wikimedqa

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Open-angle glaucoma<unk> eye drops, marketed by Pfizer<unk> in Japanese-language packaging In people with ocular hypertension (intraocular pressure (IOP) ≥21 mm Hg) including open-angle glaucoma, treatment with<unk> reduced IOP levels by 22 to 39% over 1 to 12 months’ treatment.<unk> was more effective than timolol...	Latanoprost	Travoprost	Carboprost	Iloprost	Bimatoprost	Travoprost/timolol	Bimatoprost/timolol	Bifluranol	27,512
The syndrome has been hypothesized to be a variant of alopecia areata diffusa or autoimmune non-scarring hair loss that selectively affects all pigmented hairs, leaving only the white hair behind. Marie Antoinette syndrome is caused by high levels of emotional stress, which, in turn, causes less pigmentation of the hai...	Canities subita	The Fountain of Age	Blind man of Bethsaida	MedCity	Black Death migration	Juven	Plague doctor costume	Biovail	56,471
Sensorineural hearing loss may be genetic or acquired (i.e. as a consequence of disease, noise, trauma, etc.). People may have a hearing loss from birth (congenital) or the hearing loss may come on later. Many cases are related to old age (age-related). Genetic Hearing loss can be inherited. More than 40 genes have bee...	symptoms of Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome	symptom of Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome	symptom of Andersen–Tawil syndrome	symptom of Klippel–Feil syndrome	symptom of Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome	symptoms of Rotor syndrome	symptom of Prader–Willi syndrome	symptom of Laron syndrome	21,372
The World Health Organization classification of testicular tumours subdivides ITGCN into (1) a more common, unspecified type (ITGCNU), and (2) other specific subtypes. The most common specific subtypes are intratubular embryonal carcinoma and intratubular seminoma.	Germ cell neoplasia in situ	In situ lymphoid neoplasia	Surface epithelial-stromal tumor	Sclerosing polycystic adenosis	Keratin implantation cyst	Microcystic adnexal carcinoma	Ductal carcinoma in situ	Intraepithelial neoplasia	51,740
There are three antiepileptic drugs that have been used for the first-line treatment of<unk> ; these are ethosuximide (ETX), valproic acid (VPA), and lamotrigine (LTG). ETX is an effective first-line treatment for the<unk> seizures only by blocking the low-threshold calcium currents produced by T-type calcium channels...	Childhood absence epilepsy	Benign infantile epilepsy	Benign familial infantile epilepsy	Benign familial neonatal seizures	Northern epilepsy syndrome	Musicogenic epilepsy	Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy	Temporal lobe epilepsy	40,660
Prevention of atrial fibrillation focuses primarily on preventing or controlling its risk factors. Many of its risk factors, such as obesity, smoking, lack of physical activity, and excessive alcohol consumption, are modifiable and preventable with lifestyle modification or can be managed by a healthcare professional. ...	complications of Rheumatic fever	medical cause of Rheumatic fever	complications of Diphtheria	complications of Behçet's disease	complications of West Nile fever	complications of Stevens–Johnson syndrome	picture of Rheumatic fever	medical cause of Stevens–Johnson syndrome	53,339
Inheritance Pattern The disease<unk> is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Individuals with this disease exhibit a mutation or pathogenic effect in both copies of the TFR2 in each cell. People with only one copy of TFR2 that is affected are labeled as carriers. Carriers typically do not exhibit signs or sympt...	Haemochromatosis type 3	Hereditary haemochromatosis	Hemochromatosis type 4	Juvenile hemochromatosis	Niemann–Pick disease, type C	Wilson's disease	Wilson–Mikity syndrome	Type 3c diabetes	54,578
The best-validated treatment for OCPD is cognitive therapy (CT) or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), with studies showing an improvement in areas of personality impairment, and reduced levels of anxiety and depression. Group CBT is also associated with an increase in extraversion and agreeableness and reduced neuroti...	Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder	Substance use disorder	Haltlose personality disorder	Personality disorder	Emotional spectrum disorder	Obsessive–compulsive disorder	Self-defeating personality disorder	Immature personality disorder	10,193
The<unk> is a recently described disease manifestation in females that includes multiple paragangliomas or pheochromocytomas and somatostatinomas (in some), both neuroendocrine tumors, and secondary polycythemia associated with high erythropoietin levels. Paragangliomas in these patients are mainly localized to the ab...	Pacak–Zhuang syndrome	Brugada syndrome	Lown–Ganong–Levine syndrome	Bhaskar–Jagannathan syndrome	Burnside–Butler syndrome	Raine syndrome	Bowen–Conradi syndrome	Woodhouse–Sakati syndrome	66,260
The<unk> forbids all nightshade vegetables such as eggplants, red peppers and tomatoes The<unk> (also known as the Plant Paradox diet) is a fad diet which claims that avoiding all foods that contain high amounts of<unk> s will prevent or reverse arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular disease, inflammation and autoimmune d...	Lectin-free diet	Macrobiotic diet	Low-fiber/low-residue diet	Gluten-free diet	Gluten-free, casein-free diet	Elimination diet	Feingold diet	Liquid diet	74,723
<unk> containing propane, butane, and ethanol, for dental applications<unk> (cold<unk> or vapocoolant) is a type of aerosol<unk> product containing a liquified gas used for rapidly cooling surfaces, in medical and industrial applications. It is usually sold in hand-held<unk> cans. It may consist of various substan...	Freeze spray	Hug machine	Sterile insect technique	Florida shuffle	Throat lozenge	Depot injection	Kambo cleanse	Caphosol	68,307
The pathophysiology of<unk> is still not well understood, despite extensive research. Animal models The lack of animal models that are relevant to<unk> has left many key questions in<unk> pathophysiology unanswered. Earliest rodent models of<unk> used atropine (a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor blocker) to induce...	symptom of Delirium tremens	symptom of Narcolepsy	symptom of Conversion disorder	medical cause of Panic attack	symptoms of Delirium	symptom of Botulism	symptom of Panic attack	symptom of Akathisia	6,606
