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ntion for managing workplace threats to mental health 1 opening meeting, eight weekly coaching sessions of 120min Cognitive-behavioral ( 1 ); 9-12 wk Face-to-face (no); mixed (one group session, individual sessions) Mental health Subsyndromal symptoms Janka (2017); Austria, Germany, Luxembourg; RCT ( 59 ) Waitlist; Ssh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.895 | 0.694 | ["management", "family"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.152469 | [
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es); individual sessions PS Perceived stress Lange (2019); Germany; CBA ( 21 ) Passive; medium-term Diverse; mixed 19; 18 Mindful leadership intervention built on interest- and intrinstic motivation theories covering stress, stress management, mindfulness, leadership & communication 1-day training (7hr), two follow-up ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.895 | 0.684 | ["leadership", "communication", "management", "motivation"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.152504 | [
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dal ( 3 ); 9-12 wk Hybrid (yes); mixed (group sessions, self-practice) PS; mindfulness; leadership-related outcomes Job stress Li (2017); Germany; RCT ( 22 ) Passive; long-term Diverse; production 94; 94 Group-oriented stress prevention program built on ERI model 8x90 min sessions over 2 consecutive days, 2 refresher c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.706 | ["leadership", "career"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.152531 | [
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romal symptoms Limm (2011); Germany; RCT ( 60 ) Waitlist; long-term Diverse; production 75; 79 Group-oriented stress prevention program built on effort-reward imbalance model 8x90 min sessions over 2 consecutive days, 2 refresher courses comprising 2x 180 min sessions Cognitive-behavioral ( 1 ); >12 wk Face-to-face (no... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.694 | ["management", "career", "war_conflict", "education"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.152557 | [
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od Management level; setting Number of participants (IG; CG) Intervention Intervention format Intervention type (N); length Training setting (home practice); delivery mode Outcome categories Subcategories Ly (2014); Sweden; RCT ( 62 ) Waitlist; short-term Middle; diverse 36; 37 Acceptance and commitment therapy based s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.895 | 0.696 | ["management", "family", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.152585 | [
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( 1 ); 5-8 wk Virtual (no); self-practice PS; mental health; leadership-related outcome Perceived stress; general mental health Martin (2020); Australia; RCT ( 63 ) Waitlist; medium-term Top; diverse 78; 104 Self- administered educational intervention on promoting mental health focused skills development DVD program (6... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 1 | 0.69 | ["leadership", "education"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.152613 | [
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no); self-practice Mental; work-related outcomes General mental health Mellner (2022); Sweden; RCT ( 64 ) Waitlist; mixed Diverse; service 20; 20 Mindfulness-based stress reduction program 8-week structured group format including weekly 2.5 hr group sessions plus web-based audio recordings Multimodal ( 2 ); 5-8 wk Face... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.694 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.152658 | [
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ublic adminstration 16; 15 Respiratory sinus arrhythmia biofeedback intervention Weekly 45min sessions Biofeedback ( 1 ); 5-8 wk Face-to-face (no); individual sessions Mental health Subsyndromal symptoms Ni (2022); China; CBA ( 61 ) Waitlist; short-term Lower; production 36; 36 Mindfulness self-training based on mindfu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.895 | 0.688 | [] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.152705 | [
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hing mediation, body scan mediation, and mindful walking) Multimodal ( 2 ); 1-4 wk Hybrid (no); mixed (group sessions, self-practice) Mindfulness / Nübold (2020); Germany, Netherlands; RCT ( 65 ) Waitlist; short-term NR; diverse 93; 80 Self-guided, app-based mindfulness meditation training Guided mindfulness meditation... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.4 | 0.694 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.152753 | [
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020); England; CBA ( 66 ) Waitlist; short-term NR; diverse 27; 30 Mindful leader intervention based on mindfulness‐based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy 3 half-day workshops every two wk, 1 full day workshop, 1 small group conference call over 8 wk Multimodal ( 2 ); 5-8 wk Face-to-face (yes); m... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.7 | ["leadership", "education"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.152786 | [
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lthcare 39; 38 Psychoeducational Group Program on mental well-being based on an integrative theoretical framework of mindfulness, acceptance and commitment therapy, and cognitive-behavioral therapy Nine weekly 90 min online group sessions promoting self-care, growth and adaptive coping Multimodal ( 2 ); 9-12 wk Virtual... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.895 | 0.69 | ["education"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.152815 | [
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e (education group program on cognitive behavioral theory); mixed Middle; NR 76; 76 Meditation awareness training Weekly 90 min workshops, daily self-practice, two optional one-to-one support sessions (50 min) plus daily self-practice Relaxation ( 1 ); 5-8 wk Face-to-face (yes); mixed (group sessions, self-practice) PS... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.895 | 0.69 | ["leadership", "career", "war_conflict", "education"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.152842 | [
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iverse 117; 117 Health-promoting leadership intervention covering the topics (a) health-promoting selfcare, (b) health-promoting staff-care, and (c) addressing employees under stress built on the health-oriented leadership model 3 full-day courses (8 hr each), 2x3-hr booster, optional mindfulness practice; 30 hr over a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.686 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.152867 | [
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me Subsyndromal symptoms First author (year); country; study design Control group; Follow-up period Management level; setting Number of participants (IG; CG) Intervention Intervention format Intervention type (N); length Training setting (home practice); delivery mode Outcome categories Subcategories Vonderlin (2023); ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.896 | 0.676 | ["leadership", "management", "family", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.152892 | [
