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# Introduction Bats and toothed whales have independently evolved a sophisticated biosonar system, allowing both clades to diversify and occupy many different niches. Toothed whales constitute a morphologically and ecologically diverse group of predators, inhabiting every ocean and several large, freshwater river syst...
# Introduction *P. marneffei* is considered an indicator pathogen for AIDS. It mainly exits endemically in area of South East Asia that causes fever, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly and cutaneous lesions. *P. marneffei* has the unique feature among the species of *Penicillium* of being thermally dimorphic for diag...
# Introduction ## Background The SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic is posing major challenges for health care systems across the world. Throughout the pandemic, the primary goal has been to protect the population from infection and provide medical care for infected persons. In the first peak of infections in spring 2020...
# Introduction Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide, with an increasing incidence in most countries. There were more than 382 million people with diabetes mellitus in 2013 and this is forecasted to reach 592 million people by 2035.\[–\] Most of the deaths among patients with diabetes ...
# Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global threat with an estimated 1.8 million deaths in 2015; approximately 14 percent attributed to multi-drug resistant (MDR-TB) and rifampicin resistant (RR-TB) tuberculosis. Advances in case detection and treatment regimens have dramatically reduced incidence and mortality;...
# Introduction Ferulic acid (FA) is a phenolic substance and an important active ingredient that is common in various plants. It occurs at high concentrations in food ingredients such as coffee, grain hulls, vanilla beans, wheat bran, and rice bran. The FA molecule is a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamic acid (C<sub>10</sub...
# Introduction Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of biological valves have steadily improved over the years; however, procedures accounting for the formation of actual solid aggregates, such as calcifications or clots, have not been implemented yet. At the same time, researchers have also devised mathemati...
# Introduction According to the World Health Organization (WHO), more than five million deaths per year are the result of direct use of tobacco, whereas more than 600 000 second hand smokers also perish from cigarette exposure (World Health Organization, 2014). According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Preve...
# Introduction Reef-forming oysters are habitat-structuring species in coastal and estuarine areas providing essential ecosystem goods and services to human society. Both their reef structures and suspension-feeding behaviour exert large ecosystem influences. Conservation and restoration of reef-forming oyster is ther...
# Introduction Malignant melanoma is an aggressive and chemoresistant type of skin cancer that originates in melanocytes. Although less than 5% of skin cancers are melanoma, it causes a large majority of skin cancer related deaths. The poor prognosis for late stage melanoma patients is due to the low response rates to...
# Introduction Considerable evidence links stress with the onset and symptom exacerbation in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). To better understand the underlying mechanisms underlying this stress sensitivity, and to identify novel targets for drug development, stress-based animal models for IBS have been established an...
# Introduction The diet and foraging habits of organisms are critical components of their ecology and often determine where they occur. Understanding the diets of fossil organisms can provide information about long-term trends in vegetation structure and organismal responses to climate change. Multiple paleoecological...
# Introduction 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS, OMIM \#188400), also commonly known as DiGeorge Syndrome or Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome, is a genetic disorder that results from an approximately 1.5-3Mb congenital multigene deletion on the long arm of chromosome 22, which includes the gene for T-Box Transcription fa...
# Introduction Dogs in two-choice experiments, when selecting between two dishes with snacks placed in front of them, 90° apart, left and right, prefer to turn either clockwise (“right-preferring”) or counterclockwise (“left-preferring”) or randomly in either direction (“irresolute”). This turning preference (or non- ...
# Introduction Single base mutations can be repaired by the introduction of DNA oligonucleotides (ssODN) into a target cell. The frequency of this corrective activity depends on a number of factors including the length of ssODN, the position of the cell in its proliferative cycle – and the presence of double- stranded...
# Introduction The ability of block copolymers (BCPs) to self-assemble into periodic structures, with periods ranging from 5 nm to well over 100 nm, has prompted investigation into their potential applications for nanopatterning of integrated circuits,\[–\] bit-patterned storage media,\[–\] optical devices, tissue int...
# Introduction *Helicobacter pylori* is a spiral-shaped, microaerophilic, gram-negative bacterium that inhabits the human stomach. Depending on the socioeconomic status of the country, the prevalence of infection varies from 40 to over 80% of the population, with higher rates for developing countries. Infection is usu...
