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which 900 km were developed. In the Walloon Region, they form the RAVeL network. In Flanders, there is a network of towpaths, railway trails, and other independent cycle paths. Most are integrated into the numbered-node cycle networks of the provinces, or belong to LF-routes (Dutch: lange-afstandsfietsroute, long-dista...	{ "page_id": 76155969, "title": "Voie verte" }
route itself and nearby sites. For example, several tens of kilometers of the former coastal railway of the Chemins de Fer de Provence have been converted into a cycle path between Toulon and Pramousquier (in the municipality of Le Lavandou). This example illustrates the main criticism of voies vertes, namely the fact ...	{ "page_id": 76155969, "title": "Voie verte" }
Recommandations pour les aménagements cyclables. Certu. April 2000. p. 108. Fiches véloroutes et voies vertes 1 "Les relais vélo" et 2 "Traversées d'agglomération" (October and November, 2001) (in French). Paris: MEDD. Mission nationale Véloroutes et voies vertes - MN3V. Véloroutes voies vertes l'avenir est aux circula...	{ "page_id": 76155969, "title": "Voie verte" }
In mathematics, the Zakharov system is a system of non-linear partial differential equations, introduced by Vladimir Zakharov in 1972 to describe the propagation of Langmuir waves in an ionized plasma. The system consists of a complex field u and a real field n satisfying the equations i ∂ t u + ∇ 2 u = u n ◻ n = − ∇ 2...	{ "page_id": 16714816, "title": "Zakharov system" }
Resource intensity is a measure of the resources (e.g. water, energy, materials) needed for the production, processing and disposal of a unit of good or service, or for the completion of a process or activity; it is therefore a measure of the efficiency of resource use. It is often expressed as the quantity of resource...	{ "page_id": 18484291, "title": "Resource intensity" }
Behind the ostium of the eustachian tube (ostium pharyngeum tuba auditiva) is a deep recess, the pharyngeal recess (fossa of Rosenmüller). == Clinical significance == At the base of this recess is the retropharyngeal lymph node (the node of Rouvière). This is clinically significant in that it may be involved in certain...	{ "page_id": 8653893, "title": "Pharyngeal recess" }
An n-gram is a sequence of n adjacent symbols in particular order. The symbols may be n adjacent letters (including punctuation marks and blanks), syllables, or rarely whole words found in a language dataset; or adjacent phonemes extracted from a speech-recording dataset, or adjacent base pairs extracted from a genome....	{ "page_id": 986182, "title": "N-gram" }
4-grams (and counts of the number of times they appeared) from the Google n-gram corpus. 3-grams ceramics collectables collectibles (55) ceramics collectables fine (130) ceramics collected by (52) ceramics collectible pottery (50) ceramics collectibles cooking (45) 4-grams serve as the incoming (92) serve as the incuba...	{ "page_id": 986182, "title": "N-gram" }
3-Methyl-4-octanolide, also called β-methyl-γ-octalactone or 5-butyldihydro-4-methylfuran-2-one can be either of two chemical products of the lactone family: cis-3-Methyl-4-octanolide, or "whisky lactone", the component of oak wood that imparts flavor to whisky trans-3-Methyl-4-octanolide, also found in oak wood.	{ "page_id": 30280773, "title": "3-Methyl-4-octanolide" }
In analytic geometry, the intersection of a line and a plane in three-dimensional space can be the empty set, a point, or a line. It is the entire line if that line is embedded in the plane, and is the empty set if the line is parallel to the plane but outside it. Otherwise, the line cuts through the plane at a single ...	{ "page_id": 3279949, "title": "Line–plane intersection" }
Expanding gives ( l ⋅ n ) d + ( l 0 − p 0 ) ⋅ n = 0. {\displaystyle (\mathbf {l} \cdot \mathbf {n} )\ d+(\mathbf {l_{0}} -\mathbf {p_{0}} )\cdot \mathbf {n} =0.} And solving for d {\displaystyle d} gives d = ( p 0 − l 0 ) ⋅ n l ⋅ n . {\displaystyle d={(\mathbf {p_{0}} -\mathbf {l_{0}} )\cdot \mathbf {n} \over \mathbf {...	{ "page_id": 3279949, "title": "Line–plane intersection" }
b = l b − l a {\displaystyle \mathbf {l} _{ab}=\mathbf {l} _{b}-\mathbf {l} _{a}} is the vector pointing from l a {\displaystyle \mathbf {l} _{a}} to l b {\displaystyle \mathbf {l} _{b}} . Similarly a general point on a plane determined by the triangle defined by the points p 0 = ( x 0 , y 0 , z 0 ) {\displaystyle \mat...	{ "page_id": 3279949, "title": "Line–plane intersection" }
