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occupying territory of a hostile state, and other matters. The laws and customs of war apply between belligerents, but not domestically or among allies. Crimes by German nationals against other German nationals are not War Crimes, nor are acts by German nationals against Hungarians or Roumanians. The War Crimes charged... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,060,000 | 3,060,500 |
nationals. The International Military Tribunal said that: "As to War Crimes committed in Bohemia and Moravia, it is a sufficient answer that these territories were never added to the Reich, but a mere protectorate was established over them."1 In connection with the charge of Crimes against Humanity, it is also anticipa... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,060,450 | 3,060,950 |
as defined in Law No. 10 stand on an independent footing and constitute crimes per se. In any event, the crimes with which this case is concerned were in fact all "committed in execution of, or in connection with, the aggressive war". This is true not only of the medical experiments, but also of the euthanasia program,... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,060,900 | 3,061,400 |
quite beyond doubt by Article III of Law No. 10, which authorizes each of the occupying powers to arrest persons suspected of having committed crimes defined in Law No. 10, and to bring them to trial "before an appropriate tribunal". Paragraph 1(d) of Article III further provides that: "Such Tribunal may, in the case o... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,061,350 | 3,061,850 |
crimes not covered by the former, namely, crimes against Germans and nationals of countries other than those occupied by Germany. Moreover, the Prosecution in that case maintained that the inhumane treatment of Jews and political opponents in Germany before the war constituted Crimes against Humanity. The Tribunal said... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,061,800 | 3,062,300 |
of tubercular Poles, and the murder of 112 Jews for a skeleton collection. Under Paragraphs 6 and 11 of the same counts, all of the defendants are charged with participation in criminal medical experimentation on human subjects without their consent, which resulted in murders, atrocities, and other inhumane acts. It sh... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,062,250 | 3,062,750 |
think for a moment that there is some faint mitigating circumstance in the exemplary conduct of these two knights of Luftwaffe medical virtue, let us test the truth of their alleged disassociation from Rascher by looking at the freezing experiments which began less than 30 days after Ruff, Romberg, and Rascher publishe... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,062,700 | 3,063,200 |
justify the performance of the experiment. This is to say that the experiment must be such as to yield results for the good of society unprocurable by other methods of study and must not be random and unnecessary in nature. Moreover, the experiment must be conducted by scientifically qualified persons in sucy manner as... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,063,150 | 3,063,650 |
This fact is not seriously denied by the defendants. Most of them who performed the experiments themselves have admitted that they never so much as asked the subjects whether they were volunteering for the experiments. As to the legal and moral necessity for consent, the defendants pay theoretical lip service while at ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,063,600 | 3,064,100 |
ignorance about the consent of the experimental victims. They knew, as the evidence proves, that the miserable inmates did not volunteer to be tortured and killed. But even assuming the impossible, that they did not know, it is their damnation not their exoneration. Knowledge could have been obtained by the simple expe... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,064,050 | 3,064,550 |
Nazi regime to wring from their wretched and unwilling bodies a drop of scientific information at a cost of death, torture, mutilation, and permanent disability. For these palpable crimes justice demands stern retribution. MR. HARDY:Mr. Hardy will continue with the closing statement. THE PRESIDENT:Counsel, in order not... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,064,500 | 3,065,000 |
without their consent. The inter-relation and common basis of these crimes in brought into sharp focus by a simple chronological review. The program had its early beginning in May 1941, when Luftwaffe Captain Rascher, aided and abetted by the defendant Weltz and an assistant named Kottenhof, made overtures to Himmler f... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,064,950 | 3,065,450 |
simple academic pursuit as were some of the more "garden variety" concentration camp atrocities. In October 1942 a great Cold Congress in Nurnberg was attended by the defendants Becker-Freyseng, Ruff, Romberg, Rose, Schaefer, and Waltz, together with nearly 100 representatives of all the medical services in Germany. Th... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,065,400 | 3,065,900 |
exception to this report. Although his prior and subsequent conduct leave little doubt that it was on scientific rather than moral grounds In any event, what was good enough for Ding was good enough for Haagen. That very same month he began, his own typhus vaccine tests in the Schirmeck Concentration Camp, aided and ab... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,065,850 | 3,066,350 |
