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# Introduction Service-oriented transformation and deep integration of manufacturing and service have become an inevitable trend. Because of its characteristics of agglomeration and heterogeneity, service-oriented transformation puts forward higher requirements for the supply of rules and institutions. In practice, th...
# Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States and Europe, as well. Although CRC incidence, in economically developed countries, is stabilized or rather declined, there is still the question for a greater understan...
# Introduction Current understanding of mammalian herbivore foraging ecology is mainly based on studies focusing on ungulates; see for example, and. Other herbivores with a central role in many ecosystems, such as small rodents, have been less studied. Small rodents are non-ruminant herbivores with fast digestion, inv...
# Introduction The highly diverse monocot family Araceae Juss. comprises 3,319 currently recognized species classified into 118 genera. The Neotropical genus *Philodendron* Schott is of special interest as it represents the second most diverse genera of the family, with 489 accepted species, and is one of the most con...
# 1. Introduction Emergency Departments (EDs) worldwide have to deal with rising patient volumes causing significant pressures on both Emergency Medicine (EM) and entire healthcare systems. Therefore, many EDs are in a situation where the number of patients occupying the ED is temporarily beyond the capacity for which...
# Introduction The importance of understanding and using science for public policy-making has long been recognised, but recent years have seen a growing debate over how this is best achieved. Still more recently, ‘evidence-based policy’ has become the desired norm in many fields (even if its meaning is still disputed)...
# Introduction The auditory steady state response (ASSR) is an oscillatory brain response, which is phase locked to the rhythm of an auditory stimulus. ASSRs can be elicited by using repetition click, amplitude-modulated (AM) and frequency- modulated tones. ASSRs have been recorded in response to a wide frequency rang...
# Introduction Visual awareness of the physical properties of a to-be-touched or to-be-grasped target object does not limit effective interactions with that object. The most striking demonstration of this phenomenon is exemplified in individuals with action-blindsight: a deficit arising from lesions to the primary vis...
# Introduction The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can cross the blood-brain barrier early in the course of infection and trigger a cascade of functional and structural alterations. One of the primary loci of this damage is the deep grey matter of the basal ganglia which are reciprocally connected to a broad range ...
# 1. Introduction Head and neck cancer is the sixth most predominant cancer in the world and \~90% of them arise from squamous cell epithelium. In India, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a major concern, as it covers one third amongst all cancers compared to 4–5% in the developed world. Moreover, 60 to...
# Introduction Travel distance is a major barrier to the utilisation of all kinds of health services. We have previously shown that increasing distance from the population centroid to a casualty clinic is strongly associated with decreasing contact and consultation rates in a Norwegian out-of-hours district. The assoc...
# Introduction Karst ecosystem occupies approximately 7\~12% of emerged land globally, mainly distributed in southwest China, and is characterized by high habitat heterogeneity and high vegetation fragmentation with high soil erosion, rocky desertification, and barren vegetation nutrient deficiency. However, the karst...
# Introduction For over 50 years vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) have been widely used, not only as (first choice) treatment for thromboembolism, but as primary and secondary prevention of (venous) thromboembolism as well. Warfarin is currently the most prescribed VKA followed by acenocoumarol and phenprocoumon. The pred...
# Introduction: Pathways, interventions and emergent properties Relationships between poor socio-economic conditions and a wide range of adverse health outcomes have been observed in numerous contexts. These relationships arise from direct health risks, stress from being at the lower end of the income/wealth distribut...
# Introduction Temperature is a key environmental variable in lakes and ponds, since it accelerates biochemical reactions, and therefore, increases the rates of many biological and ecological processes including photosynthesis and respiration, organic carbon mineralisation organisms’ growth, biomass production, organi...
# Introduction The cervix is a dense fibrous tissue that is located at the lowest part of the uterus. It is cylindrical in shape with average dimensions of 3 cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter. The mechanical function of the cervix is crucial for a term pregnancy (defined as a pregnancy that extends beyond 37 weeks of ges...
# Introduction The filamentous fungus *Aspergillus fumigatus* is one of the most common human fungal pathogens found infecting a large population of immunodepressed patients. This group includes individuals with hematological malignancies, those with genetic immunodeficiencies, patients infected with HIV, and cancer p...