_{ab}t+\mathbf {p} _{01}u+\mathbf {p} _{02}v,} which can be expressed in matrix form as [ l a − p 0 ] = [ − l a b p 01 p 02 ] [ t u v ] , {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {l} _{a}-\mathbf {p} _{0}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}-\mathbf {l} _{ab}&\mathbf {p} _{01}&\mathbf {p} _{02}\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}t\\...	{ "page_id": 3279949, "title": "Line–plane intersection" }
in the plane or parallel to it. If a unique solution exists (determinant is not 0), then it can be found by inverting the matrix and rearranging: [ t u v ] = [ − l a b p 01 p 02 ] − 1 [ l a − p 0 ] , {\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}t\\u\\v\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}-\mathbf {l} _{ab}&\mathbf {p} _{01}&\mathbf {p} _{...	{ "page_id": 3279949, "title": "Line–plane intersection" }
⋅ ( p 01 × p 02 ) {\displaystyle t={\frac {{(\mathbf {p} _{01}\times \mathbf {p} _{02})}\cdot (\mathbf {l} _{a}-\mathbf {p} _{0})}{-\mathbf {l} _{ab}\cdot (\mathbf {p} _{01}\times \mathbf {p} _{02})}}} u = ( p 02 × − l a b ) ⋅ ( l a − p 0 ) − l a b ⋅ ( p 01 × p 02 ) {\displaystyle u={\frac {{(\mathbf {p} _{02}\times -\...	{ "page_id": 3279949, "title": "Line–plane intersection" }
Centro di Cultura e Civiltà Contadina - Biblioteca Internazionale La Vigna is an institute of documentation specialised in studies concerning agriculture and wine. It is considered as the most important reference point for ampelographic research worldwide. It is situated in Vicenza in Contrà Porta Santa Croce n. 3 in P...	{ "page_id": 33557584, "title": "International Library La Vigna" }
He became general secretary of “Centro di Cultura e Civiltà Contadina” and of the International Library “La Vigna”. Demetrio Zaccaria died in 1993 after having received important international recognitions. == The base == “Centro di Cultura e Civiltà Contadina” and Biblioteca Internazionale “La Vigna” have their headqu...	{ "page_id": 33557584, "title": "International Library La Vigna" }
collection is constantly updated with new purchases, both of ancient and modern volumes. The ancient collection includes the most important editions of gastronomy that were published in Italy between the sixteenth and the seventeenth century. A peculiar example is De honesta voluptate by Platina (1530), which is consid...	{ "page_id": 33557584, "title": "International Library La Vigna" }
the last centuries. Caproni Collection: the collection was bought by the heirs of Federico Caproni in 1997, who founded the Aeronautic Caproni Industries with his brother Gianni. It contains about 6500 volumes about the agricultural management and reclaims in the autarchic period. It is also made up of rare works about...	{ "page_id": 33557584, "title": "International Library La Vigna" }
Ricerca per la Viticoltura di Conegliano”, “ Istituto di Genetica e Sperimentazione Agraria “N. Strampelli”” of Lonigo, “ Fondazione Masi”, “AIS Veneto” (Associazione Italiana Sommeliers), local consortiums for the conservation of DOC wines, “FAI”, “Club Lions”, Rotarys from Vicenza, “Associazione Italiana Cultura del ...	{ "page_id": 33557584, "title": "International Library La Vigna" }
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge Ecosystem Project MAR-ECO is an international research project in which scientists from 16 nations take part. Norway, represented by the Institute of Marine Research and the University of Bergen, co-ordinates the project which will enhance our understanding of occurrence, distribution and ecology...	{ "page_id": 22023250, "title": "Mid-Atlantic Ridge Ecosystem Project" }
Russia, Germany, the United Kingdom, USA, and Portugal have also made major contributions. In June 2003 a Russian-US cruise using the crewed submersibles MIR-1 and -2 took scientists to areas never before visited by humans at 4500m below the surface. Contributing to sustainable development MAR-ECO shall enhance the bas...	{ "page_id": 22023250, "title": "Mid-Atlantic Ridge Ecosystem Project" }
the Census of Marine Life based in the USA. == Backgrounders == The Mar-ECO project presented an exhibit in the Sant Ocean Hall of the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC in 2010. The exhibit featured specimens, photography, art, models, and multimedia about the discoveries of the program. == Refere...	{ "page_id": 22023250, "title": "Mid-Atlantic Ridge Ecosystem Project" }
In nucleotide sugar metabolism a group of biochemicals known as nucleotide sugars act as donors for sugar residues in the glycosylation reactions that produce polysaccharides. They are substrates for glycosyltransferases. The nucleotide sugars are also intermediates in nucleotide sugar interconversions that produce som...	{ "page_id": 14355539, "title": "Nucleotide sugars metabolism" }
The molecular formula C14H21NOS may refer to: Esproquin Prosulfocarb	{ "page_id": 77597780, "title": "C14H21NOS" }