<unk> , also called<unk> albinism-deafness syndrome or albinism and deafness of<unk> , is an autosomal dominant congenital disorder characterized by deafness and leucism. It is caused by a mutation in the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) gene.<unk> was first described in 1963 by Walter<unk> (192...	Tietz syndrome	Laurence–Moon syndrome	Landau–Kleffner syndrome	Kapur–Toriello syndrome	Smith–Magenis syndrome	Langer–Giedion syndrome	Aagenaes syndrome	Pelger–Huët anomaly	10,766
Globally, acne affects approximately 650 million people, or about 9.4% of the population, as of 2010. It affects nearly 90% of people in Western societies during their teenage years, but can occur before adolescence and may persist into adulthood. While acne that first develops between the ages of 21 and 25 is uncommon...	symptom of XYY syndrome	symptom of Klinefelter syndrome	symptom of Kallmann syndrome	symptom of Prader–Willi syndrome	symptom of Laron syndrome	medical cause of Precocious puberty	symptom of Scheuermann's disease	symptom of Angelman syndrome	5,157
The clinical diagnosis of<unk> is based on a history of LUTS (lower urinary tract symptoms), a digital rectal exam, and exclusion of other causes of similar signs and symptoms. The degree of LUTS does not necessarily correspond to the size of the prostate. An enlarged prostate gland on rectal examination that is symme...	Benign prostatic hyperplasia	Prostate cancer	Chronic bacterial prostatitis	Heart failure	Acute prostatitis	Diabetes	Granulomatous prostatitis	Urinary bladder disease	5,579
Suspicion of a chromosome abnormality is typically raised due to the presence of developmental delays or birth defects. Diagnosis of<unk> is usually made via a blood sample. A routine chromosome analysis, or karyotype, is usually used to make the initial diagnosis, although it may also be made by microarray analysis. ...	18p-	RUB A535	ZF2001	714-X	Rc-o319	MIS416	SOS box	T-47D	51,240
Human exposure to aerosols has been documented to give rise to a variety of adverse health effects.<unk> occupants complain of symptoms such as sensory irritation of the eyes, nose, or throat; neurotoxic or general health problems; skin irritation; nonspecific hypersensitivity reactions; infectious diseases; and odor ...	Sick building syndrome	FACES syndrome	Roemheld syndrome	Death-grip syndrome	Pfeiffer syndrome	MASA syndrome	Tension myositis syndrome	Raine syndrome	11,967
<unk> solely measures hemoglobin saturation, not ventilation and is not a complete measure of respiratory sufficiency. It is not a substitute for blood gases checked in a laboratory, because it gives no indication of base deficit, carbon dioxide levels, blood pH, or bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration. The metabolism of...	Pulse oximetry	Plethysmograph	Oxygenation index	Hyperoxia test	Oxygen saturation	Oxygen saturation	Fraction of inspired oxygen	Respiratory pressure meter	17,457
People with the<unk> type of CP typically have muscles that are "tight" or stiff due to high muscle tone. Symptoms of<unk> vary as the disability can affect individuals differently. However, they typically appear in infancy and early childhood and most children are diagnosed in the first two years of life. The main i...	Spastic cerebral palsy	Athetoid cerebral palsy	Dyskinetic cerebral palsy	Ataxic cerebral palsy	Cerebral palsy	Klumpke paralysis	Infantile progressive bulbar palsy	Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy	61,391
The atypical features seen in cells displaying<unk> sis result from the action of the E5 and E6 oncoproteins produced by HPV. These proteins break down keratin in HPV-infected cells, resulting in the perinuclear halo and nuclear enlargement typical of<unk> s. The E6 oncoprotein, along with E7, is also responsible for t...	Koilocyte	Echinocyte	Podocyte	Respirocyte	Prolymphocyte	Centrocyte	Nurse cell	Lymphoblast	35,037
The<unk> is a randomized controlled<unk> in Manchester, England using Motivational Interventions for Drugs & Alcohol misuse in Schizophrenia. It is led by Professor Christine Barrowclough and operates in both Manchester and London. The<unk> is, along with the Danish CapOpus<unk> , among the only<unk> s aimed at this...	MIDAS Trial	QRISK	MOMS Trial	Risk panel	NACA score	RECOVERY Trial	EuroSCORE	Joint replacement registry	46,014
Anatomy of a Nephron; functional unit of the kidney<unk> <unk> is an autosomal recessive kidney tubule disorder characterized by low blood levels of potassium and magnesium, decreased excretion of calcium in the urine, and elevated blood pH. The disorder is caused by genetic mutations resulting in improper function o...	Gitelman syndrome	Angelman syndrome	FG syndrome	Omenn syndrome	Perlman syndrome	Irvine–Gass syndrome	Malouf syndrome	Gleich's syndrome	26,153
Most common causes of hyperthyroidism by age. There are several causes of hyperthyroidism. Most often, the entire gland is overproducing thyroid hormone. Less commonly, a single nodule is responsible for the excess hormone secretion, called a "hot" nodule. Thyroiditis (inflammation of the thyroid) can also cause hypert...	medical cause of Insomnia	medical cause of Panic attack	symptom of Narcolepsy	symptom of Delirium	symptom of Bipolar disorder	symptoms of Delirium	symptom of Opioid use disorder	complications of Panic attack	1,090
<unk> (also known as diabetic-bearded woman syndrome) is a rare disorder mainly occurring in postmenopausal women. It is characterized by type II diabetes mellitus and signs related to the overproduction of androgens. The disease is named for Emile<unk> and Joseph<unk> .	Achard–Thiers syndrome	McGillivray syndrome	Bart–Pumphrey syndrome	Lelis syndrome	Cole-Carpenter syndrome	Brunner syndrome	Achard syndrome	Bart syndrome	23,787
<unk> is indicated for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) and diabetic macular edema (DME).	Faricimab	Altbib	Odesivimab	Oseltamivir	Maftivimab	Regdanvimab	Atoltivimab	Sotrovimab	71,684