# Introduction Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells. Accumulating evidence suggests that MSCs have profound therapeutic potential for a variety of diseases such as myocardial infarction, neural diseases and wound healing. Due to encouraging preclinical results, a large number of clinical trials for...
# Introduction The emergence of new viruses is a constant challenge to the well-being of the human race and its food supply. New viruses or viral strains are produced from existing forms as a consequence of two processes: mutation and recombination or reassortment, which occur in both plant and animal hosts. The poten...
# Introduction Preterm delivery (i.e., delivery at \<37 completed weeks' gestation) is one of the main causes of infant mortality in the U.S., and it is associated with substantial morbidity. Its prevalence shows substantial variability geographically, for example ranging from 9–17% across U.S. states. It also varies ...
# Introduction Due to more advanced and targeted treatments, breast cancer survivors are living longer. Five-year survival among younger women with breast cancer increased from 74% to 89% between 1975 and 2015. As survival rates improved, survivors’ health became a major focus, and a concerning pattern emerged regardi...
# Introduction Evidence is growing, that inflammatory processes play an important role in atherogenesis, promoting the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Possible pathophysiological links between inflammation and vascular damage were previously described. One of the most investigated mechanisms is the oxidative modifica...
# Introduction ## Background Lung cancer is the most common cancer and leading cause of cancer death in the United States with an estimated 224,000 new cases and 159,000 deaths in 2014. Historically, tumors have been divided into small cell carcinoma (15%) and non- small cell carcinoma/other sub-types (85%) for treat...
# Introduction Infections by multi-resistant microorganism are a problem increasing in our clinical practice. Specially, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing enterobacterales (ESBL-EB) are a priority. They are part of the group posing the highest public health risk according to the WHO statement published in 201...
# Introduction Prosocial behavior refers to a broad category of actions that benefit other people or the society that we lives in, such as helping, comforting, sharing, cooperation, philanthropy, and community service. A wide range of factors, including individual differences, situational variables, and outcome-relate...
# Introduction Muscle atrophy in critically ill children may influence illness progression and functional recovery, yet it remains understudied. Only three prospective studies to date have examined intensive care-acquired muscle weakness (ICU-AW) or atrophy (ICU-AA) in children. Banwell et al. used neuromuscular exam ...
# Introduction Words of natural language along with idioms and phrases are used in speech and writing to communicate conscious experiences, such as thoughts, feelings, and intentions. Each meaningful word, considered without any context, is characterized by a set of semantic connotations. These connotations are a prod...
# Introduction Honey bee (*Apis mellifera* L.) workers dedicate most of their foraging phase specializing in the collection of nectar, pollen, propolis, or water. Floral nectar provides the carbohydrates needed for a colony’s energetic needs, while pollen, the main source of protein, provides bees with ten essential a...
# Introduction India is the highest tuberculosis (TB) burden country in the world accounting for one fifth of global incidence. In 2009, 1.5 million patients were placed on anti-TB treatment in India, of whom 366,381 (24%) were registered as new sputum smear-negative pulmonary TB cases. According to current Indian gu...
# Introduction The 2009 IUCN Red List includes 65 species of plants and animals that are officially extinct in the wild, many of which continue to persist in captivity. These captive relicts of species lost from their native ranges are increasingly common, subject to intensive conservation management to prevent outrig...
# Introduction Expert evaluation of brain development is mainly carried out by analysing age- related patterns in sleep electroencephalograms (EEG), represented by different characteristics such as waves, amplitude distributions, and variations over sleep stages, that reflect the non-stationary nature of EEG, see e.g....
# Introduction Wheat (*Triticum aestivum* L.) and other related temperate cereal species are able to grow under a wide range of agro-climatic regions. A key factor underlying this successful wide adaptation is the variability in timing of important biological events that provides stress avoidance capabilities during d...
# Introduction In the past few decades, deer have become increasingly abundant worldwide; this population increases have contributed to the degradation of plant communities and ecosystems. In general, the population dynamics of animals are affected by birth, mortality, and migration rates. Large ungulates are able to ...