Tetraterpenes are terpenes consisting of eight isoprene units and have the molecular formula C40H64. Tetraterpenoids (including many carotenoids) are tetraterpenes that have been chemically modified, as indicated by the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups. Phytoene is biosynthesized via the head-to-head con...	{ "page_id": 5901398, "title": "Tetraterpene" }
In condensed matter physics, Lindhard theory is a method of calculating the effects of electric field screening by electrons in a solid. It is based on quantum mechanics (first-order perturbation theory) and the random phase approximation. It is named after Danish physicist Jens Lindhard, who first developed the theory...	{ "page_id": 22613078, "title": "Lindhard theory" }
where ω p l 2 = 4 π e 2 N L 3 m {\displaystyle \omega _{\rm {pl}}^{2}={\frac {4\pi e^{2}N}{L^{3}m}}} is the three-dimensional plasma frequency (in SI units, replace the factor 4 π {\displaystyle 4\pi } by 1 / ϵ 0 {\displaystyle 1/\epsilon _{0}} .) For two-dimensional systems, ω p l 2 ( q ) = 2 π e 2 n q ϵ m {\displayst...	{ "page_id": 22613078, "title": "Lindhard theory" }
∂ f k ∂ μ ∂ E k ∂ k i = − ∑ i q i k i ℏ 2 m ∂ f k ∂ μ {\displaystyle \sum _{i}{q_{i}{\frac {\partial f_{\mathbf {k} }}{\partial k_{i}}}}=-\sum _{i}{q_{i}{\frac {\partial f_{\mathbf {k} }}{\partial \mu }}{\frac {\partial E_{\mathbf {k} }}{\partial k_{i}}}}=-\sum _{i}{q_{i}k_{i}{\frac {\hbar ^{2}}{m}}{\frac {\partial f_{...	{ "page_id": 22613078, "title": "Lindhard theory" }
{{\frac {4\pi e^{2}}{\epsilon }}{\frac {\partial n}{\partial \mu }}}}} .Then, the 3D statically screened Coulomb potential is given by V s ( q , ω = 0 ) ≡ V q ϵ ( q , 0 ) = 4 π e 2 ϵ q 2 L 3 q 2 + κ 2 q 2 = 4 π e 2 ϵ L 3 1 q 2 + κ 2 {\displaystyle V_{\rm {s}}(\mathbf {q} ,\omega =0)\equiv {\frac {V_{\mathbf {q} }}{\eps...	{ "page_id": 22613078, "title": "Lindhard theory" }
into the above 3D screening wave number equation, we obtain This result recovers the 3D wave number from Thomas–Fermi screening. For reference, Debye–Hückel screening describes the non-degenerate limit case. The result is κ = 4 π e 2 n β ϵ {\displaystyle \kappa ={\sqrt {\frac {4\pi e^{2}n\beta }{\epsilon }}}} , known a...	{ "page_id": 22613078, "title": "Lindhard theory" }
== External links == Exocrine pancreas cell entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms This article incorporates public domain material from Dictionary of Cancer Terms. U.S. National Cancer Institute.	{ "page_id": 16256089, "title": "Exocrine pancreas cell" }
Herman Samuel Bloch (June 15, 1912 – June 16, 1990) was an American chemist and an inventor. Bloch invented the catalytic converter, a device that removes pollutants from automobile exhaust fumes. Bloch held more than 270 patents. He was the deputy director of research of the aerospace company AlliedSignal Inc, and cha...	{ "page_id": 34081881, "title": "Herman S. Bloch" }
The Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP), founded in 2010, is a (DOE) Energy Innovation Hub whose primary mission is to find a cost-effective method to produce fuels using only sunlight, water, and carbon-dioxide. The program has a budget of $122M over five years, subject to Congressional appropriation. Th...	{ "page_id": 33688667, "title": "Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis" }
Microbial symbiosis in marine animals was not discovered until 1981. In the time following, symbiotic relationships between marine invertebrates and chemoautotrophic bacteria have been found in a variety of ecosystems, ranging from shallow coastal waters to deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Symbiosis is a way for marine org...	{ "page_id": 46861405, "title": "Marine microbial symbiosis" }
another. By using horizontal gene transfer, certain genetic elements are able to pass from one organisms to another. In non-mating species, this helps with genetic differentiation and adaptive evolution. An example of this is the sponge Astroclera willeyana which has a gene that is used in expressing spherulite-forming...	{ "page_id": 46861405, "title": "Marine microbial symbiosis" }
in such a way that it is not able to exit without the benefit it receives from its host. An example of an obligate symbioses is the relationship between microalgae and corals. The microalgae provides a large source of the coral diet == Some symbiotic relationships == === Coral reef symbiosis === The most notable displa...	{ "page_id": 46861405, "title": "Marine microbial symbiosis" }
symbiosis process begins when Peptidoglycan shed by the sea water bacteria comes in contact to the ciliated epithelial cells of the light organ. It induces mucus production in the cells. Mucus entraps bacterial cells. Antimicrobial peptides, nitric oxide and sialyted mucins in the mucus then selectively allow only V. f...	{ "page_id": 46861405, "title": "Marine microbial symbiosis" }