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) health-promoting selfcare, (b) health-promoting staff-care, and (c) addressing employees under stress built on the health-oriented leadership model 3 full-day courses (8 hr each), 2x3-hr booster, optional mindfulness practice; 30 hr over 6 months Multimodal ( 3 ); >12 wk Face-to-face (yes); mixed (group sessions, sel... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.696 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.152922 | [
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on mindfulness 14 x16 hrs of mindfulness-based guided practice, follow-up 2-hr webinar intensive weekend retreat on mindfulness Relaxation ( 1 ); 5-8 wk Hybrid (yes); mixed (group sessions, self-practice) PS; mindfulness; leadership-related outcomes Perceived stress Yong (2020); South Korea; CBA ( 71 ) Passive; mixed M... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.896 | 0.702 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.152947 | [
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essions Relaxation ( 1 ); >12 wk Face-to-face (yes); mixed (group sessions, self-practice) Mental health; work-related outcome; leadership-related outcome Subsyndromal symptoms Zolnierczyk-Zreda (2016); Poland; RCT ( 72 ) Waitlist; medium-term Middle; finance and service 72; 72 Mindfulness‐based stress reduction traini... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.895 | 0.688 | ["leadership", "family"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.152971 | [
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timodal ( 2 ); 9-12 wk Face-to-face (yes); mixed (group sessions, self-practice) PS; mental health; work-related outcome Job stress; subsyndromal symptoms Open in a new tab Among the 25 identified studies, 15 were RCT ( 22 , 37 , 53 , 54 , 57 – 60 , 62 – 65 , 67 , 68 , 72 ) and 10 CBA ( 20 , 21 , 52 , 55 , 56 , 61 , 66... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.896 | 0.702 | ["career"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.152997 | [
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na ( 61 ), Nigeria ( 58 ) and South Korea ( 71 ). In total, 2466 supervisors participated in the included studies, with 1120 assigned to the intervention arm. Sample size ranged from 9–269 participants, with an average of 45 supervisors participating in the intervention groups and 41 supervisors in the control groups. ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.874 | [] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153020 | [
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y equal distribution between female (49,8%) and male (50,2%) participants. Supervisors represented diverse management levels and worked in various occupational settings, including finance, healthcare, science, service, production, public administration or school. Overall, the identified occupational stress management i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.852 | ["management", "education"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153047 | [
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, 56 , 57 , 62 , 64 , 66 , 67 , 69 , 72 ), combining cognitive-behavioral, relaxation, or leadership-specific components. Six studies (25%) applied a cognitive-behavioral approach ( 22 , 56 , 58 , 60 , 62 , 63 ), four (16%) focused on relaxation techniques ( 65 , 68 , 70 , 71 ), followed by biofeedback ( 37 , 52 , 59 )... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.395 | 0.876 | ["leadership"] | 475 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153071 | [
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plied two different intervention type components. Interventions varied widely, from one 8-hour virtual group sessions ( 57 ) to eight weekly 180-minute group sessions with individual follow-up sessions and daily homework exercises over three months ( 72 ) or interventions providing 30 hours of learning over six months ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.3 | 0.872 | ["family", "education"] | 500 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153097 | [
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e ( 20 , 21 , 54 , 56 , 58 , 61 , 66 , 68 – 72 ). Specifically, all three biofeedback interventions ( 37 , 52 , 59 ) were administered through individual face-to-face sessions, while virtual training formats (k=6) ( 53 , 57 , 62 , 63 , 65 , 67 ) included group sessions or self-practice. Home practice was encouraged in ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.295 | 0.82 | ["family", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153121 | [
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( 20 – 22 , 53 , 55 , 56 , 69 – 71 ) control groups. Among the included studies, eleven (44%) measured short-term ( 37 , 52 , 54 , 56 , 57 , 59 , 61 , 62 , 65 , 66 , 70 ), six (24%) medium-term ( 21 , 53 , 63 , 67 , 69 , 72 ), and four (16%) long-term outcomes ( 20 , 55 , 60 ). Additionally, four publications (16%) com... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.824 | [] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153142 | [
0.07082150131464005,
0.01115397922694683,
-0.03393338620662689,
0.08281827718019485,
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0.07044785469770432,
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-0.03876246511936188,
-0.04025... |
logical stress, (ii) mindfulness, (iii) mental health, (iv) work-related outcomes and (v.) leadership-related outcomes. When ≥4 studies were available measuring similar constructs, we further subdivided these outcome categories into subcategories. As a result, the following four subcategories emerged: (i.i.) perceived ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.699 | 0.674 | ["leadership", "career"] | 494 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153172 | [
0.05304691940546036,
0.02491723746061325,
-0.027286827564239502,
0.018585454672574997,
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0.012800466269254684,
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0.0... |
two outcome categories or three (sub)categories. Additional information on grouped outcome categories, including the original reported constructs and measurement instruments used, is provided in table 1 and supplementary material S4 and S5. Results of the meta-analyses and sensitivity analyses Overall, 21 studies could... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.296 | 0.846 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153195 | [
0.09688252210617065,
0.04806049168109894,
-0.07114583253860474,
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0.058943625539541245,
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0.058597467839717865,
-0.002735955873504281,
-0.028687726706266403,
-0.07840336114168167,
0.02... |
r meta-analyses varied between k=12 for mental health and k=5 for work-related outcomes (see table 3 and supplementary material S9). When pooling all intervention outcomes, the meta-analysis revealed no significant intervention effect for leader-targeted SMI in comparison to passive, active or waitlist control groups [... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.295 | 0.854 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153221 | [
0.02432272396981716,
0.03842851519584656,
-0.03541203588247299,
