question stringlengths 501 2.93k | options dict | answer stringclasses 3
values | answer_idx stringclasses 3
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|---|---|---|---|
This clinical study investigated whether the vascular-guided multilayer preauricular approach (VMPA) to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) could improve access and decrease complications. This retrospective evaluation consisted of a consecutive series of patients who underwent TMJ surgeries through the VMPA from January... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Twenty-eight female Sprague Dawley rats were allocated randomly to 4 groups. The sham group (group 1) was only subjected to catheter insertion, not to pneumoperitoneum. Group 2 received a 1 mg/kg dose of 0.9% sodium chloride by the intraperitoneal route for 10 min before pneumoperitoneum. Groups 3 and 4 received 6 and ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy characterized by villus atrophy and malabsorption of essential nutrients. Vitamin D deficiency has been described in autoimmune diseases, but its status in prepubertal children with CD has not been adequately studied. To determine the vitamin D status of prepubertal chil... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the ability of the Young-Burgess classification system to predict mortality, transfusion requirements, and nonorthopaedic injuries in patients with pelvic ring fractures and to determine whether mortality rates after pelvic fractures have changed over time. Retrospective re... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
The number of new diagnoses of HIV infection is rising in the northwestern hemisphere and it is becoming increasingly important to understand the mechanisms behind this trend. To evaluate whether reported unsafe sexual behaviour among HIV- infected individuals is changing over time. Participants in the Swiss HIV Cohort... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
The use of three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound may help to determine the exact position of the needle during breast biopsy, thereby reducing the number of core samples that are needed to achieve a reliable histological diagnosis. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of 3D ultrasound-validated large-core ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Cholestasis occurs frequently in patients with small bowel atresia (SBA) and is often attributed to prolonged parental nutrition. When severe or prolonged, patients may undergo unnecessary intensive or invasive investigation. We characterized cholestasis and analyzed the pertinence of investigating this patient populat... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
The aim of this study was to assess the reproducibility of different measurement methods and define the most workable technique for measuring head and neck paragangliomas, to determine the best method for evaluating tumour growth. The evaluation of tumour growth is vital for a 'wait-and-scan' policy, a management strat... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To investigate the cost-effectiveness of up to £400 worth of financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy as an adjunct to routine health care. Cost-effectiveness analysis based on a Phase II randomized controlled trial (RCT) and a cost-utility analysis using a life-time Markov model. The RCT was undertaken ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To examine age-related differences in the relationship between personality and coping strategies in an Australian population of psychiatric inpatients. Consenting eligible adults (N=238) from 18-100 years of age consecutively admitted to inpatient psychiatry units were assessed using the SCID I and II, the Coping Orien... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), formed by non-enzymatic glycation and oxidation (glycoxidation) reactions, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including normoglycemic uremia. AGE research in uremia has focused on the accumulation of carbohydrate-derived adducts generated by the Maillar... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Health care delivery has undertaken a major shift from inpatient management to ambulatory surgical care with increasing emphasis on quality assurance (QA) processes. Educational opportunities for medical undergraduate programmes are being sought in the day surgery environment. Our study was undertaken to explore ways i... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
A retrospective analysis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the deformity angular ratio (DAR) can reliably assess the neurological risks of patients undergoing deformity correction. Identifying high-risk patients and procedures can help ensure that appropriate measures are taken to minimize neurologica... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The proper angle of miniscrew insertion is important for cortical anchorage, patient safety, and biomechanical control. The purposes of this study are to report the alveolar process thickness and inter-radicular space in the posterior region of the mandible, to assess the impact of different miniscrew insertion angle p... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Using polymerase chain reaction techniques, we evaluated the presence of HPV infection in human breast milk collected from 21 HPV-positive and 11 HPV-negative mothers. Of the 32 studied human milk specimens, no 'high-risk' HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58 or 58 DNA was detected.
