, we found that (a) in... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.854 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189744 | [
-0.0029362349305301905,
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0.013816820457577705,
0.04963957518339157,
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-... |
stressful conditions, and (b) executive function under stress relates to better health at least in part due to its association with lower perceptions of severity for the different life stressors that individuals have experienced. Surprisingly, although participants in the laboratory stress condition showed some evidenc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.689 | 0.824 | ["economy"] | 443 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189768 | [
0.07550201565027237,
0.07447389513254166,
0.01864931918680668,
0.025548668578267097,
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0.0011009357403963804,
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-0.02456... |
l condition, this difference was not significant. The lack of a group difference in executive function performance is consistent with a recent meta-analytic review on this topic, which found that stress effects on executive functions are weak to moderate and that these effects can be null due to random variation in per... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.87 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189793 | [
0.0681488960981369,
0.017436131834983826,
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0.016340747475624084,
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0.05089670419692993,
0.0008324077934958041,
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always impair executive functions and that it impairs executive functions in some people more than others. This is why we believe that assessing executive functions under stress is important for understanding stress-buffering effects of executive function. In support of this idea, a prior study found that post-stress, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.895 | 0.846 | ["philosophy", "education"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189817 | [
0.03739990293979645,
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0.06758224219083786,
0.05988781154155731,
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0.07384876161813736,
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ne executive function performance did not differ (see Quinn & Joormann, 2015b ), and this is similar to the pattern of effects observed in the present data. The present findings highlight one cognitive process that may influence the effects of stress on health. These effects, however, occur through multiple pathways an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 1 | 0.862 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189842 | [
0.09938400983810425,
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how stress, stress-related cognitions, and other cognitive and biological processes combine to affect health ( Slavich, 2015 ; Slavich & Cole, 2013 ; Slavich & Irwin, 2014 ). Although we did not assess biological processes in this study, for example, several may be relevant. For example, neural substrates of executive ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.866 | ["education"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189864 | [
0.06862295418977737,
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brain regions during stress may both produce better executive function and dampen inflammatory responses to stress, thereby reducing the effects of stress on negative health outcomes. Several aspects of this study are notable. First, the integration of a gold-standard, laboratory-based stressor with the assessment of r... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.844 | ["communication", "economy", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189890 | [
0.06851878762245178,
0.015656935051083565,
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-0.0... |
the moderating effects of cognitive processes under stress on association between actual stress exposure and health. Second, assessing recent life stress exposure using a sophisticated online system provided a highly efficient, low-cost method for collecting detailed information about both stress exposure and perceived... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.836 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189918 | [
0.09524347633123398,
0.0336158312857151,
0.012412280775606632,
0.02323409542441368,
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0.0200745966... |
performance on which is predictive of real-world abilities and impairments ( Kibby et al., 1998 ). Some limitations should also be noted. First, although we experimentally manipulated participants’ experience of acute stress in the laboratory, the remainder of the data were cross-sectional, which prohibits causal claim... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.901 | 0.838 | ["economy", "philosophy"] | 493 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189951 | [
0.052911922335624695,
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to further test the working model described here. Second, we only assessed mental and physical health complaints using self-report measures. As such, future research should extend these findings using objective assessments of health. Third, the use of a relatively young, healthy sample provides a reasonable first test ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.389 | 0.832 | ["philosophy"] | 447 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.189983 | [
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d to examine the generalizability of the effects. Future research could examine these associations in a sample not selected to be free of any health conditions that might affect acute stress reactivity in order to determine whether the effects observed here hold in other populations. Fourth, although there were no diff... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.902 | 0.86 | [] | 492 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.190006 | [
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ay have been affected by the experimental design. Future research could address this concern by assessing recent life stress and health complaints on a different day than when the acute stress manipulation takes place. Fifth, we did not collect information on participants’ year in college, and it is possible that lengt... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.928 | 0.83 | ["communication", "education", "philosophy"] | 406 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.190033 | [