# Introduction The SARS-CoV-2 (Coronavirus diseases; COVID-19) has continued to affect many countries, including the United States, since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared a global pandemic in March 2020. Before the declaration, metabolic conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascu...
# Introduction The entry of HIV-1 into susceptible host cells is mediated by the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env). The functional envelope spike is comprised of three non- covalently associated gp41 transmembrane sub-units and three gp120 surface units. Each gp120 molecule is divided into five constant (C1-C5) and fi...
# Introduction In recent years, interest in identifying drug-target interactions has dramatically increased not only for drug development but also for understanding the mechanisms of action of various drugs. However, time and cost requirements associated with experimental verification of drug-target interactions canno...
# Introduction Musculoskeletal pain (MSP) such as low back, neck or shoulder pain is the most common reason for pain in general and contributes significantly to health related costs in western industrialized countries, second only to cardiovascular diseases. While most patients recover within an expected period of tim...
# Introduction The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (*PCNA*) gene product is a nuclear protein that acts as a cofactor for DNA polymerase-δ and participates in DNA synthesis and repair (for reviews see). In addition, by interacting with a wide array of proteins, PCNA serves essential functions in cell cycle progress...
# Introduction Homeobox-containing transcription factors represent an important class of factors involved in the regulation of embryogenesis and other molecular programs. *HMX1* is a homeobox-containing transcription factor implicated in eye development. In 1992, Stadler et al. described a new homeobox gene called *GH...
# Introduction Choline (2-hydroxy-*N,N,N*-trimethylethanaminium) is an essential dietary nutrient with functions in three areas: as a source of labile one carbon units (CH<sub>3</sub>, methyl); as a component of lipids including phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and lipid mediators such as platelet activating factor;...
# Introduction Protein misfolding and aggregation, processes involved in several neurodegenerative diseases, are likely preceded by conformational changes in the proteins involved. The transient nature and the small scale of these conformational changes have made them extremely difficult to study directly. Recent stu...
# Introduction Preterm birth is defined as delivery before the completion of the 37th week of gestation and affects 13 percent (542 893 births in 2006) of live births in the United States (<http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/birthwt.htm>). Approximately 40 percent of preterm births occur after the spontaneous onset of pr...
# Introduction In adolescence, significant increases in alcohol consumption are usually found, with prevalence rates of last month alcohol use rising from 16.1% at age 12 to 84.8% at age 16 in Dutch adolescents. Alcohol drinking in adolescence has been associated with several negative consequences. Of particular conce...
# Introduction Human modification of the environment has greatly accelerated the rate of global biodiversity loss in recent decades. A leading driver of these losses is the introduction of non-native species to new environments. Once established, these invasive alien species (IAS) can alter ecosystem dynamics, especia...
# Introduction Corneal epithelial stem cells are located in the basal layer of the limbus, which is the narrow transition zone between the cornea and the conjunctiva. The limbal epithelium is a reservoir for replacing corneal epithelial cells that are normally continuously lost from the corneal surface. Severe corneal...
# Introduction Dysphagia occurs in acute stroke patients at high rates, and many of these patients develop aspiration pneumonia. Pneumonia incurs extended hospitalization and decreases the rate of hospital discharge. Therefore, the early intervention in dysphagia is important to prevent aspiration pneumonia in acute s...
# Introduction Globally, mental health issues are one of the main causes of ill health, accounting for 13% of disease burden and, by 2030, this figure is predicted to rise to 15%. Worldwide, major depression is considered to be the second leading cause of disability, with depression, anxiety and drug use reported as t...
# Introduction Between 8% and 10% of the North American population has some speech disorder, including 3 million stutterers, and 7.5 million individuals with dysarthria (caused, e.g, by cerebral palsy, Parkinson’s, or multiple sclerosis) according to the U.S. National Institute of Health. Moreover, since linguistic ch...
# 1. Introduction Eco-cities, which pour effort into eliminating the overall carbon footprint of the city whilst helping the humans and the nature to coexist aiming towards sustenance and sustainability. Eco-cities have witnessed rapid growth in these years worldwide. As the Eco-cities entering operation stage gradual...
