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mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Waterloo | Suddenly 1,500 British Foot Guards under Peregrine Maitland, who had been lying down to protect themselves from the French artillery, rose and devastated them with point-blank volleys. The chasseurs deployed to answer the fire, but some 300 fell from the first volley, including Colonel Mallet and General Michel, and bo... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Waterloo | Napoleon's losses were 24,000 to 26,000 killed or wounded, including 6,000 to 7,000 captured with an additional 15,000 deserting subsequent to the battle and over the following days.
22 June. This morning I went to visit the field of battle, which is a little beyond the village of Waterloo, on the plateau of Mont-Sain... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Waterloo | The operation of General Bülow upon the enemy's flank was a most decisive one; and, even if I had not found myself in a situation to make the attack which produced the final result, it would have forced the enemy to retire if his attacks should have failed, and would have prevented him from taking advantage of them if ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Waterloo | Battle of Waterloo reenactment
Lord Uxbridge's leg was shattered by a grape-shot at the Battle of Waterloo and removed by a surgeon. The artificial leg used by Uxbridge for the rest of his life was donated to a Waterloo Museum after his death. There is also a second leg on display at his house, Plas Newydd, on Anglesey... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Waterloo | 52 of Elite Series (illustrated ed.), Osprey Publishing, ISBN 978-1-85532-392-6
Fletcher, Ian (1999), Galloping at Everything: The British Cavalry in the Peninsula and at Waterloo 1808–15, Staplehurst, UK: Spellmount, ISBN 978-1-86227-016-9
Fletcher, Ian (2001), A Desperate Business: Wellington, The British Army and th... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Waterloo | 240–241, ISBN 978-1840222531
Parry, D.H. (1900), "Waterloo", Battle of the nineteenth century, vol. 1, London: Cassell and Company, archived from the original on 16 December 2008, retrieved 14 September 2007
Dunn, James (5 April 2015), "Only full skeleton retrieved from Battle of Waterloo in 200 years identified by his... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Waterloo | A Model Victory: Waterloo and the Battle for History (Harper Perennial, 2006).
Bridoux, Jeff. "'Next to a battle lost, the greatest misery is a battle gained': the Battle of Waterloo-myth and reality". Intelligence and National Security 36.5 (2021): 754–770.
Esdaile. Charles J. "Napoleon at Waterloo: The events of 18 J... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Yarmuk | Background: In 610, during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, Heraclius became the emperor of the Byzantine Empire, after overthrowing Phocas. Meanwhile, the Sasanian Empire conquered Mesopotamia and in 611 they overran Syria and entered Anatolia, occupying Caesarea Mazaca (now Kayseri, Turkey). In 612, Heraclius m... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Yarmuk | This was a strong defensive position, and the maneuverers brought the Muslims and Byzantines into a decisive battle, which the latter had tried to avoid. During the maneuvers, there were no engagements except for a minor skirmish between Khalid's elite light cavalry and the Byzantine advance guard.
Battlefield: The ba... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Yarmuk | Cavalry armour consisted of a hauberk with a mail coif and a helmet with a pendant: a throat-guard lined with fabric and having a fringe and cheek piece. Infantry was similarly equipped with a hauberk, a helmet and leg armour. Light lamellar and scale armour was also used.
Tensions in Byzantine army: Khalid's strategy... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Yarmuk | The situation on the Muslim left wing, which Yazid commanded was considerably more serious. The Muslim right wing enjoyed assistance from the mobile guard but not the left wing, and the numerical advantage the Byzantines enjoyed caused the Muslim positions to be overrun, with soldiers retreating towards base camps. The... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Yarmuk | With his massed cavalry force, he intended to drive the Byzantine cavalry entirely off the battlefield so that the infantry, which formed the bulk of the imperial army, would be left without cavalry support and thus would be exposed when attacked from the flanks and rear.
At the same time, he planned to push a determin... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Yarmuk | George F. Nafziger, in his book Islam at war, described the battle:
Although Yarmouk is little known today, it is one of the most decisive battles in human history...... Had Heraclius' forces prevailed, the modern world would be so changed as to be unrecognizable.
