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# Introduction
The *BCL11B* gene encodes a protein which was originally described as chicken
ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor (COUP-TF)-interacting protein 2
(CTIP2) and radiation induced tumor suppressor gene 1 (*RIT1*). Bcl11b belongs
to C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>-zinc finger Krueppel-like proteins, ... |
# Introduction
COVID-19 remains a global public health concern and is especially pernicious in
regions with limited public health infrastructure that suffer from inadequate
epidemiologic surveillance and delayed implementation of pandemic
countermeasures. In the Central Asian states, such as Kazakhstan, substantial
un... |
# Introduction
The vast majority of dairy cattle of the Holstein breed display a black and
white spotted coat color while a subset of this breed are red and white spotted.
The *melanocortin 1 receptor* (*MC1R*) gene determines the basic coat color in
cattle and in Holsteins there are four known *MC1R* alleles: Dominan... |
# Introduction
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) for human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV)-1 infection typically comprises a ‘backbone’ – two nucleoside analogue
reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) – and a third drug – either a non-
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), a protease inhibitor (PI)... |
# Introduction
Soil is considered to be a major reservoir of *Bukholderia pseudomallei*, the
causative agent of melioidosis in humans and animals. Factors responsible for
the occurrence of *B*. *pseudomallei* in endemic areas are poorly understood,
although studies have suggested several properties related to soil tha... |
# Introduction
According to UNAIDS report 2019, there are approximately 1.7 million children
less than 15 years old living with HIV worldwide and 160000 children became
newly infected. Maternal-to-child transmission (MTCT) accounts for more than 90%
of pediatric HIV infection. In the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART... |
# Introduction
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common multifactorial and
heterogeneous disorder, characterized by progressive degeneration of the central
region of the retina (macula). Pigmentary abnormalities of the retinal pigment
epithelium (RPE) and extracellular deposits (drusen) under the retina are ... |
# Introduction
Alterations in arterial structure and function occur with advancing age in
healthy individuals, and the aging-induced decrease in endothelial function
contributes to the increases in arterial stiffness. Several studies have shown
that arterial stiffness is lower in physically active individuals compared... |
# Introduction
Gait asymmetry is one of the most common conditions following neurological
impairments, such as a stroke, Parkinson’s disease (PD), or multiple sclerosis
(MS). Deficits in temporal and spatial gait symmetry produce gait abnormalities,
such as reductions in walking speed and balance and unbalanced propul... |
# Introduction
Peripheral inputs contribute to kinesthesia, the sense of joint position and
movements, and blocking peripheral primary afferents impairs the perception of
limb position and movements. More directly, artificial activation of muscle
tendons or surface cutaneous receptors induces a powerful illusion of mo... |
# Introduction
P2X receptors, ion channels activated by extracellular ATP and permeable to
Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup>, are involved in a large array
of physiological functions including presynaptic modulation, , synaptic
transmission, smooth muscle contraction, inflammation, , cancer, intestinal... |
# Introduction
Antimicrobial proteins were first described in early 1960s with the
identification of three basic proteins with bactericidal activities from a
lysosomal fraction of guinea-pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Based on the
molecular masses and antimicrobial activities, these proteins were later named
as ant... |
# Introduction
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs comprising 20–25 nucleotides, and
miRNAs regulate gene expression by inducing mRNA degradation and inhibiting mRNA
transcription into proteins. More than 2,500 miRNAs have been identified
previously. It has been reported that the changes in miRNA expression ob... |
# Introduction
Depression is a mood disorder characterized by both emotional and cognitive
symptoms. Despite the intense research in the field, the neurobiology of
depression remains elusive, however emerging evidences place the glutamatergic
system as central to the neurobiology and treatment of the mood disorders. O... |
# Introduction
Recent evidence from cognitive social neuroscience has accelerated our
understanding of intricate social brain functions, including processes involving
the perception of others and their apparent behavior. However, relatively little
research has been conducted to evaluate agency and its role in intentio... |
# Introduction
Mitigating the effects of climate change is a major global challenge. In
November 2015, the 21<sup>st</sup> Conference of the Parties (COP 21) of the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Paris, agreed
to limit global temperature rise to less than 2°C compared to preindustria... |
# Introduction
Evolution has provided us with a unique and valuable tool to respond adaptively
