question stringlengths 66 3.58k | answer stringlengths 1 230 | options dict | meta_info stringclasses 2
values | answer_idx stringclasses 4
values | metamap_phrases listlengths 1 184 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
An office team is being observed by an outside agency at the request of management to make sure they are completing all their tasks appropriately. Several of the employees are nervous that they are being watched and take care to perform their jobs with extra care, more so than they would have done during a normal workd... | Hawthorne effect | {
"A": "Pygmalion effect",
"B": "Novelty effect",
"C": "Observer bias",
"D": "Hawthorne effect"
} | step1 | D | [
"office team",
"observed",
"outside agency",
"request",
"management to make sure",
"completing",
"tasks",
"employees",
"nervous",
"take care to perform",
"jobs",
"extra care",
"more",
"done",
"normal workday",
"best",
"behavior"
] |
A previously healthy 2-year-old boy is brought to the emergency room by his mother because of persistent crying and refusal to move his right arm. The episode began 30 minutes ago after the mother lifted him up by the arms. He appears distressed and is inconsolable. On examination, his right arm is held close to his bo... | Radial head subluxation | {
"A": "Proximal ulnar fracture",
"B": "Anterior shoulder dislocation",
"C": "Olecranon fracture",
"D": "Radial head subluxation"
} | step1 | D | [
"healthy",
"year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency room",
"mother",
"persistent crying",
"to move",
"right arm",
"episode began 30 minutes",
"mother lifted",
"arms",
"appears distressed",
"examination",
"right arm",
"held close",
"body",
"flexed",
"position",
"following",
"most l... |
A 26-year-old woman presents to a physician for genetic counseling, because she is worried about trying to have a child. Specifically, she had 2 siblings that died young from a lysosomal storage disorder and is afraid that her own children will have the same disorder. Her background is Ashkenazi Jewish, but she says th... | Founder effect | {
"A": "Founder effect",
"B": "Gene flow",
"C": "Imprinting",
"D": "Natural selection"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman presents",
"physician",
"genetic counseling",
"worried",
"to",
"child",
"2 siblings",
"died young",
"lysosomal storage disorder",
"afraid",
"children",
"same disorder",
"background",
"Ashkenazi Jewish",
"husband's background",
"mixed European heritage",
"physician",
... |
A newborn is delivered at term to a 38-year-old woman after an uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery. The newborn's blood pressure is 142/85 mm Hg. Examination shows clitoral enlargement and labioscrotal fusion. Serum studies show a sodium of 151 mg/dL and a potassium of 3.2 mg/dL. Karyotype analysis shows a 46, XX kary... | 11-deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone | {
"A": "Progesterone to 11-deoxycorticosterone",
"B": "11-deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone",
"C": "Testosterone to dihydrotestosterone",
"D": "Progesterone to 17-hydroxyprogesterone"
} | step1 | B | [
"newborn",
"delivered",
"term",
"year old woman",
"uncomplicated",
"delivery",
"newborn's blood pressure",
"85 mm Hg",
"Examination shows clitoral enlargement",
"fusion",
"Serum studies show",
"sodium",
"mg/dL",
"potassium",
"2 dL",
"Karyotype analysis shows",
"XX karyotype",
"pati... |
A 57-year-old man comes to the physician because of generalized malaise, yellowish discoloration of the eyes, and pruritus on the back of his hands that worsens when exposed to sunlight for the past several months. He has not seen a physician in 15 years. Physical examination shows scleral icterus and mild jaundice. Th... | Needlestick injury | {
"A": "Bathing in freshwater",
"B": "Ingestion of raw shellfish",
"C": "Needlestick injury",
"D": "Inhalation of spores"
} | step1 | C | [
"57 year old man",
"physician",
"generalized malaise",
"discoloration",
"eyes",
"pruritus",
"back of",
"hands",
"worsens",
"exposed",
"sunlight",
"past",
"months",
"not seen",
"physician",
"15 years",
"Physical examination shows scleral icterus",
"mild jaundice",
"purpuric rash",... |
A 23-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of pain during intercourse and vaginal dryness. The patient has also had intermittent hot flashes and fatigue during this time. Over the past year, her periods have become irregular. Her last menstrual period was over six months ago. She is sexuall... | Increased FSH to LH ratio | {
"A": "Decreased GnRH levels",
"B": "Decreased LH levels",
"C": "Increased FSH to LH ratio",
"D": "Increased TSH levels"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"23 year old woman",
"physician",
"3 month history",
"pain",
"intercourse",
"vaginal dryness",
"patient",
"intermittent hot flashes",
"fatigue",
"time",
"past year",
"periods",
"irregular",
"last menstrual period",
"over six months",
"sexually active",
"one partner",
"not use prote... |
A 56-year-old woman presents to a physician for evaluation of a lump in her left breast. She noticed the lump last week while taking a shower. She says that the lump seemed to be getting larger, which worried her. The lump is not painful. The medical history is unremarkable. She has smoked cigarettes for the last 30 ye... | Invasive lobular carcinoma | {
"A": "Inflammatory carcinoma",
"B": "Fibroadenoma",
"C": "Invasive ductal carcinoma",
"D": "Invasive lobular carcinoma"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
"physician",
"evaluation",
"lump",
"left breast",
"lump",
"week",
"taking",
"shower",
"lump",
"to",
"getting larger",
"worried",
"lump",
"not painful",
"medical history",
"unremarkable",
"smoked cigarettes",
"30 years",
"examination",
"bilateral sma... |
A 23-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after being found unresponsive on the floor by her boyfriend. Paramedics found several empty pill bottles next to her on the floor. According to her boyfriend, she has a history of insomnia and generalized anxiety disorder and was recently diagnosed ... | Flumazenil | {
"A": "Flumazenil",
"B": "Sodium bicarbonate",
"C": "Dextrose",
"D": "Naloxone"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"23 year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department 30 minutes",
"found unresponsive on",
"floor",
"boyfriend",
"Paramedics found several empty pill bottles next to",
"floor",
"boyfriend",
"history",
"insomnia",
"generalized anxiety disorder",
"recently diagnosed",
"depression",
"tempe... |
A 65-year-old woman with atrial fibrillation comes to the emergency department because of sudden-onset severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting for the past 2 hours. She has smoked a pack of cigarettes daily for the past 25 years. Her pulse is 110/min and blood pressure is 141/98 mm Hg. Abdominal examination shows d... | Rectosigmoid colon | {
"A": "Rectosigmoid colon",
"B": "Lower rectum",
"C": "Ascending colon",
"D": "Transverse colon"
} | step1 | A | [
"65-year-old woman",
"atrial fibrillation",
"emergency department",
"sudden severe abdominal",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"past",
"hours",
"smoked",
"pack",
"cigarettes daily",
"past",
"years",
"pulse",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"98 mm Hg",
"Abdominal examination shows diffuse abdominal"... |
A 65-year old man comes to the emergency department because of altered mental status for 1 day. He has had headaches, severe nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea for 2 days. He has a history of hypertension, insomnia, and bipolar disorder. His medications include lisinopril, fluoxetine, atorvastatin, lithium, olanzapine, and... | Hemodialysis | {
"A": "Bowel irrigation",
"B": "Hemodialysis",
"C": "Intravenous diazepam",
"D": "Intravenous dantrolene"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"65 year old man",
"emergency department",
"of altered mental status",
"1 day",
"headaches",
"severe nausea",
"vomiting",
"diarrhea",
"2 days",
"history of hypertension",
"insomnia",
"bipolar disorder",
"medications include lisinopril",
"fluoxetine",
"atorvastatin",
"lithium",
"olanz... |
A 42-year-old man presents with an intermittent low-to-high grade fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, and exercise intolerance. The symptoms have been present for the last 6 months. The patient is a software developer. He smokes one-half pack of cigarettes daily and drinks alcohol occasionally. He denies intrave... | Enterococcus faecalis | {
"A": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa",
"B": "Streptococcus viridans",
"C": "Enterococcus faecalis",
"D": "Candida albicans"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man presents",
"intermittent low",
"high grade fever",
"night sweats",
"weight loss",
"fatigue",
"exercise intolerance",
"symptoms",
"present",
"months",
"patient",
"software developer",
"smokes one half pack",
"cigarettes daily",
"drinks alcohol occasionally",
"denies intrav... |
A 1-year-old male is found to have high blood pressure on multiple visits to your office. On examination, the patient has normal genitalia. Further laboratory workup reveals low serum aldosterone and high serum testosterone. Which of the following is most likely to be elevated in this patient? | 11-deoxycorticosterone | {
"A": "17-hydroxylase",
"B": "21-hydroxylase",
"C": "5'-deiodinase",
"D": "11-deoxycorticosterone"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old male",
"found to",
"high blood pressure",
"multiple visits",
"office",
"examination",
"patient",
"normal genitalia",
"Further laboratory workup reveals low serum aldosterone",
"high serum",