# Introduction Ammonia is a commonly found pollutant in aquatic environments around the world. This compound can be found naturally, but there is also an additional contribution from sewage effluents, industrial waste, and agricultural run-off. The presence of ammonia in freshwater has been associated with the acidifi...
# Introduction The Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreaks in West Africa infected more than 28,000 people and took more than 11,000 lives in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. The greatest tools for breaking the chain of transmission in these outbreaks have been (1) rapid isolation of EVD patients and (2) secure and dign...
# Introduction Species identification, characterization, and naming remain fundamental and critical steps in biological science. Since the establishment of the Linnean system, species have been described mainly on the basis of morphological and phenotypic characteristics. Through time, however, morphology alone has be...
# Introduction The early stages of a new, romantic relationship can be a powerful and absorbing experience. Individuals in new romantic relationships report feeling euphoric and energetic. They also become emotionally dependent on, desire closeness with, and have highly focused attention on their partner. Human neuroi...
# Introduction Working memory is a key cognitive ability that helps us navigate the world around us. We use working memory to temporarily hold information in an active state and to manipulate it in aid of our current goals. Because of its importance for intelligent behaviors, there has great interest in improving work...
# Introduction Among those with depression, it is older adults who are most likely to attempt and complete suicide. The role of concomitant physical disease, and the etiology of depression among seniors are poorly understood and confusing. Older adults are more likely than the young to have chronic illnesses such as c...
# Introduction Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a frequent infectious complication in an immunocompromised host, as is the case in an organ transplant recipient who faces life-long immunosuppression. CMV infection can occur either from reactivation of recipient or donor CMV or *de novo* infection in the recipient af...
# Introduction Encoding of viewed third party interactions appears to be automatic and can influence cognitive processes such as attention, working memory and longer-term memory. Of particular note, the encoding of social interactions appears to be fast and automatic in that during a visual search task detection of tw...
# Introduction The impact of research is fundamentally dependent on how well it is disseminated to the end-user. Conventional routes of dissemination involve journal publications, conference presentations and, ultimately although often years later, textbooks. This model of dissemination requires the end-user to search...
# Introduction *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* (*M. tuberculosis*), firstly discovered by Robert Koch, is a pathogenic species and the causative agent of most tuberculosis. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized the global threat imposed by *M. tuberculosis*, and statistics show that about one-third of the wo...
# Introduction As of September 2020, infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus (coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19) continues to spread on a global scale. This most recently discovered coronavirus emerged in the city of Wuhan in Hubei Province of China in December 2019. As of September 9, 2020, approximate...
# Introduction Network-based modeling and characterization of brain architectures has provided both a framework for integrating imaging data as well as for understanding the function and dynamics of the brain. Brain networks are traditionally constructed either from structural or functional imaging data. Functional br...
# Introduction Ischemic stroke is characterized by overstimulation of glutamate receptors of the N-methyl-D-aspartate type (NMDARs) and increased inflow of intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup>, \[Ca<sup>2+</sup>\](i). NMDAR overactivation disrupts antioxidant defenses and critical survival pathways, which not only increase t...
# Introduction *Trypanosoma cruzi* is the etiological agent of Chagas’ disease, which affects between 16 and 18 million people, primarily in Central and South America. This single-cell protozoan has a complex life cycle, alternating between an insect vector (triatomine) and mammalian hosts. As a consequence, *T. cruzi...
# 1. Introduction We previously used serologic analysis of a recombinant cDNA expression library (SEREX) in U937 acute monocytic leukemia cells to identify leukemia-associated antigens. Using this approach, we identified a novel leukemia-associated gene, *MLAA-34*, which is a novel splice variant of *CAB39L* that is a...
# Introduction Intra-arterial radioembolization with yttrium-90 microspheres (<sup>90</sup>Y-RE) is an increasingly applied treatment option for patients with unresectable primary or secondary hepatic malignancies, refractory to systemic therapies. The treatment consists of intra-arterial administration of microsphere...
# Introduction Widespread uptake of safe and effective vaccines is critical to controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. Three COVID-19 vaccines have been authorized or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in the United States, including the 2-dose Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 mRNA and Moderna mRNA-127...