symbiotic relationship with the bacteria that resides on its back. It forms a "fleece-like" protective covering. Mucus is secreted from glands on the back of the Pompeii worm in order to provide nutrients for the bacteria. Further study of the bacteria led to the discovery that they are chemolithotrophic. === Hawaiian ...	{ "page_id": 46861405, "title": "Marine microbial symbiosis" }
they are able to receive the highest amount of light, used for phototrophy. They can host approximately 52 different microbial phyla and candidate phyla, including Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Nitrospirae, Cyanobacteria, the taxa Gamma-, and the candidate phylum Poribacteria, and Thaumarchaea. === ...	{ "page_id": 46861405, "title": "Marine microbial symbiosis" }
which occur in their gill tissues. In the siboglinid tube worms of the groups Monilifera, Frenulata and Vestimentifera, symbionts can be found in an interior organ called trophosome. Most of the animals in deep-sea hydrothermal vents exist in a symbiotic relationship with chemosynthetic bacteria. These chemosynthetic b...	{ "page_id": 46861405, "title": "Marine microbial symbiosis" }
In machine learning (ML), a learning curve (or training curve) is a graphical representation that shows how a model's performance on a training set (and usually a validation set) changes with the number of training iterations (epochs) or the amount of training data. Typically, the number of training epochs or training ...	{ "page_id": 59968610, "title": "Learning curve (machine learning)" }
=== Training curve for amount of data === If the training data is { x 1 , x 2 , … , x n } , { y 1 , y 2 , … y n } {\displaystyle \{x_{1},x_{2},\dots ,x_{n}\},\{y_{1},y_{2},\dots y_{n}\}} and the validation data is { x 1 ′ , x 2 ′ , … x m ′ } , { y 1 ′ , y 2 ′ , … y m ′ } {\displaystyle \{x_{1}',x_{2}',\dots x_{m}'\},\{...	{ "page_id": 59968610, "title": "Learning curve (machine learning)" }
In biology, saltation (from Latin saltus 'leap, jump') is a sudden and large mutational change from one generation to the next, potentially causing single-step speciation. This was historically offered as an alternative to Darwinism. Some forms of mutationism were effectively saltationist, implying large discontinuous ...	{ "page_id": 4131939, "title": "Saltation (biology)" }
small variation is supposed to be responsible for the fine adaptations below the species level. In the early 20th century a mechanism of saltation was proposed as large mutations. It was seen as a much faster alternative to the Darwinian concept of a gradual process of small random variations being acted on by natural ...	{ "page_id": 4131939, "title": "Saltation (biology)" }
are some prominent proponents of saltation, including Carl Woese. Woese, and colleagues, suggested that the absence of RNA signature continuum between domains of bacteria, archaea, and eukarya constitutes a primary indication that the three primary organismal lineages materialized via one or more major evolutionary sal...	{ "page_id": 4131939, "title": "Saltation (biology)" }
ridiculed within the biological community, which favored the neo-Darwinian explanations of R.A. Fisher, J. B. S. Haldane and Sewall Wright. However, there has been a recent interest in the ideas of Goldschmidt in the field of evolutionary developmental biology as some scientists are convinced he was not entirely wrong....	{ "page_id": 4131939, "title": "Saltation (biology)" }
and Why It Matters (2007) wrote: The past twenty years have vindicated Goldschmidt to some degree. With the discovery of the importance of regulatory genes, we realize that he was ahead of his time in focusing on the importance of a few genes controlling big changes in the organisms, not small-scales changes in the ent...	{ "page_id": 4131939, "title": "Saltation (biology)" }
there has been an interest in aspects of the hopeful monster hypothesis in recent years: Goldschmidt proposed that mutations occasionally yield individuals within populations that deviate radically from the norm and referred to such individuals as "hopeful monsters". If the novel phenotypes of hopeful monsters arise un...	{ "page_id": 4131939, "title": "Saltation (biology)" }
single generation. === Claimed instances === Evidence of phenotypic saltation has been found in the centipede and some scientists have suggested there is evidence for independent instances of saltational evolution in sphinx moths. Saltational changes have occurred in the buccal cavity of the roundworm Caenorhabditis el...	{ "page_id": 4131939, "title": "Saltation (biology)" }
