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mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Armoured fighting vehicle | Self-propelled artillery: Self-propelled artillery vehicles give mobility to artillery. Within the term are covered self-propelled guns (or howitzers) and rocket artillery. They are highly mobile, usually based on tracked chassis carrying either a large howitzer or other field gun or alternatively a mortar or some form... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Armoured fighting vehicle | Different types of armour were used to protect armoured trains from attack. In addition to various metal plates, concrete and sandbags were used in some cases on armoured trains.
Armoured trains were sometimes escorted by a kind of rail-tank called a draisine. One such example was the Italian 'Littorina' armoured troll... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Armoured spearhead | See also: Flying wedge
== References == |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Armoured warfare | World War I: Modern armored warfare began during the First World War of 1914–1918. Strategists wanted to break the tactical, operational and strategic stalemates forced on commanders on the Western Front by the effectiveness of entrenched defensive infantry armed with machine guns – known as trench warfare. Under these... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Armoured warfare | Despite the increase in tank numbers, in all countries financial constraints prohibited a full mechanisation of the entire armed ground forces. Necessarily, most of the divisions still consisted of infantry that was not even motorised. As a result, tanks tended to be allotted to special armoured units, where the limite... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Armoured warfare | These ideas culminated in the "PU-36" or the 1936 Field Service Regulations.
Wartime: At the start of the Second World War much of the Red Army, including its armoured forces, was in transition and recovering from the 1937 repression of the officer corps. The Red Army ignored the lessons from Nomonhan, which had been ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Armoured warfare | It was decided therefore to slow the production of the U.S. heavy tank designs such as the M26 Pershing and concentrate resources on mass-producing the M4 Sherman and tank destroyers such as the M18 Hellcat.
To be able get into position to counter-attack, the tank destroyers had to be fast. To achieve the desired mobil... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Armoured warfare | In the early 1960s this led to a number of important developments in the armoured forces and their supporting Arms. One important development was the transition of the Second World War use of Cavalry-Mechanised Group (CMG) into the Cold War Operational Manoeuvre Group (OMG) that was designed to exploit breakthroughs to... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Armoured warfare | Airborne threats: Tanks and other armoured vehicles are vulnerable to attack from the air for several reasons. One is that they are easily detectable—the metal they are made of shows up well on radar, and is especially obvious if they are moving in formation. A moving tank also produces a lot of heat, noise and dust. T... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Arms control | Enactment: Arms control treaties and agreements are often seen as a way to avoid costly arms races which could prove counter-productive to national aims and future peace. Some are used as ways to stop the spread of certain military technologies (such as nuclear weaponry or missile technology) in return for assurances ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Arms control | The United States proposed the Baruch Plan in 1946 as a way to impose stringent international control over the nuclear fuel cycle and thereby avert a global nuclear arms race, but the Soviet Union rejected the proposal and negotiations failed. Following President Eisenhower's 1953 Atoms for Peace speech to the UN Gener... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Arms control | These are the following:
Antarctic Treaty, signed 1959, entered into force 1961
Outer Space Treaty, signed and entered into force 1967
Seabed Arms Control Treaty, signed 1971, entered into force 1972
Treaties not entered into force: Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, signed 1996 – prohibits nuclear weapons testing
Propo... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Arms industry | History: During the early modern period, England, France, Sweden and the Netherlands became self-sufficient in arms production, with diffusion and migration of skilled workers to more peripheral countries such as Portugal and Russia.
The modern arms industry emerged in the second half of the nineteenth century as a pro... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Arms industry | Rankings for exporters below a billion dollars are less meaningful, as they can be swayed by single contracts. A much more accurate picture of export volume, free from yearly fluctuations, is presented by 5-year moving averages.
Next to SIPRI, there are several other sources that provide data on international transfers... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Army | Structure: Armies are always divided into various specialties, according to the mission, role, and training of individual units, and sometimes individual soldiers within a unit.