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Front Psychiatry . 2019 Sep 3;10:622. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00622 Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership Felicitas Stuber Felicitas Stuber 1 Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psycho... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.826 | ["leadership", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.222442 | [
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Dübon 1 Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Find articles by Tanja Seifried-Dübon 1 , Monika A Rieger Monika A Rieger 2 Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.295 | 0.692 | ["education"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.222508 | [
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ine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Find articles by Stephan Zipfel 1 , Harald Gündel Harald Gündel 3 Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany Find articles by Harald Gündel 3 , Florian Junne Florian Junne 1 Department... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.692 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.222548 | [
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information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Medical University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany 2 Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany 3 Department of Psyc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.295 | 0.676 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.222584 | [
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pr 25; Accepted 2019 Aug 5; Collection date 2019. Copyright © 2019 Stuber, Seifried-Dübon, Rieger, Contributors of the SEEGEN Consortium, Zipfel, Gündel and Junne This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in othe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.852 | ["innovation"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.222619 | [
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al is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC6735266 PMID: 31551829 Abstract Introduction: A good relationship quality between leaders and staff members promotes mental health and prev... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.909 | 0.83 | ["networking", "leadership"] | 462 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.222652 | [
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determine relationship quality at the workplace. Therefore, this study aims to identify specific leadership characteristics which support the development of a positive relationship between hospital leaders and staff members. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was applied. A total number of 1,137 leaders ( n = 315)... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.296 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "networking", "career", "education"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.222687 | [
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clinical services, office assistants, scientists, others) working at a tertiary hospital in Germany assessed transformational leadership style as a staff-oriented leadership style and leader–member relationship quality by self-report questionnaires [integrative leadership questionnaire (FIF), leader–member exchange (LM... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.315 | 0.802 | ["leadership", "networking", "philosophy"] | 440 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.222728 | [
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risons and a multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Leaders rated their own transformational leadership style (M = 3.98, SD = 0.43) systematically higher than staff members assessed their leader (M = 2.86, SD = 1.04). Evaluation of relationship quality showed similar results: leaders evaluated their relationship... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.303 | 0.702 | ["leadership", "networking", "philosophy"] | 485 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.222779 | [
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ity to their direct leader (M = 3.15, SD = 0.97). From the staff members’ perspective, four sub-dimensions of transformational leadership, that is, “individuality focus,” “being a role model,” “fostering innovations,” and “providing a vision” showed large effect sizes in the regression analysis of relationship quality ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.295 | 0.714 | ["leadership", "strategy", "innovation", "networking", "career"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.222817 | [
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r working contexts and point to a profession-independent association as the professional group of participants did not contribute to the variance explanation of the regression analysis. The exploration of potential determinants of relationship quality at work can, for example, support the development of leadership trai... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.4 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "networking", "career", "communication", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.222849 | [
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ers and staff members and consequently might represent one strategy to prevent stress in the health care sector. Keywords: transformational leadership, relationship quality, health care sector, staff members, leaders Introduction Considering the maintenance of employees’ mental health as an operational task, and thus a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.896 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "strategy", "ethics", "networking", "philosophy"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.222878 | [
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o assess and reduce psychological health risks at the workplace was substantiated by an amendment of the respective German occupational health and safety act ( 1 ). Accordingly, the employer has to judge the risk to which employees are exposed to at their workplace including psychological stress at work and to determin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.862 | ["networking"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.222906 | [