to environmental changes through emotions. An increasing number of researchers
conceive emotions as discrete, universal, evolutionary, functional, and
organized system composed of behavioral, psychophysiological, experientia... |
# Introduction
The metabolically versatile gram-negative bacterium *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* has
an extraordinary ability to adapt and colonize several ecological niches. This
opportunistic pathogen has dispersed globally, causes a variety of infections,
and is frequently acquired in hospital environment, such as inten... |
# Introduction
Phosphorus is an important factor in numerous biological processes and exists in
the form of inorganic phosphates in the body. The intake of dietary phosphate
has been gradually increasing with changes in life style over the past several
decades. In healthy subjects, present-day levels of dietary phosph... |
# 1. Introduction
Aging persons living with HIV, well-controlled by antiretroviral treatment(ART),
present a high prevalence of age-related cardiovascular and metabolic
comorbidities, higher than the prevalence observed in non-infected individuals
with similar risk factors. Therefore, in these patients, it is mandator... |
# Introduction
Analyzing gene expression in multicellular organisms involves a tradeoff between
the spatial precision of imaging and the efficiency and comprehensiveness of
genomic methods. RNA *in situ* hybridization (ISH) and antibody staining of
fixed samples, or fluorescent imaging of live samples, provides high r... |
# Introduction
Hypertension is influenced by multiple risk factors, among which high NaCl
intake is one of the risk factors that has been studied the most. It is believed
that increased NaCl intake elevates blood pressure and thus favoring the
development of hypertension. Considerable evidence indicated that it is the... |
# Introduction
The second generation antipsychotic (SGA) olanzapine is prescribed to treat
schizophrenia and a growing number of other disorders in adults and children,
but can cause adverse metabolic side-effects including increased body weight,
caloric intake, and abdominal adiposity, and reduced physical activity.
... |
# Introduction
Deep learning (DL) technology has facilitated technological innovations in
various fields, including computer vision, natural language processing, and
speech analysis. These technologies are also being exploited in the medical
field, with devices incorporating DL in endoscopy, radiology, and histopathol... |
# Introduction
Programmed cell death (PCD) provides protection against biotrophic microbial
pathogens and is a hallmark of plant immune reactions. Execution of pathogen-
triggered plant cell death, often referred to as the hypersensitive response
(HR), is generally controlled by two distinct immune receptor classes, m... |
# Introduction
Nephrolithiasis is a common disease with a high worldwide prevalence that ranges
from 7 to 13% in North America, 5–9% in Europe, and 1–5% in Asia. Geography,
diet, fluid intake, genetics, climate, age, and occupation are important factors
that can affect the incidence of this disease. Kidney stone manag... |
# Introduction
Oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with daily tenofovir disoproxil fumarate
(TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) by HIV-negative people can prevent contracting HIV
and is a key intervention that can support reducing HIV infections by 90% by
2030. Initially, in 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) recomm... |
# Introduction
Water is practically essential for all of the functions of our bodies. Its
regulation is based on a complex endocrine system that balances its intake
(through food, beverages and metabolic water production) and loss (through skin,
sweat, lungs, urine and feces).
Maintaining an adequate hydration status... |
# 1 Introduction
Seeing the need for information in society, television still becomes a high-
demand mass media. Though television still survive amid the emergence of new
mass media platform recently, but the increasing number of new platforms such as
Youtube and Netflix have raised challenges. As a result, television... |
# Introduction
Adaptation to local environments is commonplace in nature and drives the
evolution of novel ecotypes. Whether adaptive phenotypic divergence plays an
important role in the origin of new species has been the subject of much
discussion. In this case, adaptation to different ecological conditions should
en... |
# Introduction
The World Health Organization (WHO) projects that diabetes will be the seventh
leading cause of death in 2030. The most common type of this rising disease is
type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Diabetes reduces not only life-expectancy but
also life–quality. However, it has become largely manageable due to... |
# Introduction
*Verticillium dahliae* Kleb is a soil-borne fungus that penetrates the vascular
system of the plant and causes vascular wilt disease. This pathogenic fungus
survives in the soil for long periods as microsclerotia, tiny structures
produced in the plant tissue. It infects hundreds of economically importan... |
# Introduction
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) decreases HIV-related morbidity and mortality as
well as infectiousness, resulting in a significant reduction in the risk of HIV
transmission from a treated infected person to an uninfected sexual partner.