Some of the groupings common to all armies include the following:
Infantry
Armoured corps
Artillery corps
Signal corps
Special forces
Milita... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Army | From the late 17th century, states learned how to finance wars through long term low interest loans from national banking institutions. The first state to master this process was the Dutch Republic. This transformation in the armies of Europe had great social impact. The defense of the state now rested on the commoners... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Artillery | Artillery piece: Although not called by that name, siege engines performing the role recognizable as artillery have been employed in warfare since antiquity. The first known catapult was developed in Syracuse in 399 BC. Until the introduction of gunpowder into western warfare, artillery was dependent upon mechanical en... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Artillery | While it is difficult to confirm the use of firearms in the siege of the city, it is known the Portuguese defended it thereafter with firearms, namely bombardas, colebratas, and falconetes. In 1419, Sultan Abu Sa'id led an army to reconquer the fallen city, and Marinids brought cannons and used them in the assault on C... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Artillery | Bombards developed in Europe were massive smoothbore weapons distinguished by their lack of a field carriage, immobility once emplaced, highly individual design, and noted unreliability (in 1460 James II, King of Scots, was killed when one exploded at the siege of Roxburgh). Their large size precluded the barrels being... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Artillery | It was only with the advances in metallurgy and precision engineering capabilities during the Industrial Revolution that Armstrong was able to construct a viable solution. The gun combined all the properties that make up an effective artillery piece. The gun was mounted on a carriage in such a way as to return the gun ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Artillery | However, in the early 21st century, the Global Positioning System (GPS) enabled relatively cheap and accurate guidance for shells and missiles, notably the US 155 mm Excalibur and the 227 mm GMLRS rocket. The introduction of these led to a new issue, the need for very accurate three dimensional target coordinates—the m... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Artillery | Spin is induced by gun barrels having rifling, which engages a soft metal band around the projectile, called a "driving band" (UK) or "rotating band" (U.S.). The driving band is usually made of copper, but synthetic materials have been used.
Smoothbore/fin-stabilized: In modern artillery, smoothbore barrels have been u... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Artillery | Volley gun is a gun with multiple single-shot barrels that volley fired simultaneously or sequentially in quick succession. Although capable of unleashing intense firepower, volley guns differ from modern machine guns in that they lack autoloading and automatic fire mechanisms
Siege artillery: Large-caliber artillery t... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Artillery | Howitzers can fire at maximum elevations at least close to 45°; elevations up to about 70° are normal for modern howitzers. Howitzers also have a choice of charges, meaning that the same elevation angle of fire will achieve a different range depending on the charge used. They have rifled bores, lower muzzle velocities ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Artillery | Covering fire: used to protect troops when they are within range of enemy small arms.
Defensive fire: delivered by supporting units to assist and protect a unit engaged in a defensive action.
Final Protective Fire: an immediately available prearranged barrier of fire designed to impede enemy movement across defensive l... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Artillery | The Battery FDC computes firing data—ammunition to be used, powder charge, fuse settings, the direction to the target, and the quadrant elevation to be fired at to reach the target, what gun will fire any rounds needed for adjusting on the target, and the number of rounds to be fired on the target by each gun once the ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Artillery | "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit" [Giant cannon of the 15th century: technical masterpieces of their era]. Technikgeschichte (in German). 44 (2): 153–73 (162–64). OCLC 85351643.
Interavia. 32. International Aeronautic Federation: 262. January–June 1977. ISSN 0020-5168. {{cit... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Asymmetric warfare | Definition and differences: The popularity of the term dates from Andrew J. R. Mack's 1975 article "Why Big Nations Lose Small Wars" in World Politics, in which "asymmetric" referred simply to a significant disparity in power between opposing actors in a conflict. "Power," in this sense, is broadly understood to mean m... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Asymmetric warfare | War by proxy: Where asymmetric warfare is carried out (generally covertly) by allegedly non-governmental actors who are connected to or sympathetic to a particular nation's (the "state actor's") interest, it may be deemed war by proxy. This is typically done to give the state actor deniability. The deniability can be c... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Asymmetric warfare | The Filipino General Francisco Macabulos described the Filipinos' war aim as "not to vanquish the U.S. Army but to inflict on them constant losses." They initially sought to use conventional tactics and an increasing toll of U.S. casualties to contribute to McKinley's defeat in the 1900 presidential election. Their hop... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Asymmetric warfare | The NATO bombing of Yugoslavia (1999), which pitted NATO air power against the Yugoslav armed forces during the Kosovo war, can also be classified as asymmetric, exemplifying international conflict with asymmetry in weapons and strategy/tactics.