Using the above document ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
To evaluate surgical outcome and survival benefit after quaternary cytoreduction (QC) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) relapse. We systematically evaluated all consecutive patients undergoing QC in our institution over a 12-year period (October 2000-January 2012). All relevant surgical and clinical outcome parameters... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To determine whether post-operative administration of topical ropivacaine hydrochloride decreases morbidity following adenotonsillectomy. Prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. University referral center; ENT Department. Fourty one children, aged 4-16 years, undergoing tonsillectomy. Patients received 1.... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Few studies have assessed whether the advantage chemotherapy has been shown to have in treating advanced non-small lung carcinoma in clinical trials is transferrable to normal health care activity. This could explain the skepticism of a large number of pneumologists towards this treatment. The objective of our study wa... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
To study the prevalence of pain and risk factors for pain in psychiatric patients in a psychiatric hospital. Using a questionnaire we investigated in a cross-sectional study the prevalence of pain, duration of pain, impairment and unfitness for work due to pain in 106 patients primarily diagnosed with a psychiatric dis... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Midurethral sling (MUS) can improve overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms. It is unclear if anterior/apical prolapse (AA) repair provides additional benefit. We hypothesized that women with mixed urinary incontinence (MUI) experience greater improvement in the OAB component of their symptoms after concomitant MUS and AA re... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Selection into general practice training is undertaken using a competency based approach. The clear advantage of this approach over traditional methods has been demonstrated through evaluation of its validity and reliability. However, the relationship between selection and performance in the Royal College of General P... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Warfarin increases both the likelihood and the mortality of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), particularly in patients with a history of prior ICH. In light of this consideration, should a patient with both a history of ICH and a clear indication for anticoagulation such as nonvalvular atrial fibrillation be anticoagulat... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
Distance to provider might be an important barrier to timely diagnosis and treatment for cancer patients who qualify for Medicaid coverage. Whether driving time or driving distance is a better indicator of travel burden is also of interest. Driving distances and times from patient residence to primary care provider wer... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Several atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) are used as second-line agents for treatment resistant depression. AAPs can be expensive compared to other treatment options and can cause several side effects. To estimate healthcare costs and utilization of AAPs compared to other second-line agents. Observational study using Med... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
To assess the feasibility and safety of diagnostic or therapeutic semirigid ureteroscopy without ureteral meatus dilatation. A comparative, retrospective study was conducted of patients undergoing ureteroscopy from January 2000 to May 2008. For data analysis purposes, the population was divided into two groups based on... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Achilles tendon structure deteriorates 2-days after maximal loading in elite athletes. The load-response behaviour of tendons may be altered in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) as hyperglycaemia accelerates collagen cross-linking. This study compared Achilles tendon load-response in participants with T1DM and controls. ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is an uncommon variant of chronic cholecystitis, characterized by marked thickening of the gallbladder wall and dense local adhesions. It often mimics a gallbladder carcinoma (GBC), and may coexist with GBC, leading to a diagnostic dilemma. Furthermore, the premalignant nature of... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Several studies have suggested a protective effect of folic acid (FA) on congenital heart anomalies. Down syndrome (DS) infants are known to have a high frequency of heart anomalies. Not all children with DS suffer from heart anomalies, which raises the question whether maternal factors might affect the risk of these a... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
By requiring or encouraging enrollees to obtain a usual source of care, managed care programs hope to improve access to care without incurring higher costs. (1) To examine the effects of managed care on the likelihood of low-income persons having a usual source of care and a usual physician, and; (2) To examine the ass... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
The purpose of this study is to evaluate right ventricular (RV) volume and function after pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) and to address the issue of optimal surgical timing in these patients. Chronic pulmonary regurgitation (PR) following repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) leads to RV dilation and an increased inci... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Francophones may experience poorer health due to social status, cultural differences in lifestyle and attitudes, and language barriers to health care. Our study sought to compare mental health indicators between Francophones and non-Francophones living in the province of Manitoba. Two populations were used: one from ad... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