However, while HIV care and treatment programmes have provided access... |
# Introduction
More than 60 diseases are known to increase the risk of psychotic disorders in
childhood and adolescence; they include genetic syndromes, inborn errors of
metabolism, and autoimmune, neurologic, endocrinological, and nutrition
disorders. As many as 12.5% of cases of childhood psychosis may have a medica... |
# Introduction
While the morbidity and mortality from cancer are largely attributable to its
metastatic dissemination, the integral components/features of the metastatic
cascade are not well understood. The most widely accepted hypothesis underlying
metastasis is that the primary tumor microenvironment (TME) induces a... |
# Introduction
Bacteremia is an increasingly prevalent and life-threatening condition with a
reported 30-day mortality above 15% in studies from industrialized countries. In
addition to increased risk of infections, low socioeconomic status (SES) may
also worsen infection outcomes. However, few studies have examined t... |
# Introduction
Though the idea of using satellite imagery to map penguin colonies is over
thirty-years old, the use of these approaches for ecological research and long-
term monitoring has been in active development only in the last few years.
Recent data policy changes, such as the free availability of archival Land... |
# Introduction
*Mycoplasma pneumoniae* (*M*. *pneumoniae*), a small prokaryote devoid of a cell
wall, is one of the most common etiological agents of human respiratory tract
infections. About 10–40% of all cases of community acquired pneumonia can be
attributed to *M*. *pneumoniae*, which occurs in epidemic peaks at i... |
# Introduction
Large intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) are recently emerging as a novel
class of functional non-coding RNAs, which are more than 200 nucleotides in
length, derive from the intervals between protein-coding genes, have similar
exon-intro-exon structure, but lack of protein-coding capacity. As yet, th... |
# Introduction
Successful treatment of neurological disorders requires effective techniques to
deliver drugs to the central nervous system (CNS). Systemic delivery can be
problematic because of the blood brain barrier (BBB) which prevents passive
passage of the majority of large molecules from the bloodstream into the... |
# Introduction
Accelerometers are increasingly used for studying daily physical activity. A
common technique to process accelerometer data is the so called ‘cut-points’
approach. This approach allows calculation of time spent with the acceleration
registered by the accelerometer between certain thresholds to define ph... |
# Introduction
In recent years, new drug development has become increasingly difficult and more
expensive worldwide. It has been reported that the average success rate for new
drug development is no greater than about 2%. Long development times, a
significant decrease in the approval of new drugs and the expiration of... |
# Introduction
DNA methylation is an epigenetic regulatory mechanism essential for cellular
differentiation processes and maintenance of cell type-specific gene expression
patterns. Thus, each cell type possesses a stable and characteristic DNA
methylation landscape that defines them. Nevertheless, environmental and
p... |
# Introduction
In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the mortality risk increases when
glomerular filtration rate (GFR) falls and becomes very high when GFR is below
15 ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>. But, it is not clear to what extent the high
mortality risk in CKD stage 5 (CKD5) can be reduced by earlier dialysi... |
# Introduction
Persistently elevated T-cell activation is now recognized as one of the key
pathogenic features of HIV infection. T cell activation increases cell turnover,
and the high level of T cell activation is thought to be one of the factors
leading to depletion of CD4+ T cells. Although both CD4+ and CD8+ T cel... |
# Introduction
Depression is a multi-faceted disorder encompassing emotional, cognitive,
behavioral, and somatic symptoms. Treatment for major depression may include
various forms of psychotherapy, antidepressant medication (ADM), such as the
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), or a combination of both.
P... |
# Introduction
Chemical communication is widespread in mammals and can relay information about
sex, reproductive state, territory, individual identity, and dominance status.
Many species have scent glands specifically for the purpose of transmitting
chemical information. Further, successful communication can contribut... |
# Introduction
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic recessive disorder caused by
mutations in the survival of motor neuron 1 (*SMN1)* gene on chromosome 5q,
leading to motoneuron loss and subsequent muscular atrophy and weakness.
Classically SMA is subdivided into different types according to maximum motor
funct... |
# Introduction
S100B is a Ca<sup>2+</sup> binding protein which is abundantly and
constitutively expressed in the brain by astrocytes where it has both autocrine
and paracrine effects on neurons and glia. To a lesser extent it is also
produced by other cell types such as monocytes, macrophages, microglia and T
cells. ... |
# Background
In order to guarantee a safe blood supply blood donors must meet certain
eligibility requirements. Eligibility is determined through the donor history
questionnaire and interview, assessing risk factors for transfusion
transmissible infections (TTI) such as tattooing, injecting drugs, and sexual
behaviour... |
# Introduction
By the end of 2010, the Chinese government estimated that 780,000 people were
infected with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome
(HIV/AIDS) in the People's Republic of China. In Si-chuan province, which is
located in the southwest of China, 48,357 cases of HIV infection were ... |
# Introduction
Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) is an alphavirus endemic to and
enzootic in North America. The virus, first isolated in 1930 by inoculation of
brain material from a sick horse into a healthy one, is maintained in the
zoonotic cycle which involves transmission from (primarily) *Culex* (*Cx.*)
*t... |
# Introduction
Epigenetic regulation refers to the molecular events where gene expression is
regulated without alterations in the DNA sequence. Epigenetic regulation has
been recognized as an extra level of the genetic codes with diverse mechanisms.