21st century:
Israel/Palestine: The ongoing conflict between Israel and... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Asymmetric warfare | "Asymmetric Warfare: The British Experience in Eighteenth-Century India". Journal of Military History. 68 (2): 431–469. doi:10.1353/jmh.2004.0019. S2CID 144222473 – via Project Muse(subscription required).
Arreguin-Toft, Ivan (Summer 2001). "How the Weak Win Wars: A Theory of Asymmetric Conflict". International Securit... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Attrition warfare | Strategic considerations: Attrition warfare represents an attempt to grind down an opponent's ability to make war by destroying their military resources by any means including guerrilla warfare, people's war, scorched earth and all types of battles apart from a decisive battle. Attrition warfare does not include Blitzk... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Auxiliary ship | Roles:
Replenishment: One of the most direct ways that auxiliary ships support the fleet is by providing underway replenishment (also known as "replenishment at sea") to major fleet units. This allows the fleet to remain in the same location, with the replenishment vessels bringing up fuel, ammunition, food, and supp... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Barbed wire | Design: Materials
Zinc-coated steel wire. Galvanized steel wire is the most widely used steel wire during barbed wire production. It has commercial type, Class 1 type and Class 3 type. Or it is also well known as electric galvanized steel wire and hot dipped galvanized steel wire.
Zinc-aluminum alloy coated steel wire... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Barbed wire | In this transition zone between the agricultural regions to the south and the rangeland to the north, conflict erupted, with vigilantes joining the scene causing chaos and even death. The Fence Cutting Wars ended with the passage of a Texas law in 1884 that made fence cutting a felony. Other states followed, although c... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Barbed wire | The fence on each side of the gate ends with two corner posts braced or unbraced depending on the size of the post. An unpounded post (often an old broken post) is held to one corner post with wire rings which act as hinges. On the other end a full-length post, the tractor post, is placed with the pointed end upwards w... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Barbed wire | The frequent use of barbed wire on prison walls, around concentration camps, and the like, has made it symbolic of oppression and denial of freedom in general. For example, in Germany, the totality of East Germany's border regime is commonly referred to with the short phrase "Mauer und Stacheldraht" (that is, "wall and... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Barrage (artillery) | Development: The moving barrage was developed during the Boer War, one of several tactical innovations instituted under command of General Redvers Buller. It was a response to Boer defensive positions, notably at Tugela Heights and effective long range rifle fire.
Artillery usually fired over open sights at visible ta... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Barrage (artillery) | However, the tactic was further refined as the Battle of the Somme wore on and by September 1916 the creeping barrage became a standard tactic for infantry attacks, and soon spread to the French Army, enabling the French recapture of Fort Vaux at the Battle of Verdun in November 1916. By the later stages of the Battle ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Barrage (artillery) | The true barrage of the British XXX Corps began at 09:20, building in intensity over the next hour, 500 guns shooting at a line 500 yards deep. The barrage included smoke shells to screen the attackers forming up behind the barrage. From 10.30 the barrage was pure high explosive and began to roll forward. A 300-yard li... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Basic training | Major characteristics: Initial military training is an intensive residential programme commonly lasting several weeks or months, which aims to induct newly recruited military personnel into the social norms and essential tasks of the armed forces. Common features include foot drill, inspections, physical training, weap... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Basic training | Trainees at RMC hold the rank of Staff Cadet and, if successful in completing the course are commissioned as Lieutenants (pronounced Left-tenant). The overall full-time officer training course at RMC is 18 months long.
Canada: Centralized recruit training in the Canadian Army did not exist until 1940, and until the cr... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Basic training | They are known as Full-Time National Servicemen (NSFs).
Based on their Physical Employment Status (PES) grade determined by a pre-enlistment medical examination, NSFs may undergo either a standard, enhanced, modified, or obese BMT programme at the Basic Military Training Centre on the offshore island of Pulau Tekong or... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Basic training | Upon completion of their Officer recruit training, cadets will then progress to their trade specific training of varying length.