To determine whether TDP-43 type is associated with distinct patterns of brain atrophy on MRI in subjects with pathologically confirmed frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). In this case-control study, we identified all subjects with a pathologic diagnosis of FTLD with TDP-43 immunoreactive inclusions (FTLD-TDP) an... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To evaluate the relationship between knee extensor strength, postural stability, functional ambulation, and disease severity in Parkinson's disease (PD). A cohort study. University research laboratory. Patients (N=44) with idiopathic PD. Not applicable. Participants were evaluated on their isokinetic knee extensor stre... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To examine the attitudes of players and coaches to the use of protective headgear, particularly with respect to the prevention of concussion. A questionnaire designed to assess attitudes to headgear was administered to 63 players from four different Canadian teams, each representing a different level of play (high scho... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
The incidence of acetabular fractures in osteoporotic patients is increasing. Immediate total hip arthroplasty (THA) has potential advantages, but achieving acetabular component stability is challenging and, at early followup, reported revision rates for loosening are high.QUESTIONS/ This study measured acetabular comp... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Primary eosinophilic esophagitis, a chronic inflammatory disorder of the esophagus, evokes recurrent dysphagia. Endoscopy is often unremarkable, and no consensus exists regarding management of resultant dysphagia. The response of a series of patients with primary eosinophilic esophagitis to dilation is reported togethe... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To evaluate accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) in patients after oncoplastic surgery for early breast cancer. A retrospective analysis of 136 breasts of 134 patients, who received breast-conserving oncoplastic surgery for low-risk breast cancer between 2002 and 2010 in the Universities of Vienna and Luebeck ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
To examine the representativeness of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) sample versus one obtained by consecutive new case ascertainment, for subjects with child bipolar I disorder. Subjects (N = 247) were outpatients who participated in either the National Institute of Mental Health-funded Phenomenology and Course of... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Measurement of basal metabolic rate (BMR) is suggested as a tool to estimate energy requirements. Therefore, BMR prediction equations have been developed in multiple populations because indirect calorimetry is not always feasible. However, there is a paucity of data on BMR measured in overweight and obese adults living... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Patients presenting with transient ischemic attack or stroke may have symptom-related lesions on acute computed tomography angiography (CTA) such as free-floating intraluminal thrombus (FFT). It is difficult to distinguish FFT from carotid plaque, but the distinction is critical as management differs. By contouring the... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Medical units at an academic tertiary referral hospital in Southern India. To investigate the impact of solid culture on Löwenstein-Jensen medium on clinical decision making. In a retrospective review of 150 culture-positive and 150 culture-negative consecutively sampled tuberculosis (TB) suspects, treatment decisions ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
Our aim was to determine the value of echo-planar diffusion-weighted MR imaging (epiDWI) in differentiating various types of primary parotid gland tumors. One hundred forty-nine consecutive patients with suspected tumors of the parotid gland were examined with an epiDWI sequence by using a 1.5T unit. Image analysis was... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The etiology of hemodialysis (HD)-induced hypotension and hypertension remains speculative. There is mounting evidence that endothelin-1 (ET-1) may play a vital role in these hemodynamic changes. We examined the possible role of intradialytic changes of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of hypotension and rebound hypertension d... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
A case of spinal subdural hematoma (SSDH) following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) because of a ruptured internal carotid aneurysm is described. Such a case has never been reported. A 52-year-old woman underwent a craniotomy for a ruptured internal carotid aneurysm. A computed tomography scan showed that SAH existed pre... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels can show wide fluctuations when repeatedly measured. Here we investigatewd if: (a) biopsy timing influences the prostate cancer (PC) detection rate in patients with fluctuating PSA (flu-PSA) in comparison with patients with steadily increasing PSA (si-PSA); (b) PSA slope estimated... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
A cross sectional study of 38 patients fulfilling the classification criteria for SLE. The patients visited a rheumatology outpatient clinic in Switzerland between January 2002 and December 2004. The last assessment during this period was used for the study. The assessment included, besides demographic data, the measur... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Suicide is a leading cause of death and has been strongly associated with affective disorders. The influence of affective disorder polarity on subsequent suicide attempts or completions and any differential effect of suicide risk factors by polarity were assessed in a prospective cohort. Participants with major affecti... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Severe upper gastrointestinal (GI) motor disorders, including gastroparesis (GP), can consume significant health care resources. Many patients are refractory to traditional drug therapy. To compare symptoms, healthcare resource utilization and costs in two groups of patients with the symptoms of GP: those treated via g... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To determine the prevalence and nature of global cognitive dysfunction and language deficits in an unselected population based cohort of patients with motor neuron disease (MND). A battery of neuropsychological and language tests was administered to patients presenting consecutively over a 3 year period to a regional n... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Adoption and implementation of evidence-based measures for catheter care leads to reductions in central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) rates in the NICU. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether this rate reduction is sustainable for at least 1 year and to identify key determinants of this susta... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The last 20 years has seen a marked improvement in skin cancer awareness campaigns. We sought to establish whether this has affected the presenting Breslow thickness of malignant melanoma in the South West. This is a retrospective study looking at the first presentation of melanomas from 2003 to 2011. Data was accessed... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