# Introduction Tuberculosis and tobacco smoking are two major public health issues that cause millions of deaths every year. An estimated 830,000 people diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB) were linked to tobacco smoking in 2017 worldwide. A study based on mathematical modeling estimated that smoking could increase the nu...
# Introduction The lung continuously encounters oxidants from inhalation and is therefore well equipped with a high concentration of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). GSH acts as an electron donor and is used by glutathione peroxidase to reduce peroxides, resulting in oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Cigarette smoke is k...
# Introduction CD8+ T cells are a key component of the adaptive immune response to HIV-1, both in acute, and chronic, infection. This response is directed by the presentation of HIV-1 epitopes on the surface of infected cells by host HLA Class I molecules. The HLA-B locus is the strongest genetic determinant of diseas...
# Introduction Economic globalization refers to flows of trade and capital among and between countries. Within sociology, a common, critical view on economic globalization is that the historical forces influencing how and when a given country becomes ‘integrated’ into global trade (and the world economy as a whole) co...
# Introduction The recovery of athletes following training and during competition are a constant concern for technical staff since inadequate recovery can lead to fatigue, decreased performance, and increased potential for injury. The ideal balance between training, competition, and physiological recovery are consider...
# Introduction The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is home to an array of bacteria, some commensals that are vital to human digestion and others that can cause acute or chronic infections. GI pathogens have been the subject of extensive studies, and many host-pathogen interactions in this tissue have been fully char...
# Introduction In the world, women total approximately 50% of the cases of infection by HIV. In Latin America, they represent 36% of the adults living with HIV/AIDS. In Brazil, women account for 35% of the cases of AIDS registered in the period from 1980 to July 2014, of which 50% were between 25 to 39 years old. The ...
# 1. Introduction The volume and value of transactions in the international art market have been increasing over the years. General interest in artworks has progressively increased in recognition of their financial and cultural value. Simultaneously, art forgery scandals have occurred for monetary gain. Consequently, ...
# Introduction Over the past decades, Turkey’s integration into the world markets has increased, resulting in the globalization of the world economy. The Turkish markets are easily affected by the policies of developed economies or any global external shocks such as oil prices. In this regard, the main objective of th...
# Introduction Diameter distributions are well known and widely used for describing forest stand diameter structure. Accurate quantification of tree characteristics permits study of the interaction among physical and physiological processes and growth. Quantification of diameter distributions over time allows the mana...
# Introduction A hallmark of many human cancers is genomic instability, and cancer itself can be thought of as the result of an altered ploidy. In order to gain a greater understanding of the causes underlying tumor formation, one must understand the core events and changes of cancerous cells. The genetic identity of ...
# Introduction Preterm neonates are vulnerable to lung injuries, especially when they are affected by respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and mechanically ventilated. Because of rapid changes in lung mechanics after surfactant therapy, lung injury and abnormal or fluctuating carbon dioxide levels may occur if the vent...
# Introduction In 2012 it was estimated that 35.3 million people were living with HIV and that there were 2.3 million new infections during that year. Discovering ways to prevent the transmission of HIV is of primary concern to health care authorities worldwide. It is well known from a range of observational and epid...
# Introduction The *Gadd45* genes are a family of stress response genes, which are involved in diverse processes, including cell growth, DNA repair, and apoptosis, and function as tumor- and autoimmune suppressors. Expression of these genes is induced by DNA-damage and genotoxic stress, including hyperosmotic stress a...
# Introduction According to the reports of world health organization (WHO) cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of mortality worldwide and an estimated 17.7 million people died from CVDs in 2015, representing 31% of all global deaths. Of these deaths, an estimated 7.4 million were due to coronary he...
# Introduction Humans' facility for dispersal has played a large role in our evolutionary history, yet our understanding of how and why humans have moved throughout history is unclear. Most data on human movement come from ethnographic and archaeological studies, comparisons of birthplaces from birth certificates, and...
# Introduction The scientific literature has repeatedly demonstrated that socioeconomic factors are powerful determinants of health-related outcomes, and socioeconomic status (SES) may be considered as one of the main causes of health disparities between different population groups. However, SES does not directly affe...