on concentration camp inmates without their consent. The demands upon the SS for human guinea pigs had become so extensive that by May, 1944 a centra clearing committee had been set up by Himmler. The defendant Gebhardt passed on the medical necessity of the proposed experiment, while Gluecks and Nebe acted as the Valk... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,066,300 | 3,066,800 |
and all bound together by the policies and orders of the leaders of the German medical services which formed the outer rim. While the defendant deny that there was a common design or that they participated in it, all seek at the same time the contradictory "protection" of State approval of the experiments. The defendan... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,066,750 | 3,067,250 |
the plan. These are rules which every society has found necessary in order to reach men.....who never got blood on their own hands but who lay plans that result in the shedding of blood. All over Germany today, in every zone of occupation, little men who carried out these criminal policies under orders are being convic... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,067,200 | 3,067,700 |
1 of this Article, if he was (a) a principal or (b) was an accessory to the commission of any such crime or ordered or abetted the same or (c) took a consenting part therein or (d) was connected with plans and enterprises involving its commission or (e) was a member of any organization or group connected with the commi... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,067,650 | 3,068,150 |
until 1945. His close personal relationship to the Fuehrer explains his rapid rise to power. On the day Poland was invaded in 1939, Hitler ordered Brandt and Philipp Bouhler, the Chief of the Chancellery of the Fuehrer, to carry out the so-called euthanasia program. Aside from his personal influence and intimate connec... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,068,100 | 3,068,600 |
the Fuehrer elevated Brandt to Reich Commissioner for the Health and Medical Services and stated that in this capacity "his office ranks as highest Reich authority". Brandt's position was thus equivalent to that of a Reich Minister. He was authorized "to issue instructions to the offices and organizations of the State,... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,068,550 | 3,069,050 |
side, and Conti, on the civilian side, were subordinated. Handloser was charged with the coordination of the Medical Services of the Wehrmacht and all organizations and units subordinated or attached to the Wehrmacht, including the Medical Services of the Waffen SS. Prior to this decree there were four separate medical... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,069,000 | 3,069,500 |
will be a unified one. Accordingly, the group of participants in this Second Work Conference East, which I have now opened, is differently composed from the First Work Conference in May of this year. Then it was a conference of the army; today the three branches of the Wehrmacht, the Waffen SS and Police, the Labor Ser... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,069,450 | 3,069,950 |
responsible for the crimes committed by the Medical Services of the Wehrmacht, and especially of the Army and Luftwaffe, then no one is responsible. In the number three seat we have the defendant Rostock who, as Brandt's special deputy, was charged with the task of"centrally coordinating and directing the problems and ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,069,900 | 3,070,400 |
medical supervision of Genzken. Few men could have been better advised as to the systematic oppression and persecution of the helpless prisoners of these institutions. In May 1940; Genzken became Chief of the Medical Office of the Waffen SS in the SS Operational Headquarters, with the rank of Oberfuehrer (Senior Colone... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,070,350 | 3,070,850 |
the Reich Research Council, Blome was personally connected with plans and enterprises involving criminal medical experimentation. These were the responsible leaders of the Medical Services of Germany. Who, then, is missing from this illustrious gathering? During the course of the trial, we have frequently heard mention... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,070,800 | 3,071,300 |
"while commander of armed forces of Japan at war with the United States of America and its allies, unlawfully disregarded and failed to discharge his duty as commander to control the operations of the members of his command, permitting them to commit brutal atrocities and other high crimes against people of the United ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,071,250 | 3,071,750 |
and authority to control the agents through whom these crimes were committed. It is not incumbent upon the Prosecution to show that this or that defendant was familiar with all of the details of all of these experiments. Indeed, in the Yamashita case, there was no charge or proof that he had knowledge of the crimes. In... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,071,700 | 3,072,200 |
well as performed bacteriological warfare and poison experiments himself? No, it was not the lack of information as to the criminal program which explains the culpable failure of these men to destroy this Frankenstein's monster. Nor was it lack of power. Can anyone doubt that Karl Brandt could have issued instructions ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,072,150 | 3,072,650 |
In the case against Erhard Milch, recently concluded before Military Tribunal No. II, the high altitude and freezing experiments performed at Dachau were adjudged to be crimes. Similarly, in U. S. vs. Weiss at al., tried before a Military Commission in Dachau, a large number of Dachau concentration camp officials were ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,072,600 | 3,073,100 |