Notes: ^ a: Modern estimates for Roman army:
Donner 1... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Yarmuk | doi:10.4324/9780203994542. ISBN 9780203994542.
Gil, Moshe (1997). A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Translated by Broido, Ethel. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521599849.
Haldon, John (1997). Byzantium in the Seventh Century: the Transformation of a Culture. Cambridge and New York: Cambrid... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of the Granicus | Background: After winning the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC, King Philip II of Macedon forced most of the Greek states into a military alliance, the Hellenic League. Its goal was to make war on the Persian Achaemenid Empire to avenge the second Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC. He managed to convince the other Gree... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of the Granicus | The modern observations that the river is not difficult to cross contradicts the ancient historians, who emphasized the hardship of the fording of the river. The ancient historians might have exaggerated to make Alexander's accomplishment seem more formidable.
Opposing forces:
Macedonian army: The Macedonian army co... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of the Granicus | By defeating Alexander with just their cavalry, they would have regained their pride.
Battle: There are three different accounts of the battle given by the ancient historians Arrian, Plutarch and Diodorus Siculus. Arrian's account is the longest and most detailed, Plutarch's account is shorter but corresponds with Arr... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of the Granicus | Even if an uncontested crossing elsewhere was possible, it might have induced the Persian army to retreat. In that case Alexander would have lost the opportunity to quickly destroy the only Persian army present in Asia Minor at that time. An attack in the afternoon would also have meant that the Persians would have to ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battlespace | Concept:
From "battlefield" to "battlespace": For many years, the understanding of the military operational environment has transformed from primarily a time and space-driven linear understanding (a "battlefield") to a multi-dimensional system of systems understanding (a battlespace). This system of systems understan... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battlespace | No-fire area (NFA) is a designated area which no fire support may be delivered for fires or effects. When the establishing headquarters allows fires on a mission-by-mission basis. When a friendly force is engaged by an enemy located within the NFA and the commander returns fire to defend their forces, the amount of ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Berm | Etymology: The word is from Middle Dutch and came into usage in English via French.
Military use:
History: In medieval military engineering, a berm (or berme) was a level space between a parapet or defensive wall and an adjacent steep-walled ditch or moat. It was intended to reduce soil pressure on the walls of the ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Biological warfare | Overview: A biological attack could conceivably result in large numbers of civilian casualties and cause severe disruption to economic and societal infrastructure.
A nation or group that can pose a credible threat of mass casualty has the ability to alter the terms under which other nations or groups interact with it. ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Biological warfare | Despite being a party and depositary to the BWC, the Soviet Union continued and expanded its massive offensive biological weapons program, under the leadership of the allegedly civilian institution Biopreparat. The Soviet Union attracted international suspicion after the 1979 Sverdlovsk anthrax leak killed approximatel... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Biological warfare | Many viral agents have been studied and/or weaponized, including some of the Bunyaviridae (especially Rift Valley fever virus), Ebolavirus, many of the Flaviviridae (especially Japanese encephalitis virus), Machupo virus, Coronaviruses, Marburg virus, Variola virus, and yellow fever virus. Fungal agents that have been ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Biological warfare | The traditional approach toward protecting agriculture, food, and water: focusing on the natural or unintentional introduction of a disease is being strengthened by focused efforts to address current and anticipated future biological weapons threats that may be deliberate, multiple, and repetitive.
The growing threat o... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Blitzkrieg | Definition:
Common interpretation: The traditional meaning of "blitzkrieg" is that of German tactical and operational methodology during the first half of the Second World War that is often hailed as a new method of warfare. The word, meaning "lightning war" or "lightning attack" in its strategic sense describes a se... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Blitzkrieg | Implementation of higher orders remained within limits that were determined by the training doctrine of an elite officer corps.