Gould's macromutation theory gave a nod to his predecessor with an envisaged "Goldschmidt break" between evolution within a species and speciation. His advocacy of Goldschmidt was attacked with "highly unflattering comments" by B. Charlesworth and Templeton. Futuyma concludes, following other biologists reviewing the f...	{ "page_id": 4131939, "title": "Saltation (biology)" }
The pudendal canal (also called Alcock's canal) is an anatomical structure formed by the obturator fascia (fascia of the obturator internus muscle) lining the lateral wall of the ischioanal fossa. The internal pudendal artery and veins, and pudendal nerve pass through the pudendal canal, and the perineal nerve arises w...	{ "page_id": 4787300, "title": "Pudendal canal" }
In particle physics, the Glashow resonance is the resonant formation of the W boson in antineutrino-electron collisions: νe + e− → W−. == History == The resonance was proposed by Sheldon Glashow in 1959. == Theory == The threshold antineutrino energy for this process (for the electron at rest in the laboratory frame) i...	{ "page_id": 42208364, "title": "Glashow resonance" }
The Ignaz Lieben Prize, named after the Austrian banker Ignaz Lieben, is an annual Austrian award made by the Austrian Academy of Sciences to young scientists working in the fields of molecular biology, chemistry, or physics. == Biography == The Ignaz Lieben Prize has been called the Austrian Nobel Prize. It is similar...	{ "page_id": 9440365, "title": "Lieben Prize" }
young scientists who work in Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia or Slovenia (i.e., in one of the countries that were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire a hundred years ago), and who work in the fields of molecular biology, chemistry, or physics. == Laureates == Source (1865–193...	{ "page_id": 9440365, "title": "Lieben Prize" }
Infinite divisibility arises in different ways in philosophy, physics, economics, order theory (a branch of mathematics), and probability theory (also a branch of mathematics). One may speak of infinite divisibility, or the lack thereof, of matter, space, time, money, or abstract mathematical objects such as the contin...	{ "page_id": 855150, "title": "Infinite divisibility" }
there must be an infinite collection of objects), or (more rarely), point-sized items, or both. Pyle states that the mathematics of infinitely divisible extensions involve neither of these — that there are infinite divisions, but only finite collections of objects and they never are divided down to point extension-less...	{ "page_id": 855150, "title": "Infinite divisibility" }
the process of becoming up to the beginning of the second in question, and ask what then becomes, no answer can be given. For, whatever creature we indicate presupposes an earlier creature which became after the beginning of the second and antecedently to the indicated creature. Therefore there is nothing which becomes...	{ "page_id": 855150, "title": "Infinite divisibility" }
the best currently accepted theory in physics, the Standard Model, there is a distance (called the Planck length, 1.616229(38)×10−35 metres, named after one of the fathers of Quantum Theory, Max Planck) and therefore a time interval (the amount of time which light takes to traverse that distance in a vacuum, 5.39116(13...	{ "page_id": 855150, "title": "Infinite divisibility" }
cent price difference, but it's only a choice. Everything else in business measurement and choice is similarly divisible to the degree that the parties are interested. For example, financial reports may be reported annually, quarterly, or monthly. Some business managers run cash-flow reports more than once per day. Alt...	{ "page_id": 855150, "title": "Infinite divisibility" }
both infinitely divisible and gapless. Any linearly ordered set that is infinitely divisible and gapless, and has more than one member, is uncountably infinite. For a proof, see Cantor's first uncountability proof. Infinite divisibility alone implies infiniteness but not uncountability, as the rational numbers exemplif...	{ "page_id": 855150, "title": "Infinite divisibility" }
Infinite Divisibility of some Skewed Symmetric Distributions". Statistics and Probability Letters, 77 (6), 644–648 doi:10.1016/j.spl.2006.09.014 == External links == Infinite Hierarchical Nesting of Matter (translation of Russian Wikipedia page)	{ "page_id": 855150, "title": "Infinite divisibility" }
An aglycone (aglycon or genin) is the chemical compound remaining after the glycosyl group on a glycoside is replaced by a hydrogen atom. For example, the aglycone of a cardiac glycoside would be a steroid molecule. == Detection == A way to identify aglycone is proposed to extract it from Agave spp. by using H-NMR and ...	{ "page_id": 2821231, "title": "Aglycone" }