# Introduction Aquaculture production is increasing worldwide as a source of fish for human consumption. Aquaculture introduces land-derived microbes, nutrients, metals and other chemicals such as antibiotics to the water environment. The prophylactic and therapeutic use of antibiotics results in the occurrence of ant...
# Introduction Worldwide, most long-distance terrestrial migrations have been lost or greatly reduced largely due to anthropogenic factors creating barriers to wildlife movements. Restricted access to food and water is a primary threat to migrations worldwide. In particular, fencing has played a large role in ungulate...
# Introduction It is estimated that one third of the world's population is infected with *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* (*M. tb.*). In most infected individuals the host response contains this infection, or may result in pathogen clearance. However, the global burden of disease remains a significant problem. In 2007, th...
# Introduction Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness and a chronic disease for most patients. Patients with schizophrenia often suffer from somatic comorbidities and have a 15–25 year reduced life-expectancy\[–\]. Patients fare best when in continuous, integrated healthcare, which consists of psychiatric and somat...
# Introduction Predator-prey interactions have played a substantial role in shaping the diversity of life, leading to many adaptations and counter-adaptations for attack and defence. Perhaps the most widespread defence is camouflage, preventing an object from being detected or recognised by an observer. On a basic lev...
# Introduction Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant plasma cell disorder that accounts for approximately 10% of all hematological cancers. Despite recent advances, long- term survival is rare after autologous stem cell transplantation and/or treatment with recently introduced anti-myeloma agents, and disease recurs in...
# Introduction The loss of a baby from stillbirth has detrimental consequences for the family and the community. The causes of many stillbirths are unexplained. Sleep- disordered breathing (SDB), ranging from snoring to obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), is common during pregnancy. The cardinal symptom, habitual snoring ...
# Introduction Flax (*Linum usitatissimum* L.) phloem fibers are a valuable industrial feedstock and are also a convenient model system for studying secondary cell wall formation. The mechanical properties of bast fibers are largely dependent on the composition of their secondary walls. Bast fibers have gelatinous-typ...
# Introduction Hypospadias (H) is a defect in the urethral development occurring between the 8<sup>th</sup> and the 16<sup>th</sup> week of pregnancy causing the meatus to be ill-located on the ventral side of the penis. While H is a frequent congenital malformation that needs early correction by urethroplasty, its ep...
# Introduction Telomeres are nucleoprotein complexes that protect the physical ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes, playing a crucial role in maintaining chromosome stability and integrity. In all vertebrates the DNA component of telomeres consists of the non-coding (TTAGGG)<sub>n</sub> motif, which produce long tan...
# Introduction Around 3.0 billion years ago, cyanobacteria evolved the ability to perform oxygenic photosynthesis. This invention caused a rise in atmospheric oxygen that changed the diversity and complexity of species on earth dramatically. The plastids of all eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms are descendants of a ...
# Introduction Periods of restricted food intake induce a loss of body mass that is often followed by rapid regaining of the lost weight when the restriction ends, during which physiological regulations associated with either energy intake or expenditure, or the both are reported to be involved. However, the results r...
# Introduction Marine species exhibit extreme heterogeneity in dispersal ability as estimated from genetic data but despite decades of study, the underlying factors are not yet fully understood. One factor that has received a great deal of attention is life-history, since contrasting strategies can either facilitate o...
# Introduction With the expansion of cities, an effective transit system become increasingly important for sustainable land use planning under the influence of the travel demand. The bus route has been extended and many stations are on the bus route. Due to the unbalance of passenger demand along the bus route, overlo...
# Introduction During mammalian evolution, integration of retroviral RNA into a germ line cell may have led into a formation of a provirus that is transmitted vertically and inherited in a Mendelian manner. In humans, these endogenous retroviruses (HERV) comprise ca. 8% of our genome. While it is known that some retro...
# Highlights The determinants of conversion from benign fatty liver disease to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis are not well understood. These studies show that lack of the transcription factor ARNT in myeloid cells predisposes mice to NASH. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and liver disease are commonly associated. Liver ARNT is ...