# Introduction Approximately 14–25% parents with dependent children are diagnosed with cancer which can have a major impact on the entire family. Cancer patients parenting minor children experience increased levels of stress and anxiety compared to patients without minor children. Additional to the burden of the life-...
# Introduction Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases in children, and it is characterised by bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) and reversible airway obstruction. Both genetic and environmental factors play important roles in the development of asthma. Although more than 100 genes have been associated wit...
# 1. Introduction Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a vascular malignancy highly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8), which is also known as Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), has been implicated as the etiological agent of all four types of KS. These are: i) Classic KS—occurs i...
# Introduction Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common bacterial infections in primary care and classified as either complicated or uncomplicated. Uncomplicated UTI occur in healthy individuals with either no structural or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract. Bacterial pathogens are thought...
# Introduction Globally, an estimated 295,000 women died during and following pregnancy and childbirth in 2017. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) alone accounted for two-thirds of maternal deaths, a vast majority of which could have been prevented. The Sustainable Development Goal 3 is set to reduce the global maternal mortali...
# Introduction The sample size selected from each stratum in a stratified random sample survey (SRSS) must be known and chosen to lower the survey cost, or the estimator’s sample variance must be determined to determine the estimate’s precision. When the population mean of the characteristics is essential for the L st...
# Introduction *Campylobacter jejuni* is a Gram-negative spiral shaped bacterium, which is pervasive in mammals and birds. The chicken intestine is the natural reservoir that is frequently colonized by the pathogen. In recent years, *C. jejuni* has emerged as an abundant reported cause of bacterial diarrhoea in indust...
# Introduction Policymakers need solid information on how labour market evaluates higher education graduates. Institutions also should collect and analyse relevant information about their graduates for the management of their programs. Since the salary and the chance of finding a job are important decision factors at ...
# Introduction The *Dinophysis* genus is an ecologically important group of dinoflagellates. *Dinophysis* spp. play dual roles in the marine ecosystems: as primary (photosynthetic) and secondary (heterotrophic) producers. Furthermore, many *Dinophysis* species are known to produce potent polyether toxins. For instance...
# Introduction Asthma is a common disease in childhood. Twin studies have demonstrated a large contribution of genetic factors to the development of asthma. While the cumulative effect of genetic factors may be large, the individual contribution of each factor may be limited. Recently much progress has been made in th...
# Introduction A peripartum hysterectomy (PH) is a procedure performed at the time of delivery or in the immediate postpartum period as a life-saving measure in response to severe postpartum hemorrhage that does not respond to any other interventions. However, PH is one of the most severe complications in obstetrics a...
# Introduction Bacteremia is the presence of viable bacteria in the bloodstream and is the consequence of several clinical conditions, such as trauma, burn injury, abdominal surgery, and catheterization. The spread of bacteria to the bloodstream leads to a hyperactive inflammatory immune response and subsequent produc...
# Introduction Loquat (*Eriobotrya japonica* Lindl) originated in China and has been cultivated for 2100 years. Owing to its economic and ecological attributes, loquat is an important perennial fruit crop species and is cultivated largely between the N 35° and S 35° latitudes worldwide. Loquat blossoms in late autumn ...
# Introduction The sweet potato leaf folder, *Brachmia macroscopa* Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is one of the most destructive pests on *Dioscoreae sculenta*, *Ipomoea aquatic*, *Calystegia sepium*, *C*. *japonica* and many other crops belonging in the Convolvulaceae. It is widely distributed in Europe, Russia,...
# Introduction The Indian economy is heavily reliant on the agricultural sector. More than 70% of rural households are dependent on agriculture. Given that it accounts for 20% of the country’s GDP and employs more than 60% of the workforce, India’s agricultural industry plays a crucial role in the nation’s economy. Ov...
# Introduction Three randomized controlled trials in Kisumu, Kenya, Rakai, Uganda, and Orange Farm, South Africa showed that medical male circumcision reduces the risk of HIV-acquisition by 60%., Male circumcision is now a recommended component of a comprehensive prevention package for men in communities with high HIV...
# Introduction Between the late 1970s and 2000, the western distinct population segment (WDPS) of Steller sea lions (*Eumetopias jubatus*) declined by more than 80% in the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska (GOA) and was listed as endangered in 1997. The designation led to years of unprecedented federal funding for s...