Previous studies have identified several epigenetic mechanisms, inclu... |
# Introduction
In recent years, a large amount of evidence has been gathered indicating that
reach-scale river restoration projects often fail to meet their predefined goals
and, in particular, that reach-scale restoration of the local hydromorphological
conditions often does not lead to the re-establishment of natura... |
# Introduction
In humans, mycobacteria often colonize without causing overt disease. In India
5% (equivalent to ∼65 million) of the population shed *M. leprae* DNA in their
nasal secretions, although \<400,000 have clinical leprosy. Similarly, the
number of individuals who have “latent” tuberculosis (30% of humankind)... |
# Introduction
Everyone experiences a variety of emotions throughout their lives. Thus, the
nature of emotion has always been of interest to scholars, as understanding the
nature of emotion could lead to a clearer understanding of the human experience
and yield useful results for improving people’s emotional health. H... |
# Introduction
‘Patient flow’ describes the flow or movement of patients through the different
stages of required hospital care and considers whether they are subject to
unnecessary delay. Poor patient flow is especially apparent when incoming
emergency department (ED) patients cannot immediately be admitted into the ... |
# Introduction
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is a prominent cause of neurological
disability in neonates. Since it is not possible to conduct controlled studies
in children, it is necessary to perform experimental studies in suitable animal
species to obtain information that is likely to be applicable to huma... |
# Introduction
It is well established that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis or
stress system is particularly sensitive to programming by early life events.
Dysregulation of immune/inflammatory responses may play a central role in
mediating early programming effects. Studies in the field of early programmi... |
# Introduction
It is estimated that more than 25 million people worldwide have Alzheimer’s
disease (AD), with these numbers expected to triple by the year 2050. Familial
early-onset AD is well recognized as an entity but accounts for only about 2–3%
of AD cases. FH is also a significant risk factor for, and predictor ... |
# Introduction
In a supermarket individuals are confronted with a lot of different food
products to choose from. Food companies anticipate on this decision process by
marketing their products not only by directing the attention of potential
consumers towards the sensory properties of a product (i.e. taste, smell and
t... |
# Introduction
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of numerous co-morbidities, such as
type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, collectively referred
to as metabolic syndrome, and cancer. The mechanisms involved are being
clarified, following the seminal discovery that adipose tissue, far fr... |
# Introduction
Schnitzler syndrome (SS) is a rare inflammatory condition characterized by
urticarial-like rash, fever and monoclonal IgM gammopathy. A role of interleukin
(IL)-1β has been suggested, and IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra was tried
successfully in SS on the basis of its efficacy in treating some heredit... |
# Introduction
Jaborandi is the vernacular name of several species of medicinal plants
belonging to the families Piperaceae and Rutaceae that are native to Brazil and
neighboring countries. In Brazil, the genus *Pilocarpus* Vahl (Rutaceae)
comprises 15 species, 12 of which are endemic; most are found in the eastern
pa... |
# Introduction
Hundreds of millions of people are infected with the common soil-transmitted
helminths (STHs), namely hookworms (*Ancylostoma duodenale* and *Necator
americanus*), *Ascaris lumbricoides* and *Trichuris trichiura*, many by multiple
species concurrently. *Taenia* spp. infections are also widespread. STHs ... |
# Background
Globally, under-five children are the most vulnerable segment of the population.
Under nutrition is one of the most public health burdens in developing
countries. It includes stunting, wasting, and under-weight and is determined
through measurements of height, weight, and age.