0.022434212267398834,
0.1018747016787529,
0.11332196742296219,
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0.042856715619564056,
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0.07588638365268707,
-0.06101469323039055,
0.00510... |
s ( 58 , 69 , 72 ), a significant intervention effect on leader-targeted SMI emerged [g=-0.13 (95% CI -0.24– -0.01)] Table 3. Summary of findings. [CI=confidence interval]. Outcome Number of studies (reference) g standardized mean difference scores, 95% CI (Hedges’ g) Summary of findings Certainty of evidence (GRADE) A... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.728 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153245 | [
0.019030803814530373,
0.06516844779253006,
0.0066175321117043495,
0.024426203221082687,
0.06004200503230095,
0.07976353913545609,
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0.11026284098625183,
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0.011209788732230663,
0.031100615859031677,
0.0634230300784111,
0.056801073253154755,
-0.008555... |
ution is warranted when interpreting the results. / Main level outcome categories Psychological Stress 11 studies ( 21 , 22 , 54 – 56 , 60 , 62 , 67 , 68 , 70 , 7 , 2 ) All studies: -0.02 (95% CI-0.43–0.39); Without outliers (k=9): -0.12 (95% CI -0.28–0.04) No significant effect on psychological stress was observed amo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.698 | 0.706 | ["management", "war_conflict"] | 488 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153270 | [
0.0627371147274971,
0.015151889063417912,
0.03978676348924637,
0.07109276205301285,
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0.05658338591456413,
0.01554933376610279,
0.016359223052859306,
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0.03091067634522915,
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-0.002844732254743576,
0.0269109... |
g alternative interventions or the control group. Due to high heterogeneity and a contrary effect between high RoB and some concerns RoB studieIs, we downgraded the results to reflect ‘low certainty of evidence’. ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Low ade Mindfulness 7 studies ( 21 , 56 , 61 , 64 – 66 , 70 ) All studies: -0.03 (95% CI -0.32–0.27); ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.864 | ["management"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153297 | [
0.051707204431295395,
-0.004685175605118275,
0.08097313344478607,
0.04911928251385689,
0.04018496721982956,
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0.030808566138148308,
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0.018675483763217926,
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-0.029998475685715675,
-0.... |
mparison to supervisors undergoing alternative interventions or serving as the control group. Given the small sample size and high RoB in five studies, we downgraded the certainty of evidence to ‘low’. ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Low bdf Mental health 12 studies ( 22 , 37 , 53 , 56 , 58 , 60 , 62 , 63 , 67 – 69 , 72 ) All studies: -0.38 (95%... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.882 | [] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153322 | [
0.09758517891168594,
-0.03142596036195755,
0.006307434290647507,
0.04880061000585556,
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0.10137742012739182,
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0.06068902462720871,
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0.022226765751838684,
0.07966779917478561,
0.03313356637954712,
-0.004748220089823008,
0.03549... |
health was observed among supervisors participating in occupational stress management interventions compared to a control group or alternative intervention. After excluding outliers, the significant effect persisted. Considering that 50% of the included studies had a high RoB, along with moderate 95% confidence interva... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.684 | 0.814 | ["management"] | 422 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153346 | [
0.05443205684423447,
0.04000324383378029,
0.051187917590141296,
0.15070125460624695,
0.03229083865880966,
0.010587715543806553,
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0.060564786195755005,
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0.05477704852819443,
-0.027626005932688713,
-0.00516069820150733,
-0.019... |
we downgraded the certainty of evidence to ‘low’. ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Low ade Work-related outcomes 5 studies ( 20 , 56 , 67 , 68 , 72 ) All studies: -0.68 (95% CI -1.84–0.48); Without outliers (k=4): -0.32 (95% CI -0.63– -0.00)* Without outliers, a small significant effect on the improvement of work-related outcomes was observed amo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.699 | 0.7 | ["management"] | 494 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153371 | [
0.0033979867585003376,
0.008004089817404747,
0.05327526852488518,
0.11937984079122543,
0.010360200889408588,
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0.008206559345126152,
0.07806257903575897,
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-0.028942378237843513,
0.027026979252696037,
0.01832675375044346,
-0.03198489546775818,
0.0310... |
up or those undergoing alternative interventions. Since 50% of the included studies had a high RoB, moderate 95% confidence intervals across all studies, high heterogeneity, as well as indications of publication bias, we downgraded the certainty of evidence to ‘very low’. ⊕⊝⊝⊝ Very low bdfi Leadership-related outcomes ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.72 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153395 | [
0.03557191044092178,
0.04723091050982475,
-0.003581798868253827,
0.04766649380326271,
0.02308899164199829,
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0.10815050452947617,
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0.04278220608830452,
0.04999198392033577,
-0.001304610981605947,
0.052167605608701706,
-0.00901... |
outliers, a small significant effect on the improvement of leadership-related outcomes was observed among supervisors compared to a control group or alternative intervention. Due to 50% of the included studies exhibiting a high RoB, a moderate 95% confidence interval, substantial heterogeneity, and indications of publi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.86 | ["leadership"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153427 | [
0.059085022658109665,
0.04127395898103714,
-0.014490132220089436,
0.10322108119726181,
0.035030536353588104,
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0.024601133540272713,
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0.016531670466065407,
-0.0006569407996721566,
0.032968368381261826,
... |
ived stress 5 studies ( 54 , 56 , 62 , 67 , 70 ) All studies: -0.15 (95% CI -0.38–0.08); No outliers Findings suggest that no significant effect on perceived stress was found among supervisors participating in occupational stress management interventions, in comparison to those undergoing alternative interventions or s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.862 | ["management"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153451 | [
0.06404158473014832,
0.009104998782277107,