Delegation of authority to local commanders increased the tempo of operations, which had great influence on the success of German armies in the early war period. Seeckt, who believed in the Pr... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Blitzkrieg | Every unit in the army, from the company to the supreme command, decided on a Schwerpunkt by schwerpunktbildung, as did the support services, which meant that commanders always knew what was the most important and why. The German army was trained to support the Schwerpunkt even when risks had to be taken elsewhere to s... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Blitzkrieg | That may have been a reason for Hitler to call a halt to the German advance. Those attacks combined with Maxime Weygand's hedgehog tactic would become the major basis for responding to blitzkrieg attacks in the future. Deployment in depth, or permitting enemy or "shoulders" of a penetration, was essential to channellin... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Blitzkrieg | French Prime Minister Paul Reynaud, analyzed the collapse in a speech on 21 May 1940:
The truth is that our classic conception of the conduct of war has come up against a new conception. At the basis of this... there is not only the massive use of heavy armoured divisions or cooperation between them and airplanes, but... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Blitzkrieg | The notion of a German blitzkrieg concept or doctrine survives in popular history and many historians still support the thesis.
Frieser wrote that after the failure of the Schlieffen Plan in 1914, the German army concluded that decisive battles were no longer possible in the changed conditions of the twentieth century.... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Blitzkrieg | In 1939–1940, 45 percent of the army was 40 years old and 50 percent of the soldiers had only a few weeks' training. The German Army, contrary to the blitzkrieg legend, was not fully motorized and had only 120,000 vehicles, compared to the 300,000 of the French Army. The British also had an "enviable" contingent of mot... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Blitzkrieg | Continuity: It has been argued that blitzkrieg was not and that that the Germans did not invent something called blitzkrieg in the 1920s and 1930s. Rather, the German concept of wars of movement and concentrated force were seen in wars of Prussia and the German Wars of Unification. The first European general to introdu... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Blitzkrieg | Yerxa, Donald (June 2011). "Military History at the Operational Level: An Interview with Robert M. Citino". Historically Speaking. 12 (3): 10–12. doi:10.1353/hsp.2011.0039. S2CID 162320393.
Websites: Andreas, Peter (2020). "How Methamphetamine Became a Key Part of Nazi Military Strategy (January 7, 2020)". Time. Time ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Blockade | History: Although primitive naval blockades had been in use for millennia, the first successful attempts at establishing a full naval blockade were made by the British Royal Navy during the Seven Years' War (1754–1763) against France. Following the British naval victory at Quiberon Bay, which ended any immediate threat... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Blue-water navy | Attributes: In public discourse, blue-water capability is identified with the operation of capital ships such as battleships, battlecruisers, aircraft carriers, and nuclear submarines. For instance, during the debate in the 1970s whether Australia should replace HMAS Melbourne, a former chief of navy claimed that if Au... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Blue-water navy | The navy's operational duties include the protection of French interests abroad and the security of the nation's many overseas departments and territories, as such the Navy undertakes a number of standing commitments worldwide.
India: The Indian Navy is unique among Asian navies due to its long experience in carrier p... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Blue-water navy | The first Japanese post-WWII overseas naval air facility was established next to Djibouti-Ambouli International Airport; it supports a number of Lockheed P-3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft. It was then decided to operate F-35B fighters on board the Izumo-class, a development of the Hyūga-class, and by July 2021 JS Izum... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Bomber | Classification:
Strategic: Strategic bombing is done by heavy bombers primarily designed for long-range bombing missions against strategic targets such as supply bases, bridges, factories, shipyards, and cities themselves, to diminish the enemy's ability to wage war by limiting access to resources through crippling ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Bomber | With the advent of guided air-to-air missiles, bombers needed to avoid interception. High-speed and high-altitude flying became a means of evading detection and attack. Designs such as the English Electric Canberra could fly faster or higher than contemporary fighters. When surface-to-air missiles became capable of hit... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Booby trap | Etymology: The Spanish word bobo translates to "stupid, daft, naïve, simple, fool, idiot, clown, funny man, one who is easily cheated" and similar pejorative terms. The slang of bobo, bubie, translates to "dunce". Variations of this word exist in other languages (such as Latin), with their meaning being "to stammer".
I... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Bounding overwatch | Example of tactic: A squad (2–3 fireteams) in an urban combat zone must advance to a building 100 feet away, crossing an intersection they believe might be in enemy rifle sights from elevated buildings. If the team simply made a run for it, they expose themselves to potential enemy fire without protection.
This is wher... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Broken-backed war theory | Origin of the phrase: Broken-backed war theory was first formally elaborated on in the 1952 British Defence White Paper, to describe what would presumably happen after a major nuclear exchange. The American "New Look Strategy of 1953/54" utterly rejected the notion of broken-backed war. They dropped the term from the ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Brown-water navy | History:
River Thames: The River Thames was a regular thoroughfare for the Sovereign until the middle of the 19th century. Monarchs would be rowed up and down the river in a Royal barge, with transport and security organised by the King's Bargemaster. The barges were operated by the Royal Watermen, drawn from the ran... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Brown-water navy | The Dinassaut served until the end of the conflict in 1955, and its concept would be latter adopted by the United States Navy in the Vietnam War.
Ten Dinassauts were created, with five based in Cochinchina and the others in Tonkin. Each one was made of about ten vessels and one Commandos Marine unit. The types of vesse... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Bull horn formation | Early life: Shaka (roughly translated as "intestinal beetle") was born to the Zulu king. He was the eldest of many sons, but was considered to be a bastard child and was sent away to live in another neighboring tribe known as the Elangeni, where his mother was originally from, leaving his half-brother to rule the Zulu ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Bull horn formation | The initial problem Dingane faced was maintaining the loyalty of the Zulu fighting regiments. He set up his main residence at Mgungundlovu and established his authority over the Zulu kingdom. Dingane ruled for some twelve years, during which time he fought, disastrously, against the Voortrekkers, and against another ha... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Bull horn formation | Once again, most Zulu successes rested on their mobility, ability to screen their forces and to close when their opponents were unfavourably deployed. Their major victory at the Battle of Isandlwana was the most prominent one, but they also forced back a British column at the Battle of Hlobane, by deploying fast-moving... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Bull horn formation | The settling of Mzilikazi's people, the AmaNdebele or Matabele, in the south of Zimbabwe with the concomitant driving of the Mashona into the north caused a tribal conflict that still resonates today. Other notable figures to arise from the Mfecane/Difaqane include Soshangane, who expanded from the Zulu area into what ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Carpet bombing | Early history: One of the first attempts at carpet bombing was at the Battle of El Mazuco during the Spanish Civil War in 1937, against widely-dispersed infantry on rocky slopes, and the attacking Condor Legion learned that carpet bombing was not very effective in such terrain.
In March 1938, the Bombing of Barcelona s... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Carpet bombing | The remaining bombers, minus one more that turned back for mechanical problems, continued toward the target. Twenty-seven Stratofortresses dropped on a one-mile by two-mile target box from between 19,000 and 22,000 feet (5,800 and 6,700 m), a little more than 50% of the bombs falling within the target zone. The force r... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2013 | null |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2015 | null |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Category:Incomplete lists from December 2013 | null |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Category:Military lists | null |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Category:Military tactics | null |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Cavalry | Role: Historically, cavalry was divided into light cavalry and heavy cavalry. The differences were their roles in combat, the size of their mounts, and how much armor was worn by the mount and rider.
Heavy cavalry, such as Byzantine cataphracts and knights of the Early Middle Ages in Europe, were used as shock troops, ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Cavalry | The most notable of these was the Battle of Cannae, where he inflicted a catastrophic defeat on the Romans. At about the same time the Romans began to recruit foreign auxiliary cavalry from among Gauls, Iberians, and Numidians, the last being highly valued as mounted skirmishers and scouts (see Numidian cavalry). Juliu... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Cavalry | The cavalry of Goguryeo, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, were called Gaemamusa (개마무사, 鎧馬武士), and were renowned as a fearsome heavy cavalry force. King Gwanggaeto the Great often led expeditions into the Baekje, Gaya confederacy, Buyeo, Later Yan and against Japanese invaders with his cavalry.
