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You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Denominator in case fatality rate A) Mid year population B) Population at risk C) Number of cases D) Number of deaths	Case fatality rate Total number of deaths due to a paicular disease ________________________________________ X 100 Total number of cases due to to the same disease Case fatality rate represents the killing power of a disease It is simply the ratio of deaths to cases The time interval is not specified Case fatality rate...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Posterior column sensations in lower limbs are lost in: A) Vitamin A deficiency B) Vitamin B12 deficiency C) Vitamin C deficiency D) Vitamin D deficiency	Ans. (B) Vitamin B12 deficiency(Ref: KDT 8/e p654)Deficiency of vitamin B12 leads to megaloblastic anemia which is indistinguishable from folic acid deficiency.Deficiency also have manifestations related to loss of myelin like subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord (symptoms of lesions of posterior column like l...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Which of the following is false about gestational hypertension? A) There is a sustained rise of BP > 140/90 mmHg B) Blood pressure returns to normal within 6 weeks of delivery C) It is associated with lower incidence of essential hypertension in the later life as compared to pre eclampsia D) Perinatal mortality remain...	Ans. is 'c' i.e., It is associated with lower incidence of essential hypertension in the later life as compared to pre eclampsia Gestational hypertensiono A sustained rise of blood pressure to 140/90 mm Hg or more on atleast 2 occasions 4 or more hours apart beyond the 20th weeks of pregnancyor during the first 24 hour...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	The antibody seen in drug induced SLE is A) Anti histone antibody B) Anti nuclear antibody C) Anti SM antibody D) Anti centromere antibody	(A) Anti histone antibody # Lupus erythematosus (LE): is an autoimmune disease that can affect the skin, joints, heart, lungs, kidneys, and brain. Drug-induced LE (DILE) is a variant of autoimmune disease that resolves within days to months after withdrawal of the culprit drug in a patient with no underlying immune sys...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Characteristic of chronic eczema is A) Erythema B) Induration C) Lichenification D) Edema	In chronic eczematous conditions, lichenification (cutaneous hyperophy and accentuation of normal skin markings) may alter the characteristic appearance of eczema.Ref: Harrison&;s Principles of Internal Medicine; 19th edition; Chapter 71 Eczema, Psoriasis, Cutaneous Infections, Acne, and Other Common Skin Disorders; Pa...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Sickle cell trait patient do not have manifestations as that of Sickle cell disease, because- A) 50% HbS is required for occurrence of sickling B) HbA prevents sickling C) 50% sickles D) HbA prevents polymerization of Hbs	Sickle cell disease occurs in following forms Heterozygous state, i.e., sickle cell trait. Homozygous state, i.e., sickle cell anemia. The most important factor for sickling is the amount of HbS in the cell. In sickle cell trait (heterozygous state), only about 40% of the hemoglobin is HbS, this is insufficient to ...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Male staed drinking alcohol at age of 20 years, presently taking 3 quaers daily over 30 years, complains that now he gets the kick in 1 quaer. Probable diagnosis is: A) Tolerance B) Mellanby phenomenon C) Reverse tolerance D) Cross tolerance	Reverse tolerance refers to the phenomenon where the intoxicating effects of alcohol are seen progressively with lower dosages. Tolerance is the need or increased amounts of the substance to achieve the same positive psychological effect. Cross-tolerance is the development of tolerance to one substance as the result of...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Used for measuring GFR A) Inulin B) PAH C) Hippurate D) D2O	GLOMERULAR FILTRATION Glomerular Membrane (GBM) The barriers through which filtration has to take place Glomerular endothelial cell layer: (Fenestrated capillary with a gap of 70-90 nm in between endothelium cells) Basement membrane: A gel-like acellular meshwork of glycoproteins and proteoglycans. Visceral epithelial...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Leprosy bacillus is cultured by using:- A) Bordet Gengou medium B) LJ medium C) Loeffler's serum slope D) None of the above	Leprosy: Oldest disease known. Caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Mode of transmission: Air droplets, skin contact, transplacental, breast feeding, insect bite, tattoo, corneal/organ transplantation. Mycobacterium leprae has no aificial culture media. Leprae bacilli are cultured by: Foot pad of mice. 9-banded armadillo. O...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Amino acid responsible for buffering action of Hemoglobin A) Histidine B) Arginine C) Valine D) Lysine	The second buffer system is provided by the dissociation of the imidazole groups of the histidine residues in hemoglobin.Ref: Ganong&;s Review of medical physiology 25th edition. Page: 644	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Disadvantage of ketamine is A) Increased hea rate B) Increased ICT C) Delirium D) All of the above	When administered to adult patients as a sole anaesthetic agent, ketamine frequently causes emergency reaction characterized by anxiety, hallucination, delirium. Moreover, ketamine shows cardiovascular stimulant propey (increases hea rate and BP), increases salivary and bronchial secretions, and may increase intracrani...