# Introduction During a pandemic, such as the one of the coronavirus disease 2019 COVID-19, management of patient flow and hospital resources are pushed to their limits: Hospital Emergency Treatment Facilities through intermediate care unit (IMU) and intensive care unit (ICU) are or are going to be be severely straine...
# Introduction Temperate grasslands, which cover 1.25 × 10<sup>9</sup> ha globally, are important sinks of SOC, containing approximately 12% of the global SOC pool. Changes in grassland management (e.g., stocking rate, fertilisation) are frequent in temperate conditions affecting SOC dynamics. Grasslands ecosystems un...
# Introduction In the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction (MI) common risk factors for atherosclerosis as well as hemostatic factors are important determinants. Thrombin is a central enzyme in the blood coagulation cascade, regulating platelet activity and fibrin clot formation. In addition, thrombin appears t...
# Introduction As a species-rich superfamily within the Lepidoptera, the Pyraloidea comprises more than 15,576 species with a world wide geographical distribution. The Pyraloidea are of particular interest because it contains a large number of notorious pest of commercial crops, forests and ornamental plants, stored f...
# 1. Introduction Highly pathogenic avian influenzas have become a major threat to human and livestock health in the last two decades. The H5N1panzootic (2004 ongoing) has been one the most geographically widespread and costly, resulting in the loss of hundreds of millions of poultry in 68 countries and over 450 human...
# Introduction Bioluminescence is well established as a highly sensitive technology for probing biological systems. In particular, firefly luciferases and their substrate, D-luciferin (LH2), have been used for a broad range of biological applications in life science research for the past 4 decades. Unlike fluorescence...
# Introduction Since the creation of the International League Against Rheumatism (ILAR), China has cooperated in epidemiological studies of common rheumatic diseases. Research in the field has proceeded gradually in different areas in China, with a focus on identifying the general epidemiology of common rheumatic dise...
# Introduction As world population’ life expectancy is increasing, promoting healthy behaviors and high health-related quality of life at old age, has become a major concern. Physical inactivity is a risk factor for several noncommunicable diseases and a leading cause of death for global mortality. Men have higher inc...
# Introduction Quorum sensing (QS) is the process through which bacterial cells communicate enabling unicellular populations to coordinate their response to an external stimulus as a function of population density, for a review see. Gram negative bacteria such as *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* employ *N*-acylhomoserine lact...
# Introduction GKS-3 is involved in many cellular signaling pathways such as the insulin/PI3K or the Wnt pathways and participates in a high number of functions such as metabolism, cell proliferation, cell fate, survival and apoptosis. Besides, it also plays a key role in certain neuronal specific functions like long ...
# Introduction Olanzapine (Olz) is an effective atypical antipsychotic drug used for treating severe psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, Olz administration is associated with excessive weight gain and severe metabolic side effects such as type II diabetes mellitus, hyperglycem...
# Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global public health problem. TB is an infectious disease that causes the highest number of deaths globally due to a single infectious agent. Indonesia ranks as the second-highest TB-burdened country in the world and carries the third-highest gap between the estimated n...
# Introduction Plasma lipids and lipoproteins concentrations are important risk factors for atherosclerosis and related vascular diseases. Twin and family studies suggest that about 50% of the variation in plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels is genetically determined. A search for the genetic contributions to variati...
# Introduction Sarcopenia was originally defined as age-related loss of muscle mass. Recently, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) has updated the operational definition of sarcopenia as a progressive and generalized skeletal muscle disorder that is associated with adverse outcomes includ...
# Introduction In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin arises from oligodendrocytes (OLGs), which proceed through a regulated pathway that assembles the components of the myelin membrane. Myelination commences with differentiation of the bipolar early oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC), and culminates with copi...
# Introduction Breast cancer (BC) represents the most common malignancy in females, accounting for estimated 266120 new cases in the United States, in 2018. According to the latest statistical report, breast cancer still accounts for the second most common cause of death in females (14% of all cancer deaths) after lun...
# Introduction Despite the universal recognition of efficacious interventions and unprecedented resources to reduce MTCT (mother to child transmission), in 2009, only 26% of pregnant women living in low and middle income countries had been tested for HIV and among identified HIV-positive women, only an estimated 53% r...