Klein, Wahlman, et al., held at Wiesbaden, 1 Ibid. , Vol. 1, p. 301; see also p. 247. Germany from 8 through 15 October 1945, is a clear precedent that the execution of non-German nationals pursuant to the euthanasia program constituted the crime murder. Since the end of the war, German and Austrian courts have repeate... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,073,050 | 3,073,550 |
affidavits as to character, which are replete with such statements as ".....I cannot imagine that he approved or even knew of the 'scientific' experiments which scorn all humanity and all medical ethics."1 Then there was a great flood of affidavits swapped around among the defendants themselves, which usually take the ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,073,500 | 3,074,000 |
report, an answer to their figurative appeal to "say it ain't so". Christensen in his sworn statement said, in effect, that the report was drawn up from memory several days after the event by his assistant Schickler, who was really a pretty stupid fellow anyway and was not apt to understand or remember much which went ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,073,950 | 3,074,450 |
Buchenwald, told an equally incredible story. He carried out vaccinations in these concentration camps only because the camp commander feared an epidemic and Haagen wished to do what he could to avoid this 1. Transcript, p. 6201 - 2.danger. Although there was insufficient typhus vaccines in Germany to vaccinate all per... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,074,400 | 3,074,900 |
to which the witness responded: "Yes, that is correct. That other great source of defense proof -- the testimony of the defendants themselves -- must also be described, if one wishes to be charitable, as not above reproach. How many times have the defendants said, "I have heard of that for the first time here in Nurnbe... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,074,850 | 3,075,350 |
sulfanilamideexperimentsonn Polish women in the Ravensbrueck Concentration Camp. attempted to dissociate himself from the vivisections performed in the course of the bone, muscle, and nerve experiments. He testified that his sulfanilamide experiments were completed by December 1942 and he had no further connection with... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,075,300 | 3,075,800 |
1944 prove that typhus experiments were carried out in Buchenwald by Ding at the suggestion of Rose. Ten inmates were killed during the course of these experiments. Rose expressly denied the accuracy of these entries in the Ding Diary. He denied ever having sent vaccine to Mrugowsky or Ding to have tested in Buchenwald... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,075,750 | 3,076,250 |
Considering the slowness of postal communications I would be grateful for an answer by telephone."1 This letter in turn substantiates the entry in the Ding Diary for 8 March 1944. These defendants, without exception, showed a very remarkable practice of economizing in the use of truth. The record is full of their outri... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,076,200 | 3,076,700 |
to the "good" Conti while the "bad" Conti went his criminal way without the assistance of his chief collaborator. Poppendick and Grawitz had the same unique relationship. Cenzken and Mrugowsky perform a similar bi-section of Ding; while his right hand was in the vaccine production plant at Buchenwald under their comman... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,076,650 | 3,077,150 |
penal institutions, such as are known in other countries, for the committment of persons convicted of crimes by courts. The very purpose of concentration camps was the oppression and persecution of persons who were considered undesirable by the Nazi regime on racial, political, and religious grounds. Hundreds of thousa... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,077,100 | 3,077,600 |
condemn by "a stroke of his pen". If the inmate used in the experiments was condemned for merely being a Jew, Pole, or Russian, or, for example, having had sexual intercourse with a Jew, it does not answer the criminal charge to say that the victim was doomed to die. Experimentation on such a person is to compound 1 65... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,077,550 | 3,078,050 |
crimes they were said to have committed. They were simply arrested and interrogated by the Gestapo in Poland and sent to the concentration camp. They had never so much as been informed that they had been marked for, not sentenced to, death. Article 30 of the Regulations Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land; a... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,078,000 | 3,078,500 |
the Governor General ever acted with respect to pardoning the Polish women used in the experiments, or, for that matter, any substantial number of those not used in the experiments. The only reason these 700 Polish women were transported from Warsaw and Lublin to Ravensbruck, in the first place, was because the Governo... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,078,450 | 3,078,950 |
this ghoulish ruling being sought for by the defense. I should now like to turn briefly to the specific defenses of some of the defendants. It is a temptation to take up each defendant in his turn, but since my appropriate time does not permit, I can only hope that we will not be accused of partiality in selecting only... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,078,900 | 3,079,400 |