In an attempt to improve the care they provide for their patients with breast cancer, the authors' institution developed a multidisciplinary breast cancer clinic (MDBCC) to offer "one-stop shopping" consultation and support for newly diagnosed breast cancer patients. One hundred sixty-two patients, the control group fo... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Seventeen patients, aged 7-54 years (mean of 37.2 year), were treated by pulpotomy and filling with ProRoot MTA(®) in premolar or molar teeth with vital pulps and without clinical evidence of irreversible pulpitis. The patients were then followed up for 12 to 24 months and the teeth then assessed by clinical and radio... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
As part of an MRC funded study into primary care oral anticoagulation management, INR measurements obtained in general practice were validated against values on the same samples obtained in hospital laboratories. A prospective comparative trial was undertaken between three hospital laboratories and nine general practic... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
This paper assesses the usefulness of the Child Health Computing System as a source of information about children with cerebral palsy. A comparative survey of information held on the Child Health Computing System (CHCS) and the Northern Ireland Cerebral Palsy Register (NICPR) in one Health and Social Services Board in ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
We review our results on surgical treatment of patients with stage I non-small cell lung carcinoma and we attempted to clarify the prognostic significance of some surgical--pathologic variables. From 1993 to 1999, 667 patients received curative lung resection and complete hilar and mediastinal lymphadenectomy for non-s... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Cross-sectional. To identify the regional and global apexes of curves in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and to compare the levels of those with the most rotated vertebral levels on computed tomography scans. The terminology regarding the terms and definitions had been arbitrary until being refined and standardized by ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
A genetic component is well established in the etiology of breast cancer. It is not well known, however, whether genetic traits also influence prognostic features of the malignant phenotype. We carried out a population-based cohort study in Sweden based on the nationwide Multi-Generation Register. Among all women with ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To examine family-based transmission of the number of 5' flanking arginine vasopressin V1a receptor (AVPR1A) microsatellites, which include [(GATA)(14)] and complex [(CT)(4)-TT-(CT)(8)-(GT)(24)]repeats, in probands with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype (PEA-BP). Preferential transmission of... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
More than 1000 candidates applied for orthopaedic residency positions in 2014, and the competition is intense; approximately one-third of the candidates failed to secure a position in the match. However, the criteria used in the selection process often are subjective and studies have differed in terms of which criteria... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
This study was planned to evaluate whether increased nuchal translucency (NT) thickness in the first trimester of gestation can be related to onset of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during pregnancy. From January 2006 to August 2008, a group of 678 singleton pregnancies who had developed GDM has been selected as a... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Studies examining predictors of survival among the oldest-old have primarily focused on objective measures, such as physical function and health status. Only a few studies have examined the effect of personality traits on survival, such as optimism. The aim of this study was to examine whether an optimistic outlook pre... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Orthodontic patients show high prevalence of tooth-size discrepancy. This study investigates the possible association between arch form, clinically significant tooth-size discrepancy, and sagittal molar relationship. Pretreatment orthodontic casts of 230 Saudi patients were classified into one of three arch form types ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Swedish hospital mergers seem to stem from a conviction among policy makers that bigger hospitals lead to lower average costs and improved clinical outcomes. The effects of mergers in the form of multisited hospitals have not been systematically evaluated. The purpose of this article is to contribute to this area of kn... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
To prospectively evaluate the amount of tissue removed at loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) vs. cold knife conization. Forty consecutive LEEP or cold knife conization specimens were prospectively measured and weighed by a single pathology technician. Diameter, length and weight of the specimens were compar... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