# Introduction Dengue is by far the most devastating of all mosquito borne viral diseases, caused by dengue virus (DENV), a member of the family *Flaviviridae*. More than 3 billion humans live in dengue endemic regions of the world and currently more than 50 million infections occur annually with at least 500,000 indi...
# Introduction Integrins, the major family of cellular receptors for extracellular matrix proteins, comprise 18 α and 8 β subunits, which assemble into 24 known αβ heterodimers with different ligand binding specificities. Gene targeting studies in mice have revealed that integrins have essential functions in a wide ar...
# Introduction Nutrient pollution results in man-made eutrophication, which is amongst the most pernicious forms of global change affecting aquatic ecosystems around the world. Human causes of eutrophication are the inefficient use of fertilizers, aquaculture and urban outflows and atmospheric nitrogen deposition from...
# Introduction The recipe of the Harry Potter saga’s success might reside in part in the very unique way its author has installed a familiar kind of social network in a fantasy world. In order for the reader to be seduced by the story of any novel, the social network narrated in the book must not be too distinct from ...
# Introduction Since its first association with antibiotic-associated disease (AAD) in 1977, *Clostridium difficile* has been recognised as the most commonly identified cause of nosocomial diarrhoea world-wide. *C. difficile* infection (CDI) typically occurs following antibiotic therapy, in which disruption of the res...
# Introduction The *SOX2* gene encodes a member of the SRY-related HMG-box (SOX) family of transcription factors involved in the regulation of embryonic development and in the determination of cell fate. In particular, it is well known that SOX2 plays important roles in maintenance of embryonic stem (ES) cell self-ren...
# Introduction Healthy loading of the tibiofemoral joint of the knee during activities of daily living including gait involves significant tibial anterior shear and tibial internal rotation torque. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the primary restraint to anterior shear and a major secondary restraint to intern...
# Introduction The work-up of patients with suspected heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is difficult due to major practical problems and methodological restrictions. Frequently, suspicion is expressed at times when haematological consultancy services and sophisticated laboratory tests are not immediately available: dur...
# Introduction The production of banana (*Musa* spp.), one of the most important fruit crops in the world, is seriously threatened by cold stress and pests such as *Fusarium oxysporum* var. *cubense*. Development of new banana cultivars with resistance to diseases or cold stress is one of the best ways to overcome thi...
# Introduction To address the human and financial impact of obesity and related chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes, countries across the world are advocating the promotion of healthy lifestyles and positive lifestyle change. This is demonstrated through the publication of national guidelines, such as those which ad...
# Introduction Global energy consumption has increased exponentially since the Industrial Revolution, with a concomitant increase in the network of electrical transmission line across the landscape. The development of this network has had effects on animals which are sometimes favorable (e.g. increasing the availabili...
# Introduction <u>H</u>orizontal <u>G</u>ene <u>T</u>ransfer (HGT), the movement of genetic material between individuals without reproduction, is a major evolutionary force within microbial communities and impacts genome dynamics across all life. Although HGT events often provide direct fitness benefits to recipient c...
# 1 Introduction The 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is a highly contagious disease caused by infection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The disease began to spread in China in mid December 2019, and as the volume of intercity travel escalated around the Lunar New Year period, the number of infected individuals began to s...
# Introduction Obesity is a major public health concern resulting from a mixture of environmental, genetic, neural and endocrine factors. The distal gastrointestinal tract harbors \>10<sup>14</sup> microorganisms with significant differences in the taxonomy and concentration of the bacteria along the digestive track r...
# Introduction Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a serious multiple-organ-involved disease commonly originating from a deep venous thrombosis (DVT), with a morbidity of approximately 69 per 100,000 people. Patients who have been treated for PE have an 8% mortality rate, whereas untreated PE patients have a mortality rate as ...
# Introduction Successful methods for the treatment of tracheal stenosis are yet to be developed. Tracheal stenosis occurs in response to an injury of the airway mucosa, caused by prolonged endotracheal intubation, long-term tracheostomy, or an airway burn. A prolonged tracheostomy and repeated surgeries are needed in...