In the 12th century, ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Cavalry | They are described as Ayuddha-jivi or Shastr-opajivis (nations-in-arms), which also means that the Kamboja cavalry offered its military services to other nations as well. There are numerous references to Kambojas having been requisitioned as cavalry troopers in ancient wars by outside nations.
Mughal Empire: The Mugha... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Cavalry | During the 18th century however the Ottoman mounted troops evolved into light cavalry serving in the thinly populated regions of the Middle East and North Africa. Such frontier horsemen were largely raised by local governors and were separate from the main field armies of the Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of the 19t... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Cavalry | 11th Prince Albert Victor's Own Cavalry (Frontier Force) (now 11th Cavalry (Frontier Force), Pakistan)
Several of these formations are still active, though they now are armoured formations, for example the Guides Cavalry of Pakistan.
The French Army maintained substantial cavalry forces in Algeria and Morocco from 183... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Cavalry | The French cavalry numbered 102,000 in May 1915 but had been reduced to 63,000 by October 1918. The German Army dismounted nearly all their cavalry in the West, maintaining only one mounted division on that front by January 1917.
Italy entered the war in 1915 with thirty regiments of line cavalry, lancers and light ho... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Cavalry | This unit still exists in the Pakistan Army as an armored regiment.
World War II: While most armies still maintained cavalry units at the outbreak of World War II in 1939, significant mounted action was largely restricted to the Polish, Balkan, and Soviet campaigns. Rather than charge their mounts into battle, cavalry... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Cavalry | The remainder of the regiment, together with the Novara Lancers made a dismounted attack in an action that ended with the retreat of the Russians after heavy losses on both sides. The final Italian cavalry action occurred on October 17, 1942, in Poloj (now Croatia) by a squadron of the Alexandria Cavalry Regiment again... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Cavalry | The French Army still has regiments with the historic designations of Cuirassiers, Hussars, Chasseurs, Dragoons and Spahis. Only the cavalry of the Republican Guard and a ceremonial fanfare detachment of trumpeters for the cavalry/armoured branch as a whole are now mounted.
In the Canadian Army, a number of regular and... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Cavalry | Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-0-6181-3384-0. OCLC 61446526.
Falls, Cyril; G. MacMunn (1930). Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from the outbreak of war with Germany to June 1917. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imp... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Cavalry charge | Infantry charges:
Ancient charges: It may be assumed that the charge was used in prehistoric warfare, but clear evidence only comes with later literate societies. The tactics of the classical Greek phalanx included an ordered approach march, with a final charge to contact.
Highland charge: In response to the introd... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Cavalry charge | British and American cavalry units also made similar cavalry charges during World War II. (See 26th Cavalry Regiment). The last successful cavalry charge of World War II was executed during the Battle of Schoenfeld on March 1, 1945. The Polish cavalry, fighting on the Soviet side, overwhelmed the German artillery posi... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Cavalry tactics | History:
Chariots: Chariot tactics had been the basis for using the horse in war. The chariot's advantage of speed was outdone by the agility of riding on horseback. The ability of horsemen to pass more difficult terrain was also crucial to this change. Horsemen supplanted most light chariots. In Celtic warfare, ligh... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Cavalry tactics | Tactics of heavy cavalry using lances: Medieval European knights attacked in several different ways, implementing shock tactics if possible, but always in formations of several knights, not individually. For defense and mêlée a formation of horsemen was as tight as possible next to each other in a line. This prevented ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Cavalry tactics | One of the cavalry tactics employed in such encounters was the caracole, developed in the mid-16th century in an attempt to integrate gunpowder weapons into cavalry tactics. Equipped with one or two wheellock pistols, cavalrymen would advance on their target at less than a gallop. As each rank came into range, the sol... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Cavalry tactics | The first regular cavalry unit to mechanize was the 11th Hussars of the British Army, switching from horses to armored cars in 1928. Since then, many cavalry units have mechanized and switched to armored vehicles and armed helicopters, with horses only being used for ceremonial purposes, if not phased out of service en... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Ceasefire | Overview: Ceasefire agreements are more likely to be reached when the costs of conflict are high and when the actors in a conflict have lower audience costs. Scholars emphasize that war termination is more likely to occur when actors have more information about each other, when actors can make credible commitments, and... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Ceasefire | 2022. “Introducing the Civil Conflict Ceasefire Dataset.” Journal of Conflict Resolution.