Side effects of<unk> can be divided into acute (those occurring while receiving chemotherapy) and delayed (those occurring months to years after completion of chemotherapy). Delayed side effects have assumed particular importance because many patients treated for Hodgkin lymphoma are cured and can expect long lives af...	ABVD	CAREN	SWAP-200	PAIR	SBAR	PVSRIPO	Birmingham gauge	Sampaolesi line	38,465
<unk> is a series of<unk> lessons on<unk> presented by Robert D.<unk> . Dr.<unk> was a professor of surgery in the division of plastic and reconstructive surgery at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. The<unk> was originally released as a series of VHS tapes, published individually between 1995 and 20...	Acland's Video Atlas of Human Anatomy	Anatomical theatre of the Archiginnasio	Sigmund Freud bibliography	Fares Scale of Injuries due to Cluster Munitions	UFAW Handbook	The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp	Lloyd Library and Museum	Amsler grid	33,566
<unk> is a clinical sign in which vigorous abduction followed by the sudden release of the little toe causes an extensor plantar reflex. It is found in patients with pyramidal tract lesions, and is one of a number of Babinski-like responses. The sign is named after the Viennese neurologist Erwin<unk> (1877-1962).	Stransky's sign	Winterbottom's sign	Baastrup's sign	Bancroft's sign	Dance's sign	Kelly's sign	Hamman's sign	Joffroy's sign	55,281
Common causes of<unk> include: External ear * Cerumen (earwax) or foreign body in the external auditory canal * Otitis externa, infection or irritation of the outer ear * Exostoses, abnormal growth of bone within the ear canal * Tumor of the ear canal * Congenital stenosis or atresia of the external auditory canal (na...	Conductive hearing loss	Sensorineural hearing loss	Spatial hearing loss	Prelingual deafness	Unilateral hearing loss	Cortical deafness	Auditory exclusion	Noise-induced hearing loss	21,361
Micrograph of an excised aortic valve<unk> showing that the avascular branching papillae are covered by endothelium. H&E stain.<unk> are typically found and accurately diagnosed by imaging. The diagnosis is confirmed by pathology. Histologically,<unk> s have branching avascular papillae, composed of collagen, that ar...	Papillary fibroelastoma	Fibrin ring granuloma	Actinic elastosis	Acrokeratoelastoidosis of Costa	Lipofibromatosis	Pyogenic granuloma	Eosinophilic granuloma	Silicone granuloma	49,291
The<unk><unk> mechanism occurs as the result of the length-tension relationship observed in striated muscle, including for example skeletal muscles, arthropod muscle and cardiac (heart) muscle. As a muscle fiber is stretched, active tension is created by altering the overlap of thick and thin filaments. The greatest i...	Frank–Starling law	Mitrofanoff principle	Mandelbaum effect	Arndt–Schulz rule	Haldane effect	Bell–Magendie law	Windkessel effect	Goldwater rule	14,827
<unk> ilation Curve – Plot VE vs. VO2 or Watts or Time – The point at which there is a non‐linear increase in<unk> ilation V‐Slope Method – Plot VO2 vs. VCO2 – The point at which the increase in VCO2 is greater than the increase in VO2 *<unk> ilatory Equivalents Method – Plot VE/VO2 and VE/VCO2 vs. Watts or time or ...	Ventilatory threshold	Mandatory minute ventilation	Lung compliance	Cardiac reserve	Tidal volume	Minute ventilation	Gas exchange	Peak inspiratory pressure	66,651
T2 MRI of cervical spine demonstrating normal cord signal (green circle) and increased T2 signal in the central cord (red circle). Diagnostic criteria In 2002, the<unk> Consortium Working Group proposed the following diagnostic criteria for idiopathic acute<unk> : Investigations Individuals who develop<unk> are typic...	Transverse myelitis	Lhermitte's sign	Vascular myelopathy	Acute flaccid myelitis	Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	Surfer's myelopathy	CMV polyradiculomyelopathy	Primary lateral sclerosis	2,296
Most sources treat low-fiber and low-residue diets as identical, but some make a distinction based on the difference between<unk> and<unk> . Dietary<unk> is the indigestible part of food made from plants.<unk> includes not only<unk> but also other materials found in the colon after digestion. When this distinction ...	Low-fiber/low-residue diet	Low-FODMAP diet	Gluten-free diet	Specific carbohydrate diet	Plant-based diet	Macrobiotic diet	Lectin-free diet	Low-carbohydrate diet	30,700
<unk> or brain<unk> peptide (BNP), also known as B-type<unk> peptide, is a hormone secreted by cardiomyocytes in the heart ventricles in response to stretching caused by increased<unk> blood volume. The 32-amino acid polypeptide BNP is secreted attached to a 76–amino acid N-terminal fragment in the prohormone calle...	Ventricular natriuretic peptide	N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide	Prorenin	Plasma renin activity	Orexin	Leptin	Aldosterone-to-renin ratio	C-peptide	72,842
The mainstay of treatment involves two broad strategies: treat the cancer that usually occurs with the disease, and give medications that suppress the body's immune system attack on the nervous system. Because current treatments are not successful at eliminating the disease, the goal of treatment is often to reduce sym...	Anti-Hu associated encephalitis	Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis	Anti-VGKC-complex encephalitis	Powassan encephalitis	Post viral cerebellar ataxia	Anti-neurofascin demyelinating diseases	Viliuisk encephalomyelitis	Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy	70,740
In herpes labialis, the duration of healing, pain and detectable virus is reduced by up to one day, compared with the total duration of 2–3 weeks of disease presentation.	Penciclovir	Aciclovir	Valganciclovir	Famciclovir	Ganciclovir	Alcaftadine	Letermovir	Amantadine	38,070
Symptoms vary from case to case, and may correlate to how much of the chromosome is missing. Symptoms that are frequently observed with the condition include: * Low birth weight * Malformations of the head * Eye abnormalities * Defects of the hands and feet, polydactyly * Reproductive abnormalities (males) * Psychologi...	Partial monosomy 13q	Distal trisomy 10q	2q37 monosomy	Tetrasomy 18p	Chromosome 2q deletion	Tetrasomy 9p	Chromosome 15q partial deletion	Monosomy 9p	50,032