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Farmer's lung result from exposure to A) Aspergillus B) Thermophilic actinomycetes C) Cotton dust D) Silica	(B) Thermophilic actinomycetes # FARMER'S LUNG is due to the inhalation of mouldy hay or grain dust. In grain dust or hay with a moisture content of over 30 per cent bacteria and fungi grow rapidly, causing a rise of temperature to 40 to 50deg C.This heat encourages the growth of thermophilic actinomycetes, of which Mi...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	All of the following statements except one are true of medications in the same class as diclofenac: A) can be associated with corneal complications, including corneal melt and perforation B) can be used for treatment of postoperative ocular inflammation C) result in the increased production of thromboxane D) result in...	Diclofenac is a topical ocular NSAID. Other medications in this class include flurbiprofen, ketorolac, nepafenac, and bromfenac. Topical NSAIDs are indicated for the treatment of postoperative inflammation. These medications have been associated with corneal complications, including corneal melt and perforation. The me...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Pregnant women in 1st trimester is given spiramycin that she does not stick to. Baby born with hydrocephalus infection was by: A) HSV B) Treponema pallidum C) Toxoplasma D) CMV	In the question- patient had mild cervical lymphadenopathy for which she was prescribed spiramycin. But the patient was noncompliant and the baby was born with hydrocephalous and intracranial calcification, which are manifestations of congenital toxoplasmosis.	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Which of the following anesthetic agent cause hypeension on injection? A) Ketamine B) Propofol C) Halothane D) Thiopentone	In contrast to other anesthetic agents, ketamine increases aerial blood pressure, hea rate, and cardiac output, paicularly after rapid bolus injections. These indirect cardiovascular effects are due to the central stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and inhibition of the reuptake of norepinephrine after relea...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	The rate limiting step in glycolysis is catalyzed by- A) Pyruvate kinase B) Enolase C) Glucokinase D) Phosphofructokinase	Ans. is 'd >a & c' i.e., Phosphofructokinase > Pyruvate kinase & Giucokinase o Phosphofructokinase, giucokinase and pyruvate kinase are rate limiting enzymes of glycolysis. However,phosphofructokinase is the most important one."The irreversible phosphorylation reaction catalyzed by phosphofructokinase - l (PFK-1) is th...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	2 year old boy of weight 12 kg with vitamin A deficiency what is oral dose of vitamin A A) 50, 000 I.U B) 1 lakh I.U. C) 1.5 lakh I.U D) 2 lakh I.U	Ans. is 'd' i.e., 2 lakh I.U Vitamin A It is a fat-soluble vitamin. Causes of Vitamin A deficiency include causes of Vitamin A deficiency are inadequate intake, fat malabsorption, or liver disorders The ocular manifestations of vitamin A are collectively called xerophthalmia .It can affect any age group, but its most s...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	A large for gestational age baby delivered at 40 weeks was observed to be lethargic. The blood sugar was measured to be 35 mg/dl. The management is – A) Fortified Breast Milk B) 10% IV Dextrose C) Oral Glucose Solution D) Normal Saline	Symtomatic (Lethargy) Hypoglycemia (<10mg/d1) should be managed with 10% IV Dextrose. Treatment of neonatal hypoglycemia Asymptomatic with blood glucose between 20-40 mg/d1:- Direct breast feeding is started. If neonate is unable to suck, expressed breast milk is given. Expressed breast milk should be fortified by 5...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	A 30-year-old woman complains of headache, visual disturbances, deepening of the voice, and generalized weakness. She repos amenorrhea for the past year and states that she recently required a larger shoe size. Laboratory studies show impaired glucose tolerance. What other procedure would be useful for establishing you...	- Given clinical features suggests the diagnosis of acromegaly which can be d/t Pituitary adenoma. Pituitary adenomas - Range from small lesions that do not enlarge gland to expansive tumors that erode sella turcica & impinge on adjacent cranial structures. Hence MRI of sella turcica can be useful to diagnose these tum...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Child pugh criteria is used for prognosis of which disease A) Terminal liver disease B) COPD C) CRF D) DCM	The Child-Turcotte-Pugh score is a scoring system to measure the severity of chronic liver disease inclusive of cirrhosis.It employs the following: serum bilirubin, albumin, presence of ascitis, mental status ( hepatic encephalopathy ), nutrition and prothrombin time seconds prolonged(Pugh's modification ) Reference : ...