The British Army, Royal Navy, Royal Marines and Royal Air Force manage their own Phase One and Phase Two training establishments.
United States: In the United States, recruit training in the... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Basic training | For east coast recruits, phase two is swim qualification, rifle qualification, and Team Week, a week of maintenance duties for the island as a show of how to perform base support tasks while still keeping military bearing and attention to detail. Phase three brings the San Diego recruits back to the recruit depot where... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Basic training | In 2015, BMT was shortened once again to seven and a half weeks. Trainees still stay at Lackland for eight and half weeks, however, the eighth week following graduation they are moved to a more relaxed environment under a program called Airman's Week, which is designed to transition trainees to technical training.
U.S... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle | Etymology: Battle is a loanword from the Old French bataille, first attested in 1297, from Late Latin battualia, meaning "exercise of soldiers and gladiators in fighting and fencing", from Late Latin (taken from Germanic) battuere "beat", from which the English word battery is also derived via Middle English batri.
Ch... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle | British military historians J.F.C. Fuller (The Decisive Battles of the Western World) and B.H. Liddell Hart (Decisive Wars of History), among many others, have written books in the style of Creasy's work.
Land: There is an obvious difference in the way battles have been fought. Early battles were probably fought betwe... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle cry | History:
Antiquity: The war cry is an aspect of epic battle in Homer: in the Iliad, Diomedes is conventionally called "Diomedes of the loud war cry." Hellenes and Akkadians alike uttered the onomatopoeic cry "alala" in battle.
The troops of ancient Athens, during the Medic Wars and the Peloponnesian War were noted fo... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle cry | In the Battle of Dybbøl in 1864, both Danish and German forces used "Hurrah" as a war cry.
During World War I in the Italian Front of 1915. Before battle, Italian soldiers would yell "Savoia" or "Avanti Savoia", which is "Come on Savoy!" or "Onwards Savoy!" in Italian (compare "For the king!" among British soldiers of ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Cannae | Strategic background: Shortly after the start of the Second Punic War, Hannibal crossed into Italy by traversing the Pyrenees and the Alps during the summer and early autumn of 218 BC. He quickly won major victories over the Romans at Trebia and at Lake Trasimene. After these losses, the Romans appointed Quintus Fabius... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Cannae | Hannibal's cavalry also came from diverse backgrounds. He commanded 4,000 Numidian, 2,000 Iberian peninsular, 4,000 Gallic and 450 Libyan-Phoenician cavalry. Hannibal had an auxiliary skirmisher contingent consisting of 1,000–2,000 Balearic slingers and 6,000 mixed-nationality javelinmen, possibly including Lusitanians... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Cannae | On the other flank the Numidians engaged in a way that merely kept the Roman allied cavalry occupied. Hasdrubal kept his victorious Hispanic and Gallic cavalry under control and did not chase the retreating Roman right wing. Instead, he led them to the other side of the field to attack the socii cavalry still fighting ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Cannae | No other nation surely would not have been overwhelmed by such an accumulation of misfortune.
For a brief period, the Romans were in complete disarray. Their best armies in the peninsula had been destroyed, the few remnants severely demoralized, and the only remaining consul (Varro) completely discredited. As the story... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Cannae | After various political experiments, Scipio Africanus was made general-in-chief of the Roman armies in Africa, and was assured this role for the duration of the war. This appointment may have violated the constitutional laws of the Roman Republic but, as Delbrück wrote, it "effected an internal transformation that incr... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) | Background: In the decade following his accession in 359 BC, the Macedonian king, Philip II, had rapidly strengthened and expanded his kingdom into Thrace and Chalkidiki on the northern coast of the Aegean Sea. He was aided in this process by the distraction of Athens and Thebes, the two most powerful city-states in Gr... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) | Finally, in August 338 BC, Philip's army marched straight down the main road from Phocis to Boeotia, to assault the main allied army defending the road at Chaeronea.