<unk> , also known as 3-deketo-17α-ethyl-19-nortestosterone or as 17α-ethylestr-4-en-17β-ol, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a 17α-alkylated derivative of nandrolone (19-nortestosterone; 19-NT). It is specifically the 17α-ethyl and 3-deketo derivative of nandrolone as well as the 3-deketo derivative of norethandrolo...	Ethylestrenol	Lynestrenol	Allylestrenol	Bisoctrizole	Norethandrolone	Nandrolone propionate	Oxandrolone	Allenestrol	37,287
A temporary loss of smell can be caused by a blocked nose or infection. In contrast, a permanent loss of smell may be caused by death of olfactory receptor neurons in the nose or by brain injury in which there is damage to the olfactory nerve or damage to brain areas that process smell (see olfactory system). The lack ...	Anosmia	Dysosmia	Phantosmia	Aspermia	Hyperhidrosis	Hyperosmia	Buphthalmos	Xerophthalmia	5,619
<unk><unk> disease responds well, and often dramatically, to glucocorticoid therapy, provided that advanced fibrotic lesions have not resulted in irreversible damage, and this has included resolution of radiologic findings. Men given glucocorticoids to treat<unk><unk> disease at other anatomical sites sometimes repor...	IgG4-related prostatitis	Granulomatous prostatitis	Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis	Chronic bacterial prostatitis	Non-gonococcal urethritis	Urogenital tuberculosis	Eosinophilic cystitis	Genitourinary amoebiasis	67,338
Several well regarded institutions of medical research have produced clinical criteria useful in diagnosing TTS. One of the first sets of guidelines was initially published in 2004 and again in 2008 by the Mayo Clinic. Other research institutions proposing diagnostic criteria include the Japanese<unk> Study Group, Got...	Takotsubo cardiomyopathy	Bubo	Wooden chest syndrome	Acute pericarditis	Acute coronary syndrome	Tamponade	Toxic anterior segment syndrome	Acute chest syndrome	41,566
<unk> catalyzes the reversible phosphorylation of<unk> , deoxyuridine, and their analogs (except deoxycytidine) to their respective bases (thymine/uracil) and 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate. The enzyme follows a sequential mechanism, where phosphate binds before<unk> (or deoxyuridine, etc.) and 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate l...	Thymidine phosphorylase	Xanthine oxidase	Asparaginase	Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase	Dispase	Iduronate-2-sulfatase	Transaminase	Biotinidase	48,284
Lateral cross section of female reproductive system, illustrating the vesicovaginal and rectovaginal areas As pelvic organ prolapse and stress urinary incontinence can be present separately or simultaneously, surgical<unk> is implanted into vesicovaginal and rectovaginal region through the vaginal route in different a...	Transvaginal mesh	Cervical pessary	Macy catheter	Vaginoplasty	Perineal dilator	Vaginal dilator	Hymenorrhaphy	Progesterone vaginal ring	74,344
Six factors can contribute to the formation of edema: # increased hydrostatic pressure; # reduced colloidal or oncotic pressure within blood vessels; # increased tissue colloidal or oncotic pressure; # increased blood vessel wall permeability (e.g., inflammation); # obstruction of fluid clearance in the lymphatic syste...	symptom of Thoracic outlet syndrome	symptom of Carpal tunnel syndrome	symptom of Dysautonomia	symptom of Motion sickness	symptom of Myasthenia gravis	symptom of Pulmonary heart disease	symptom of Legius syndrome	symptom of Pulmonary embolism	5,005
Legal scholars, economists, activists, policymakers, industries, and trade organizations have held differing views on<unk> and engaged in contentious debates on the subject. Critical perspectives emerged in the nineteenth century that were especially based on the principles of free trade. Contemporary<unk> s have echo...	Criticism of patents	Patient trade-off	Patient group directions	Cost sharing	Component causes	Public security	Guaranteed issue	Prescription charges	50,616
<unk> is a technique for genetic sex determination in those species where XX chromosome pair is present.<unk> can be done by identifying Barr body, a drumstick like appendage located in the rim of the nucleus in somatic cells. Barr body is the inactive X chromosome which lies condensed in the nucleus of somatic cells...	Nuclear sexing	Structural inheritance	Fetal programming	Sex-chromosome dosage compensation	Sex selection	Genetics of obesity	Genomic imprinting	Germline mosaicism	69,860
Pyle two-channel<unk><unk> Important applications include public address systems, theatrical and concert sound reinforcement systems, and domestic systems such as a stereo or home-theatre system. Instrument<unk> s including guitar<unk> s and electric keyboard<unk> s also use<unk> s. In some cases, the<unk><unk> for a...	Audio power amplifier	Eye chart	Computational audiology	Solar viewer	Optometry	Head mirror	Snellen chart	Reading machine	5,716
Electrode placement for<unk> ; RL electrode (green), not shown, remains on leg A<unk> (also called the S5<unk> is a modified ECG<unk> used to detect atrial flutter waves when atrial flutter is suspected clinically, based on signs and symptoms, but is not definitely demonstrated on the standard 12<unk> ECG. In order...	Lewis lead	Sybil	Pubmeth	Metaldehyde	Lewisite	Vinyl chloride	Basilicon	Heptachlor	47,450
<unk> is a medical condition with an unknown cause that shows symptoms of short stature, congenital optic atrophy and brachytelephalangy. This condition is extremely rare with only two cases being found.	Berk–Tabatznik syndrome	Townes–Brocks syndrome	Fryns-Aftimos syndrome	Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome	McKittrick-Wheelock syndrome	Cortes Lacassie syndrome	Teunissen–Cremers syndrome	Barakat-Perenthaler syndrome	52,373
Treatment of hyperglycemia requires elimination of the underlying cause, such as diabetes. Acute hyperglycemia can be treated by direct administration of insulin in most cases. Severe hyperglycemia can be treated with oral hypoglycemic therapy and lifestyle modification.Replacing white bread with whole wheat may help r...	diagnosis of Diabetic ketoacidosis	complications of Diabetic ketoacidosis	medical cause of Cardiogenic shock	medical cause of Hyperthermia	symptom of Diabetic ketoacidosis	symptom of Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion	symptoms of Toxic shock syndrome	medical cause of Hypoglycemia	5,330