0.028210002928972244,
0.1314438432455063,
0.048094674944877625,
0.003815622068941593,
0.007016158662736416,
0.0521385557949543,
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0.011448057368397713,
-0.029240110889077187,
-0.010821055620908737,
0.01052... |
we downgraded the certainty of evidence to ‘low’. ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Low beh Psychological Stress: Job stress 5 studies ( 21 , 22 , 60 , 68 , 72 ) All studies: 0.02 (95% CI -1.09–1.14); No outliers No significant effect on job stress was observed among supervisors participating in occupational stress management interventions when co... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.683 | 0.828 | ["career", "management"] | 415 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153476 | [
0.07550402730703354,
0.023270394653081894,
0.060662269592285156,
0.1267470270395279,
0.051827192306518555,
0.007185845635831356,
-0.011222670786082745,
0.057595618069171906,
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-0.007904333993792534,
0.029100054875016212,
-0.0450090728700161,
0.01480777282267809,
0.02751... |
ve interventions or comprising the control group. Due to the contradictory effect size between studies with some concerns of RoB versus those with high RoB, along with a massive 95% confidence interval in high RoB studies and high heterogeneity, the certainty of evidence was downgraded to ‘very low’. ⊕⊝⊝⊝ Very low cde ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.88 | [] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153498 | [
0.05503298342227936,
0.038806576281785965,
0.02854696474969387,
0.06977950781583786,
-0.014266586862504482,
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0.19276246428489685,
0.037375226616859436,
0.01570846512913704,
0.058606889098882675,
0.016554996371269226,
0.02363787218928337,
-0.04376... |
ers (k=7): -0.22 (95% CI 0.53–0.09) No significant effect on general mental health was observed among supervisors participating in occupational stress management interventions when contrasted with supervisors undergoing alternative interventions or comprising the control group. Due to substantial heterogeneity and mode... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.691 | 0.826 | ["management"] | 455 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153524 | [
0.0754823237657547,
0.012214274145662785,
0.014458142220973969,
0.09137299656867981,
0.04057293385267258,
0.03417632356286049,
0.04111297428607941,
0.05142277851700783,
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-0.03252315893769264,
0.030266549438238144,
-0.03749072179198265,
-0.039041224867105484,
-0.061671808... |
we downgraded the certainty of evidence to ‘low’. ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Low ade Mental health: General mental health 5 studies ( 53 , 56 , 62 , 63 , 68 ) All studies: -0.32 (95% CI -0.88–0.24); No outliers No significant effect on general mental health was observed among supervisors participating in occupational stress management inter... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.686 | 0.832 | ["management"] | 431 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153571 | [
0.07037874311208725,
-0.002753556938841939,
0.06145595386624336,
0.10615093261003494,
0.008557417429983616,
0.01851595565676689,
0.01916627027094364,
0.06999557465314865,
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-0.004045933485031128,
0.050421182066202164,
-0.03094421699643135,
-0.047368232160806656,
-0.0048... |
ve interventions or comprising the control group. Due to substantial heterogeneity and moderate 95% confidence intervals in both studies with high RoB and some RoB concerns, we downgraded the certainty of evidence to ‘low certainty’. ⊕⊕⊝⊝ Low ade Open in a new tab * P≤0.05. a Downgraded by -0.5 points due to risk of bi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.73 | [] | 508 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153595 | [
0.013153434731066227,
0.03747021034359932,
0.023011667653918266,
0.0771549642086029,
0.02017766609787941,
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0.10807014256715775,
0.02503293938934803,
0.03809073939919472,
0.03857025131583214,
0.04605937749147415,
0.03799516707658768,
-0.0307994559... |
istency. e Downgraded by -0.5 due to imprecision. f Downgraded by -1 due to imprecision. h Downgraded by -0.5 due to potential publication bias. i Downgraded by -1 due to publication bias. On the outcome category level, a significant small-to-moderate intervention effect for occupational stress management programs targ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.698 | 0.694 | ["management"] | 488 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153620 | [
0.05223532393574715,
0.08512227982282639,
0.010084004141390324,
0.05814288184046745,
0.032580748200416565,
0.03508494049310684,
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0.005305254831910133,
0.06991779059171677,
0.023195412009954453,
-0.0067489370703697205,
0.016047... |
fluential cases [g=-0.21, (95% CI -0.41– -0.02)]. Significant small-to-moderate intervention effects on work-related outcomes (g=-0.32, (95% CI -0.63– -0.00)] and leadership-related outcomes [g=-0.23 (95% CI -0.44– -0.02)] were seen when outliers ( 69 , 72 ) were excluded (figure 2b and 2c). For psychological stress an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.696 | ["leadership"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153644 | [
0.07437001913785934,
0.0729609876871109,
0.027430307120084763,
0.06838548183441162,
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0.058671608567237854,
0.006738101597875357,
-0.0042578959837555885,
-0.01205... |
ress, mindfulness, and mental health and very low for the outcomes of work- and leadership-related variables (see table 3 and supplementary material S9 for a detailed display of the calculated effect sizes and certainty of evidence ratings). On the subcategory level, effect sizes were calculated based on k=5 for percei... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.698 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "communication", "career"] | 489 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153675 | [
0.04799049347639084,
0.05023639276623726,
-0.004357445985078812,
0.045712169259786606,
0.06805188953876495,
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0.008355969563126564,
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-0.02422392927110195,
-0.04391076788306236,
-0.002484105294570327,
-0.05313308537006378,
-0... |
nt effects in any of the addressed subcategories. Sensitivity analysis on the subcategory level only identified outliers ( 58 ) in subsyndromal symptoms [g=-0.22, (95% CI 0.53– 0.09)], without discerning significant intervention effects (see supplementary material S10). The certainty of evidence was rated very low for ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.906 | 0.84 | ["communication", "career"] | 473 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153703 | [
-0.005261564161628485,
-0.02306191436946392,
0.013253293931484222,
0.09381435811519623,
0.03898366913199425,
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0.08651067316532135,
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-0.09164101630449295,
-0.045922402292490005,
-0.050982024520635605,
-0.02879607491195202,