inaccuracies. The living record of the deceased Ding is the best evidence of what actually happened. But one could disregard the Ding Diary and the proof would still require a judgment of guilty with respect to Handloser. The Buchenwald typhus experiments were also discussed at a preliminary conference on 29 December 1... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,079,350 | 3,079,850 |
The Prosecution does not contend that Rudolf Brandt was as important as Himmler. But he was an important administrative assistant to Himmler. While the basic decisions were made by Himmler, Brandt saw to it that they were carried out. If the principle of relative guilt has any place in the trial of men directly connect... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,079,800 | 3,080,300 |
knows the order is criminal, it is surely a hollow excuse to say it must be obeyed for the sake of obedience alone. The defendant Beiglboeck attempts to run in all directions at once. The gypsies which he used in his experiments he tells us were volunteers, although he carried a pistol on his hip; they took the seawate... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,080,250 | 3,080,750 |
from guilt for his bloody crimes on the ground that he was really working as an anti-Nazi resistance agent. Nor was he a late-comer to the resistance movement; according to him, he has been resisting since 1/ Transcript p. 8848. 2/ Transcript p. 10508. 1933. Yet in those 14 years, yes to this very day, he has not perfo... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,080,700 | 3,081,200 |
him in those experiments, Four inmates were killed as a result. In May 1943, he objected to the experiments in what he describes as strong terms. But in December, he was again instigating still another experiment which resulted in the murder of six men. He is a living example of a man who could have abstained from part... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,081,150 | 3,081,650 |
3 square kilometers? How much phosgene would the population inhale with the air they breathe in 10 minutes without protection against gas, if one person uses 30 litres of breathing air per minute? Compare this quantity with the quantity of the poison gas used."2 The same perversion of thinking in terms of Nazi mathemat... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,081,600 | 3,082,100 |
of being too dependent on guidance from outside rather than on the dictates of one's own conscience. Therefore, let there be no doubt about the degrees of 1. Transcript, p. 9229. your condemnation of the acts of these defendants. THE PRESIDENT:Before the arguments on behalf of defense counsel the Tribunal will take a s... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,082,050 | 3,082,550 |
comma was so important that the representatives of the four signatory Powers met on purpose to discuss it. It results therefrom that the affairs in the interior of a country cannot be affected by the London Charter and, consequently, by Law No. 10. Punishment by this Tribunal of acts committed by Germans against German... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,082,500 | 3,083,000 |
may reduce the credibility unless good reasons justify such correction. Here the result of interrogations made in the initial proceedings is in contradiction to the evidence given before the Tribunal. On the basis of practical experience, German law considers only the result of an interrogation made by a judge valid ev... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,082,950 | 3,083,450 |
abject characters and wickedness. Pamphlets with strong headings appear. On the other hand the Tribunal will make itself acquainted with the literature collected by the Defense as evidence. If one reads this literature one loses one's self-confidence and one cannot finish without confessing that here there are problems... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,083,400 | 3,083,900 |
servants of their community. They would have been killed if they had stood up against what was believed to be the newly discovered eternal justice. What is the subject to do if the orders of the State go beyond the customary limits which the individual himself took for inviolable according to traditions. What did the a... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,083,850 | 3,084,350 |
Ivy, these men certainly consider these experiments an evil, and their personal desire is not to have to participate in them if possible, and not to engage in them troop units who wore not to be burdened with such questions, and had no insight into the necessity of the measures to be taken. In spite of everything Germa... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,084,300 | 3,084,800 |
beings really let themselves bo infected voluntarily with venereal disease; this has nowhere been stated explicitly in literature. Cholera and plague are also no minor inconveniences one is likely to undergo voluntarily for a trifle in the crest of science; above all, it is not customary to give up children for experim... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,084,750 | 3,085,250 |
they are misled by an error of the translator, for Karl Brandt only had the powers, regulated in a general way, of an "Oberste Reichsbehorde" (Supreme Reich authority), but the execution of these powers was restricted to special cases. This appears from the three known degrees and from the explanation there of given by... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,085,200 | 3,085,700 |