<unk><unk> 2011 tropospheric column density. The EPA have some regulations and guidelines for monitoring<unk><unk> levels. Historically, some states in the U.S including Chicago, Northeast corridor and L.A have had high levels of<unk><unk> . In 2006, the WHO estimated that over 2 million deaths result annually from a...	Nitrogen dioxide poisoning	Carbon monoxide poisoning	Chlorine gas poisoning	Organophosphate poisoning	Oxygen toxicity	Cyanide poisoning	Barbiturate overdose	Nitrogen narcosis	67,683
The earliest and probably most widely accepted scientific theory of<unk> action is the monoamine hypothesis (which can be traced back to the 1950s), which states that depression is due to an imbalance (most often a deficiency) of the monoamine neurotransmitters (namely serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine). It was o...	Antidepressant	Antipsychotic	Appetite stimulant	Mood stabilizer	Tetracyclic antidepressant	Tricyclic antidepressant	Atypical antidepressant	Antimanic drugs	253
Generic<unk> 7.5/200 mg<unk> (INNs), sold under the brand name Vicoprofen, is a fixed-dose combination analgesic medication used in short-term therapy to relieve severe pain. Vicoprofen combines the analgesic and antitussive properties of hydrocodone with the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties o...	Hydrocodone/ibuprofen	Oxycodone/ibuprofen	Ibuprofen/paracetamol	Hydrocodone/paracetamol	Naproxen/diphenhydramine	Hydrocodone/aspirin	Celecoxib/tramadol	Butalbital/acetaminophen	60,302
A titanium hip prosthesis, with a ceramic head and polyethylene acetabular cup Ceramics are now commonly used in the medical fields as dental and bone implants. Surgical cermets are used regularly. Joint replacements are commonly coated with<unk> materials to reduce wear and inflammatory response. Other examples of me...	Bioceramic	Bioactive glass	Biopharmaceutical	Covid-Organics	Biomaterial	Inhalant	Mold	Cathartic	55,009
<unk> is diagnosed by measuring the concentration of magnesium in the blood. Concentrations of magnesium greater than 1.1 mmol/L are considered diagnostic.	Hypermagnesemia	Rhabdomyolysis	Hyponatremia	Hypercalcaemia	Lithium toxicity	Hypophosphatemia	Hyperkalemia	Hypernatremia	20,254
Edema, also spelled oedema, and also known as fluid retention, dropsy, hydropsy and swelling, is the build-up of fluid in the body's tissue. Most commonly, the legs or arms are affected.<unk> s may include skin which feels tight, the area may feel heavy, and affected joints may be hard to move. Other<unk> s depend on t...	symptom of Heart failure	symptom of Myocardial infarction	symptom of Arrhythmia	symptom of Pneumonia	symptom of Coronary artery disease	symptom of Pulmonary embolism	symptom of Acute liver failure	symptom of Cardiovascular disease	4,984
The inheritance pattern is autosomal dominant. It is related to a mutation in the TIMP3 gene.	Sorsby's fundus dystrophy	Reis–Bucklers corneal dystrophy	Kjer's optic neuropathy	Peyronie's disease	Fleischer ring	Kayser–Fleischer ring	Meesmann corneal dystrophy	Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy	69,791
<unk> is a condition where a lymphangioma is not present in a single localised mass, but in a widespread or multifocal manner. It is a rare type of tumor which results from an abnormal development of the lymphatic system. It is thought to be the result of congenital errors of lymphatic development occurring prior to t...	Lymphangiomatosis	Lymphangitis carcinomatosa	Angiomatosis	Papillomatosis	Universal angiomatosis	Fibromatosis	Chorangiosis	Tuberculous gumma	40,862
Only some<unk> s such as influenza are contagious and commonly believed infectious. The microorganisms that cause these<unk> s are known as pathogens and include varieties of bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi. Infectious<unk> s can be transmitted, e.g. by hand-to-mouth contact with infectious material on surfaces,...	Disease	Precancerous condition	Cancer	Psychopathology	Drug	Drug	Cancer cluster	Suboptimal health	773
<unk> incidence; most common in Asia, Africa, Central and South America In 2000,<unk> caused an estimated 21.7 million illnesses and 217,000 deaths. It occurs most often in children and young adults between 5 and 19 years old. In 2013, it resulted in about 161,000 deaths – down from 181,000 in 1990. Infants, children...	Typhoid fever	Leptospirosis	Trench fever	Lassa fever	Cotton fever	Boutonneuse fever	Yellow fever	Paratyphoid fever	2,273
It is an inhibitor of the enzyme janus kinase 1 (JAK1) and janus kinase 3 (JAK 3), which means that it interferes with the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, which transmits extracellular information into the cell nucleus, influencing DNA transcription. In a mouse model of established arthritis,<unk> rapidly improved disease...	Tofacitinib	Ocrelizumab	Belatacept	Etanercept	Ibalizumab	Sarilumab	Theralizumab	Atezolizumab	60,446
A demonstration of a common mechanism of a<unk> in a car accident. The mechanism of the injury is forcible hyperextension of the head, usually with distraction of the neck. Traditionally this would occur during judicial hanging, when the noose was placed below the condemned subject's chin. When the subject was dropped...	Hangman's fracture	Pott's fracture	Smith's fracture	Bennett's fracture	Bosworth fracture	Smith fracture	Duverney fracture	March fracture	38,810
Vertebrobasillar<unk> * Hemifacial spasm * Paresis * Trigeminal neuralgia Internal carotid<unk> * Progressive visual field defect	Intracranial dolichoectasias	Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations	Chiari malformation	Porencephaly	Periventricular leukomalacia	Hydrocephalus	Cavernous venous malformation	Intraventricular hemorrhage	39,638
<unk> , also known as red burning skin and<unk> dermatitis, has been reported in people who apply topical<unk> s for 2 weeks or longer and then discontinue use. Symptoms affect the skin and include redness, a burning sensation, and itchiness, which may then be followed by peeling. This condition generally requires the...	Topical steroid withdrawal	Topical glucocorticoids	Eyelid revision	Phototherapeutic keratectomy	Topical medication	Ozone therapy	Artificial tears	Corneal transplantation	68,492