-0... |
ble 3 and supplementary material S15). Figure 2a. Open in a new tab Forest plot of changes in mental health Figure 2b. Open in a new tab Forest plot of changes in work-related outcomes after exclusion of outliers. Figure 2c. Open in a new tab orest plot of changes in leadership-related outcomes after exclusion of outli... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.862 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153805 | [
0.11107455939054489,
0.019656838849186897,
0.00797500554472208,
0.05406283214688301,
0.1025448888540268,
0.044155847281217575,
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0.02573486603796482,
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0.02123379521071911,
-0.0006948334048502147,
0.04797528311610222,
-0.07363461703062057,
-0.007378... |
tion intervals for all interventions, all main and subcategory level outcome categories except mindfulness and perceived stress (see supplementary material S8, S9 and S10). In order to explain heterogeneity in effect sizes, exploratory moderator analyses were performed (see supplementary material S11 and S12). When con... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153833 | [
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-0.17 (95% CI -0.56–0.22)] and other time frames. For psychological stress, the moderator analysis found that cognitive-behavioral interventions yielded significantly higher effect sizes [g=-0.17, (95% CI -0.36– -0,00)] compared to other intervention types. Regarding mental health, moderator analyses indicated that the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.905 | 0.676 | ["leadership"] | 477 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153860 | [
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] compared to CBA [g=-0.21, (95% CI -0.44–0.01)]. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that interventions employing face-to-face training [g=-0.51, (95% CI, -0.97– -0.06)] and utilizing a mixed delivery mode approach [g=-0.76, (95% CI -1.43– -0.09)] yielded significantly larger effect sizes compared to interventions utiliz... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.398 | 0.684 | ["philosophy"] | 491 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153884 | [
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d subcategories (see supplementary material S13). Visual examination indicates potential reporting bias for perceived stress, work-related outcomes, and leadership-related outcomes. Due to the limited number of studies pooled in these outcome categories (<10), statistical testing for funnel plot asymmetry was not feasi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.895 | 0.834 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153912 | [
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s of leader-targeted SMI on supervisors' psychological stress, mindfulness, mental health and work- and leadership-related outcomes. Overall, our results suggest that leader-targeted SMI have the potential to contribute to occupational health, particularly in improving supervisors' mental health as well as work- and le... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.693 | 0.816 | ["leadership"] | 466 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153956 | [
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I was observed after excluding influential cases. At the main outcome category level, a small-to-moderate effect size was found on mental health, and after excluding outliers, on work- and leadership-related outcomes. Given that research on leader-targeted SMI remains in its early stages, however, some caution is warra... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12278447/ | Effectiveness of leader-targeted stress management interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.3 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 498 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.153988 | [
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Stress . Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 19. Published in final edited form as: Stress. 2017 Feb 14;20(1):75–85. doi: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1286322 Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent life stress exposure on health in young adults Grant S Shields Grant S Shields a Depart... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.864 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.186728 | [
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ics, San Diego, CA, USA Find articles by Wesley G Moons b , George M Slavich George M Slavich c Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Find articles by George M Slavich c Author information Article notes Copyright ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.706 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.186844 | [
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enter for Psychoneuroimmunology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA ✉ CONTACT Grant S. Shields, gsshields@ucdavis.edu , Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA Issue date 2017 Jan. PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC5517019... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.836 | ["education"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.186931 | [
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hological construct that enables controlled cognitive processing, which has been hypothesized to enhance individuals’ resilience to stress. However, little empirical work has directly examined how executive function under different conditions mitigates the negative effects of stress exposure on health. To address this ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.838 | ["communication"] | 510 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.186997 | [
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stressful context, and current health complaints. Based on existing research, we hypothesized that individuals exhibiting better executive function following a laboratory-based stressor (but not a control task) would demonstrate weaker associations between recent stress exposure and health because they perceived recent... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.895 | 0.842 | ["economy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.187061 | [
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f stress, was associated with an attenuated link between participants’ recent life stress exposure and their current health complaints. Moreover, this attenuating effect was mediated by lesser perceptions of stressor severity. Based on these data, we conclude that better executive function under stress is associated wi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.688 | 0.824 | [] | 438 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.187116 | [
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ng individuals’ perceptions of stressor severity. The data thus suggest the possibility of reducing stress-related health problems by enhancing executive function. Keywords: Cumulative life stress, executive function, stress perception, cognitive flexibility, resilience, STRAIN, mediated moderation, risk, health, disea... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.996 | 0.822 | [] | 482 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.187172 | [