The hypothesis was tested that pectin content and methylation degree participate in regulation of cell wall mechanical properties and in this way may affect tissue growth and freezing resistance over the course of plant cold acclimation and de-acclimation. Experiments were carried on the leaves of two double-haploid li... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To investigate whether prepuncture ultrasound evaluation of vascular anatomy facilitates internal jugular vein cannulation compared with landmark-guided puncture. Prospective randomized study. Single community hospital. Adult patients undergoing general anesthesia (n = 240). The right internal jugular vein was cannulat... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
Interference from irrelevant negative material might be a key mechanism underlying intrusive ruminative thoughts in depression. Considering commonalities between depression and social anxiety and the presence of similar intrusive thoughts in social anxiety, the current study was designed to assess whether interference ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Obesity may be associated with lower prostate specific antigen through hemodilution. We examined the relationship between body mass index and prostate specific antigen by age in men without prostate cancer in a longitudinal aging study to determine whether prostate specific antigen must be adjusted for body mass index.... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
We sought to determine whether patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) had an objective change in aerobic fitness during cycle ergometry compared to a normal population. The most accurate test of aerobic fitness is measurement of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) with cycle ergometry. We performed a retrospective... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
It is now widely accepted that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a critical regulator of energy homeostasis. Recently, it has been shown to regulate circadian clocks. In seasonal breeding species such as sheep, the circadian clock controls the secretion of an endogenous rhythm of melatonin and, as a consequence, i... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Communication with terminally ill patients is a main responsibility of physicians. However, many physicians feel insufficiently prepared for this task. Models of courses resulting in improvements of communicative skills of participants have been published mainly in the Anglo-American literature. This study describes th... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Epidemiological studies have suggested inverse relationships between blood pressure and prevalence of conditions such as migraine and headache. It is not yet clear whether similar relationships can be established for back pain in particular in prospective studies. Associations between blood pressure and chronic low bac... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Cerebral hemispherectomy, a surgical procedure undergone to control intractable seizures, is becoming a standard procedure with more cases identified and treated early in life [33]. While the effect of the dominant hemisphere resection on spoken language has been extensively researched, little is known about reading ab... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a common condition which presents in infants at 2-12 weeks of postnatal life, and whose cause remains obscure. Multiple associated abnormalities have been recognized within the external hypertrophied pyloric muscle layer, but the internal component of the pyloric mucosa... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To characterize the gender dimorphism after injury with specific reference to the reproductive age of the women (young,<48 yrs of age, vs. old,>52 yrs of age) in a cohort of severely injured trauma patients for which significant variation in postinjury care is minimized. Secondary data analysis of an ongoing prospectiv... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Preventive home visits are offered to community dwelling older people in Denmark aimed at maintaining their functional ability for as long as possible, but only two thirds of older people accept the offer from the municipalities. The purpose of this study is to investigate 1) whether socioeconomic status was associated... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To analyse associations between indicators for adoption of new drugs and to test the hypothesis that physicians' early adoption of new drugs is a personal trait independent of drug groups. In a population-based cohort study using register data, we analysed the prescribing of new drugs by Danish general practitioners. A... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
To provide insight into the factors by which obesity in itself may directly lead to early arterial damage, we aimed to determine early sonographic markers of obesity-related vascular dysfunction in young obese males. Thirty-five young obese males and 23 age-matched healthy male volunteers were recruited into the study.... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Some studies suggest that open access articles are more often cited than non-open access articles. However, the relationship between open access and citations count in a discipline such as intensive care medicine has not been studied to date. The present article analyzes the effect of open access publishing of scientif... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Health services often spend more on safety interventions than seems cost-effective. This study investigates whether the public value safety-related health care improvements more highly than the same improvements in contexts where the health care system is not responsible. An online survey was conducted to elicit the re... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
Treatment delays in breast cancer are generally thought to affect prognosis but the impact on survival remains unclear. Indicators for breast cancer care include time to primary treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether time to primary treatment (TPT) in breast cancer impacts survival. A total of 648... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a systemic vasculitis involving mainly medium-sized arteries and, rarely, small-sized arteries. The diagnosis is principally based on clinical exams, biopsy of an affected organ, and/or arteriography of renal or mesenteric arteries. Once diagnosed, immunosuppressive agents, such as glucoco... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Various factors contribute to the effective implementation of evidence-based treatments (EBTs). In this study, cognitive processing therapy (CPT) was administered in a Veterans Affairs (VA) posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) specialty clinic in which training and supervision were provided following VA implementation ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