# Introduction For three decades, retinoic acid (RA) differentiation therapy has been tantamount to transforming acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) from a fatal diagnosis into a manageable disease. RA induces remission in 80–90% of APL PML- RARα-positive patients. However, remission is not durable and relapsed cases e...
# Introduction Asthma is characterized by airways with inflammatory infiltrates, hyper- responsiveness, remodeling, and limited airflow, i.e. shortness of breath. Asthma can range from mild to life-threatening. Almost 10% of children in industrialized countries develop asthma. This places a disproportionate burden on ...
# Introduction *Plasmodium* parasites cause malaria, a mosquito-borne disease responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths and hundreds of millions of clinical cases annually. After transmission from feeding Anopheline mosquitoes, injected sporozoite-stage parasites travel through the skin and eventually make their...
# Introduction The rat has long been an invaluable animal model in many biomedical research fields, including behavioral studies, cardiovascular disease, immunology, transplantation, toxicology and pharmacology. However the use of rats has been hindered by the lack of embryonic stem (ES) cells and the consequent diffi...
# Introduction Consumption of a high fat diet is associated with obesity, insulin resistance and the development of chronic health conditions, such as atherosclerosis and Type II diabetes. The rising rates of obesity in some populations have been referred to as an “epidemic”, and there is indication that current trend...
# Introduction Foot and ankle function are compromised when an individual suffers from diabetes mellitus (DM), and foot and ankle functioning can have costly outcomes if not prevented or treated. According to the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot, strategies have been suggested to encourage foot care an...
# Introduction Human strength training is well known to increase skeletal muscle mass and induce muscle phenotypic changes. Increase in muscle strength resulting from skeletal muscle hypertrophy is of great interest to people including elite power athletes, patients rehabilitating from disease-induced atrophy and the ...
# Introduction Australia is a major global beef producer. In 2019, Australia was the second- largest beef and veal exporter after Brazil and accounted for 14% of total global beef export. The northern region of Australia encompassing parts of three states including Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia ...
# Background Serum uric acid (SUA) has long been associated with dyslipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, coronary calcifications and renal failure. It has been suggested that elevated SUA may be associated with mortality in high risk patients with asymptomatic carotid atherosclerotic disease, acute myocardial infarction...
# Introduction *Leishmania infantum* is the etiological agent of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean basin, where dogs are the main reservoirs. A recent outbreak in humans has been described in Spain, where the main vector is *Phletobomus perniciosus* (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae). Sand flies are the b...
# Introduction Approximately 1.5 million people in the U.S. have used cocaine within the past month. HIV prevalence among individuals who use cocaine (4–22%) is many times higher than the national average (0.4%). Only about ten percent of individuals who use cocaine inject, and HIV rates among injecting vs. non-inject...
# Introduction Within the human body, there exists multitudes of microorganisms which colonize mucosal surfaces to form distinct microbial communities within body site niches. Together, these microorganisms outnumber human cells by a factor of 10 and are collectively termed the *microbiome*. Bacterial communities exis...
# Introduction Salinity and water deficit are the principal environmental drivers of stress in mangrove tree species. Despite these limiting factors, mangrove forests are able to form successfully through the adoption of unique ecological strategies by the tree species that make up this system, with the tolerance of s...
# Introduction Studies of local high-frequency network oscillations beyond the spectral frequency limits of traditional electroencephalogram (EEG), i.e. greater than 40 Hz, have increased dramatically over the last decade. This evolution can be attributed to early animal and human studies on high frequency oscillation...
# Introduction Elevated plasma triglyceride levels have well-established links with chronic diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. There is growing interest in the function of triglycerides during the postprandial state – in large part because postprandial hypertriglycemia is a risk f...
# Introduction Insects are well known for diverse systems of chemical communication . They use chemicals for locating potential food sources, detecting predators and recognizing kin. Moreover, one of the most notable uses of volatile compounds in insects involves mate choice. When seeking mates, chemical signals can c...
# Introduction Glycosylated proteins and other glycoconjugates are major components of cells, defining and modulating several key physiological processes in normal tissues. Many of the effects of the glycoconjugates are mediated by glycan–lectin interactions, that are involved in involved in many normal and pathologic...