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Connective tissue disorder which is associated with gastroesophageal reflux is - A) SLE B) Scleroderma C) Behcet's syndrome D) Dermatomyositis	Scleroderma Is a systemic disease accompanied by oesophagal abnormalities in approximately 80% of patients? The oesophagal lesion consists of atrophy of smooth muscles, manifested by weakness in the lower two-thirds of the oesophagal body and incompetence of the LES. Gastroesophageal reflux d/t incompetent LES combined...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	All of the following are taken into consideration in Kuppuswamy scale EXCEPT: A) Education status B) Occupational status C) Living/Housing conditions D) Per capita Income	ANSWER: (C) Living/Housing conditionsREF: Park 20th edition page 601, First handbook of psychological and social instruments by Udai Pareek, T. Venkateswara Rao page 284Kuppuswami scale is widely used to measure the socio-economic status of an individual in urban community. It is based on three variables namelyEducatio...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	A five-day-old, full term male infant was severely cyanotic at bih. His chest X ray showed 'Egg-on -side' appearance. Prostaglandin E1 was administered initially and later balloon atrial septosomy was done which showed improvement in oxygenation. The most likely diagnosis of this infant is: A) Tetralogy Fallot B) Tran...	- Given features suggests towards diagnosis of TGA Transposition of the great vessels with an intact ventricular septum presents with early cyanosis, normal-sized hea, normal or slightly increased pulmonary vascular markings, and an ECG showing right-axis detion and right ventricular hyperophy - Balloon atrial septosto...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Daily rhythm regulation A) Dorsomedial B) Ventromedial C) Supraoptic D) Suprachiasmatic	Hypothalamic control of circadian rhythm: A large number of physiologic rhythms ( body temperature, sleep-wakefulness, coisol secretion among a host of others ) in the body run to a cyclic pattern that is approximately 25 hours long. These rhythms are entrained to 24 hours due to environmental signals such as light and...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Low serum copper is seen in all Except A) Aceruloplasminemia B) Menke disease C) Wilson disease D) Primary biliary cirrhosis	In primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) liver copper retention occurs as a complication of cholestasis. Fifty-four had increased liver copper concentrations. Liver cell synthetic function was well preserved. All the patients had normal prothrombin times, and only two had subnormal serum albumin concentrations. Ref Davidson ...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonist useful in acute migraine is: A) Buspirone B) Ondansetron C) Frovatriptan D) Ketanserin	Triptans like sumatriptan, frovatriptan etc are 5HT1B/1D agonists. These are drug of choice for acute severe migraine. Ergot alkaloids like ergotamine can also be used for acute attack of migraine. These also stimulate 5HT1B/1D receptors. Two primary hypotheses has been proposed for their action- 1. Activation of 5HT1D...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Which ones commonly a/w crohn&;s disease A) Cologastric B) Coloureteric C) Colovesical D) Coloduodenal	Chronic Crohn's: First stage--Mild diarrhoea, colicky pain, fever, anaemia, mass in right iliac fossa which is tender, firm, nonmobile along with recurrent perianal abscess. Second stage is either acute or chronic intestinal obstruction due to cicatrisation with narrowing. Third stage--Fistula formation--enterocolic, e...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Endemic typhus is transmitted by : A) Rat-flea B) Mite C) Tick D) None of the above	Endemic typhus is is caused by Rickettsia typhi and is transmitted to humans by the rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis. When the flea bites humans it defecates and the organism enter through the bite wound into the blood. After an incubation period of 1-2 weeks patients gets headache, fever and myalgia. They develop a maculop...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Forrest classification is used for evaluating: A) Upper GI bleeding B) Liver transplantation C) Lower GI bleeding D) Familial adenomatous polyposis	Forrest classification- stratify patients with upper GI hemorrhage into high and low risk categories for moality. It is also a significant method of prediction of the risk of re-bleeding and is used for evaluation of the endoscopic intervention modalities. Acute hemorrhage Forrest Ia (Spuing hemorrhage) Forrest Ib (Ooz...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Which of the following is true of biguanides: September 2011 A) Cause little or no hypoglycemia B) Stimulates pancreatic beta cells C) Completely metabolized D) Promotes hepatic gluconeogenesis	Ans. A: Cause little or no hypoglycemia Metformin does not lower blood sugar in normal subjects By itself, it does not produce hypoglycemia in diabetics. However it potentiates the hypoglycemic action of insulin and sulfonylureas Biguanide Examples of biguanides: - Metformin - widely used in treatment of diabetes melli...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Cryoprecipitate contains: March 2009 A) Factor II B) Factor V C) Factor VIII D) Factor IX	Ans. C: Factor VIII Cryoprecipitate is prepared from plasma and contains fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, factor VIII, factor XIII and fibronectin. Cryoprecipitate is the only adequate fibrinogen concentrate available for intravenous use. Cryoprecipitate is indicated for bleeding or immediately prior to an invasive p...