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ith employees’ job performance and mental health. Destructive leadership is defined as a deleterious behavior against a person and/or an organization in an active or passive way ( 7 ). It reduces productivity and has detrimental effects on the health of staff members ( 8 ), whereas appreciative leadership behavior lead... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.88 | ["leadership", "career", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.222932 | [
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13 ) as well as to improvements in leaders’ own well-being ( 14 ). A unifying characteristic of all these staff-oriented leadership behaviors is the importance of the relationship between leaders and staff members. A leadership approach that elaborates on this dyadic relation between direct leaders and their staff memb... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.4 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "networking", "economy"] | 498 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.222958 | [
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ual dyad between one leader and one staff member. Thus, relationship quality between a leader and his/her various staff members can differ ( 16 ) and the development of the dyadic relationship can be described as a continuous process [e.g., Refs. ( 15 , 17 )]. A mature relationship has been positively related to severa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.298 | 0.866 | ["networking", "philosophy", "leadership", "career", "social_justice"] | 504 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.222984 | [
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such relationships on a behavioral basis ( 21 ). Thus, research has tried to reveal factors that contribute to a mature leader–staff member relationship at the workplace on the part of staff members and leaders ( 3 , 21 ). Although good relationships at the workplace are not only stress preventive for staff members but... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.916 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "networking", "decision_making", "education"] | 438 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223011 | [
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) is known as transformational leadership ( 24 ). Transformational leadership behavior is an appreciative and toward personal growth-oriented leadership style aiming to motivate staff members through, for example, long-term aims and adjustment of values. It supports staff members to focus not only on individual goals b... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "management", "motivation", "ethics"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223040 | [
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een labelled as “fostering innovation,” “team spirit development,” “performance development,” “individuality focus,” “providing a vision,” and “being a role model” ( 28 ). Empirically, transformational leadership behavior shows robust relations to performance-oriented and health-oriented outcomes. Specifically, transfo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.391 | 0.81 | ["philosophy", "leadership", "strategy", "management", "motivation"] | 453 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223069 | [
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related satisfaction, and motivation [e.g., Refs. ( 29 , 30 )], attachment to the leader ( 31 ), fewer days of absence due to sickness, and fewer critical incidents at the hospital [e.g., Ref. ( 32 )], as well as less perceived stress and higher well-being [e.g., Refs. ( 33 – 36 )]. Although the association of transfor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.724 | ["leadership", "motivation", "networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223096 | [
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37 – 39 ), the specific sub-dimensions of the transformational leadership approach that foster the quality of the leader–member relationship have not been well researched to date. Furthermore, evidence is lacking especially with regard to specific working contexts and professional groups, such as at the workplace hospi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.4 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "networking", "career", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223132 | [
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ital seems to be an important point as relationship quality between the direct leader and her staff members is one of the few working conditions which can be influenced by leaders and staff members themselves and therefore constitutes an opportunity for stress prevention ( 33 ). As the workplace hospital is a psycholog... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.714 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223160 | [
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oad was also associated with poorer patient care ( 41 , 42 ), maintaining psychological health, e.g., by strengthening relationship quality is of particular importance. Although professional groups within the workplace hospital differ in their every day work, they are unified by the fact of social interaction and relat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.295 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "networking", "career", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223189 | [
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onal leadership behavior, that lead to improved leader–member relationships at this specific organization [for an overview on the relevance of context see Ref. ( 43 )]. Therefore, this study was conducted in the context of a tertiary hospital in Germany to examine the association between transformational leadership sub... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.296 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223214 | [
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eaders perceive the quality of their relationship with staff members and vice versa? Does the perception of transformational leadership differ between leaders and staff members? In which way are the sub-dimensions of transformational leadership behavior associated with the quality of leader–member relationships from th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223240 | [