the explanation not plausible that Grawitz confused the names? The second case is the request to hand over 10 prisoners for two days for an experiment which is not named. This cannot refer to a true medical experiment, for such experiment cannot be carried out in such a short time with the necessary tests and observati... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,085,650 | 3,086,150 |
right to give orders through other agencies. In every State the spheres of competence are separated and it is not possible for everyone to interfere in everything because everyone is responsible for everything. The prosecution says that the defendant Karl Brandt ought to have used his influence and have availed himself... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,086,100 | 3,086,600 |
has been proved and therefore the end of the defendant Karl Brandt's duties; for what would have been the meaning of this cessation if after it an increased activity was to set in. The contacts of Karl Brandt after the stop have been clarified as the consequence of his activity in evacuation for air protection. Where t... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,086,550 | 3,087,050 |
was not an order given to the doctor, but only conferred on him the right to act under his own responsibility with the most critical consideration of the patient's condition; this was a clause inserted in the ordinance of 1 September 1939 on Karl Brandt's initiative. The defendant Karl Brandt knew that the specialists ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,087,000 | 3,087,500 |
of Euthanasia? The answer is that there is no motive which might justify an action of this kind. The economic motive of eliminating "useless eaters" is certainly not sufficient for such measures. Such a motive was never upheld by the defendant Karl Brandt; it was apparently mentioned by others as an accompanying phenom... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,087,450 | 3,087,950 |
be forbidden to carry out Euthanasia until the whole world is a hospital, while the creatures in nature keep stainless thanks to what is believed to be the brutality of Nature? The decision whether such an order given by the S ate is admissible depends on the conception of the life of mankind in society and is therefor... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,087,900 | 3,088,400 |
Karl Brandt was the only member of the SS who at the same time retained his position as a Medical Officers of the A my shows that his honorary rank in the SS was really only formality and that he was no true member of this organization. When the defendant Karl Brandt gave evidence here as a witness that he wore the uni... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,088,350 | 3,088,850 |
Prosecution are present, who this morning treated the defendant Handloser in a rather peculiar way. It is important to me right at the beginning of my presentation to answer what the Prosecution this morning said regarding the similarity between the defense for Handloser and the defense for Keitel. Apparently by this p... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,088,800 | 3,089,300 |
in concentration camps on involuntary experimental subjects contrary to recognized rules of medical science. The indictment is directed against Professor Handloser personally, in his capacity and on account of his functions, rights, and duties as Inspector of the Army Medical Service and Chief of the Wehrmacht Medical ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,089,250 | 3,089,750 |
but that it was a problem for all physicians. The same also applies to all epidemic problems, which show even more clearly that the entire population, front line and zone of interior, occupied territories and prisoners of war, have the right to demand that all authorities responsible for sanitation must take steps to c... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,089,700 | 3,090,200 |
If we compare this entire field with the individual facts listed in the indictment, we must establish that the experiments characterized as criminal are only the smallest parts of the entire research; furthermore, that the medical institutes for scientific research which were under Professor Handloser's supervision are... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,090,150 | 3,090,650 |
the criminal responsibility for illicit acts of another person. The assuming of the responsibility for the field covered by an office exists only within the field of political and military responsibility. Ministers are responsible to Parliament, military commanders to the Supreme commanders having military jurisdiction... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,090,600 | 3,091,100 |
this trial becomes a mockery. At the very foundation of these juridicial concepts lie two important postulates: 1. Every person accused of crime is presumed to be innocent, and 2. that presumption abides with him until guilt has been established by proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Unless the court which hears the proof... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,091,050 | 3,091,550 |
persons or offices outside the army jurisdiction, which are guilty or illegal experiments on human beings, would only be important if these Medical Officers of the Army would have committed a punishable act or participated in such an act and if this could actually be charged to the improper behavior of the defendant Ha... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,091,500 | 3,092,000 |