"following",
"most likely to",
"elevated",
"patient"
] |
A 2-hours-old neonate is found to have bluish discoloration throughout his body, including lips and tongue. The boy was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery with no prenatal care. Maternal history is positive for type 2 diabetes mellitus for 11 years. On physical examination, his blood pressure i... | Transposition of great vessels | {
"A": "Arteriovenous malformation",
"B": "Transposition of great vessels",
"C": "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia",
"D": "Esophageal atresia"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"2-hours old neonate",
"found to",
"discoloration",
"body",
"including lips",
"tongue",
"boy",
"born",
"weeks gestation",
"spontaneous vaginal delivery",
"prenatal care",
"Maternal history",
"positive",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"years",
"physical examination",
"blood pressure",
... |
A 45-year-old woman comes to the physician for a 3-week history of intermittent episodes of dizziness. The episodes last for hours at a time and are characterized by the sensation that the room is spinning. The patient also reports that she has started using her cell phone with her left ear because she hears better on ... | Reduced resorption of endolymph | {
"A": "Occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery",
"B": "Reduced resorption of endolymph",
"C": "Cerebellopontine angle tumor",
"D": "Obstruction of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"3 week history of intermittent episodes",
"dizziness",
"episodes last",
"hours",
"time",
"characterized",
"sensation",
"room",
"spinning",
"patient",
"reports",
"started using",
"cell phone",
"left ear",
"hears better",
"side",
"intermittent ringin... |
A 21-year-old ِAfrican American woman presents with difficulty breathing, chest pain, and a non-productive cough. She says she took some ibuprofen earlier but it did not improve her pain. Past medical history is significant for sickle cell disease. Medications include hydroxyurea, iron, vitamin B12, and an oral contrac... | Antibiotics and supportive care | {
"A": "Antibiotics and supportive care",
"B": "ECG",
"C": "CT angiography",
"D": "Inhaled salbutamol and oral corticosteroid"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"21-year-old African American woman presents",
"difficulty breathing",
"chest pain",
"non-productive cough",
"took",
"ibuprofen earlier",
"not",
"pain",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"sickle cell disease",
"Medications include hydroxyurea",
"iron",
"vitamin B12",
"oral contracep... |
A 44-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of fatigue, constipation, and a 7-kg (15.4-lb) weight gain. Menses occur irregularly in intervals of 40–50 days. Her pulse is 51/min, and blood pressure is 145/86 mm Hg. Examination shows conjunctival pallor and cool, dry skin. There is mild, nonpi... | Increased reverse T3 | {
"A": "Decreased T4",
"B": "Increased reverse T3",
"C": "Increased thyroxine-binding globulin",
"D": "Decreased T3"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"month history",
"fatigue",
"constipation",
"kg",
"15.4",
"weight gain",
"Menses occur",
"intervals of",
"days",
"pulse",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
"Examination shows conjunctival pallor",
"cool",
"dry skin",
"mild",
"nonpitting periorbita... |
A 19-year-old man presents to the emergency department after a motor vehicle accident. The patient reports left shoulder pain that worsens with deep inspiration. Medical history is significant for a recent diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis. His temperature is 99°F (37.2°C), blood pressure is 80/55 mmHg, pulse is 11... | Decreased RPF and no change in GFR | {
"A": "Decreased RPF and no change in GFR",
"B": "No change in RPF and decreased GFR",
"C": "No change in RPF and increased GFR",
"D": "No change in RPF and GFR"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"motor vehicle accident",
"patient reports left shoulder pain",
"worsens",
"deep inspiration",
"Medical history",
"significant",
"recent diagnosis",
"infectious mononucleosis",
"temperature",
"blood pressure",
"80 55 mmHg",
"pulse",
"min",... |
A 62-year-old man comes to the physician for decreased exercise tolerance. Over the past four months, he has noticed progressively worsening shortness of breath while walking his dog. He also becomes short of breath when lying in bed at night. His temperature is 36.4°C (97.5°F), pulse is 82/min, respirations are 19/min... | Aortic valve regurgitation | {
"A": "Mitral valve regurgitation",
"B": "Tricuspid valve regurgitation",
"C": "Aortic valve regurgitation",
"D": "Mitral valve prolapse"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"62 year old man",
"physician",
"decreased exercise tolerance",
"past four months",
"worsening shortness of breath",
"walking",
"dog",
"short of breath",
"lying in bed",
"night",
"temperature",
"36 4C",
"97",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirations",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
"Ca... |
A 35-year-old man is brought to the trauma bay by ambulance after sustaining a gunshot wound to the right arm. The patient is in excruciating pain and states that he can’t move or feel his hand. The patient states that he has no other medical conditions. On exam, the patient’s temperature is 98.4°F (36.9°C), blood pres... | Radial nerve | {
"A": "Lower trunk",
"B": "Main median nerve",
"C": "Radial nerve",
"D": "Recurrent motor branch of the median nerve"
} | step1 | C | [
"35 year old man",
"brought",
"trauma bay",
"ambulance",
"sustaining",
"gunshot wound",
"right arm",
"patient",
"excruciating pain",
"states",
"cant move",
"feel",
"hand",
"patient states",
"medical conditions",
"exam",
"patients temperature",
"98 4F",
"36",
"blood pressure",
... |
An 8-month-old infant is brought to the physician by his mother because of a 1-month history of progressive listlessness. His mother says, ""He used to crawl around, but now he can't even keep himself upright. He seems so weak!"" Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated. Examination shows hypotonia and an increased st... | Frameshift | {
"A": "Frameshift",
"B": "Missense",
"C": "Nonsense",
"D": "Silent"
} | step1 | A | [
"month old infant",
"brought",
"physician",
"mother",
"month history",
"progressive listlessness",
"mother",
"used",
"crawl",
"now",
"eep ",
"pright.",
"o eak!",
"regnancy ",
"elivery ",
"ncomplicated.",
"xamination hows ypotonia ",
"ncreased startle response.",
"enetic analys... |
A 66-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department 4 hours after falling and hitting her head while skiing. Initially, she refused treatment, but an hour ago she began to develop a severe headache, nausea, and right leg weakness. She has osteopenia. Her only medication is a daily multivitamin. She has no visual... | Subfalcine herniation | {
"A": "Tonsillar herniation",
"B": "Uncal herniation",
"C": "Subfalcine herniation",
"D": "Extracranial herniation"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"66 year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"hours",
"falling",
"hitting",
"head",
"skiing",
"Initially",
"refused treatment",
"hour",
"began to",
"severe headache",
"nausea",
"right",
"osteopenia",
"only medication",
"daily multivitamin",
"visual changes",
"oriente... |
A 38-year-old female presents to the emergency room with fevers, fatigue, and anorexia for over a month. Past medical history includes mild mitral valve prolapse. She underwent an uncomplicated tooth extraction approximately 6 weeks ago. Her vital signs include a temperature of 100.8 F, pulse of 83, blood pressure of 1... | Obtain blood cultures x3 sites over 24 hours and start antibiotics after culture results are available | {
"A": "Obtain blood cultures x3 sites over 1 hour and start empiric antibiotics",
"B": "Obtain blood cultures x3 sites over 24 hours and start antibiotics after culture results are available",
"C": "Blood cultures are not needed. Start empiric antibiotics",
"D": "Consult cardiothoracic surgery for mitral valve... | step2&3 | B | [
"year old female presents",
"emergency room",
"fevers",
"fatigue",
"anorexia",
"month",
"Past medical history includes mild mitral valve prolapse",
"uncomplicated tooth extraction approximately 6 weeks",
"vital signs include",
"temperature",
"100",
"F",
"pulse",
"83",
"blood pressure",
... |
A 3-week-old male infant is brought to the physician for follow-up. He was delivered at 30 weeks' gestation via Cesarean section and was cyanotic at birth, requiring resuscitation and a neonatal intensive care unit hospitalization. His mother received no prenatal care; she has diabetes mellitus type II and hypertension... | Oxygen toxicity | {
"A": "Oxygen toxicity",
"B": "Glucocorticoid deficiency",
"C": "Hyperglycemia",
"D": "Syphilis infection"
} | step1 | A | [
"3 week old male infant",
"brought",
"physician",
"follow-up",
"delivered",
"30 weeks",
"gestation",
"Cesarean section",
"cyanotic",
"birth",
"resuscitation",
"neonatal intensive care unit hospitalization",
"mother received",
"prenatal care",
"diabetes mellitus type II",
"hypertension"... |
A 65-year-old man presented to the hospital with a history of repeated falls, postural dizziness, progressive fatigue, generalized weakness, and a 13.6 kg (30 lb) weight loss over a duration of 6 months. He is a vegetarian. His family members complain of significant behavioral changes over the past year. The patient de... | Pernicious anemia | {
"A": "Hypothyroidism",
"B": "Folate deficiency",
"C": "Pernicious anemia",