Opposing forces: According to Diodorus, the Macedonian army numbered roughly 30,000 infantry and 2,000 cavalry, a figure generally accepted by modern his... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) | He then turned to deal with Sparta, which had not taken part in the conflict, but was likely to take advantage of the weakened state of the other Greek cities to try to attack its neighbours in the Peloponnese. The Spartans refused Philip's invitation to engage in discussions, so Philip ravaged Lacedaemonia, but did no... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Chancellorsville | Background:
Military situation:
Union attempts against Richmond: In the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War, the objective of the Union had been to advance and seize the Confederate capital, Richmond, Virginia. In the first two years of the war, four major attempts had failed: the first foundered just miles a... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Chancellorsville | Catharine Furnace, abandoned in the 1840s, had recently been reactivated to produce iron for the Confederate war effort. This area was largely unsuitable for the deployment of artillery and the control of large infantry formations, which would nullify some of the Union advantage in military power. It was important for ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Chancellorsville | In light of the continued Federal inactivity, by late March Longstreet's primary assignment became that of requisitioning provisions for Lee's forces from the farmers and planters of North Carolina and Virginia. As a result of this the two divisions of Maj. Gen. John Bell Hood and Maj. Gen. George Pickett were 130 mil... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Chancellorsville | For the plan to work, several things had to happen. First, Jackson had to make a 12-mile (19 km) march via roundabout roads to reach the Union right, and he had to do it undetected. Second, Hooker had to stay tamely on the defensive. Third, Early would have to keep Sedgwick bottled up at Fredericksburg, despite the fou... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Chancellorsville | Dilger next went to Howard's headquarters, but was merely told that the Confederate army was retreating and that it was not acceptable to make scouting expeditions without permission of higher-ups. As the sun started to go down, all remained quiet on the XI Corps's front, the noises of the III and XII Corps engaging Le... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Chancellorsville | Early on May 3, Hooker ordered Sickles to move from Hazel Grove to a new position on the Plank Road. As they were withdrawing, the trailing elements of Sickles's corps were attacked by the Confederate brigade of Brig. Gen. James J. Archer, which captured about 100 prisoners and four cannons. Hazel Grove was soon turned... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Chancellorsville | A Union party under flag of truce was allowed to approach ostensibly to collect the wounded, but while close to the stone wall, they were able to observe how sparsely the Confederate line was manned. A third Union attack was successful in overrunning the Confederate position. Early was able to organize an effective fig... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Chancellorsville | ... Hooker answered frankly ... 'Doubleday ... For once I lost confidence in Hooker'."
Sears's research has shown that Bigelow was quoting from a letter written in 1903 by an E. P. Halstead, who was on the staff of Doubleday's I Corps division. There is no evidence that Hooker and Doubleday ever met during the Gettysbu... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Chancellorsville | Boston: Mariner Books (Houghton Mifflin Co.), 1996. ISBN 0-395-90136-7.
Foote, Shelby. The Civil War: A Narrative. Vol. 2, Fredericksburg to Meridian. New York: Random House, 1958. ISBN 0-394-49517-9.
Freeman, Douglas S. Lee's Lieutenants: A Study in Command. 3 vols. New York: Scribner, 1946. ISBN 0-684-85979-3.
Furgur... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Grunwald | Names and sources:
Names: Traditionally, the battle's location was thought to be in the territory of the monastic state of the Teutonic Order, on the plains between three villages: Grünfelde (Grunwald) to the west, Tannenberg (Stębark) to the northeast and Ludwigsdorf (Łodwigowo, Ludwikowice) to the south. However, r... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Grunwald | To keep their plans secret and mislead the order, Władysław II Jagiełło and Vytautas organized several raids into border territories, thus forcing the order to keep their troops in place.
Opposing forces: The precise number of soldiers involved has proven difficult to establish. None of the contemporary sources provid... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Grunwald | He made no mention of the Lithuanians, who later returned to the battlefield. Thus Długosz portrayed the battle as a single-handed Polish victory. This view contradicted Cronica conflictus and has been challenged by modern historians.