Akebo, Malin. (2016). Ceasefire Agreements and Peace Processes: A Comparative Study. Routledge.
Colletta, Nat. (2011). "Mediating ceasefires and cessations of hostilities agreements in the framework of peace processes." In Peacema... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Center peel | Types of peel: A peel begins with an infantry element deciding to disengage from contact with an opposing force. The soldiers begin by using suppressing fire to delay the enemy's attack and advance. Upon issuance of the verbal command to initiate the peel, the infantryman closest to the enemy, in the opposite directio... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Charge (warfare) | Infantry charges:
Ancient charges: It may be assumed that the charge was used in prehistoric warfare, but clear evidence only comes with later literate societies. The tactics of the classical Greek phalanx included an ordered approach march, with a final charge to contact.
Highland charge: In response to the introd... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Charge (warfare) | British and American cavalry units also made similar cavalry charges during World War II. (See 26th Cavalry Regiment). The last successful cavalry charge of World War II was executed during the Battle of Schoenfeld on March 1, 1945. The Polish cavalry, fighting on the Soviet side, overwhelmed the German artillery posi... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Chemical warfare | Definition: Chemical warfare is different from the use of conventional weapons or nuclear weapons because the destructive effects of chemical weapons are not primarily due to any explosive force. The offensive use of living organisms (such as anthrax) is considered biological warfare rather than chemical warfare; howev... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Chemical warfare | In this form not only the gaseous part of the agent (around 50%) but also the fine aerosol can be inhaled or absorbed through pores in the skin.
Modern doctrine requires very high concentrations almost instantly in order to be effective (one breath should contain a lethal dose of the agent). To achieve this, the primar... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Chemical warfare | Thermal dissemination remains the principal method of disseminating chemical agents today.
Most thermal dissemination devices consist of a bomb or projectile shell that contains a chemical agent and a central "burster" charge; when the burster detonates, the agent is expelled laterally.
Thermal dissemination devices, t... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Chemical warfare | Efforts to eradicate chemical weapons: August 27, 1874: The Brussels Declaration Concerning the Laws and Customs of War is signed, specifically forbidding the "employment of poison or poisoned weapons", although the treaty was not adopted by any nation whatsoever and it never went into effect.
September 4, 1900: The Fi... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Chemical warfare | and the Soviet Union entered into a bilateral agreement in June 1990. In the 1990 agreement, the U.S. and Soviet Union agreed to begin destroying their chemical weapons stockpiles before 1993 and to reduce them to no more than 5,000 agent tons each by the end of 2002. The agreement also provided for exchanges of data a... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Chemical warfare | official US history;
Glenn Cross, Dirty War: Rhodesia and Chemical Biological Warfare, 1975–1980, Helion & Company, 2017
Gordon M. Burck and Charles C. Flowerree; International Handbook on Chemical Weapons Proliferation 1991
L. F. Haber. The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War Oxford University Pre... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Children in the military | History: History is filled with children who have been trained and used for fighting, assigned to support roles such as porters or messengers, used as sex slaves, or recruited for tactical advantage as human shields or for political advantage in propaganda. In 1813 and 1814, for example, Napoleon conscripted many young... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Children in the military | Military academics in the US have characterized military training as "intense indoctrination" in conditions of sustained stress, the primary purpose of which is to establish the unconditional and immediate obedience of recruits. The research literature has found that adolescents are more vulnerable than adults to a hig... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Children in the military | It noted:
Clearly one of the most urgent priorities is to remove everyone under 18 years of age from armed forces.