Stunting has been defined a... |
# Introduction
Concerns over the increasing demands on primary and urgent care services, and
the rising costs of healthcare, have driven policymakers to capitalise on the
potential of community pharmacies to provide medicines-related and public health
services beyond medicines supply. This builds on the concept of ‘ph... |
# Introduction
Experimental evolution is a research approach which is increasingly used to
analyze the functioning of fundamental evolutionary mechanisms (mutations,
selection, drift) in real time in controlled conditions. Several experimental
evolution studies have shown the ability of model organisms, such as the fr... |
# Introduction
Understanding the influence of a CEO’s cultural background on overinvestment
decisions is essential, especially in the global economy’s diverse cultural
contexts. China provides a particularly interesting case due to its cultural
heterogeneity and the significant north-south cultural divide. In listed
c... |
# Introduction
LPA is a potent signaling lipid molecule that is involved in numerous phenomena,
such as cell migration, preventing cellular apoptosis, angiogenesis, and others.
LPA modulates its biological functions through the activation of at least six
G-protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-6). Liver regeneration is an i... |
# Introduction
Rhacophoridae (Old World tree frogs), are a monophyletic family with a high
diversity, constituting ca. 6% of the world’s anuran species. Liem analyzed the
skeletal morphology in 420 lineages, representative of 14 rhacophorid genera.
However, despite their prevalence and existing data for adult morpholo... |
# Introduction
There is no doubt that there is rising enthusiasm among higher education
institutions across nations of the globe to build the transnational higher
education setting to meet developing global demands. As it is observed, the
internationalization of higher education is experiencing a prominent changing
sc... |
# Introduction
The mitochondrion produces most of the ATP in the cell, an energy source on
which almost all physicochemical processes depend. Each cell contains dozens or
hundreds of mtDNA genomes that are inherited as a single haplotypic block from
the mother to the offspring. Germ-line mutations accumulate on top of... |
# Introduction
The experimental identification of *cis*-regulatory sites based on transcription
factor binding motifs (TFBMs) is a difficult and time-consuming task. In this
regard, *in silico* analysis of TFBMs has recently attracted attention as a
promising tool for discovering true *cis*-regulatory sites. Previous ... |
# Introduction
Worldwide 1.5 billion cattle (FAO, 2013) are negatively affected by extreme
temperature changes with more frequent heat waves during summer periods. Heat
stress leads to decreased milk production, reduced reproduction rate and growth
of dairy cows. The economic losses caused by thermal stress was predic... |
# Introduction
Breast cancer is the most common cancer types and the leading cause of cancer
mortality in females in the world. It was estimated that approximately 278,800
new breast cancer cases with 64,600 deaths occurred in China in 2013. It is well
known that cancer progression is driven by mutations in cancer gen... |
# Introduction
Bioturbation refers to the physical effects of animals on their substratum. It
typically takes two forms in marine ecosystems: particle reworking and
ventilation. These two processes, which primarily result from the activities of
benthic (usually burrowing) macroinvertebrates, may have significant ecolo... |
# Introduction
The target of rapamycin (TOR) is a structurally and functionally conserved
protein kinase that plays a key role in integrating nutrient and energy
signaling to promote cell proliferation and growth. TOR proteins are found at
the core of two evolutionarily conserved complexes, known as TORC1 and TORC2.
T... |
# Background
Syncope and transient loss of consciousness (TLoC) account for a substantial
proportion of healthcare resource use. Data from the United Kingdom (UK) show
that in 2010–11, syncope and collapse were among the top three cardiology-
related admissions and that \>90% of syncopal admissions are to emergency
de... |
# Introduction
Mammary gland development during childhood does little more than keep pace with
the general growth of the body until puberty. During puberty, the mammary gland
exhibits a substantially dynamic process through which it gives rise to highly
organized ductal branches from earliest rudimentary ducts. The bi... |
# Introduction
Iron deficiency anemia in young children is recognized as a major public health
issue and the most prevalent form of micronutrient deficiency worldwide. The
global prevalence of anemia (defined as hemoglobin level of \<110 g/L) in
children aged 6–59 months is 43% and half is attributable to iron deficie... |
# Introduction
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is one of the most common forms of inherited retinal
degenerations, affecting about 1:3.000 individuals. It is characterized by
a primary rod photoreceptor degeneration and consecutive cone photoreceptor
death, leading to night blindness and subsequent progressive vision loss. ... |
# Introduction
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic disorder of unclear origin. Growing
evidence suggests a combination of interacting neurophysiological, genetic, and
psychosocial mechanisms as the cause of FMS. This syndrome is characterized by
widespread musculoskeletal pain in association with fatigue, poor sl... |