his knowledge. It seems as if the Prosecution believe that the contact of one of Handloser's subordinate with a person or agency who is incriminated by some experiment were sufficient to prove: knowledge, condoning and promoting of these experiments This would be a construction but no evidence of facts according to pen... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,091,950 | 3,092,450 |
treatment of Army medical problems and tasks (tug grp.C). These problems were attached and solved just as they were in any other academy; on the academy's own responsibility. To evaluate correctly the subordination under the Army Medical Inspector; one should compare it to the subordination of a University under the "M... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,092,400 | 3,092,900 |
official inspection trips in front line areas and only personally present in Berlin during 1/10 of his time, then one can gain the proper point of view for judging the question whether the duty for supervisory authority of Prof. Handloser made at all possible a personal and direct control of all Army Medical Officers a... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,092,850 | 3,093,350 |
concrete substantiation. Prof. Handloser was for 3 3/4 years (from 1 Jan 1941 to 31 Aug. 1944) Army Medical Inspector. If the Prosecution has not been able to produce one single document from nearly four years of the defendant's activity as Army Medical Inspector that bears on the criminal experiments and that contains... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,093,300 | 3,093,800 |
oath the correctness of his description, In this connection the mutally corroborative testimony is important that within the sphere of Handloser's office absolutely nothing could take place of which the chiefs of staff could have been ignorant, and that they in their official positions never had knowledge of experiment... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,093,750 | 3,094,250 |
that he wrote for the printed reports on the conferences. The Prosecution has put in evidence various excerpts from the conference reports from the consulting conferences and in order to incriminate the defendant Handloser, has referred to him as the man in charge of the consulting conferences. In order to find the tru... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,094,200 | 3,094,700 |
interest in definite research according to legal and recognized medical rules was intended i.e., the normal state of affairs is rather to be assumed. It is equally incorrect to point to the interest of the Army in an attempt to characterize the general assumption. Professor Handloser, during the critical period (end of... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,094,650 | 3,095,150 |
At the conference of the consulting physicians in May 1942 the typhus problem occupied the center of the stage. Following four basic lectures there was a discussion in which 23 speakers participated. Professor Habs said, "the basic principle must remain 'delousing controls typhus; on the front hot air delousing is suff... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,095,100 | 3,095,600 |
regret that; because of that I shall not be in a position to read the most important passages in my plea; but perhaps I could use the 20 minutes that Handloser would have for his final statement -- 15 to use in his place. THE PRESIDENT:How long would the balance of your argument consume, counsel? DR. NELTE:I believe 20... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,095,550 | 3,096,050 |
opinion and Dr. Kogon, that the first page of the Ding Diary in the formulation as submitted has been falsified, therefore no probative value can be attached to it. Neither in the affidavits Ding-SchulerNO-257, Dr. Hoven NO-429, and MrugowskyNO-423, which deal with the typhus experiments in Buchenwald, nor in the entir... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,096,000 | 3,096,500 |
had incriminated himself because he had done nothing. The evidence submitted has shown quite clearly that it was his duty to direct the adjustment of personnel and material affairs within the branches of the Armed Forces as is evidenced by the first sentence of the decree of 1942. Within the scope of this sphere of dut... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,096,450 | 3,096,950 |
experiments. This is one of the imponderable arguments for the greater readiness to adopt an attitude which deviates from the general ethical standard. The prosecution did not submit any special statements on this point, but merely expressed in a general way that the German medical profession as a whole was "infected b... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,096,900 | 3,097,400 |
of the Generalaerzte in the Garmisch PW camp, and of the Generalaerzte in Munster Camp C. The complementary counter piece to this is the testimony given him by the leading general physicians under him. The picture which emerges is that of a truthful and sincere doctor and soldier, irreproachable as a superior, upright ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,097,350 | 3,097,850 |
been received in the court room and delivered to the interpreters? Counsel, I am informed that the translation of your argument as counsel for defendant Rostock has not yet been received. DR.PRIBILLA (Defense Counsel for defendant Rostock): Mr. President my closing brief has not yet been translated by the Translation B... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,097,800 | 3,098,300 |
results. There maybe doubtful cases, there maybe borderline cases, but the solution of these questions can be based on only one principle, which is that all creatures in human form have an equal right to life and health. This I consider the decisive point, and I was deeply disturbed to learn in the course of this trial... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,098,250 | 3,098,750 |