"D": "Alcoholism"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"65 year old man presented",
"hospital",
"history of repeated falls",
"postural dizziness",
"progressive fatigue",
"generalized weakness",
"13.6 kg",
"30",
"weight loss",
"duration of",
"months",
"vegetarian",
"family members",
"significant behavioral changes",
"past year",
"patient de... |
A 32-year-old man comes to the physician because of generalized fatigue for the past 4 months. He also has difficulty sleeping and concentrating. He says he does not enjoy his hobbies anymore and has stopped attending family events. Mental status examination shows psychomotor retardation and a flat affect along with so... | Bupropion | {
"A": "Citalopram",
"B": "Tranylcypromine",
"C": "Trazodone",
"D": "Bupropion"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"of generalized fatigue",
"past",
"months",
"difficulty sleeping",
"concentrating",
"not",
"hobbies",
"stopped attending family events",
"Mental shows psychomotor retardation",
"flat affect",
"evidence",
"suicidal ideation",
"speech",
"slow",
"rate",
"r... |
A trauma 'huddle' is called. Morphine is administered for pain. Low-flow oxygen is begun. A traumatic diaphragmatic rupture is suspected. Infusion of 0.9% saline is begun. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis | {
"A": "Barium study",
"B": "Chest fluoroscopy",
"C": "CT of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis",
"D": "MRI chest and abdomen"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"trauma",
"called",
"Morphine",
"administered",
"pain",
"Low flow oxygen",
"begun",
"traumatic diaphragmatic rupture",
"suspected",
"Infusion",
"0.9",
"saline",
"begun",
"following",
"most appropriate next step",
"management"
] |
A 25-year-old woman comes to the physician because of headache and difficulty sleeping for the past 2 days. She states that she has had similar symptoms over the past several months and that they occur every month around the same time. The episodes are also frequently accompanied by decreased concentration, angry feeli... | Fluoxetine | {
"A": "Cognitive behavioral therapy",
"B": "Avoidance of nicotine",
"C": "Naproxen",
"D": "Fluoxetine"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"headache",
"difficulty sleeping",
"past 2 days",
"states",
"similar symptoms",
"past",
"months",
"occur",
"month",
"same time",
"episodes",
"frequently",
"decreased concentration",
"angry feelings",
"cravings",
"sweet",
"episodes",
"unable to wor... |
A 3-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his parents with a presentation of severe diarrhea, vomiting, and fever for the past 2 days. The child is enrolled at a daycare where several other children have had similar symptoms in the past week. On physical exam, the child is noted to have dry mucous membranes. H... | Double-stranded, icosahedral, non-enveloped | {
"A": "Double-stranded, helical, non-enveloped",
"B": "Double-stranded, icosahedral, non-enveloped",
"C": "Single-stranded, helical, enveloped",
"D": "Single-stranded, icosahedral, non-enveloped"
} | step1 | B | [
"3 year old boy",
"brought",
"pediatrician",
"parents",
"presentation",
"severe diarrhea",
"vomiting",
"fever",
"past 2 days",
"child",
"enrolled",
"daycare",
"children",
"similar symptoms",
"past week",
"physical exam",
"child",
"noted to",
"dry mucous membranes",
"temperature... |
A previously healthy 37-year-old man comes to the physician for the evaluation of a 8-week history of intermittent burning epigastric pain. During this period, he has also felt bloated and uncomfortable after meals. He has not had weight loss or a change in bowel habits. He has no personal or family history of serious ... | Urea breath test | {
"A": "Urea breath test",
"B": "Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy",
"C": "Helicobacter pylori serum IgG",
"D": "Proton pump inhibitors"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"healthy",
"year old man",
"physician",
"evaluation",
"week history",
"intermittent burning epigastric pain",
"period",
"felt",
"meals",
"not",
"weight loss",
"change in bowel habits",
"personal",
"family history",
"serious illness",
"takes",
"medications",
"not smoke",
"drinks",... |
A 24-year-old woman comes to her primary care physician because she has not had a menstrual period for 6 months. She is a competitive runner and has been training heavily for the past year in preparation for upcoming races. She has no family or personal history of serious illness. She has not been sexually active for t... | Decreased frequency of GnRH release from the hypothalamus | {
"A": "Increased prolactin secretion",
"B": "Decreased frequency of GnRH release from the hypothalamus",
"C": "Intrauterine adhesions",
"D": "Increased LH release and increased ovarian androgen production"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old woman",
"primary care physician",
"not",
"menstrual period",
"months",
"competitive",
"training",
"past year",
"preparation",
"races",
"family",
"personal history",
"serious illness",
"not",
"sexually active",
"past",
"months",
"temperature",
"36",
"98",
"F",
"pul... |
A 76-year-old hypertensive man who used to smoke 20 cigarettes a day for 40 years but quit 5 years ago presents to his family physician with a painless ulcer on the sole of his left foot, located at the base of his 1st toe. He has a history of pain in his left leg that awakens him at night and is relieved by dangling h... | A narrowing of the superficial femoral artery | {
"A": "An occluded posterior tibial artery on the left foot",
"B": "An occlusion of the deep plantar artery",
"C": "An occlusion of the first dorsal metatarsal artery",
"D": "A narrowing of the superficial femoral artery"
} | step1 | D | [
"76 year old hypertensive man",
"used to smoke 20 cigarettes",
"day",
"40 years",
"quit",
"years",
"presents",
"family physician",
"painless ulcer",
"sole of",
"left foot",
"base",
"1st toe",
"history",
"pain",
"left leg",
"night",
"relieved by",
"foot",
"side",
"bed",
"wif... |
A 72-year-old woman comes to the physician because she is seeing things that she knows are not there. Sometimes she sees a dog in her kitchen and at other times she sees a stranger in her garden, both of which no one else can see. She also reports a lack of motivation to do daily tasks for the past week. Three years ag... | Adverse effect of medication | {
"A": "Adverse effect of medication",
"B": "Schizophrenia",
"C": "Major depressive disorder",
"D": "Poorly controlled hypothyroidism"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"72 year old woman",
"physician",
"seeing things",
"not",
"Sometimes",
"sees",
"dog",
"kitchen",
"times",
"sees",
"garden",
"else",
"see",
"reports",
"lack of motivation",
"daily tasks",
"past week",
"Three years",
"diagnosed",
"Parkinson disease",
"started",
"levodopa",
... |
A 45-year-old man presents to the emergency department for worsening shortness of breath with exertion, mild chest pain, and lower extremity swelling. The patient reports increasing his alcohol intake and has been consuming a diet rich in salt over the past few days. Physical examination is significant for bilateral cr... | Antibodies to heparin-platelet factor 4 complex | {
"A": "ADAMTS13 protease deficiency",
"B": "Antibodies to heparin-platelet factor 4 complex",
"C": "Non-immune platelet aggregation",
"D": "Protein C deficiency"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"worsening shortness of breath",
"exertion",
"mild chest",
"lower extremity swelling",
"patient reports increasing",
"alcohol intake",
"diet rich",
"salt",
"past",
"days",
"Physical examination",
"significant",
"bilateral crackles",
"lun... |
An otherwise healthy 42-year-old man undergoes routine investigations prior to blood donation. His complete blood count is shown:
Hemoglobin 9.3 g/dL
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 71 μm3
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) 21 pg/cell
White blood cell count 8,200/mm3
Platelet count 317,000/mm3
Iron studies are shown:
Seru... | Sideroblastic anemia | {
"A": "Anemia of chronic disease",
"B": "Hemochromatosis",
"C": "Myelodysplastic syndrome",
"D": "Sideroblastic anemia"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"healthy",
"year old man",
"routine investigations prior to blood",
"complete blood count",
"shown",
"Hemoglobin",
"g",
"Mean corpuscular volume",
"71 m3",
"pg/cell White blood cell count 8 200 mm3 Platelet count",
"studies",
"shown",
"Serum iron",
"g",
"ferritin",
"ng mL Total iron bi... |
A 7-year-old girl is brought by her parents to her pediatrician’s office for a persistent cough observed over the past month. She was diagnosed with cystic fibrosis 2 years ago and his been receiving chest physiotherapy regularly and the flu vaccine yearly. Her parents tell the pediatrician that their daughter has been... | Inhaled tobramycin | {
"A": "Oral amoxicillin/clavulanic acid",
"B": "Inhaled tobramycin",
"C": "Oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole",
"D": "Oral ciprofloxacin"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"parents",
"pediatricians office",
"persistent cough observed",
"past month",
"diagnosed",
"cystic fibrosis",
"years",
"receiving chest physiotherapy",
"flu vaccine yearly",
"parents",
"pediatrician",
"daughter",
"coughing day",
"night",
"past month",
"t... |
A 22-year-old man presents with lower limb weakness for the past 2 days. The patient says that the weakness started in both his feet, manifesting as difficulty walking, but it has progressed to where he cannot move his legs completely and has become bedbound. He also has experienced a recent history of numbness and tin... | Nerve conduction studies | {
"A": "Serum creatine kinase",
