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https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law/6.2.3.06%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law_-_Pre-exponential_Factor... |
The pre-exponential factor (\(A\)) is an important component of the Arrhenius equation, which was formulated by the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius in 1889. The pre-exponential factor is also known as the and represents the frequency of collisions between reactant molecules at a standard concentration... | 5,381 | 0 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/The_Solubility_of_the_Hydroxides_S... |
This page discusses the solubility of the hydroxides, sulfates and carbonates of the Group 2 elements—beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium—in water Group II metal oxide basicity and hydroxide solubility in water increase as you go down the column. BeO and Be(OH)2 are amphoteric and react with acid... | 2,800 | 1 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/Reactions_of_Group_2_Elements_with... |
Group 2 elements (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium) react oxygen. to generate metal oxides. This Module addressed why it is difficult to observe a tidy pattern of this reactivity. On the whole, the metals burn in oxygen to form a simple metal oxide. Beryllium is reluctant to burn unless it is ... | 6,687 | 2 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/The_Thermal_Stability_of_the_Nitra... |
This page examines at the effect of heat on the carbonates and nitrates of the Group 2 elements (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium). It explains how the thermal stability of the compounds changes down the group. All the carbonates in this group undergo thermal decomposition to the metal oxide a... | 8,485 | 3 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/Reactions_of_Group_2_Elements_with... |
This page discusses the reactions of the Group 2 elements ( , , , and barium) with water, using these reactions to describe the trend in reactivity in . Beryllium reacts with steam at high temperatures (typically around 700°C or more) to give white beryllium oxide and hydrogen. \[ Be_{(s)} + H_2O_{(g)} \righ... | 4,702 | 4 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law/6.2.3.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law-_Activation_Energies |
All molecules possess a certain minimum amount of energy. The energy can be in the form of kinetic energy or potential energy. When molecules collide, the kinetic energy of the molecules can be used to stretch, bend, and ultimately break bonds, leading to chemical reactions. If molecules move too slowly... | 7,603 | 5 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/Alkaline_Earth_(Group_II)_Trends |
1. Beryllium is the least reactive and does not react with water even at red heat and does not react with N . Magnesium only reacts at reasonable rate with steam, calcium and strontium readily tarnish in moist air and barium tarnishes readily. 2. The ionic character of the compounds increases down the G... | 4,063 | 6 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Electronic_Structure_of_Atoms_and_Molecules/Prediction_of_Aromatic_Anti_Aromatic_and_Non_Aromatic_Character_of_Heterocyclic_Compounds_along_with_their_Omission_Behavior-_Inn... |
In this article, formulae based mnemonics by classifying lone pair of electrons (localized or delocalized) have been highlighted in an innovative and time economic way to enhance interest of students’ on heterocyclic chemistry for determination of planarity by calculating Hybridization state of hetero a... | 14,532 | 7 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/Group_2%3A_General_Properties |
The elements in the group include beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). Group 2 contains soft, silver metals that are less metallic in character than the Group 1 elements. Although many characteristics are common throughout the group, the heavier met... | 11,369 | 9 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law/6.2.3.04%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law_-_Arrhenius_Plots |
In 1889, Svante Arrhenius proposed the from his direct observations of the plots of rate constants vs. temperatures: \[k = Ae^{-\frac{E_a}{RT}} \label{eq1} \] The , E , is the minimum energy molecules must possess in order to react to form a product. The slope of the Arrhenius plot can be used to fi... | 5,519 | 10 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Book%3A_Quantum_States_of_Atoms_and_Molecules_(Zielinksi_et_al)/09%3A_The_Electronic_States_of_the_Multielectron_Atoms/9.06%3A_Electron_Configurations%2C_The_Pauli_Exclusion_Principle%2C_The_Aufbau_Principle%2C_and_Slater_Determina... |
To discuss the electronic states of atoms we need a system of notation for multi-electron wavefunctions. As we saw in Chapter 8, the assignment of electrons to orbitals is called the electron configuration of the atom. One creates an electronic configuration representing the electronic structure of a multi-elect... | 14,763 | 11 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Block_Elements/Group__2_Elements%3A_The_Alkaline_Earth_Metals/1Group_2%3A_Chemical_Reactions_of_Alkali_Earth_Metals/Reactions_of_Group_2_Elements_with... |
This page discusses the reactions of the Group 2 elements (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium) with common acids. Each metal reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid, producing bubbles of hydrogen gas and a colorless solution of the metal chloride: \[ X + 2HCl \rightarrow XCl_2 + H_2\] These reactio... | 2,882 | 12 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/10%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_I_-_Ionic_and_Radical_Addition_Reactions/10.05%3A_Orientation_in_Addition_to_Alkenes |
Addition of an unsymmetrical substance such as \(\ce{HX}\) to an unsymmetrical alkene theoretically can give two products: and Both products are seldom formed in equal amounts; in fact, one isomer usually is formed to the exclusion of the other. For example, the hydration of propene gives 2-propanol (not 1-p... | 8,768 | 13 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law/6.2.3.05%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law_-_Direction_Matters |