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ned mechanisms that might mitigate these effects. One construct thought to influence how stress affects health is executive function , which enables controlled cognitive processing ( Williams et al., 2009 ; Williams & Thayer, 2009 ). However, no research to date has directly tested whether executive function mitigates ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.912 | 0.834 | [] | 451 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.187229 | [
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ealth by reducing perceptions of stress severity. Executive function facilitates cognitive reappraisal ( Malooly et al., 2013 ), and cognitive reappraisal in turn reduces perceptions of stress severity ( Lazarus & Folkman, 1984 ). Similarly, executive function facilitates emotion regulation and reduces experiences of n... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.856 | [] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.187281 | [
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ess on health ( Slavich & Cole, 2013 ), individuals exhibiting better executive function during stressful circumstances may perceive such circumstances as less stressful and thus have fewer health problems. However, this hypothesis has not yet been tested. Acute and chronic stress impair executive function ( Alexander ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.856 | ["llm"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.187343 | [
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function in some people more than others ( Beilock & Carr, 2005 ; Pletzer et al., 2010 ; Schoofs et al., 2013 ; Shamosh & Gray, 2007 ). If executive function specifically during stressful circumstances is what most strongly shapes how people respond to stressors, then executive function assessed under stressful or “hot... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.692 | 0.844 | [] | 459 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.187408 | [
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ion assessed under baseline or “cold” conditions. Consistent with this possibility, executive function ability under “hot” and “cold” conditions is not always related ( Raio et al., 2013 ). Additionally, some evidence supports the idea that executive function moderates the effects of stress on health only when executiv... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.85 | [] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.187461 | [
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oor predictor of depressive symptoms, whereas executive function assessed in a stressful context was associated with depressive symptoms in a cross-sectional study ( Quinn & Joormann, 2015a ) and predicted increases in depressive symptoms over time in a longitudinal study ( Quinn & Joormann, 2015b ). Although these stu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.7 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.187524 | [
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ction under stress may be particularly important for health. In the present study, we randomly assigned participants to either a socially stressful or non-stressful group task. We then assessed participants’ executive function following these tasks. Finally, we used an online, interview-based system to characterize par... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.697 | 0.828 | ["interview", "education"] | 486 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.187582 | [
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naires to assess participants’ health complaints. We hypothesized that executive function under acute stress would be associated with an attenuated relation between life stress exposure and health complaints. Additionally, we hypothesized that decreased perceptions of stress would mediate the association between better... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.687 | 0.816 | [] | 437 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.187719 | [
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tween life stress exposure and health complaints. Method Participants We recruited 110 healthy young adults attending a large public university on the West coast. Because we were interested in factors influencing typical responses to stress, we excluded individuals with health conditions that could have confounded resu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.84 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.187805 | [
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iagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder, hospitalization for a psychiatric disorder within the past year, current injury or illness within the past week, major sleep disturbances within the past six weeks, or consumption of more than eight caffeinated beverages a day, as well as people who were pregnant, were nursing... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.71 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.187882 | [
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he past eight weeks, or had taken oral or injected corticosteroids within the past three months. Of the 110 people recruited for this study, 55 participants (35 female) were randomized to the stress induction condition and 55 participants (37 female) were randomized to the non-stressful control condition. Participants ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.868 | ["education"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.187925 | [
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Indian or Alaskan Native, 58.9% were Asian, 1.9% were Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 3.7% were Black or African American, 17.8% were White and 15.9% were Hispanic. Importantly, participants in the stress induction and control conditions did not differ with respect to sex, race, or age, p s > .23. All study proced... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.706 | ["education", "economy"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.187955 | [
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e Trier Social Stress Test for Groups (TSST-G; von Dawans et al., 2011 ) to induce stress in participants. This manipulation involves two conditions: a stress induction condition and a control condition. Stress induction condition In the stress induction condition, instructions appeared on a computer screen and informe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.696 | 0.85 | ["decision_making", "career", "interview", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 481 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.187988 | [
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deal candidate for a job of that person’s choice. The participant was also told that the speech would take place in front of a panel of evaluators trained in the evaluation of nonverbal behavior. To make the task more self-relevant ( von Dawans et al., 2011 ), the instructions also told each person to use his or her ac... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.888 | ["rhetoric", "decision_making", "career", "resume", "interview"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188014 | [