"B": "MRI of the lumbosacral spine",
"C": "Muscle biopsy",
"D": "Nerve conduction studies"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man presents",
"lower limb weakness",
"past 2 days",
"patient",
"weakness started",
"feet",
"manifesting",
"difficulty walking",
"progressed",
"move",
"legs completely",
"bedbound",
"experienced",
"recent history",
"numbness",
"tingling sensations",
"feet",
"denies",
"r... |
An 11-year-old girl presents to the emergency department with a 12-hour history of severe abdominal pain. She says that the pain started near the middle of her abdomen and moved to the right lower quadrant after about 10 hours. Several hours after the pain started she also started experiencing nausea and loss of appeti... | Lymphoid hyperplasia | {
"A": "Fecalith obstruction",
"B": "Ingestion of indigestible object",
"C": "Lymphoid hyperplasia",
"D": "Meckel diverticulum"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old girl presents",
"emergency department",
"12-hour history",
"severe abdominal",
"pain started",
"middle",
"abdomen",
"moved to",
"right lower quadrant",
"about 10 hours",
"pain started",
"started experiencing nausea",
"loss of appetite",
"presentation",
"temperature",
"blood p... |
A 40-year-old female presents to her gynecologist with dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, and pelvic pain. The patient is not taking any medication and has no evidence of fever. Transvaginal sonogram reveals an enlarged, soft, and tender uterus, and uterine biopsy shows normal-appearing endometrial glands within the myometrium... | Adenomyosis | {
"A": "Adenomyosis",
"B": "Endometriosis",
"C": "Leiomyoma",
"D": "Endometrial carcinoma"
} | step1 | A | [
"40 year old female presents",
"gynecologist",
"dysmenorrhea",
"menorrhagia",
"pelvic pain",
"patient",
"not taking",
"medication",
"evidence",
"fever",
"Transvaginal sonogram reveals",
"enlarged",
"soft",
"tender uterus",
"uterine biopsy shows normal appearing endometrial glands",
"my... |
A 10-month-old girl is brought to the physician because of a 4-day history of irritability and a rash. Her temperature is 37.7°C (99.9°F). Examination of the skin shows flaccid, transparent blisters and brown crusts on her chest and upper extremities. Application of a shear force to normal skin causes sloughing. Which ... | Exfoliative toxin A release | {
"A": "Exfoliative toxin A release",
"B": "Streptococcus pyogenes infection",
"C": "Uroporphyrin accumulation",
"D": "Anti-hemidesmosome antibody formation"
} | step1 | A | [
"A 10 month old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"4-day history",
"irritability",
"rash",
"temperature",
"99 9F",
"Examination of",
"skin shows flaccid",
"transparent blisters",
"brown crusts",
"chest",
"upper extremities",
"Application",
"shear force",
"normal skin causes sloughing",
... |
A 49-year-old man is referred to a cardiologist by his primary care provider (PCP) for a new heart murmur. He otherwise feels well and has no complaints. He had not seen a doctor in the last 15 years but finally went to his PCP for a check-up at the urging of his girlfriend. His past medical history is notable for gast... | Vasa vasorum destruction | {
"A": "Neoplastic growth in the cardiac atria",
"B": "Pericardial inflammation",
"C": "Tricuspid valve inflammation",
"D": "Vasa vasorum destruction"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old man",
"referred",
"cardiologist",
"primary care provider",
"PCP",
"new heart murmur",
"feels well",
"complaints",
"not seen",
"doctor",
"years",
"PCP",
"check-up",
"girlfriend",
"past medical history",
"notable",
"gastroesophageal reflux disease",
"hypertension",
"hepat... |
A 22-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 41 weeks' gestation is admitted to the hospital in active labor. Pregnancy has been uncomplicated. At the beginning of the second stage of labor, the cervix is 100% effaced and 10 cm dilated; the vertex is at -1 station. The fetal heart rate is reactive with no decelerations. ... | Fetal head compression | {
"A": "Placental insufficiency",
"B": "Umbilical cord compression",
"C": "Fetal myocardial depression",
"D": "Fetal head compression"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman",
"gravida 2",
"para 1",
"weeks",
"gestation",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"active labor",
"Pregnancy",
"uncomplicated",
"beginning of",
"second stage",
"labor",
"cervix",
"100",
"10",
"dilated",
"vertex",
"at",
"1 station",
"fetal heart rate",
"reactive",
"de... |
A 3400-g (7-lb 8-oz) female newborn is delivered at term to a 28-year-old primigravid woman. Apgar scores are 7 and 8 at 1 and 5 minutes, respectively. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows swelling of bilateral upper and lower extremities and low-set ears. The posterior hair line is low and the chest... | Dysfunctional lymphatic system | {
"A": "Renal retention of sodium",
"B": "Dysfunctional lymphatic system",
"C": "Impaired protein synthesis",
"D": "Increased capillary permeability"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"3400 g",
"8 oz",
"female newborn",
"delivered",
"term",
"year old primigravid woman",
"Apgar scores",
"8",
"1",
"5 minutes",
"Vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Examination shows swelling",
"bilateral upper",
"lower extremities",
"low-set ears",
"posterior hair line",
"low",
"chest... |
A 7-year-old boy is brought to the physician with a 2-day history of fever, chills, malaise, and a sore throat. He has otherwise been healthy and development is normal for his age. He takes no medications. His immunizations are up-to-date. His temperature is 38.4°C (101.4°F), pulse is 84/min, respirations are 16/min, a... | Hand, foot, and mouth disease | {
"A": "Rheumatic fever",
"B": "Burkitt lymphoma",
"C": "Infective endocarditis",
"D": "Hand, foot, and mouth disease"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"2-day history",
"fever",
"chills",
"malaise",
"sore throat",
"healthy",
"development",
"normal for",
"age",
"takes",
"medications",
"immunizations",
"date",
"temperature",
"4C",
"4F",
"pulse",
"84 min",
"respirations",
"min",
"bl... |
A 45-year-old obese woman presents to the office complaining of intermittent chest pain for the past 3 days. She states that the pain worsens when she lays down and after she eats her meals. She thinks that she has experienced similar pain before but does not remember it lasting this long. She also complains of a bitte... | Decreased lower esophageal sphincter tone | {
"A": "Autodigestion of pancreatic tissue",
"B": "Blockage of the cystic duct leading to inflammation of the wall of the gallbladder",
"C": "An atherosclerotic blockage of a coronary artery causing transient ischemia during times of increased cardiac demand",
"D": "Decreased lower esophageal sphincter tone"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old obese woman presents",
"office",
"of intermittent chest pain",
"past",
"days",
"states",
"pain worsens",
"eats",
"meals",
"thinks",
"similar pain",
"not remember",
"lasting",
"long",
"bitter taste",
"mouth",
"apparent distress",
"history of asthma",
"partial hysterectom... |
A 42-year-old man presents with palpitations, 2 episodes of vomiting, and difficulty breathing for the past hour. He says he consumed multiple shots of vodka at a party 3 hours ago but denies any recent drug use. The patient denies any similar symptoms in the past. Past medical history is significant for type 2 diabete... | Tolbutamide | {
"A": "Tolbutamide",
"B": "Sitagliptin",
"C": "Levothyroxine",
"D": "Pioglitazone"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man presents",
"palpitations",
"2 episodes of vomiting",
"difficulty breathing",
"past hour",
"multiple shots",
"vodka",
"party",
"hours",
"denies",
"recent drug use",
"patient denies",
"similar symptoms",
"past",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"type 2 diabetes mell... |
A 9-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her father because of multiple episodes of staring and facial grimacing that have occurred over the past 3 weeks. There are no precipitating factors for these episodes and they last for several minutes. She does not respond to her family members during these episodes. On... | Complex partial seizure | {
"A": "Generalized tonic-clonic seizures",
"B": "Atonic seizure",
"C": "Complex partial seizure",
"D": "Breath-holding spell"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"father",
"multiple episodes",
"staring",
"facial grimacing",
"occurred",
"past",
"weeks",
"precipitating factors",
"episodes",
"last",
"minutes",
"not",
"family members",
"episodes",
"One week",
"brother witnessed",
"episode",
"woke u... |
A 26-year-old man with a history of alcoholism presents to the emergency department with nausea, vomiting, and right upper quadrant pain. Serum studies show AST and ALT levels >5000 U/L. A suicide note is found in the patient's pocket. The most appropriate initial treatment for this patient has which of the following m... | Glutathione substitute | {
"A": "Glutathione substitute",
"B": "Heavy metal chelator",
"C": "GABA receptor competitive antagonist",
"D": "Competitive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man",
"history of alcoholism presents",
"emergency department",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"right upper quadrant pain",
"Serum studies show AST",
"ALT levels",
"5000 U/L",
"suicide note",
"found",
"patient's",
"most appropriate initial treatment",
"patient",
"of",
"following mecha... |