Meanwhile, the UN Commission on Human Rights established a working group to negotiate a treaty to raise the legal standard. After a global campaign and complex negotiations, the new treaty was agreed in 2... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Children in the military | About 40% of the Bolivian army was believed to be under the age of 18, with half of those below the age of 16. As of 2018, Bolivia invites children to begin their adult conscription early, from age 17.
Brazil: In Brazil the local organized crime groups, such as Comando Vermelho, recruit children to sell drugs and comm... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Children in the military | The administration announced on 4 August that they would send a team into Burma/Myanmar to press for more action.
India: The minimum age to join the Indian Army is 17 and a half.
Iran: Current Iranian law officially prohibits the recruitment of those under 16.
During the Iran–Iraq War, male children were drafted into... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Children in the military | Throughout the Syrian Civil War multiple media outlets including Human Rights Watch have confirmed that the YPG, an organization linked to the PKK, has been recruiting and deploying child soldiers. Despite a claim by the group that it would stop using children, which has been violation of international law, the group h... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Children in the military | As such, the treaty does not ban the recruitment of children aged 16 or 17, although it allows states to bind themselves to a higher standard in law.
2000s–present: After the adoption of the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, a campaign for global ratification made swift progress. As o... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Circumvallation | Antiquity: Thucydides notes the role circumvallation played in the Sicilian Expedition and in the Spartan siege of Plataea during the initial stages of the Peloponnesian War in 429 BC.
Julius Caesar in his Commentaries on the Gallic War describes his textbook use of the circumvallation to defeat the Gauls under their c... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Class conflict | Usage: When Marxists speak of class struggle, they define a class primarily in economic terms, i.e., by its relationship to the means of production. When anarchists like Bakunin speak of class struggle, they have a broader definition of "social class" which encompasses "notions of domination and privilege" in the polit... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Class conflict | Kirkus Reviews wrote: "Populist historian Parenti... views ancient Rome's most famous assassination not as a tyrannicide but as a sanguinary scene in the never-ending drama of class warfare."
Coriolanus: The patrician Coriolanus, whose life William Shakespeare would later depict in the tragic play Coriolanus, fought o... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Class conflict | He is at all times surrounded by unknown enemies, whom, though he never provoked, he can never appease, and from whose injustice he can be protected only by the powerful arm of the civil magistrate, continually held up to chastise it.Writing The Wealth of Nations, Smith's concern was the welfare of the ordinary workers... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Class conflict | It is by this superior knowledge of their own interest that they have frequently imposed upon his generosity, and persuaded him to give up both his own interest and that of the public, from a very simple but honest conviction, that their interest, and not his, was the interest of the public.In the final words of the fi... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Class conflict | This would require a final showdown in the form of a social revolution.
One of the earliest analyses of the development of class as the development of conflicts between emergent classes is available in Peter Kropotkin's Mutual Aid. In this work, Kropotkin analyzes the disposal of goods after death in pre-class or hunte... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Class conflict | Chronology: Nationalist movements are not included.
See also: Class collaboration
Class consciousness
Classism
Critique of political economy
Criticism of capitalism
Critique of work
Economic stratification
Master-slave dialectic
References:
Further reading: Abidor, Mitchell, ed. (2016). Death to Bourgeois Society: ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Close air support | History:
World War I: The use of aircraft in the close air support of ground forces dates back to World War I, the first conflict to make significant military use of aerial forces. Air warfare, and indeed aviation itself, was still in its infancy – and the direct effect of rifle caliber machine guns and light bombs o... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Close air support | Navy's Curtiss Helldiver, resulting in the Henschel Hs 123, which was later replaced by the famous Junkers Ju 87 Stuka. Experience in the Spanish Civil War lead to the creation of five ground-attack groups in 1938, four of which would be equipped with Stukas. The Luftwaffe matched its material acquisitions with advance... |
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