A<unk> <unk> , also known as an intensive care nursery (ICN), is an intensive care unit (ICU) specializing in the care of ill or premature newborn infants.<unk> refers to the first 28 days of life.<unk> care, as known as specialized nurseries or intensive care, has been around since the 1960s. The first American new...	Neonatal intensive care unit	Pediatric intensive care unit	Outline of cardiology	Post-anesthesia care unit	Birthing center	Operating theater	Intensive care unit	Operating room management	23,293
The initial symptoms of<unk> intoxication include central nervous system depression, headache, dizziness, nausea, lack of coordination, and confusion. Sufficiently large doses cause unconsciousness and death. The initial symptoms of<unk> exposure are usually less severe than the symptoms from the ingestion of a simil...	Methanol toxicity	Toxic alcohol	Tin poisoning	Infection	Sulfuric acid poisoning	Serotonin syndrome	Hydrocarbon poisoning	Diabetic ketoacidosis	65,591
<unk> is a corticosteroid drug with<unk> ominant glucocorticoid and low mineralocorticoid activity, making it useful for the treatment of a wide range of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions such as asthma, uveitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, rheumatoid arthritis, urticaria, angioedema, ulcerative colitis, pericarditis, ...	Prednisolone	Methylprednisolone	Prednisone	Methylprednisolone succinate	Methylprednisolone acetate	Cyclofenil	Methylprednisolone aceponate	Triamcinolone	15,356
A number of preventative measures are recommended, including avoiding straining while attempting to defecate, avoiding constipation and diarrhea either by eating a high-fiber diet and drinking plenty of fluid or by taking fiber supplements, and getting sufficient exercise. Spending less time attempting to defecate, avo...	Hemorrhoid	Anal cancer	Anal fissure	Anorectal varices	Hematocolpos	Pyometra	Rectitis	Anal fistula	7,029
<unk> is a diagnostic classification for some DSM-IV Axis II<unk> disorders not<unk> listed in DSM-IV. The DSM-5 does not have an equivalent to<unk> Disorder NOS. However<unk> disorder-trait specified (PD-TS) remains under consideration for future revisions. The DSM 5 "Unspecified Disorder" is not a<unk> disorder...	Personality disorder not otherwise specified	Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder	Dissociative disorder not otherwise specified	Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified	Depressive personality disorder	Bipolar I disorder	Other specified dissociative disorder	Bipolar II disorder	54,180
The precise mechanism of action for<unk> is not known, although efforts to identify<unk> 's teratogenic action generated 2,000 research papers and the proposal of 15 or 16 plausible mechanisms by 2000. As of 2015, the main theories were inhibition of the process of angiogenesis, its inhibition of cereblon, a ubiquitin...	Thalidomide	Pomalidomide	Vincristine	Lenalidomide	Mercaptopurine	Febuxostat	Ifosfamide	Ixazomib	3,495
The pathogenesis of<unk> is not well understood or documented like other diseases of this nature. Even though<unk> is a disease that results in neurological defects, its pathogenesis occurs in areas that reside outside of the nervous system. There was a strong deposition of PrPSc initially located in the ileal Peyer'...	Bovine spongiform encephalopathy	Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease	Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease	Powassan encephalitis	Saint Louis encephalitis	Eastern equine encephalitis	Japanese encephalitis	Viliuisk encephalomyelitis	51,781
The efficacy of<unk> s has been assessed on various wound types. There is some evidence to suggest that<unk> s are effective dressings for chronic wounds including pressure ulcers, diabetic ulcers, and venous ulcers although the results are uncertain.<unk> s have been shown to accelerate healing in partial and full thi...	Hydrogel dressing	Hydrocolloid dressing	Alginate dressing	Occlusive dressing	Wound closure strip	Surgical tape	Surgical suture	Polymer sponge	69,857
The primary manifestations are thrombocytopenia and megakaryocytopenia, or low numbers of platelets and megakaryocytes. There is an absence of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow with no associated physical abnormalities.	Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia	X linked thrombocytopenia	Drug-induced thrombocytopenic purpura	Gray platelet syndrome	Quebec platelet disorder	Immune thrombocytopenic purpura	Essential thrombocythemia	Harris platelet syndrome	54,107
Despite outgoing research, the cause of<unk> is not entirely clear. Inflammation is thought to play a role as well as damage to the venous valves from the thrombus itself. This valvular incompetence combined with persistent venous obstruction from thrombus increases the pressure in veins and capillaries. Venous hypert...	Post-thrombotic syndrome	Fibrinolysis syndrome	Thrombotic storm	Acute limb ischaemia	Painful bruising syndrome	Deep vein thrombosis	Superficial vein thrombosis	Orthostatic purpura	40,255
<unk> is a radiation therapy modality, in which the patient is scanned across a modulated strip-beam, so that only one “slice” (Greek prefix “tomo-”) of the target is exposed at any one time by the linear accelerator (linac) beam. The three components distinctive to this modality are: (1) a collimator pair that define...	Tomotherapy	Chemoradiotherapy	External beam radiotherapy	Selective internal radiation therapy	Plaque radiotherapy	Image-guided radiation therapy	Irradiation	Radiation therapy	44,855
Class switch recombination Different genetic defects cause HIgM syndrome, the vast majority are inherited as an X-linked recessive genetic trait and most sufferers are male. IgM is the form of antibody that all B cells produce initially before they undergo class switching. Healthy B cells efficiently switch to other ty...	Hyper-IgM syndrome type 4	Hyper-IgM syndrome type 5	Hyper-IgM syndrome type 2	Hyper-IgM syndrome type 3	Hyper-IgM syndrome type 1	Hyper IgM syndrome	Anti-IgLON5 disease	Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome	51,826