A 45-year-old African American male presents to his primary care physician complaining of difficulty swallowing that was initially limited to solids but has now progressed to liquids. Biopsy of the esophagus reveals dysplastic cells, but does not show evidence of glands or increased mucin. Which of the following patien... | Smoking | {
"A": "Obesity",
"B": "Smoking",
"C": "Gastroesophageal reflux disease",
"D": "Radiation exposure in the past 6 months"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old African American male presents",
"primary care physician",
"difficulty swallowing",
"initially limited",
"solids",
"now progressed",
"liquids",
"Biopsy of",
"esophagus reveals dysplastic cells",
"not show evidence",
"glands",
"increased mucin",
"following patient behaviors most con... |
A 7-year-old boy is being evaluated in pediatric cardiology clinic. He appears grossly normal, but suddenly becomes tachypneic and cyanotic when his mom takes a toy away from him. These symptoms resolve somewhat when he drops into a squatting position. Transthoracic echocardiography reveals pulmonic stenosis, a ventric... | Degree of pulmonic stenosis | {
"A": "Degree of pulmonic stenosis",
"B": "Degree of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH)",
"C": "Degree to which aorta overrides right ventricle",
"D": "Presence of S3"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old boy",
"evaluated",
"pediatric cardiology clinic",
"appears",
"normal",
"tachypneic",
"cyanotic",
"mom takes",
"toy",
"symptoms resolve somewhat",
"drops",
"squatting position",
"Transthoracic echocardiography reveals pulmonic stenosis",
"ventricular septal defect",
"right ventr... |
A 72-year-old man presents to his primary care provider at an outpatient clinic for ongoing management of his chronic hypertension. His past medical history is significant for diabetes and osteoarthritis though neither are currently being treated with medication. At this visit, his blood pressure is found to be 154/113... | Parts B and D | {
"A": "Part A alone",
"B": "Part B alone",
"C": "Parts B and D",
"D": "Parts A, B, C and D"
} | step1 | C | [
"72 year old man presents",
"primary care provider",
"outpatient clinic",
"ongoing management",
"chronic hypertension",
"past medical history",
"significant",
"diabetes",
"osteoarthritis",
"currently",
"treated with medication",
"visit",
"blood pressure",
"found to",
"mmHg",
"started",... |
A 16-year-old boy presents to the emergency room with severe right shoulder pain following a painful overhead swing during a competitive volleyball match. On physical examination, the patient has limited active range of motion of the right shoulder and significant pain with passive motion. Suspecting a rotator cuff inj... | Teres minor | {
"A": "Infraspinatus",
"B": "Subscapularis",
"C": "Supraspinatus",
"D": "Teres minor"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old boy presents",
"emergency room",
"severe right shoulder pain following",
"painful",
"competitive volleyball match",
"physical examination",
"patient",
"limited active range of motion of",
"right shoulder",
"significant pain",
"passive motion",
"Suspecting",
"rotator cuff injury",
... |
A rheumatologist is interested in studying the association between osteoporosis and the risk of sustaining a distal radius fracture. To explore this association, she develops a retrospective study design in which she identifies patients in a large institutional database over the age of 55 with and without osteoporosis,... | Cohort study | {
"A": "Case-control study",
"B": "Case series",
"C": "Cohort study",
"D": "Ecological study"
} | step1 | C | [
"rheumatologist",
"interested",
"studying",
"association",
"osteoporosis",
"risk",
"sustaining",
"distal radius fracture",
"To",
"association",
"retrospective",
"patients",
"large institutional database",
"age",
"55",
"osteoporosis",
"then follows",
"over",
"10 year period to",
... |
A 25-year-old female with no significant past medical history presents to her primary care physician with several weeks of increased fatigue and decreased exercise tolerance. On physical exam, her skin and conjunctiva appear pale. The physician suspects some form of anemia and orders a complete blood panel, which is re... | Gallstones | {
"A": "Retinopathy",
"B": "Aplastic anemia with parvovirus B19 infection",
"C": "Gallstones",
"D": "Avascular necrosis of the femoral head"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old female",
"significant past medical history presents",
"primary care physician",
"several weeks",
"increased fatigue",
"decreased exercise tolerance",
"physical exam",
"skin",
"conjunctiva appear pale",
"physician suspects",
"form",
"anemia",
"orders",
"complete blood panel",
"h... |
A 62-year-old man comes to his primary care physician with a 3-month history of insomnia and severe work anxiety. He says that he is unable to retire because he has no financial resources; however, the stress level at his work has been causing him to have worsening performance and he is afraid of being fired. He thinks... | Contact the patient directly to discuss the situation | {
"A": "Contact the patient directly to discuss the situation",
"B": "Contact the physician's medical practice insurance company regarding a potential claim",
"C": "Inform the patient's wife that this information cannot be accepted because of HIPAA",
"D": "Refer the patient to a substance abuse program"
} | step1 | A | [
"62 year old man",
"primary care physician",
"3 month history",
"insomnia",
"severe work anxiety",
"unable to retire",
"financial resources",
"stress level at",
"work",
"causing",
"to",
"worsening performance",
"afraid",
"fired",
"thinks",
"able to resume work",
"able to decrease",
... |
A 53-year-old woman presents to a physician for a regular check-up. She has no complaints, but notes that she has been anxious and easily irritable for no particular reason over the past year. Six months ago, she was diagnosed with grade I arterial hypertension and prescribed lifestyle modification and weight loss to c... | Na+ 137 mEq/L | {
"A": "Na+ 137 mEq/L",
"B": "K+ 2.6 mEq/L",
"C": "Plasma triglycerides 150.4 mg/dL (1.7 mmol/L)",
"D": "Na+ 148 mEq/L"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman presents",
"physician",
"regular check-up",
"complaints",
"notes",
"anxious",
"easily irritable",
"reason",
"past year",
"Six months",
"diagnosed",
"grade I arterial hypertension",
"prescribed lifestyle modification",
"weight loss to control",
"blood pressure",
"current... |
A 43-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with complaints of mild shortness of breath and right-sided chest pain for three days. She reports that lately she has had a nagging nonproductive cough and low-grade fevers. On examination, her vital signs are: temperature 99.1 deg F (37.3 deg C), blood pressu... | Order a D-dimer | {
"A": "Obtain spiral CT chest with IV contrast",
"B": "Obtain ventilation-perfusion scan",
"C": "Obtain chest radiograph",
"D": "Order a D-dimer"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
"primary care physician",
"complaints of mild shortness",
"breath",
"right-sided chest pain",
"three days",
"reports",
"nagging nonproductive cough",
"low-grade fevers",
"examination",
"vital signs",
"temperature 99",
"deg F",
"blood pressure",
"70 mmHg",
"pu... |
A 29-year-old GP10 woman at 24 weeks estimated gestational age presents for follow-up. Six weeks ago, a complete blood count showed a microcytic hypochromic anemia for which she was prescribed iron sulfate tablets. A repeat complete blood count today shows no improvement in her hemoglobin level. Past medical history is... | Deletion of 4 alpha-globin genes | {
"A": "Deletion of 4 alpha-globin genes",
"B": "Impaired synthesis of beta-globin chains",
"C": "Pyruvate kinase deficiency",
"D": "Rh incompatibility"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"29 year old",
"woman",
"weeks estimated gestational age presents",
"follow-up",
"Six weeks",
"complete blood count showed",
"microcytic hypochromic anemia",
"prescribed iron sulfate tablets",
"repeat complete blood count today shows",
"improvement",
"hemoglobin level",
"Past medical history",... |
A 17-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a sore throat, nonproductive cough, and bloody urine for 3 days. He has had 2 similar episodes involving a sore throat and bloody urine over the past year. His sister has systemic lupus erythematosus. His temperature is 38.1°C (100.6°F). Serum studies show a urea... | IgA mesangial deposition | {
"A": "IgA mesangial deposition",
"B": "Capillary wire looping",
"C": "Splitting of the glomerular basement membrane",
"D": "Effacement of the foot processes"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"sore throat",
"nonproductive cough",
"bloody urine",
"3 days",
"2 similar episodes involving",
"sore throat",
"bloody urine",
"past year",
"sister",
"systemic lupus erythematosus",
"temperature",
"100",
"Serum studies show",
"urea",
"mg/dL",... |
A 34-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, and episodic abdominal pain for the past two months. The pain is sharp, colicky, and lasts about an hour after meals. Her stools are light in appearance and difficult to flush. Physical examination shows tenderness in... | Low bone mineral density | {
"A": "Glossitis",
"B": "Megaloblastic anemia",
"C": "Low bone mineral density",
"D": "Steatohepatitis"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old woman",
"emergency department",
"decreased appetite",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"episodic abdominal pain",
"past two months",
"pain",
"sharp",
"colicky",
"lasts",
"hour",
"meals",
"stools",
"light",
"appearance",
"difficult to flush",
"Physical examination shows tenderness",
... |