# Introduction Culture-independent molecular microbiology methods have refined and redefined the knowledge of endodontic infections, revealing a diversity of species much broader than previously anticipated by culture. It has been shown that about 40–60% of the endodontic microbiome is composed of as-yet-uncultivated ...
# Introduction Identifying a protein's interaction partners is essential for deciphering protein function. The yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system is a high-throughput genetic method that enables rapid genome-wide screening to discover a protein's interaction partners. In its traditional and extensively-used form, the Y2H s...
# Introduction Determination of unknown species is of interest in many areas of applied genetics. For example, in forensic genetics, determination of species can be used to aid police investigations for the identification of forensic stains, solve cases of poaching and aid the protection against trading with endangere...
# Introduction Aggressive behaviour (AB), as observed in social disorders such as DBD (including conduct (CD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)), is characterized by a repeated pattern of antisocial behaviour and severe aggression, where the basic rights of others, major age-appropriate norms or societal rules a...
# Introduction Tamoxifen has formed the basis of treatment of women with metastatic breast cancer for several decades, resulting in significant improvements in quality of life and overall survival rates in a significant proportion of patients with clinically defined positive estrogen receptor (ER) status. However, bot...
# Introduction Watching the mouth movements of a speaker (so called, visual speech) may help listeners to decode speech in a noisy environment, and may even alter the auditory perception of speech as in the McGurk effect. Observers can discriminate fairly reliably between silent video-clips of a speaker played as re...
# Introduction Fragmentation and fissuring of the medial coronoid process (MCP), as well as, pathological lesions of the cartilage and the subchondral bone of the medial coronoid process are part of medial coronoid disease (MCD). MCD alongside three other clinical pictures such as the ununited anconeal process, osteoc...
# Introduction The breeding of animals using genetically engineered (GE) technology has recently become possible. This process could avoid time-consuming artificial hybridization breeding and pure breeding programs. To date, many GE animals have been produced, including fish, mice, rabbits, sheep, pigs, cows, and goat...
# Introduction The way orthographies represent sound differs markedly across languages. English, for example, is generally thought to have a comparatively complex orthography. One promising strategy to investigate how differences across orthographies may shape the functional architecture of the reading system is to de...
# Introduction The growing number of fully sequenced genomes from both prokaryotes and deep- branching eukaryotes offers the possibility of identifying genetic transfers that may have occurred when the first eukaryotes appeared at least 1.5 billion years ago. Eukaryotic cells are chimeric entities, with both mitochond...
# Introduction The chloroplast is an important organelle in the plant cell, and its central function is to carry out photosynthesis and carbon fixation. In general, the chloroplast (cp) genome is highly conserved among seed plants with two copies of a large inverted repeat (IR) separated by small single copy (SSC) and...
# Introduction The suboccipital region is one of the most complicated anatomical areas of the human body. In 1995, Hack et al. first described the relationship between the deep suboccipital muscles and the cervical spinal dura mater. They found a connective tissue bridge named the Myodural Bridge (MDB), between the re...
# Introduction Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) following a high dose conditioning regimen has been the best treatment option for many young patients with hematological disorders. The antitumor activity of this approach is based not only on high dose chemo-radiotherapy given in the condit...
# Introduction Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the major component of coke oven emissions produced during incomplete combustion of natural or synthetic fuels. Recent studies, including those from our lab, found that increased exposure to PAHs was associated with reduced cardiac autonomic function, assessed...
# Introduction Cellulose and chitin, both β-1,4-linked linear saccharides composed of glucose (Glc) or N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), respectively, are the two most abundant biomasses distributed in the plant and animal kingdoms, respectively. The biodegradation of these saccharides proceeds via the same path, endo-enz...
# Introduction The concept of synthesizing simple gene units to realize a desired function or to reproduce a known function is new in biological systems. After confirmation of the unit's desired functional behavior, a large assembly of such units can be organized to perform complex biological functions. This is like e...
# Introduction Worldwide, bronchiolitis remains one of the most common reasons for hospitalisation of children. Over 3 million children are diagnosed with bronchiolitis annually. The incidence of bronchiolitis is higher in some populations, including Alaskan Native and Indigenous Northern Territory (NT) infants. In th...