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ra would record his or her speech and that a panel of three professors from the psychology, sociology and communication departments would conduct a video analysis of their performance to identify nonverbal behaviors that distinguish a qualified job applicant from an unqualified one. The instructions then told each pers... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.295 | 0.866 | ["rhetoric", "communication", "career", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188041 | [
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pants that there would be “another task” following the speech. These instructions remained on the screen during the rest of this stressor anticipation phase. After 10 min had elapsed, the experimenters opened each participant’s cubicle door, removed each participant’s chair and scratch paper from his or her cubicle, an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.689 | 0.84 | ["rhetoric"] | 447 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188069 | [
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informed that person to begin his or her speech. If a participant stopped speaking once before the full 3 min allotted to his or her speech had elapsed, then the evaluators prompted the participant to continue. If a participant stopped a second time before the 3 min had elapsed, then the evaluators stared in silence at... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.876 | ["rhetoric", "communication", "philosophy"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188096 | [
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nted backwards by 16s for a total of 100 seconds. Thirty seconds and 70 seconds after the participant began, one of the evaluators instructed the participant to count faster using scripted statements. If the participant verbally paused, counted too slowly, or made an error, the evaluator instructed them to restart. Aft... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.856 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188126 | [
-0.005354318302124739,
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s, the participants returned to their computers, and the experimenters closed the participants’ cubicle doors. Importantly, the stressfulness of this task did not differ depending upon the order in which participants completed the math task, due to the information given to participants. Participants were not informed a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.699 | 0.856 | ["philosophy"] | 495 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188173 | [
0.0007239810656756163,
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rs at any time for a number of different reasons. In addition, the order of participants called on by the evaluators appeared randomized. As such, participants did not know that the stressor had finished when it had. Instead, they were left in a state of stressful anticipation until they were collectively told to retur... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.87 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188211 | [
-0.03588646277785301,
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e load, as well as biological effects of standing and speaking, without inducing stress. Instructions presented on the computer informed each participant in the control condition that in 10 min he or she would quietly read an academic article aloud, which was currently face down on the person’s desk. The instructions f... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.686 | 0.842 | ["communication", "education", "philosophy"] | 431 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188241 | [
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After counting for 6 minutes and 40 seconds (i.e. to equate the total time for the math portion of the TSST-G between conditions), an experimenter told the participants to stop counting and return to their computers, after which time the experimenters closed the participants’ cubicle doors. Manipulation check We examin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.852 | ["economy"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188267 | [
0.04242262989282608,
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nd affective responses to the laboratory task, as described below. Self-reported stressfulness of the laboratory task Participants in both the stress and non-stress TSST-G conditions used an unmarked scale ranging from 1 ( Strongly Disagree ) to 9 ( Strongly Agree ), with 5 ( Neither Agree nor Disagree ) as the midpoin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.692 | 0.698 | ["economy"] | 461 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188296 | [
0.0027651970740407705,
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d the stressfulness of the stressor/control task. This questionnaire asked questions such as, “The speech and mathematics tasks were very stressful” and “The speech and mathematics tasks were very demanding.” Participants answered the questions in a randomized order. Reliability for this measure was excellent ( α = .90... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.684 | 0.676 | ["rhetoric", "economy"] | 421 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188323 | [
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e stress is known to induce negative affect (e.g. Schoofs et al., 2008 ), we used a self-report questionnaire assessing negative affect as an additional manipulation check. Prior to learning of the stressor task and immediately after this task, participants indicated on an unmarked 1–7 scale ranging from 1 ( Not at All... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.905 | 0.856 | ["education"] | 476 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188349 | [
0.043529145419597626,
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int to create indices of overall negative affect. Negative affect was assessed at baseline ( α = .90) and after the stress manipulation ( α = .94). Executive function To assess executive function, we employed the Berg Card Sorting Test (BCST), which is an open-source version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) wr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.691 | 0.706 | [] | 456 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188373 | [
0.0468408577144146,
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nitive flexibility tasks ( Miyake et al., 2000 ). However, neuroimaging and lesion work show that working memory and inhibition are also required for performance on this task in otherwise healthy people ( Nyhus & Barceló, 2009 ). Of note, the automated BCST scoring in PEBL version 0.13 scores perseverative errors diffe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.87 | ["philosophy"] | 508 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188399 | [
0.02846461534500122,
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deduce the correct rule through trial-and-error. Once participants deduce the current rule and answer nine cards correctly in a row, the rule shifts. Participants are aware that the rule has shifted only because they are then presented with “Incorrect” feedback for what would have previously been a correct response; as... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.868 | ["crisis", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188425 | [