Laboratory studies, including serum vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations, are within normal limits. A lumbar puncture is performed. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is most likely to show which of the following? | Increased 14-3-3 protein concentration | {
"A": "Antiganglioside GM1 antibodies",
"B": "Increased α-synuclein protein concentration",
"C": "Increased 14-3-3 protein concentration",
"D": "Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"Laboratory studies",
"including serum vitamin B12",
"cyanocobalamin",
"thyroxine",
"thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations",
"normal limits",
"lumbar puncture",
"performed",
"Cerebrospinal fluid",
"analysis",
"most likely to show",
"following"
] |
A 31-year-old woman presents to her primary care provider to discuss the results from a previous urine analysis. She has no new complaints and feels well. Past medical history is significant for systemic lupus erythematosus. She was diagnosed 5 years ago and takes hydroxychloroquine every day and prednisone when her co... | Type III, mediated by IgG antibodies | {
"A": "Type IV, mediated by CD4+ T cells",
"B": "Type II, mediated by CD4+ T cells",
"C": "Type III, mediated by IgG antibodies",
"D": "Type IV, mediated by IgG and IgM antibodies"
} | step1 | C | [
"31 year old woman presents",
"primary care provider to discuss",
"results",
"previous urine analysis",
"new complaints",
"feels well",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"systemic lupus erythematosus",
"diagnosed 5 years",
"takes hydroxychloroquine",
"day",
"prednisone",
"condition fl... |
A 10-year-old boy is brought to a pediatric clinic by his parents with pain and weakness in the lower extremities for the past 3 weeks. The patient’s mother says that he has been active until the weakness and pain started during his soccer practice sessions. He says he also experiences muscle cramps, especially at nigh... | Gitelman’s syndrome | {
"A": "Gitelman’s syndrome",
"B": "Bartter syndrome",
"C": "Liddle syndrome",
"D": "Conn’s syndrome"
} | step1 | A | [
"A 10 year old boy",
"brought",
"pediatric clinic",
"parents",
"pain",
"weakness in",
"lower extremities",
"past",
"weeks",
"patients mother",
"active",
"weakness",
"pain started",
"soccer practice sessions",
"experiences muscle cramps",
"night",
"mother adds",
"recently",
"patie... |
A 55-year-old man with alcoholic cirrhosis is admitted to the hospital for routine evaluation before liver transplantation. The physician asks the patient to stop eating 10 hours before surgery. Which of the following structures contributes directly to preventing fasting hypoglycemia by producing glucose in this patien... | Intestine | {
"A": "Red blood cells",
"B": "Skin",
"C": "Intestine",
"D": "Adrenal cortex"
} | step1 | C | [
"55 year old man",
"alcoholic cirrhosis",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"routine evaluation",
"liver transplantation",
"physician",
"patient to stop eating 10 hours",
"surgery",
"following structures contributes directly",
"preventing fasting hypoglycemia",
"glucose",
"patient"
] |
A crying 4-year-old child is brought to the emergency department with a red, swollen knee. He was in his usual state of health until yesterday, when he sustained a fall in the sandbox at the local park. His mother saw it happen; she says he was walking through the sandbox, fell gently onto his right knee, did not cry o... | Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) | {
"A": "Bleeding time",
"B": "Platelet aggregation studies",
"C": "Prothrombin time (PT)",
"D": "Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"crying",
"year old child",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"red",
"swollen knee",
"usual state of health",
"sustained",
"fall",
"local park",
"mother saw",
"happen",
"walking",
"fell gently",
"right knee",
"not cry",
"alarmed",
"returned",
"playing",
"problem",
"later",
... |
A 28-year-old male with a history of HIV infection is found to have a CD4+ T lymphocyte count of 68 cells per microliter. As a consequence of his HIV infection, this patient is at increased risk of malignancy due to which of the following? | Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) | {
"A": "Pneumocystis jiroveci",
"B": "HHV-6",
"C": "Helicobacter pylori",
"D": "Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old male",
"history",
"HIV infection",
"found to",
"CD4",
"T lymphocyte count",
"68 cells",
"microliter",
"consequence of",
"HIV infection",
"patient",
"increased risk of malignancy due to"
] |
A 75-year-old woman presents with sudden loss of vision. She says that she was reading when suddenly she was not able to see the print on half of the page. Her symptoms started 4 hours ago and are accompanied by a severe posterior headache. Vital signs reveal the following: blood pressure 119/76 mm Hg, pulse 89/min, Sp... | Posterior cerebral artery stroke | {
"A": "Middle cerebral artery stroke",
"B": "Vertebrobasilar stroke",
"C": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage",
"D": "Posterior cerebral artery stroke"
} | step1 | D | [
"75 year old woman presents",
"sudden loss of vision",
"reading",
"not able to see",
"print",
"half",
"page",
"symptoms started 4 hours",
"severe posterior headache",
"Vital signs reveal",
"following",
"blood pressure",
"76 mm Hg",
"pulse",
"min",
"98",
"room air",
"patient",
"un... |
A 27-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after being shot in the abdomen during a violent altercation. His temperature is 36.5°C (97.7°F), pulse is 118/min and regular, and blood pressure is 88/65 mm Hg. Examination shows cool extremities. Abdominal examination shows a 2.5-cm entrance wound i... | ↓ ↓ ↑ ↓ | {
"A": "↑ ↓ ↓ ↓",
"B": "↓ ↓ ↑ ↓",
"C": "↓ ↓ ↑ ↑",
"D": "↓ ↑ ↑ ↑"
} | step1 | B | [
"27 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department 30 minutes",
"shot",
"abdomen",
"violent altercation",
"temperature",
"36",
"97",
"pulse",
"min",
"regular",
"blood pressure",
"88 65 mm Hg",
"Examination shows cool extremities",
"Abdominal examination shows",
"2.5 cm entrance woun... |
A 30-year-old patient presents to clinic for pulmonary function testing. With body plethysmography, the patient's functional residual capacity is 3 L, tidal volume is 650 mL, expiratory reserve volume is 1.5 L, total lung capacity is 8 L, and dead space is 150 mL. Respiratory rate is 15 breaths per minute. What is the ... | 7.5 L/min | {
"A": "8.5 L/min",
"B": "7.5 L/min",
"C": "7 L/min",
"D": "6.5 L/min"
} | step1 | B | [
"30 year old patient presents",
"clinic",
"pulmonary function testing",
"body plethysmography",
"patient's functional residual capacity",
"3",
"tidal volume",
"650 mL",
"expiratory reserve volume",
"1.5",
"total lung capacity",
"dead space",
"mL",
"Respiratory rate",
"breaths per minute"... |
A 56-year-old man comes to the physician because of intermittent retrosternal chest pain. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Endoscopy shows salmon pink mucosa extending 5 cm proximal to the gastroesophageal junction. Biopsy specimens from the distal esophagus show nonciliated columnar epithelium with numerou... | Esophageal exposure to gastric acid | {
"A": "Neoplastic proliferation of esophageal epithelium",
"B": "Esophageal exposure to gastric acid",
"C": "Hypermotile esophageal contractions",
"D": "Fungal infection of the lower esophagus"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"intermittent retrosternal chest pain",
"Physical examination shows",
"abnormalities",
"Endoscopy shows salmon pink mucosa extending 5",
"proximal",
"gastroesophageal junction",
"Biopsy specimens",
"distal esophagus show",
"columnar epithelium",
"numerous",
"cell... |
A 23-year-old woman comes to the physician because of vaginal discharge for 3 days. She has been sexually active with three male partners over the past year and uses condoms inconsistently. Her only medication is an oral contraceptive. Physical exam shows thin grayish-white vaginal discharge. There is no erythema of th... | Gram-variable rod | {
"A": "Gram-variable rod",
"B": "Spiral-shaped bacteria",
"C": "Gram-negative diplococci",
"D": "Flagellated protozoa"
} | step1 | A | [
"23 year old woman",
"physician",
"of vaginal discharge",
"3 days",
"sexually active",
"three male partners",
"past year",
"uses condoms",
"only medication",
"oral contraceptive",
"Physical exam shows thin grayish white vaginal discharge",
"erythema",
"vaginal",
"pH",
"discharge",
"5",... |
A 39-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination after a colonoscopy showed 42 hamartomatous polyps. The physical examination findings are shown in the photograph. Which of the following conditions is most likely to develop in this patient? | Pancreatic carcinoma | {
"A": "Medulloblastoma",
"B": "Pancreatic carcinoma",
"C": "Malignant melanoma",
"D": "Hepatocellular carcinoma"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"follow-up examination",
"colonoscopy showed",
"hamartomatous polyps",
"physical examination findings",
"shown",
"photograph",
"following conditions",
"most likely to",
"patient"
] |
A 60-year-old man who recently immigrated from South America schedules an appointment with a physician to complete his pre-employment health clearance form. According to company policy, a skin test for tuberculosis must be administered to all new employees. Thus, he received an intradermal injection of purified protein... | They need thymus for their maturation. | {
"A": "They play an important part in allergic reactions.",
"B": "They have multiple-lobed nucleus.",
"C": "They need thymus for their maturation.",
"D": "They are rich in myeloperoxidase enzyme."