Complicated molecular structures increase the likelihood that the rate constant depends on the trajectories with which the reactants approach each other. This kind of is well-known to all students of organic chemistry. Consider the addition of a hydrogen halide such as HCl to the double bond of an alkene, conve... | 1,371 | 14 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law/6.2.3.01%3A_Arrhenius_Equation |
It is common knowledge that chemical reactions occur more rapidly at higher temperatures. Milk turns sour much more rapidly if stored at room temperature rather than in a refrigerator; butter goes rancid more quickly in the summer than in the winter; and eggs hard-boil more quickly at sea level than in the mount... | 11,107 | 15 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.06%3A_Addition_of_Boron_Hydrides_to_Alkenes._Organoboranes |
An especially valuable group of intermediates can be prepared by addition of an compound to carbon-carbon double or triple bonds: The reaction is called and is a versatile synthesis of organoboron compounds. One example is the addition of diborane, \(\ce{B_2H_6}\), to ethene. Diborane behaves as though it is... | 9,840 | 17 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/17%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_II-_Enols_and_Enolate_Anions._Unsaturated_and_Polycarbonyl_Compounds/17.04%3A_Nucleophilic_Addition_Reactions_of_Enolate_Anions |
A most important property of enolate anions, at least as far as synthesis is concerned, is their excellent nucleophilicity, which enables them to to double bonds and to participate in nucleophilic substitution. When the addition is to a carbonyl double bond, it is called an (Equation 17-4). Additions of enol... | 11,538 | 18 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Equilibria/Chemical_Equilibria/Calculating_An_Equilibrium_Concentrations/Writing_Equilibrium_Constant_Expressions_Involving_Gases/Gas_Equilibrium_Constants |
\(K_c\) and \(K_p\) are the equilibrium constants of gaseous mixtures. However, the difference between the two constants is that \(K_c\) is defined by molar concentrations, whereas \(K_p\) is defined by the partial pressures of the gasses inside a closed system. The equilibrium constants do not include ... | 13,145 | 20 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/16%3A_Carbonyl_Compounds_I-_Aldehydes_and_Ketones._Addition_Reactions_of_the_Carbonyl_Group/16.10%3A_Preparative_Methods_for_Aldehydes_and_Ketones |
A number of useful reactions for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones, such as ozonization of alkenes and hydration of alkynes, have been considered in previous chapters. These and other methods of preparation are summarized in Tables 16-7 and 16-8 at the end of the chapter. Only a few rather general methods... | 8,506 | 21 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/0Group_17%3A_Physical_Properties_of_the_Halogens/Group_17%3A_General_Properties_of_Halogens |
The halogens are located on the left of the noble gases on the periodic table. These five toxic, non-metallic elements make up Group 17 of the periodic table and consist of: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At). Although astatine is radioactive and only has short-live... | 6,871 | 22 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_13%3A_The_Boron_Family/Z013_Chemistry_of_Aluminum_(Z13)/Case_Study%3A_Conversion_of_Bauxite_Ore_to_Aluminum_______Metal |
Aluminum is found in varying amounts in nature as aluminosilicates (contains aluminum, silicon, and oxygen) in various types of clay. As the minerals are weathered they gradually breakdown into various forms of hydrated aluminum oxide, Al O .xH O, known as bauxite. The bauxite is purified by the . Firs... | 2,628 | 23 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.07%3A_Oxidation_Reactions |
Most alkenes react readily with ozone \(\left( \ce{O_3} \right)\), even at low temperatures, to yield cyclic peroxidic derivatives known as . For example, These substances, like most compounds with peroxide \(\left( \ce{O-O} \right)\) bonds, may explode violently and unpredictably. Therefore ozonizations must b... | 5,997 | 24 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_and_Websites_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/2_p-Block_Elements/Group_17%3A_The_Halogens/0Group_17%3A_Physical_Properties_of_the_Halogens/Physical_Properties_of_the_Group_17_Elements |
This page discusses the trends in some atomic and physical properties of the Group 17 elements (the halogens): fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. Sections below describe the trends in atomic radius, electronegativity, electron affinity, melting and boiling points, and solubility. There is also a section on ... | 1,519 | 25 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/06%3A_Modeling_Reaction_Kinetics/6.02%3A_Temperature_Dependence_of_Reaction_Rates/6.2.03%3A_The_Arrhenius_Law/6.2.3.02%3A_The_Arrhenius_Equation |
This page examines rate constant variation with temperature and activation energy, as shown by the Arrhenius equation. The rate equation for a reaction between two substances, A and B, is the following: The rate equation shows the effect of changing the reactant concentrations on the rate of the reaction. All ot... | 2,499 | 26 |
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Basic_Principles_of_Organic_Chemistry_(Roberts_and_Caserio)/11%3A_Alkenes_and_Alkynes_II_-_Oxidation_and_Reduction_Reactions._Acidity_of_Alkynes/11.06%3A_Addition_of_Boron_Hydrides_to_Alkenes._Organoboranes |
An especially valuable group of intermediates can be prepared by addition of an compound to carbon-carbon double or triple bonds: The reaction is called and is a versatile synthesis of organoboron compounds. One example is the addition of diborane, \(\ce{B_2H_6}\), to ethene. Diborane behaves as though it is... | 9,840 | 27 |
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