Kureha Corporation (株式会社クレハ, Kabushiki-gaisha Kureha) is a Japanese manufacturer of specialty chemicals, polymers and agrichemicals. == Corporate affairs == Kureha Chemical Industries is a member of the Mizuho keiretsu. == Products == === Polyglycolic acid === One of the company's long-term investments is in polyglycol...	{ "page_id": 46795887, "title": "Kureha Corporation" }
CC chemokine receptors (or beta chemokine receptors) are integral membrane proteins that specifically bind and respond to cytokines of the CC chemokine family. They represent one subfamily of chemokine receptors, a large family of G protein-linked receptors that are known as seven transmembrane (7-TM) proteins since th...	{ "page_id": 9833587, "title": "CC chemokine receptors" }
by T cell receptor activation. However, some reports suggest a role for this receptor also in trafficking of dendritic cells. The CC chemokines CCL3, CCL5, CCL17 and CCL22 signal through this receptor. === CCR5 === CCR5 is expressed on several cell types including peripheral blood-derived dendritic cells, CD34+ hematop...	{ "page_id": 9833587, "title": "CC chemokine receptors" }
(signaling) chemokine receptor. === CCR10 === CCR10 is receptor for CCL27 and CCL28 that was originally called orphan receptor GPR2. CCR10 has been implicated in inflammation of the skin, and has been shown to recruit regulatory T cells (Tregs) to mucosal layers. === CCR11 === This molecule was originally designated CC...	{ "page_id": 9833587, "title": "CC chemokine receptors" }
Moisture vapor transmission rate (MVTR), also water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), is a measure of the passage of water vapor through a substance. It is a measure of the permeability for vapor barriers. There are many industries where moisture control is critical. Moisture sensitive foods and pharmaceuticals are put i...	{ "page_id": 3214453, "title": "Moisture vapor transmission rate" }
measured, controlled and recorded with the result, and the thickness of the sample should be the same. An MVTR result without specifying these conditions is almost meaningless. Certainly no two results should be compared unless the conditions are known. For example, the effect of temperature on the permeability can be ...	{ "page_id": 3214453, "title": "Moisture vapor transmission rate" }
Properties of Plastics and Elastomers", 2003, Andrew Publishing, ISBN 978-1-884207-97-6 === USP Regulatory Standards === For drugs sold in the United States, the U.S. Pharmacopeia (USP) defines standards for moisture transmission of drug packaging. USP <671> === ASTM Standards === ASTM D1434 - Standard Test Method for ...	{ "page_id": 3214453, "title": "Moisture vapor transmission rate" }
Soredia are common reproductive structures of lichens. Lichens reproduce asexually by employing simple fragmentation and production of soredia and isidia. Soredia are powdery propagules composed of fungal hyphae wrapped around cyanobacteria or green algae. These can be either scattered diffusely across the surface of t...	{ "page_id": 14617718, "title": "Soredium" }
Australia's diverse and often attractive flora has been depicted on numerous Australian stamp issues: Acacia baileyana – 1978 Acacia coriacea – 2002 Acacia dealbata (?) – 1982 Acacia melanoxylon – 1996 Acacia pycnantha – 1959, 1979, 1990 Acmena smithii – 2002 Actinodium cunninghamii – 2005 Actinotus helianthi – 1959 Ad...	{ "page_id": 3345526, "title": "List of flora on stamps of Australia" }
– 2002 Phalaenopsis rosenstromii – 1998 Phebalium whitei – 2007 Swainsona formosa – 1968, 1971, 2005 Santalum acuminatum – 2002 Telopea speciosissima – 1959, 1968, 2006 Thelymitra variegata – 1986 Thysanothus tuberosus – 2005 Wahlenbergia gloriosa – 1986 Wahlenbergia stricta – 1999 Wollemia nobilis – 2005 Xanthorrhoea ...	{ "page_id": 3345526, "title": "List of flora on stamps of Australia" }
The Forouhi–Bloomer model is a mathematical formula for the frequency dependence of the complex-valued refractive index. The model can be used to fit the refractive index of amorphous and crystalline semiconductor and dielectric materials at energies near and greater than their optical band gap. The dispersion relation...	{ "page_id": 69209212, "title": "Forouhi–Bloomer model" }
{\displaystyle E_{g}} is the bandgap of the material, A {\displaystyle A} , B {\displaystyle B} , C {\displaystyle C} , and n ∞ {\displaystyle n_{\infty }} are fitting parameters, P {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}} denotes the Cauchy principal value, κ ∞ = lim E → ∞ κ ( E ) = A {\displaystyle \kappa _{\infty }=\lim _{E\r...	{ "page_id": 69209212, "title": "Forouhi–Bloomer model" }