} | step1 | C | [
"60 year old man",
"recently",
"South America schedules",
"appointment",
"physician to complete",
"pre employment health clearance form",
"company policy",
"skin test for tuberculosis",
"administered",
"new employees",
"received",
"intradermal injection",
"purified protein derivative",
"le... |
A 2-year-old girl is rushed to the emergency department by her parents following ingestion of unknown pills from an unmarked bottle she found at the park. The parents are not sure how many pills she ingested but say the child has been short of breath since then. Her respiratory rate is 50/min and pulse is 150/min. Exam... | Acetaminophen | {
"A": "Acetaminophen",
"B": "Codeine",
"C": "Docusate sodium",
"D": "Spironolactone"
} | step1 | A | [
"2 year old girl",
"rushed",
"emergency department",
"parents following ingestion",
"unknown pills",
"bottle",
"found",
"park",
"parents",
"not sure",
"pills",
"ingested",
"child",
"short of breath",
"then",
"respiratory rate",
"50 min",
"pulse",
"min",
"Examination shows",
"... |
An investigator is studying the genotypes of wingless fruit flies using full exome sequencing. Compared to wild-type winged fruit flies, the wingless fruit flies are found to have a point mutation in the gene encoding wing bud formation during embryogenesis. The point mutation in the gene causes the mRNA transcript to ... | Binding of met-tRNA to 60S complex | {
"A": "Binding of met-tRNA to 60S complex",
"B": "Shift of peptidyl-tRNA from A to P site",
"C": "Catalyzation of peptide bond formation",
"D": "Cleavage of 5' intron"
} | step1 | A | [
"investigator",
"studying",
"genotypes",
"fruit flies using full exome sequencing",
"Compared",
"wild-type winged fruit flies",
"fruit flies",
"found to",
"a point mutation",
"gene encoding wing bud formation",
"embryogenesis",
"point",
"gene causes",
"mRNA transcript to",
"segment",
"... |
A 7-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of a 1-month history of worsening fatigue, loss of appetite, and decreased energy. More recently, she has also had intermittent abdominal pain and nausea. She is at the 50th percentile for height and 15th percentile for weight. Her pulse is 119/min and blood pressur... | Glucocorticoids | {
"A": "Succimer",
"B": "Isoniazid + rifampin + pyrazinamide + ethambutol",
"C": "Glucocorticoids",
"D": "Norepinephrine"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"month history",
"worsening fatigue",
"loss of appetite",
"decreased energy",
"More recently",
"intermittent abdominal pain",
"nausea",
"50th percentile",
"height",
"percentile",
"weight",
"pulse",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"85",
"mm Hg",
... |
A 28-year-old woman comes to the physician because of an 8-hour history of painful leg cramping, a runny nose, and chills. She has also had diarrhea and abdominal pain. She appears irritable and yawns frequently. Her pulse is 115/min. Examination shows cool, damp skin with piloerection. The pupils are 7 mm in diameter ... | Heroin | {
"A": "Heroin",
"B": "Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid",
"C": "Barbiturate",
"D": "Cocaine"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"8-hour history",
"painful leg",
"runny nose",
"chills",
"diarrhea",
"abdominal pain",
"appears irritable",
"yawns frequently",
"pulse",
"min",
"Examination shows cool",
"damp skin",
"piloerection",
"pupils",
"7 mm",
"diameter",
"equal",
"size",
... |
A previously healthy 17-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of fever, nausea, and myalgia for the past day. His temperature is 39.5°C (103.1°F), pulse is 112/min, and blood pressure is 77/55 mm Hg. Physical examination shows scattered petechiae over the anterior chest and abdomen. Blood culture ... | Lipooligosaccharide | {
"A": "Lipooligosaccharide",
"B": "Immunoglobulin A protease",
"C": "Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1",
"D": "Erythrogenic exotoxin A\n\""
} | step1 | A | [
"healthy",
"year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"fever",
"nausea",
"myalgia",
"past day",
"temperature",
"pulse",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"55 mm Hg",
"Physical examination shows scattered petechiae",
"anterior chest",
"abdomen",
"Blood culture",
"organism",
"Thayer... |
A 47-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with ongoing dyspnea and confusion for 2 hours. She has a history of psychosis and alcohol abuse. She has smoked 1 pack per day for 25 years. She is agitated and confused. Her blood pressure is 165/95 mm Hg; pulse 110/min; respirations 35/min; and temperature, 36... | Salicylate intoxication | {
"A": "Alcoholic ketoacidosis",
"B": "Hyperventilation syndrome",
"C": "Salicylate intoxication",
"D": "Vomiting"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old woman presents",
"emergency department",
"ongoing dyspnea",
"confusion",
"hours",
"history of psychosis",
"alcohol abuse",
"smoked 1 pack",
"day",
"years",
"agitated",
"confused",
"blood pressure",
"95 mm Hg",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirations 35 min",
"temperature",
"36",
... |
An endocrine surgeon wants to evaluate the risk of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2 syndromes in patients who experienced surgical hypertension during pheochromocytoma resection. She conducts a case-control study that identifies patients who experienced surgical hypertension and subsequently compares them to t... | Surgical hypertension associated with pheochromocytoma is rare | {
"A": "The 95% confidence interval for the odds ratio does not include 1.0",
"B": "Surgical hypertension associated with pheochromocytoma is rare",
"C": "The case-control study used a large sample size",
"D": "Pheochromocytoma is common in MEN type 2 syndromes"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"endocrine surgeon",
"to evaluate",
"risk",
"multiple endocrine neoplasia",
"type 2 syndromes",
"patients",
"experienced surgical hypertension",
"pheochromocytoma",
"conducts",
"case-control study",
"patients",
"experienced surgical hypertension",
"compares",
"control group",
"number of ... |
A 3-year-old boy presents to the pediatrics clinic for follow-up. He has a history of severe pyogenic infections since birth. Further workup revealed a condition caused by a defect in CD40 ligand expressed on helper T cells. This congenital immunodeficiency has resulted in an inability to class switch and a poor specif... | Increased IgM; decreased IgG, IgA, and IgE | {
"A": "Increased IgE",
"B": "Decreased IgA",
"C": "Decreased Interferon gamma",
"D": "Increased IgM; decreased IgG, IgA, and IgE"
} | step1 | D | [
"3 year old boy presents",
"pediatrics clinic",
"follow-up",
"history",
"severe pyogenic infections",
"birth",
"Further workup revealed",
"condition caused",
"defect",
"CD40 ligand",
"helper T cells",
"congenital immunodeficiency",
"resulted",
"class switch",
"poor specific antibody resp... |
A 25-year-old woman presents to her primary care clinic for a general checkup. She states she's been a bit more fatigued lately during finals season but is otherwise well. Her mother and sister have hypothyroidism. She denies fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, constipation, heavy or irregular menses, or changes in... | Normal TSH and normal T4 | {
"A": "Elevated TSH and elevated T4",
"B": "Normal TSH and normal T4",
"C": "Normal TSH and low T4",
"D": "Low TSH and elevated T4"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old woman presents",
"primary care clinic",
"general checkup",
"states she",
"bit more fatigued",
"finals season",
"well",
"mother",
"sister",
"hypothyroidism",
"denies fatigue",
"weight gain",
"cold intolerance",
"constipation",
"heavy",
"irregular menses",
"changes",
"quali... |
A 69-year-old man presents to his dermatologist with an enlarging, scaly pink plaque on his face. It has been present for 5 weeks and is shown. Physical examination reveals a friable lesion that bleeds easily. Medical history is remarkable for type 1 diabetes mellitus complicated by end-stage kidney disease, which requ... | Immunosuppression | {
"A": "Atypical nevi",
"B": "Immunosuppression",
"C": "Hepatitis C virus",
"D": "Human immunodeficiency virus"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"69 year old man presents",
"dermatologist",
"enlarging",
"scaly pink plaque",
"face",
"present",
"weeks",
"shown",
"Physical examination reveals",
"friable lesion",
"bleeds easily",
"Medical history",
"type 1 diabetes mellitus complicated",
"end-stage kidney disease",
"required kidney t... |
A 48-year-old man comes to the physician because of severe joint pain and swelling involving different joints for 3 months. He has also been having loose stools and episodes of epigastric pain for 6 months. He reports a 10-kg (22-lb) weight loss during this period. He has type 2 diabetes mellitus. He does not smoke or ... | Intravenous ceftriaxone | {