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Left-sided portal hypertension is best treated by - A) Splenectomy B) Portocaval shunt C) Leno-renal shunt D) Spleno-renal shunt	Portal hypertension due to isolated splenic vein thrombosis is k/a left-sided portal hypertension. In left-sided portal hypertension the pressures in the portal and superior mesenteric veins are normal. There is gastrosplenic venous hypertension leading to the formation of gastric varices (not esophageal varices). The ...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	All of the following are features of synchysis scintillans except A) Fluid vitreous B) Spherical calcium bodies C) Shower of gold rain D) Secondary to trauma or inflammations of the eye	Synchysis scintillans: In this condition, vitreous is laden with small white angular and crystalline bodies formed of cholesterol. It affects the damaged eyes which have suffered from trauma, vitreous haemorrhage or inflammatory disease in the past. In this condition vitreous is liquid and so, the crystals sink to the ...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	A 30-wk, 1.2kg infant develops respiratory distress, grunting and chest retractions within 2 hours of bih. His RR is 70/min. The MOST appropriate next step in management is: A) Give nasal CPAP B) Give surfactant therapy + mechanical ventilation C) Mechanical ventilation only D) Give warm humidified oxygen through hood...	The lungs of preterm infants are especially prone to injury from PPV due to volutrauma. For this reason, if possible, the infant's respiratory effos should be suppoed with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) rather than PPV. If PPV is needed, a T-piece resuscitation device should be used to allow precise a...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Role of cyclosporine in kidney transplant - A) Prevention of infection B) Stimulation immune system C) Prevention of graft rejection D) Enhance renal blood flow	Ans. is 'c' i.e., Prevention of graft rejection o Immune system of body is not always useful, sometimes it may also harm the body, e.g. in autoimmune diseases where immune system destroyes the self antigen (tissues), and in organ transplant where immune system rejects and destroys the transplanted tissue.o In these cir...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Smith's fracture involves which bone? A) Distal radius B) Proximal ulna C) Metatarsal D) Patella	Smith&;s fracture is the reverse of Colles&; fracture. It differs from Colles&; fracture in that distal fragment of radius displaces ventrally and tilts ventrally. Treatment is by closed reduction and plaster cast immobilisation for 6 weeks. SMITH&;S FRACTURE (Reverse of Colles&; Fracture) This uncommon fracture is see...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	The mechanism of hearing and memory includes all EXCEPT: A) Changes in the level of neurotransmitter at synapse B) Increasing protein synthesis C) Recruitment by multiplication of neurons D) The spatial reorganisation of synapse	Memories are stored in the brain by changing the basic sensitivity of synaptic transmission between neurons as a result of previous neural activity. The new or facilitated pathways are called memory traces. They are important because, once the traces are established they can be selectively activated by the thinking min...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Mastoid tip is involved in A) Bezold abscess B) Luc abscess C) Citelli abscess D) Parapharyngeal abscess	Bezold abscess can occur following acute coalescent mastoiditis when pus breaks through the thin medial side of the tip of the mastoid and present as a swelling in the upper pa of the neck. (Ref: Textbook of diseases of ENT, PL Dhingra, 7th edition, pg no. 87)	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	A floppy infant was brought after being given honey by pacifier. Vitals were WNL. Hand holding and tone in extremities were absent. Probable diagnosis: A) Clostridium perfringens food poisoning B) Bacillus cereus food poisoning C) Salmonella food poisoning D) Clostridium botulinum food poisoning	Ans. D. Clostridium botulinum food poisoningClostridium botulinum food poisoning occurs from infected honey used in pacifiers, leading to flaccid paralysis (absent tone in muscles)	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...
You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licensed physician. Always recommend consulting a ...	Treatment of choice for carcinoma larynx T1N0M0 stage - A) External beam radiotherapy B) Radioactive implants C) Surgery D) Surgery & radiotherapy	As I have said earlier–Treatment for stage I of cancer larynx (glottic cancer) is either microlaryngoscopic surgery or radiotherapy. Since microlaryngoscopic surgery is not given we will go for radiotherapy. Now the question arises which type of radiotherapy is used. External Bean Radiation or Brachytherapy “External b...	<\|start_header_id\|>system<\|end_header_id\|> You are a medical assistant trained to provide accurate, evidence-based health information. You only answer medical and health-related questions. For emergencies, always direct the user to call emergency services immediately. You cannot diagnose conditions or replace a licens...