_{j}{\frac {A_{j}}{E^{2}-B_{j}E+C_{j}}}} . where all variables are defined similarly to the amorphous case, but with unique values for each value of the summation index j {\displaystyle j} . Thus, the model for amorphous materials is a special case of the model for crystalline materials when the sum is over a single te...	{ "page_id": 69209212, "title": "Forouhi–Bloomer model" }
Even restricting the discussion to physics, scientists do not have a unique definition of what matter is. In the currently known particle physics, summarised by the standard model of elementary particles and interactions, it is possible to distinguish in an absolute sense particles of matter and particles of antimatter...	{ "page_id": 2362494, "title": "Matter creation" }
light particles (i.e., photons) into one or more massive particles. The most common and well-studied case is the one where two photons convert into an electron–positron pair. == Photon pair production == Because of momentum conservation laws, the creation of a pair of fermions (matter particles) out of a single photon ...	{ "page_id": 2362494, "title": "Matter creation" }
pairs both theoretically and experimentally (using particle accelerators, air showers, radioactive isotopes, etc.). It is possible to create all fundamental particles in the standard model, including quarks, leptons and bosons using photons of varying energies above some minimum threshold, whether directly (by pair pro...	{ "page_id": 2362494, "title": "Matter creation" }
Anthropometry ( , from Ancient Greek ἄνθρωπος (ánthrōpos) 'human' and μέτρον (métron) 'measure') refers to the measurement of the human individual. An early tool of physical anthropology, it has been used for identification, for the purposes of understanding human physical variation, in paleoanthropology and in various...	{ "page_id": 330879, "title": "Anthropometry" }
Due to methodological and practical problems, its measurement is also subject to considerable error in statistical sampling. The average height in genetically and environmentally homogeneous populations is often proportional across a large number of individuals. Exceptional height variation (around 20% deviation from a...	{ "page_id": 330879, "title": "Anthropometry" }
cu in), respectively. The right cerebral hemisphere is typically larger than the left, whereas the cerebellar hemispheres are typically of more similar size. Size of the human stomach varies significantly in adults, with one study showing volumes ranging from 520 cm3 (32 cu in) to 1,536 cm3 (93.7 cu in) and weights ran...	{ "page_id": 330879, "title": "Anthropometry" }
developed countries. The research was based on the datasets for Southern Chinese contract migrants who were sent to Suriname and Indonesia and included 13,000 individuals. == Measuring instruments == === 3D body scanners === Today anthropometry can be performed with three-dimensional scanners. A global collaborative st...	{ "page_id": 330879, "title": "Anthropometry" }
is either a 2D image or a 2D image time series of the pressures acting under the plantar surface of the foot. From these data other variables may be calculated (see data analysis.) The spatial and temporal resolutions of the images generated by commercial pedobarographic systems range from approximately 3 to 10 mm and ...	{ "page_id": 330879, "title": "Anthropometry" }
have little to no prognathism; a relatively long and narrow face; a prominent brow ridge that protrudes forward from the forehead; a narrow, tear-shaped nasal cavity; a "silled" nasal aperture; tower-shaped nasal bones; a triangular-shaped palate; and an angular and sloping eye orbit shape. People with considerable Afr...	{ "page_id": 330879, "title": "Anthropometry" }
used to identify individuals in groups that are under surveillance. Biometric identifiers are the distinctive, measurable characteristics used to label and describe individuals. Biometric identifiers are often categorized as physiological versus behavioral characteristics. Subclasses include dermatoglyphics and soft bi...	{ "page_id": 330879, "title": "Anthropometry" }
scan is independent of the measurer, making it easier to standardize. Automatic landmark recognition (ALR) technology was used to extract anatomical landmarks from the 3D body scans automatically. Eighty landmarks were placed on each subject. More than 100 univariate measures were provided, over 60 from the scan and ap...	{ "page_id": 330879, "title": "Anthropometry" }
(2016). Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674660410. == External links == Anthropometry at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Anthropometry and Biomechanics at NASA Anthropometry data at faculty of Industrial Design Engineering a...	{ "page_id": 330879, "title": "Anthropometry" }