Affected anatomy Human ear anatomy. Note: The complete anatomy of the human ear is extensive, and can be divided into the inner ear and outer ear. The remainder of this article mainly references the cochlea, outer hair cells, and organ of Corti. In general, structural damages to any anatomical part of the human ear can...	Auditory fatigue	Olfactory fatigue	Auditory exclusion	Nyctalopia	Ocular dysmetria	Physiological anisocoria	Mechanical anisocoria	Cyclopia	60,056
Focal epilepsy<unk> is effective as single-drug treatment for newly diagnosed focal epilepsy in adults. It reduces focal seizures by 50% or more as an add-on medication. Partial-complex epilepsy<unk> is effective as add-on treatment for partial (focal) epilepsy. Generalized epilepsy<unk> is effective for treatment o...	Levetiracetam	Piracetam	Phenylpiracetam	Mesuximide	Dimiracetam	Brivaracetam	Lamotrigine	Ethosuximide	16,107
CHAPLE is characterized by severe protein-losing enteropathy leading to hypoproteinemia. Symptoms can include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, and edema. People also have chronic malabsorption, which causes deficiencies in iron, ferritin, calcium, magnesium, folate, vitamin D a...	CD55 deficiency	CD25 deficiency	MBL deficiency	Complement 2 deficiency	Complement 3 deficiency	Leukocyte adhesion molecule deficiency	Caspase-8 deficiency	CDKL5 deficiency disorder	70,886
During ventricular contraction, or systole, some of the blood from the left ventricle leaks into the right ventricle, passes through the lungs and reenters the left ventricle via the pulmonary veins and left atrium. This has two net effects. First, the circuitous refluxing of blood causes volume overload on the left ve...	Ventricular septal defect	Heart septal defect	Atrioventricular septal defect	Atrial septal defect	Aortopulmonary septal defect	Tricuspid atresia	Double aortic arch	Double inlet left ventricle	18,147
Seizures are managed with anticonvulsive medications. Laser coagulation or cryoablation (freezing) of the retina can be used to destroy the abnormal blood vessels. Retinal detachment is repaired with a scleral buckle or with vitrectomy. Removal or enucleation of the eye is a last resort option if the eye already has be...	Cerebroretinal microangiopathy with calcifications and cysts	Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities	Punctate inner choroiditis	Retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukoencephalopathy and systemic manifestations	Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy	Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis	Progressive outer retinal necrosis	Giant retinal ganglion cells	62,630
Under the law of England and Wales regarding insanity and unfitness to plead, once a court has determined that the defendant is subject to a disability that prevents their<unk> progressing, there may be a<unk> " in which the truth of the allegations against the defendant, as opposed to their guilt or innocence of a cr...	Trial of the facts	Theory of indispensable attributes	Partner notification	Manning criteria	Sustainability and transformation plan	Chain of survival	Outline of medicine	Certificate of medical necessity	68,287
Frequent serum GH measurements in normal subjects (left panel) demonstrate that GH can fluctuate between undetectable levels most of the time interspersed with peaks of up to 30 μg/L (90 mIU/L); in acromegaly (right panel) GH hypersecretion is continuous with no undetectable levels. If acromegaly is suspected, medical ...	symptom of Congenital generalized lipodystrophy	symptom of Laron syndrome	symptoms of Rotor syndrome	symptom of Prader–Willi syndrome	picture of Congenital hypothyroidism	symptom of Scheuermann's disease	symptom of Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome	symptom of Rotor syndrome	53,451
<unk> (or<unk> sex or penitentiary sex) consists of sexual relationships between<unk> ers or between a<unk> er and a<unk> employee or other persons to whom<unk> ers have access. Since<unk> s are usually separated by sex, most sexual activity is with a same-sex partner. Exceptions to this consist of sex during conjug...	Prison sexuality	Self-hatred	Bullying in medicine	Sexual addiction	Sexually active life expectancy	Extended female sexuality	Effects and aftermath of rape	Somatic experiencing	9,807
<unk> , sold under many brand names, is a benzodiazepine. It is mainly an anti-anxiety agent with similar side effects to diazepam (Valium). In addition to being used to treat anxiety or panic states,<unk> may be used as a premedicant prior to minor surgery.<unk> typically comes in doses of 3 mg and 6 mg tablets. It ...	Bromazepam	Triazolam	Quazepam	Halazepam	Oxazepam	Adinazolam	Remimazolam	Flutazolam	20,763
Established in 1969, the<unk> is one of America's longest running treatment<unk> s for individuals who struggle with excess weight, a sedentary lifestyle, and associated health problems. The<unk> is designed for adults age 18 and up and dedicated to education about and exploration of major components of successful li...	Duke Diet and Fitness Center	Licensed behavior analyst	Handbook on Drug and Alcohol Abuse	PhenX Toolkit	Suffolk GP Federation	Mental health counselor	Hellenic Athletic Federation of the Deaf	Mental health tribunal	41,697
<unk> (), sold under the brand name Koselugo, is a medication for the treatment of children, two years of age and older, with neurofibromatosis type I (NF-1), a genetic disorder of the nervous system causing tumors to grow on nerves. It is taken by mouth. Common side effects include headache, abdominal pain and other ...	Selumetinib	Binimetinib	Cobimetinib	Pralsetinib	Lestaurtinib	Axitinib	Mobocertinib	Gefitinib	61,433
Conservative treatment involves the long term use of laxatives and enemas, and has limited success. Dietary changes in order to control the disease are ineffective and high fiber diets often worsen the symptoms in children. As a last resort, surgical treatment (internal sphincter myectomy or colon resection) is used. I...	Intestinal neuronal dysplasia	Autoimmune gastrointestinal dysmotility	Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth	Foreign body in alimentary tract	Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency	Non-celiac gluten sensitivity	Small intestine neuroendocrine tumor	Familial multiple intestinal atresia	28,584