Starting with an article by Vaclaw Lastowski in 1909, they proposed that the retreat ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Grunwald | By the end of October only four Teutonic castles along the border remained in Polish hands. Władysław II Jagiełło raised a fresh army and dealt another defeat to the order in the Battle of Koronowo on 10 October 1410. Following other brief engagements, both sides agreed to negotiate.
The Peace of Thorn was signed in Fe... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Grunwald | Historians have since made progress towards dispassionate scholarship and reconciliation of the various national accounts of the battle.
Poland and Lithuania: The Battle of Grunwald is regarded as one of the most important in the histories of Poland and Lithuania. In Lithuania, the victory is synonymous with the Grand... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Hastings | Background: In 911, the Carolingian ruler Charles the Simple allowed a group of Vikings to settle in Normandy under their leader Rollo. Their settlement proved successful, and they quickly adapted to the indigenous culture, renouncing paganism, converting to Christianity, and intermarrying with the local population. Ov... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Hastings | Both infantry and cavalry usually fought with a straight sword, long and double-edged. The infantry could also use javelins and long spears. Some of the cavalry may have used a mace instead of a sword. Archers would have used a self bow or a crossbow, and most would not have had armour.
Harold moves south: After defea... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Hastings | A rumour started that the duke had been killed, which added to the confusion. The English forces began to pursue the fleeing invaders, but William rode through his forces, showing his face and yelling that he was still alive. The duke then led a counter-attack against the pursuing English forces; some of the English ra... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Hastings | Although scholars thought for a long time that remains would not be recoverable, due to the acidic soil, recent finds have changed this view. One skeleton that was found in a medieval cemetery, and originally was thought to be associated with the 13th century Battle of Lewes, now is thought to be associated with Hastin... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Issus | Location: The battle took place south of the ancient town Issus, which is close to the present-day Turkish town of Iskenderun (the Turkish equivalent of "Alexandria", founded by Alexander to commemorate his victory), on either side of a small river called Pinarus. At that location, the distance from the Gulf of Issus t... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Issus | As with most ancient battles, significant carnage occurred after the battle as the pursuing Greeks slaughtered their crowded, disorganized foe. Arrian notes Ptolemy mentioning that while pursuing Darius, Alexander and his bodyguards came upon a ravine which they easily crossed on the piled up bodies of dead Persians. I... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Leuthen | Background: Although the Seven Years' War was a global conflict, it acquired a specific intensity in the European theater as a result of the competition between Frederick II of Prussia, known as Frederick the Great, and Maria Theresa of Austria. Their rivalry dated from 1740, when upon Maria Theresa's ascension, Freder... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Leuthen | The leftmost column of cavalry remained behind to convince the Austrians that it was still approaching directly at the latter end of the Austrian line, near Frobelwitz. The visible distraction screened Frederick's intent of executing an oblique maneuver like the one that he had used successfully only weeks earlier at t... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Leuthen | Reportedly, after the King dismounted, he addressed them politely, "Good evening, Gentlemen, I dare say you did not expect me here. Can one get a night's lodging along with you?"
After a day of rest, on 7 December, Frederick sent half his cavalry with Zieten, chasing Charles's retreating army, now heading toward Königg... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Leuthen | History of Frederick Second, Harper, 1901. OCLC 832817892
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Leuthen" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 504.
Citino, Robert M., The German Way of War: From the Thirty Years War to the Third Reich. University Press of Kansas. Lawrence, KS, 2005, ISBN ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Maling | Sources: Records of the Grand Historian Sima Qian
== References == |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Rocroi | Context: Since 1618, the Thirty Years' War had raged in Germany, with the Catholic Austrian and Spanish Habsburgs fighting the Protestant states. In 1635, fearing a peace too favorable to the House of Habsburg after a string of Protestant defeats, France decided to intervene directly and declared war on the Habsburgs a... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Trafalgar | Background: In 1805, the First French Empire, under Napoleon Bonaparte, was the dominant military land power on the European continent, while the British Royal Navy controlled the seas. During the course of the war, the British imposed a naval blockade on France, which affected trade and kept the French from fully mobi... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Trafalgar | Fleets:
British: On 21 October, Admiral Nelson had 27 ships of the line with 2148 cannons, and a total of 17000 crewmen and marines under his command. Nelson's flagship, HMS Victory, captained by Thomas Masterman Hardy, was one of three 100 gun first-rates in his fleet. He also had four 98 gun second-rates and 20 t... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Trafalgar | Following their earlier vote on 8 October to stay put, some captains were reluctant to leave Cádiz, and as a result they failed to follow Villeneuve's orders closely and the fleet straggled out of the harbour in no particular formation.