# Introduction
It is well known that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters the brain
soon after the onset of infection (within 3 to 6 days). HIV crosses the blood-
brain barrier through infected macrophages and microglia in a process called a
‘Trojan horse’ mechanism. Due to this process the involvement of the... |
# Introduction
Electronic health records (EHRs) are primarily used for routine medical care,
but secondary use of EHR data for observational research is becoming
increasingly popular especially in studying of drug effects postmarketing. In
this era data is used to generate information on drug safety and effectiveness
... |
# Introduction
Technological advances made over the past few years have increased the
digitalization of medicine, thus leading to a considerable growth of clinical,
research and public health datasets. These data sources are increasingly related
to the *big data* environment and they include, amongst others, genomics ... |
# Introduction
Cell therapy is an exponentially growing field with \>2,500 clinical trials in
the world over the last 10 years. Cell-based therapeutic products are positioned
as a billion dollar per year industry with anticipated market growth. The method
of using cells as drugs is particularly advantageous when a hig... |
# Introduction
Globally, nonspecific low back pain (LBP) is one of the leading causes of years
of disability and absenteeism from work. In 2017, an estimate of 577 million
people around the world suffered from LBP. The lifetime prevalence of LBP is 70
to 80%. Most of those affected recover within the first six weeks. ... |
# Introduction
Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) show much lower survival rate
compared to general population of the same age. Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an
established treatment modality for patients with ESRD. In several retrospective
and prospective cohort studies, predictors of outcome in patients trea... |
# Introduction
Head and neck cancer (HNC) refers to cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal
sinuses, the oral cavity, the salivary glands, pharynx and larynx. The worldwide
incidence of HNC is some 650,000 cases per year; in Europe, this incidence
reaches 140,000 cases, whereas in Spain HNC incidence is around 10,000... |
# Introduction
Surveys of butterfly species have often been considered good surrogates for
surveys of total biodiversity (e.g. in Malaysia). This is because of their role
in food webs - caterpillars consume large quantities of plants and are
themselves consumed by other animals in large numbers - and because, relative... |
# Introduction
The ability to quickly, accurately, and precisely classify the stages of
development for the nematode *Caenorhabditis elegans* is crucial for many
aspects of worm research, including monitoring development, stock maintenance,
crossing, and stage synchronization. In addition, the measurement of
developme... |
# Introduction
Among all types of cancer, breast cancer has both the highest incidence (24%)
and highest mortality (15%) in women around the world. Mammography uses low-
energy X-rays to identify abnormalities in the breast. For women who are at
average risk for breast cancer, most of the benefit of mammography result... |
# 1 Introduction
Diseases that spread by transmission between individuals can give rise to
epidemic waves that pass through a population. One infected person can infect
several others who are susceptible to the infection, characterized by the basic
reproduction number *R*<sub>0</sub>, initially typically generating an... |
# 1. Introduction
Since the initiation of China’s reform and opening-up policy, the country has
experienced substantial economic growth and improvement in the living standards
of its people. However, this progress has come at a cost, characterized by high
pollution and energy consumption, leading to the emergence of s... |
# Introduction
Lactoferrin (Lf) is a protein involved in a large array of immune system
activities in mammals that all lead to host protective effects. In neutrophils,
Lf is synthesized and stored in the secretory granules waiting for an external
signal to be released; which is provided within the inflamed tissues. Th... |
# Introduction
## Brief background on NSCLC
Globally, lung cancer is the second most common newly diagnosed cancer and the
leading cause of cancer death. In 2012, there were an estimated 1.8 million new
lung cancer cases and almost 1.6 million deaths. Non-small cell lung cancer
(NSCLC) accounts for approximately 83% ... |
# Introduction
In eukaryotic organisms as diverse as yeasts and mice, lifespan is extended by
caloric restriction or mutations that inactivate conserved growth signaling
pathways (reviewed in). Conserved elements of these pathways include RAS
proteins and members of the AKT/PKB family of kinases that function in gluco... |
# Introduction
Solid epithelial tumors evoke a reactive stromal response that is critical for
growth and progression of the tumor. A reactive stroma is complex and consists
of activated fibroblasts, newly formed vasculature, infiltrating immune cells,
and extracellular matrix (ECM). Soluble signaling molecules such as... |
# Introduction
A cluster of nitrate assimilation genes occurs in the ascomycetes *Aspergillus
nidulans* and *Pichia angusta* and in the basidiomycetes *Hebeloma
cylindrosporum*, which is mycorrhizal, and *Phanerochaete chrysosporium*, which
is a wood-decayer. This cluster, abbreviated fHANT-AC, encodes a high affinity... |
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