Major actinides is a term used in the nuclear power industry that refers to the isotopes of plutonium (239 Pu) uranium (235 U, 238 U) and thorium (232 Th) present in nuclear fuel, as opposed to the minor actinides neptunium, americium, curium, berkelium, and californium, including other isotopes of uranium and plutoniu...	{ "page_id": 3148927, "title": "Major actinide" }
In chemical nomenclature, the IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is a systematic method of naming inorganic chemical compounds, as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). It is published in Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (which is informally called the Red Book). Ideall...	{ "page_id": 3148933, "title": "IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry" }
the page on complex (chemistry). Oxyanions (polyatomic anions containing oxygen) are named with -ite or -ate, for a lesser or greater quantity of oxygen, respectively. For example, NO−2 is nitrite, while NO−3 is nitrate. If four oxyanions are possible, the prefixes hypo- and per- are used: hypochlorite is ClO−, perchlo...	{ "page_id": 3148933, "title": "IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry" }
common names of many chemical compounds: the modern literature contains few references to "ferric chloride" (instead calling it "iron(III) chloride"), but names like "potassium permanganate" (instead of "potassium manganate(VII)") and "sulfuric acid" abound. == Traditional naming == === Simple ionic compounds === An io...	{ "page_id": 3148933, "title": "IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry" }
named as the ionic compound followed by a numerical prefix and -hydrate. The numerical prefixes used are listed below (see IUPAC numerical multiplier): mono- di- tri- tetra- penta- hexa- hepta- octa- nona- deca- For example, CuSO4·5H2O is "copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate". === Molecular compounds === Inorganic molecula...	{ "page_id": 3148933, "title": "IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry" }
tetraphosphorus decaoxide. In writing formulas, ammonia is NH3 even though nitrogen is more electronegative (in line with the convention used by IUPAC as detailed in Table VI of the red book). Likewise, methane is written as CH4 even though carbon is more electronegative (Hill system). == Nomenclature of Inorganic Chem...	{ "page_id": 3148933, "title": "IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry" }
Kugel–Khomskii coupling describes a coupling between the spin and orbital degrees of freedom in a solid; it is named after the Russian physicists Kliment I. Kugel (Климент Ильич Кугель) and Daniel I. Khomskii (Daniil I. Khomskii, Даниил Ильич Хомский). The Hamiltonian used is: H = t 2 U ∑ ⟨ i , j ⟩ [ 4 ( S i → ⋅ S j → ...	{ "page_id": 16977033, "title": "Kugel–Khomskii coupling" }
An embedded lens is a gravitational lens that consists of a concentration of mass enclosed by (embedded in) a relative void in the surrounding distribution of matter: both the mass and the presence of a void surrounding it will affect the path of light passing through the vicinity. This is in contrast with the simpler,...	{ "page_id": 38866057, "title": "Embedded lens" }
Einstein's field equation, the embedded lens has to satisfy the following conditions: The mass of the embedded lens (point mass or distributed), should be the same as that from the removed sphere. The mass distribution within the void should be spherically symmetric. The cosmological constant should be the same inside ...	{ "page_id": 38866057, "title": "Embedded lens" }
embedding, the bending angle, lens equation, image amplification, image shear, and time delay between multiple images of an embedded lens are all different from those of a standard linearized lens. For example, the potential part of the time delay between image pairs, and the weak lensing shear of embedded lens can dif...	{ "page_id": 38866057, "title": "Embedded lens" }
Ljubov A. Rebane (née Chagalova) (September 6, 1929 Leningrad – June 13, 1991 Tallinn) was an Estonian physicist. She graduated from Leningrad University in 1952 and received a PhD in Physics and Mathematics in 1961 from the same university. She received the USSR State Prize (Russian: Госуда́рственная пре́мия СССР) in ...	{ "page_id": 38079625, "title": "Ljubov Rebane" }
Osteopromotive describes a material that promotes the de novo formation of bone. Osteoconductivity describes the property of graft material in which it serves as a scaffold for new bone growth but does not induce bone growth de novo. This means that osteoconductive materials will only contribute to new bone growth in a...	{ "page_id": 27135117, "title": "Osteopromotive" }

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