It took most of 20 October for Villeneuve to get his fleet organised; it eventually... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Trafalgar | Nelson exclaimed, "They finally succeeded, I am dead." He was carried below decks.
Victory's gunners were called on deck to fight boarders, and she ceased firing. The gunners were forced back below decks by French grenades. As the French were preparing to board Victory, Temeraire, the second ship in the British windwa... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Trafalgar | Observing that some of the leewardmost of the prizes were escaping towards the Spanish coast, Leviathan asked for and was granted permission by Collingwood to try to retrieve the prizes and bring them to anchor. Leviathan chased Monarca, but on 24 October she came across Rayo, dismasted but still flying Spanish colours... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Trafalgar | The 144-foot-tall (44 m) Nelson Monument on Glasgow Green was designed by David Hamilton and paid for by public subscription. Around the base are the names of his major victories: Aboukir (1798), Copenhagen (1801) and Trafalgar (1805). The Nelson Monument overlooking Portsmouth was built in 1807–08 with money subscribe... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Trafalgar | Visit HMS Victory at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard
HMS Victory Royal Navy Web Site
Nelson's Memorandum – battle plan – in the British Library Archived 7 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Interactive guide:Battle of Trafalgar educational presentation by Guardian Unlimited
A. J. West's "Our Navy": Wreath laying on HMS ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Waterloo | Prelude: On 13 March 1815, six days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared him an outlaw. Four days later, the United Kingdom, Russia, Austria, and Prussia mobilised armies to defeat Napoleon. Critically outnumbered, Napoleon knew that once his attempts at dissuading one or more me... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Waterloo | His troops consisted of 74,326 men: 53,607 infantry, 13,400 cavalry, and 5,596 artillery with 156 guns plus engineers and staff. Of these, 27,985 (38%) were British, with another 7,686 (10%) from the King's German Legion (KGL). All of the British Army troops were regular soldiers, and the majority of them had served in... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Waterloo | Although they had not taken casualties, IV Corps had been marching for two days, covering the retreat of the three other corps of the Prussian army from the battlefield of Ligny. They had been posted farthest away from the battlefield, and progress was very slow.
The roads were in poor condition after the night's heavy... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Waterloo | The grande batterie was too far back to aim accurately, and the only other troops they could see were skirmishers of the regiments of Kempt and Pack, and Perponcher's 2nd Dutch division (the others were employing Wellington's characteristic "reverse slope defence").
The bombardment caused a large number of casualties. ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Waterloo | The 1st Brigade, known as the Household Brigade, commanded by Major-General Lord Edward Somerset, consisted of guards regiments: the 1st and 2nd Life Guards, the Royal Horse Guards (the Blues), and the 1st (King's) Dragoon Guards. The 2nd Brigade, also known as the Union Brigade, commanded by Major-General Sir William ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Waterloo | They countercharged French cavalry numerous times (both brigades), halted a combined cavalry and infantry attack (Household Brigade only), were used to bolster the morale of those units in their vicinity at times of crisis, and filled gaps in the Anglo-allied line caused by high casualties in infantry formations (both ... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Waterloo | Uxbridge then ordered a charge by three squadrons of the 3rd Hussars of the King's German Legion. They broke through the French cavalry, but became hemmed in, were cut off and suffered severe losses. Meanwhile, Bachelu's and Tissot's men and their cavalry supports were being hard hit by fire from artillery and from Ada... |
mil_tactics_continued_pretraining.csv | Battle of Waterloo | These troops appeared to be withdrawing and Zieten, fearing that his own troops would be caught up in a general retreat, was starting to move away from Wellington's flank and towards the Prussian main body near Plancenoit. Zieten had also received a direct order from Blücher to support Bülow, which Zieten obeyed, start... |
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