-0.04882635548710823,
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severative errors a person makes during the task. As perseverative errors are errors, the outcomes of interest in this task indicate worse executive function. Higher scores thus represent worse performance. Mental and physical health We used the Kessler-6 item psychological distress inventory (K-6; Kessler et al., 2002... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.688 | 0.832 | ["philosophy"] | 442 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188449 | [
0.05190548300743103,
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h higher scores indicating worse physical health. In prior work, the K-6 has shown good convergence with DSM-IV based measures of mental health symptoms ( Kessler et al., 2002 ), and the PHQ has shown good convergence with general health and divergence with work stress ( Schat et al., 2005 ). In the present study, the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.683 | 0.846 | ["education"] | 413 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188473 | [
-0.005714310798794031,
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consistency ( α = .87 and α = .82, respectively). To reduce the likelihood of committing a Type I error and because we had no a priori hypothesis differentiating the effects of stress on mental versus physical health, we standardized and averaged participants’ responses on these scales to create an index of overall hea... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.91 | 0.856 | [] | 457 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188497 | [
0.040526747703552246,
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igher scores on this index indicate worse health. Recent life stress We used the Transition to College module of the Stress and Adversity Inventory for Adults (Adult STRAIN-TTC) to assess participants’ exposure to recent life stress. The Adult STRAIN has good predictive validity, as evidenced by the fact that the main ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.864 | ["crisis"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188524 | [
-0.001942704780958593,
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0.0... |
2016 ), metabolic health in adults ( Kurtzman et al., 2012 ) and levels of depressive symptoms and fatigue in cancer patients ( Bower et al., 2014 ; Dooley et al., 2017 ). We used the Transition to College (TTC) Stress Assessment Module because it specifically assesses recent life stressors that are very stressful and ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.864 | ["interview"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188550 | [
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ing on the characteristics of the sample and needs of the study. Given the computer savvy nature of the present sample, participants self-administered the STRAIN-TTC in the lab after reading a brief introduction to the STRAIN and related instructions. Participants were then asked 14 core questions about different major... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.913 | 0.838 | ["interview", "education", "philosophy"] | 446 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188575 | [
-0.028682677075266838,
0.04951566457748413,
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0.0192... |
ioned to college until the date of the interview. Example questions include “Did you end a relationship with a significant other when you moved to college?” and “Have you had any major fights or arguments with your roommate(s) or suitemates?” If a person endorses a particular stressor, the STRAIN system employs branchi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.692 | 0.84 | ["networking", "interview", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 458 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188599 | [
-0.02607373148202896,
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0.0... |
and perceived severity of each reported stressor. Most important for the present study is the fact that the STRAIN-TTC provides information about both stressor exposure (coded as 0 for absent and 1 for present for each possible stressor) and the perceived stressfulness of each reported exposure, with stressor severity ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.872 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188628 | [
0.043702684342861176,
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s’ (a) stressor count, calculated as the sum of the stressor frequencies and (b) overall stressor severity, calculated as the sum of the perceived severities of reported stressors. Although these scores can be correlated, substantial individual differences exist in how people rate the severity of the stressors they hav... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.7 | 0.84 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188653 | [
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veral important advantages over obtaining general perceived stress ratings that are unrelated to experienced stressors (e.g. the scores can be directly compared, etc.). Procedure Participants came to the lab at either 12 pm or 3 pm for 3-h, four-participant group sessions. Upon arrival, an experimenter immediately gree... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.691 | 0.834 | [] | 454 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188674 | [
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he participants from interacting with each other. Once in the cubicle, each participant provided informed consent and completed miscellaneous baseline measures, including measures assessing baseline affect. When finished with the measures, the participant’s computer reached a password-protected screen and instructed hi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.1 | 0.842 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188698 | [
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0.021... |
completed the initial measures, upon which time the experimenter gave all participants the password to continue. Next, participants completed the stressor or control task, depending upon their time slot’s assigned condition. The stressor or control task lasted approximately 30 minutes, after which time participants imm... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.697 | 0.832 | [] | 487 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188721 | [
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ompleted the executive function task (i.e. BCST). Participants then completed filler measures for 90 minutes. One hundred minutes after the offset of the stressor, participants completed the recent life stress interview (i.e. the Adult STRAIN-TTC). This delay was intended to prevent the manipulation from influencing pa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5517019/ | Better executive function under stress mitigates the effects of recent ... | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | 0.692 | 0.672 | ["interview"] | 458 | Stress Management | topic | 2026-03-11T17:38:47.188753 | [
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