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23, 2018, to July 18, 2018, and was approved by the ethics committee of the University Hospital and Medical Faculty of Tübingen (622/2017BO2) as well as by the chief executive board and the employees’ council of the tertiary hospital. Completion time for the online survey was about 10 min. Overall, N = 10,101 employees... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.862 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223265 | [
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adership behavior and relationship quality using validated standardized instruments delivered via the Unipark survey software (QuestBack GmbH). Questions on both aspects were asked either from the leaders’ or the staff members’ perspective. That is, leaders evaluated their own leadership behavior, whereas staff members... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 504 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223293 | [
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andardized unidimensional scale with seven items. Participants are asked to rate seven questions and statements on a five-point Likert scale from 1 (low relationship quality) to 5 (high relationship quality) either in a version for leaders to assess the relationship quality to one exemplary staff member or in a version... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.86 | ["networking", "leadership"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223318 | [
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checked, and f was reported for the effect size. A result of f ≤ 0.10 can be interpreted as a small, f ≤ 0.25 as a medium and f ≤ 0.40 as a large effect ( 46 ). The level of significance was set for all analyses to α = 0.05, and all analyses were conducted by using IBM SPSS version 25. For multiple comparisons, we adju... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.882 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking", "philosophy"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223344 | [
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ding was used for the linear multiple regression. For the baseline group, the category Administration staff was chosen as this professional group was the largest. A dummy variable is defined in our linear multiple regression as the difference in relationship quality perception for the administration staff and one other... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.854 | ["career", "networking"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223373 | [
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74 (59.6%) were female and 118 (40.4%) were male. One hundred four participants provided no information on their gender. For detailed information on the characteristics of the participants, see Tables 1 – 2 . Table 1. Age group frequencies depending on hierarchy level. Age groups in years Hierarchical group Staff membe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.742 | ["philosophy", "leadership"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223398 | [
0.11728841811418533,
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3.5 42 51–54 15.1 123 17.6 55 >55 20.1 164 28.5 89 Open in a new tab %, percent; n, number of participants; n = 6 staff members and n = 3 leaders didn’t provide information on their age, N = 1128. Table 2. Proportion of professional groups depending on hierarchy level and depending on professional groups overall. Profe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.736 | ["career", "leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223424 | [
0.08657724410295486,
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the staff members evaluated their direct leaders. This result was seen for all sub-dimensions as well: leaders rated themselves in all dimensions higher than staff members evaluated their leaders (see Table 3 ). Expect one sub-dimension (performance development) which revealed a medium size effect, all other sub-dimens... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.315 | 0.824 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 442 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223450 | [
0.038470230996608734,
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gs of transformational leadership sub-dimensions. Sub-dimensions of TFL Staff members Leaders M SD n M SD n t(df) p d Fostering innovations 3.15 1.10 811 4.27 0.50 307 (1,082.34) = −23.38 <.001 1.15 Team spirit development 2.84 1.18 805 4.07 0.60 304 (1,017.23) = −22.69 <.001 1.17 Performance development 2.89 1.09 794 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.4 | 0.722 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "strategy", "management", "innovation"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223475 | [
0.04198296740651131,
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.55 1.17 798 3.57 0.74 306 (872.58) = −17.26 <.001 0.96 Being a role model 3.00 1.30 803 4.35 0.55 299 (1,085.18) = −24.26 <.001 1.18 Open in a new tab TFL, transformational leadership; M, mean; SD, standard deviation; n, number of included participants; t, t-test statistic; df, degrees of freedom; p, p-value; d, Cohen... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.72 | ["leadership", "networking", "social_justice", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223500 | [
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gnificantly different ways [ t (1054.83) = −21.68, p < .001]. Leaders (M = 4.06, SD = 0.41, n = 293) rated the relationship quality they offered to one exemplary staff members higher than the subordinates rated their relationship quality with their direct leaders (M = 3.15, SD = 0.97, n = 777). Sub-Dimensions of Transf... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.295 | 0.714 | ["leadership", "networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223525 | [
-0.03536788746714592,
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sformational leadership and relationship quality. All assumptions of multiple regression analysis were met, and predictors were all entered simultaneously into the model (see Table 4 for correlations of continuous variables). The result of the linear multiple regression analysis is presented below in Table 5 . Table 4.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.394 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "networking", "philosophy"] | 471 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223553 | [