<unk> is a general term for inflammation or infection of the ear, in both humans and other animals. When infection is present, it may be viral or bacterial. When inflammation is present due to fluid build up in the middle ear and infection is not present it is considered<unk> media with effusion. It is subdivided int...	Otitis	Chorditis	Rhinitis	Posthitis	Pouchitis	Placentitis	Orchitis	Chondritis	27,858
<unk> Combat Gauze<unk> is a brand of hemostatic dressing, wound dressing that contains an agent that promotes blood clotting.	QuikClot	Rape kit	QTY Code	ThermoSensor	Kick chart	Diff-Quik	AutoAnalyzer	Pest House	68,123
Cytosine Uracil The mechanism of SHM involves deamination of cytosine to uracil in DNA by the enzyme activation-induced cytidine deaminase, or AID. A cytosine:guanine pair is thus directly mutated to a uracil:guanine mismatch. Uracil residues are not normally found in DNA, therefore, to maintain the integrity of the ge...	Somatic hypermutation	Hair cloning	Osseoincorporation	Prime editing	Gene duplication	Exon shuffling	Autoamputation	Genome editing	60,559
The true incidence of<unk> is unknown because of the difficulty in making the diagnosis and because of underreporting. It is estimated to occur in 1:1300 to 1:5000 transfusions of plasma-containing products.<unk> is the leading reported cause of death related to transfusion in the United States; more than 20 cases we...	Transfusion-related acute lung injury	Transfusion associated circulatory overload	Culture-bound syndrome	Macrophage activation syndrome	Transfusion-related immunomodulation	Systemic inflammatory response syndrome	Transfusion transmitted infection	Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease	35,439
X-ray showing lung cancer in the left lung Most cancers are initially recognized either because of the appearance of signs or symptoms or through screening. Neither of these leads to a definitive diagnosis, which requires the examination of a tissue sample by a pathologist. People with suspected cancer are investigated...	symptom of Arsenic poisoning	symptom of Lead poisoning	symptom of Carbon monoxide poisoning	symptom of Alcohol intoxication	symptom of Shigellosis	symptom of Sulfhemoglobinemia	symptoms of Toxic shock syndrome	symptom of Tuberculosis	5,907
Treatment can involve operations to lengthen the leg bones, which involves many visits to the hospital. Other symptoms can be treated with medicine or surgery. Most female patients with the syndrome can live a long and normal life, while males have only survived in rare cases.	Conradi–Hünermann syndrome	Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome	Zimmermann–Laband syndrome	Wells-Jankovic syndrome	Keppen–Lubinsky syndrome	Hallermann–Streiff syndrome	Lujan–Fryns syndrome	Sakati–Nyhan–Tisdale syndrome	40,012
<unk> refers to thyroid dysfunction occurring in the first 12 months after pregnancy and may involve hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism or the two sequentially. According to the National Institute of Health,<unk> affects about 8% of pregnancies. There are, however, different rates reported globally. This is likely due t...	Postpartum thyroiditis	Radiation-induced thyroiditis	Subacute thyroiditis	Autoimmune thyroiditis	Ord's thyroiditis	Subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis	De Quervain's thyroiditis	Riedel's thyroiditis	43,511
<unk> s may be discovered on medical imaging incidentally (i.e. an incidentaloma), or may be present in patients as an abdominal mass or<unk> cyst, hematuria, abdominal pain, or manifest first in a paraneoplastic syndrome that seems unrelated to the<unk> . Other markers or complications that may arise from<unk> s can ...	Kidney tumour	Renal cyst	Kidney cancer	Liver tumor	Ureteral cancer	Pyonephrosis	Hydronephrosis	Kidney stone disease	56,514
<unk> is a malignant tumor of the pineal gland. A<unk> is a supratentorial midline primitive neuroectodermal tumor.<unk> may occur in patients with hereditary uni- or bilateral retinoblastoma. When retinoblastoma patients present with<unk> this is characterized as "trilateral retinoblastoma". Up to 5% of patients w...	Pineoblastoma	Sialoblastoma	Medulloblastoma	Ameloblastoma	Neurothekeoma	Hemangioblastoma	Cementoblastoma	Pilocytic astrocytoma	54,947
The accuracy of diagnosis by<unk> depends on whether the correct site is<unk> ed. There is a risk that a diagnosis can be missed if the<unk> misses the diseased part of heart muscle, particularly with myocardial inflammation or fibrosis. An experienced pathologist trained in<unk> analysis and interpretation also ref...	Endomyocardial biopsy	Ballistocardiography	Magnetocardiography	Phonocardiogram	Tissue Doppler echocardiography	Electrocorticography	Electrocochleography	Coronary CT calcium scan	71,697
Public health The<unk> is generally used as a means of correlation between groups related by general<unk> and can serve as a vague means of estimating adiposity. The duality of the<unk> is that, while it is easy to use as a general calculation, it is limited as to how accurate and pertinent the data obtained from it...	Body mass index	Body adiposity index	Obesity	Lean body mass	Family history	Body fat percentage	Body composition	Sedentary lifestyle	454

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@inproceedings{sileo-etal-2024-generating-multiple,
    title = "Generating Multiple-choice Questions for Medical Question Answering with Distractors and Cue-masking",
    author = "Sileo, Damien  and
      Uma, Kanimozhi  and
      Moens, Marie-Francine",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024)",
    month = may,
    year = "2024",
    address = "Torino, Italia",
    publisher = "ELRA and ICCL",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.675",
    pages = "7647--7653",
}

https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.07069

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Paper for AzizzTrabelsi/wikimedqa

Generating multiple-choice questions for medical question answering with distractors and cue-masking

Paper • 2303.07069 • Published Mar 13, 2023