There are three main service delivery channels: clinical services, outreach, and family and community. To determine which delivery channels are associated with the greatest reductions in under-5 mortality rates (U5MR), we used data from sequential population-based surveys to examine the correlation between changes in c... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
The seafaring industry remains a hazardous occupation that requires sophisticated systems of risk and fitness assessment. This study aims to investigate the extent of agreement between Approved Doctors (ADs) and Medical Referees (MRs) when they assess a seafarer's fitness. Between 2003 and 2009 a total of 232,878 seafa... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Celiac disease (CD) is believed to be a permanent intolerance to gluten. A number of patients, however, discontinue the gluten-free diet (GFD) without developing symptoms or signs. The aim of our study was to investigate whether CD patients are capable of developing tolerance to gluten. All 77 adult patients from our h... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends against spirometry in the absence of symptoms. However, as much as 50% of COPD cases in the United States remain undiagnosed. Report of symptoms, smoking history, and spirometric data were collected from subjects screened for a work-related medical evaluation (N = 3,955)... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Parental drinking has been shown to be associated with offspring drinking. However, the relationship appears to be more complex than often assumed and few studies have tracked it over longer time periods. To explore the long-term (10-year) transmission of familial drinking during adolescence to offspring drinking patte... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
Although consensus guidelines for pretreatment evaluation and monitoring of propranolol therapy in patients with infantile hemangiomas (IH) have been formulated, little is known about the cardiovascular side effects. We sought to analyze cardiovascular evaluations in patients with IH at baseline and during treatment wi... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is the functional renal failure associated with advanced cirrhosis and has also been described in fulminant hepatic failure. Without liver transplantation its prognosis is dismal. Our study included patients with type 1 HRS associated with cirrhosis, who were not liver transplant candidates.A... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To determine the potential prognostic value of using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify patients with disorders of consciousness, who show potential for recovery. Observational study. Unit for acute rehabilitation care. Patients (N=22) in a vegetative state (VS; n=10) and minimally conscious state... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Stock et al. (Eur Respir J 25:47-53, 2005) recently estimated asthma prevalence in Germany using claims data on prescriptions and hospital diagnoses and found high prevalence peaks in infants. Our objective was to critically assess and discuss various aspects of identifying children with asthma using prescription data.... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | no | B |
Web search engines are an important tool in communication and diffusion of knowledge. Among these, Google appears to be the most popular one: in August 2008, it accounted for 87% of all web searches in the UK, compared with Yahoo's 3.3%. Google's value as a diagnostic guide in general medicine was recently reported. Th... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of closed reduction and the effects of timing and fracture types on patient satisfaction. Only patients with isolated nasal fractures were included in the study. Patients with additional maxillofacial fractures and patients whose application time to our clinic was more than 10 d... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To compare the accuracy achieved by a trained urology nurse practitioner (UNP) and consultant urologist in detecting bladder tumours during flexible cystoscopy. Eighty-three patients underwent flexible cystoscopy by both the UNP and consultant urologist, each unaware of the other's findings. Before comparing the findin... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Implementation of the complex treatment strategies that have been shown to improve survival of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) may require certain expertise. We wanted to examine the association between pattern of outpatient care and survival of patients with CHF. In a retrospective cohort study conducted ... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
Although dose-volume parameters in image-guided brachytherapy have become a standard, the use of posterior-inferior border of the pubic symphysis (PIBS) points has been recently proposed in the reporting of vaginal doses. The aim was to evaluate their pertinence. Nineteen patients who received image-guided brachytherap... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | maybe | C |
To explore the secondary benefits of treadmill training for people in the chronic stage of recovery from stroke. Modified random assignment, matched-pair control group design with repeated measures. Outpatient stroke centre. Twenty individuals post first stroke who acknowledged walking slower than pre stroke. Participa... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
To identify the features of PMR that may predict the duration of steroid therapy, the occurrence of relapses and the late development of GCA. Prospective cohort study of 176 patients with PMR, followed up for 5 years. Baseline factors associated with the duration of steroids therapy were identified using Cox regression... | {
"A": "yes",
"B": "no",
"C": "maybe"
} | yes | A |
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