-0.003031752537935972,
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members’ perspective. Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1. Staff members’ total LMX — 0.78*** 0.76*** 0.66*** 0.84*** 0.77*** 0.80*** 2. Fostering innovations — 0.78*** 0.70*** 0.75*** 0.77*** 0.77*** 3. Team spirit development — 0.71*** 0.74*** 0.74*** 0.78*** 4. Performance development — 0.62*** 0.75*** 0.70*** 5. Individualit... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.4 | 0.716 | ["strategy", "management", "innovation", "faith_spirituality", "philosophy"] | 502 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223581 | [
0.09118682146072388,
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... |
mbers (n = 705) are presented above the diagonal. *** p < .001. Table 5. Linear multiple regression analysis for staff members’ perception of relationship quality. Sub-dimensions B SE(B) β t p CI(B) Constant 0.93 0.06 — 14.49 <0.001 0.80–1.05 Admin. vs Physicians −0.11 0.07 −0.04 −1.70 0.09 −0.24 to 0.02 Admin. vs nurs... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.31 | 0.702 | ["networking", "career"] | 456 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223609 | [
-0.034147851169109344,
-0.015407807193696499,
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−0.02 0.07 −0.06 −0.32 0.75 −0.17 to 0.12 Admin. vs IT staff −0.02 0.08 −0.01 −0.24 0.81 −0.18 to 0.13 Admin. vs Clinical services 0.11 0.23 0.01 0.50 0.62 −0.34 to 0.56 Admin. vs Office assistants −0.08 0.06 −0.03 −1.24 0.22 −0.20 to 0.05 Admin. vs Scientists −0.04 0.07 −0.01 −0.056 0.58 −0.17 to 0.09 Admin. vs Other ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.4 | 0.722 | ["management", "innovation", "career", "faith_spirituality", "philosophy"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223645 | [
0.044792186468839645,
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3 0.07 1.96 0.05 0.00–0.11 Performance development 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.63 0.53 −0.03 to 0.07 Individuality focus 0.35 0.02 0.43 14.52 <0.001 0.30 to 0.39 Providing a vision 0.08 0.03 0.09 2.62 <0.01 0.02 to 0.13 Being a role model 0.19 0.03 0.25 7.55 <0.001 0.14 to 0.24 Open in a new tab B, unstandardized coefficient; SE,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.295 | 0.73 | ["strategy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223671 | [
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ificant determinants of the variance explanation. Standardized beta values (β) revealed that on a single factor level the sub-dimensions “individuality focus” and “being a role model” made the strongest contribution to explain the variance of relationship quality. Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first study wh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "networking", "education", "ethics", "career"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223697 | [
0.020621344447135925,
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orkplace hospital from leaders’ and staff members’ point of view. Leaders and staff members’ perception of transformational leadership and relationship quality at the workplace hospital differed significantly on an overall basis and at a dimensional level. That is, leaders rated transformational leadership behavior and... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "networking"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223722 | [
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tween the sub-dimensions of transformational leadership and relationship quality from a staff members’ point of view: The sub-dimensions “individuality focus,” “being a role model,” “fostering innovations,” and “providing a vision” explained 79% of the variance of the perceived relationship quality, whereas the profess... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.692 | ["leadership", "networking", "philosophy", "strategy", "innovation"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223748 | [
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onnaire LMX-7 in the health sector before ( 48 ). Research showed scale values for staff members’ perception of LMX relating to their direct leader in the medium range between 3.34 and 3.36 ( 21 ) and 3.32 ( 49 ). Our results are comparable to these study results with the tendency to lower staff members’ ratings parall... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.295 | 0.87 | ["leadership", "education", "ethics", "networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223771 | [
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be seen as desirable for the workplace hospital. According to the rating discrepancy between leaders and staff members previous studies discussed that employees tended to rate their job performance more positively and less variably in self-assessments compared with other sources (e.g., peers, supervisors, subordinates)... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "career"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223797 | [
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... |
sformational leadership behavior more positively and had less variance in their assessments than staff members showed in their ratings of transformational leadership behavior of their direct leaders. The ratings of the participating leaders in our sample could be contaminated by social desirability, similar to the resu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 499 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223832 | [
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social desirability in leaders’ self-assessments. Aside from this potential bias, it is worthwhile to discuss the meaning of such different perceptions of leaders and staff members concerning transformational leadership on an organizational level. Aarons et al. ( 54 ) interpreted these different perceptions as clues to... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6735266/ | Investigating the Role of Stress-Preventive Leadership in the Workplace Hospital: The Cross-Sectional Determination of Relational Quality by Transformational Leadership - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "education"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.223863 | [
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