the past decades, then this can be changed only by a judgment which really corresponds to the highest demands of our profession, which weighs everything and cleanly separates the guilty from the innocent. Only with such a judgment will it be possible to help humanity to progress a bit after such terrible reverses. Only... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,098,700 | 3,099,200 |
helper of his patients, as a doctor who did not leave the clinic day or night during the worst air raids, so that he could help his patients and the newly admitted victims of the raids - this picture remains uncontradicted. How did this man come to be in the dock, and what remained of the Prosecution's supposed reasons... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,099,150 | 3,099,650 |
him to learn details of the research then going on. This was not within the sphere of duties of his office, nor was it possible from the point of view of personnel or time. Of special importance hero are his statements about the background of the Department for Science and Research. The occasion for its establish ment ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,099,600 | 3,100,100 |
merely the fact that Hirt was working on the Lost problem but not the way in which he did it. During the crossexamination by Mr. McHaney document No 692, Pros. Exh. 457 was shown to Rostock. It contains a list, compiled by Rostock's staff on 14 Sept 1944, in which of 650 items 45 research assignments are marked as rega... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,100,050 | 3,100,550 |
of Chemical Warfare Agents to the defendants Rostock, it has to be stated that simply none of these documents contains an ever so tiny allusion to Rostock and his Office for Science and Research. None of the documents could change the impression, which Rostock made and which is: that he testified honestly and correctly... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,100,500 | 3,101,000 |
no reason, neither for Rostock nor for the rest of the audience to doubt the truth of these introductory statements. Also, it was not within his competence to investigate details as to nationality, sex or legal reason and justification of sentence. It could be assumed that the persons sentenced to death had voluntarily... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,100,950 | 3,101,450 |
the views of an individual, but the views of the United States. Thus there is no charge against Rostock, according to the evidence, in the sulfonamide matter. Individual details will come up in my closing briefs. 5. Experiments for making sea-water drinkable. These experiments were carried out at a time when Rostock wa... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,101,400 | 3,101,900 |
in his affidavit, Rostock Exhibit 7 declares that he had no positive evidence for Rostock's knowledge of the experiments. In the re-direct examination through Dr. Vorwerk, Rudolf Brandt expressly withdrew his original affidavit made for the Prosecution. I don't consider it necessary to deal in particular with the proba... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,101,850 | 3,102,350 |
the top representatives of the Reich research council had full knowledge of Haagen's work and its criminal nature. With regard to "the criminal nature" at least Mr. MacHaney, de facto, withdrew his assertion, when during the cross-examination on 21 February, 1947, he said that he did not believe that Haagen reported on... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,102,300 | 3,102,800 |
not all medical affairs, but only special tasks as was testified quite clearly here by the witness Lammers. The assignment given to Rostock did not include supervision of practical research. The relationship of Rostock's agency to the SS must be discussed briefly, for all experiments which play a part in these proceedi... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,102,750 | 3,103,250 |
denied, but the responsibility shall, mainly from a view of penal law as well as of morals. I deny the assertion of the prosecution, which has been summarized by Mr. McHaney on 10 December 1946, that Rostock exercised a "supervisory control" over the Reich Research Council, or, on the occasion of submitting a letter of... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,103,200 | 3,103,700 |
concentration camp were just as impenetrable and just as opaque for him and his assistants as they were for the great majority of the German people. Also, nothing has been brought out by the submission of evidence which would permit to conclude the existence of a common plan as asserted by the prosecution, inasmuch as ... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,103,650 | 3,104,150 |
numerous other physicians, became aware for the first time by the lecture of Gebhardt and Fischer at the meeting of the Military Medical Academy on 24 May 1943, and this was only after the experiments had already been concluded. Not even interpreting this extensively one can judge this as "taking a consenting part ther... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,104,100 | 3,104,600 |
in his examination. Germany was ruled by a suspicious dictator, who was a master at playing one against another. The more desperate the situation became, the oftener he had recourse to the method of appointing more and more plenipetentiaries general, commissioners general, and similar titles. But at the same time he le... | Harvard: Medical Case (Karl Brandt et al.) | 3,104,550 | 3,105,050 |
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