"A": "Oral doxycycline",
"B": "Gluten-free diet",
"C": "Oral rifampin",
"D": "Intravenous ceftriaxone"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"48 year old man",
"physician",
"severe joint",
"swelling involving different joints",
"months",
"loose stools",
"episodes of epigastric pain",
"months",
"reports a 10 kg",
"weight loss",
"period",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"not smoke",
"drink alcohol",
"medications include insulin",
... |
A 6-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician by his parents. He has been coughing extensively over the last 5 days, especially during the night. His mother is worried that he may have developed asthma, like his uncle, because he has been wheezing, too. The boy usually plays without supervision, and he likes to explo... | Perform bronchoscopy | {
"A": "Order a CT scan",
"B": "Perform cricothyroidotomy",
"C": "Perform bronchoscopy",
"D": "Encourage the use of a salbutamol inhaler"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"pediatrician",
"parents",
"coughing",
"5 days",
"night",
"mother",
"worried",
"asthma",
"uncle",
"wheezing",
"boy usually plays",
"supervision",
"likes to",
"choked",
"few times",
"past",
"born",
"weeks of gestation",
"normal vaginal",
"known all... |
A 30-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination 1 month after sustaining a chemical burn over the dorsum of his right hand and forearm. Physical examination shows hyperextension of the hand at the wrist. The skin over the dorsum of the wrist is tense and there is a thick, epithelialized scar. Range... | Myofibroblasts | {
"A": "Neutrophils",
"B": "Fibroblasts",
"C": "Endothelial cells",
"D": "Myofibroblasts"
} | step1 | D | [
"30 year old man",
"physician",
"follow-up examination 1 month",
"sustaining",
"chemical burn",
"dorsum of",
"right hand",
"forearm",
"Physical examination shows hyperextension",
"hand",
"wrist",
"The skin",
"dorsum of",
"wrist",
"tense",
"thick",
"scar",
"Range of motion of",
"r... |
A 60-year-old man comes to the physician because of persistent fatigue over the past ten months. His previous annual health maintenance examination showed no abnormalities. He appears pale. Physical examination shows numerous petechial lesions over the abdomen and marked splenomegaly. His serum hemoglobin concentration... | Resistant to breakdown by adenosine deaminase | {
"A": "Increases risk of thromboembolic events",
"B": "Resistant to breakdown by adenosine deaminase",
"C": "Requires bioactivation by the liver",
"D": "Unable to cross the blood-brain barrier"
} | step1 | B | [
"60 year old man",
"physician",
"of persistent fatigue",
"past ten months",
"previous annual health maintenance examination showed",
"abnormalities",
"appears pale",
"Physical examination shows numerous petechial lesions",
"abdomen",
"marked splenomegaly",
"serum hemoglobin",
"g/dL",
"leukoc... |
A 29-year-old G1P0 presents to her obstetrician for her first prenatal care visit at 12 weeks gestation by last menstrual period. She states that her breasts are very tender and swollen, and her exercise endurance has declined. She otherwise feels well. She is concerned about preterm birth, as she heard that certain ce... | Transvaginal ultrasound at 18 weeks gestation | {
"A": "Transabdominal ultrasound in the first trimester",
"B": "Transabdominal ultrasound at 18 weeks gestation",
"C": "Transvaginal ultrasound in the first trimester",
"D": "Transvaginal ultrasound at 18 weeks gestation"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"29 year old",
"presents",
"obstetrician",
"first prenatal care visit",
"weeks gestation",
"last menstrual period",
"states",
"breasts",
"very tender",
"swollen",
"exercise endurance",
"feels well",
"concerned",
"preterm birth",
"heard",
"certain cervical procedures increase",
"risk"... |
A 55-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for knee pain. The patient has had left knee pain, which has been steadily worsening for the past year. He states that ice and rest has led to minor improvement in his symptoms. He recently bumped his knee; however, he says that it has not altered his baseline pa... | Weight loss | {
"A": "Aspirin",
"B": "Colchicine",
"C": "MRI",
"D": "Weight loss"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"55 year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"knee pain",
"patient",
"left",
"worsening",
"past year",
"states",
"ice",
"rest",
"led",
"minor improvement",
"symptoms",
"recently",
"knee",
"not altered",
"baseline pain",
"ambulating",
"patient",
"butcher",
"lives with... |
A 66-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 1-day history of severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. She has also had profuse watery diarrhea with streaks of blood for the past 5 days. She had a urinary tract infection 3 weeks ago and was treated with a 14-day course of ciprofloxacin. She ap... | Dilation of the colon with loss of haustration | {
"A": "Dilation of the colon with loss of haustration",
"B": "String-like appearance of a bowel loop",
"C": "Large volume of gas under the right diaphragm",
"D": "Dilated sigmoid colon resembling a coffee bean"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"66 year old woman",
"emergency department",
"1-day history",
"severe abdominal",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"watery diarrhea",
"streaks",
"blood",
"past",
"days",
"urinary tract infection",
"weeks",
"treated with",
"day course",
"ciprofloxacin",
"appears",
"severe distress",
"tempera... |
A 49-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of fatigue and recurrent pain in both of her wrists and her fingers. During this time, she has also had stiffness of her joints for about 80 minutes after waking up in the morning. Examination shows swelling and tenderness of the wrists and metacar... | Trimethoprim | {
"A": "Sulfamethoxazole",
"B": "Doxycycline",
"C": "Trimethoprim",
"D": "Gentamicin"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"4 month history",
"fatigue",
"recurrent pain in",
"wrists",
"fingers",
"time",
"stiffness",
"joints",
"about 80 minutes",
"waking",
"morning",
"Examination shows swelling",
"tenderness",
"wrists",
"metacarpophalangeal joints",
"serum erythrocyte sedi... |
A 73-year-old man presents to his primary care doctor with his son who reports that his father has been acting strangely. He has started staring into space throughout the day and has a limited attention span. He has been found talking to people who are not present and has gotten lost while driving twice. He has occasio... | Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions | {
"A": "Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions",
"B": "Intracellular round aggregates of hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein",
"C": "Large intracellular vacuoles within a spongiform cortex",
"D": "Marked diffuse cortical atherosclerosis"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man presents",
"primary care doctor",
"son",
"reports",
"father",
"acting",
"started staring",
"space",
"day",
"limited attention span",
"found talking",
"people",
"not present",
"gotten lost",
"driving twice",
"occasional urinary incontinence",
"past medical history",
"n... |
A 69-year-old man with aggressive metastatic cholangiocarcinoma presents after the second round of chemotherapy. He has suffered a great deal of pain from the metastasis to his spine, and he is experiencing side effects from the cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs. Imaging shows no change in the tumor mass and reveals the pre... | Give the high-dose opioids | {
"A": "Give the high-dose opioids",
"B": "Continue another round of chemotherapy without opioids",
"C": "Stop chemotherapy",
"D": "Put him in a medically-induced coma during chemotherapy sessions"
} | step1 | A | [
"69 year old man",
"aggressive metastatic cholangiocarcinoma presents",
"second round",
"chemotherapy",
"suffered",
"great",
"pain",
"the metastasis to",
"spine",
"experiencing side effects",
"cytotoxic chemotherapy",
"Imaging shows",
"change",
"tumor mass",
"reveals",
"presence",
"n... |
A 34-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by fire and rescue after an apparent suicide attempt. She reports ingesting several pills 6 hours prior to presentation but cannot recall what they were. No pills were found on the scene. She complains of severe malaise, ringing in her ears, and anxiety. Her pa... | Sodium bicarbonate | {
"A": "Ammonium chloride",
"B": "Atropine",
"C": "Physostigmine",
"D": "Sodium bicarbonate"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"fire",
"apparent suicide attempt",
"reports ingesting several pills",
"hours prior to presentation",
"recall",
"pills",
"found",
"severe malaise",
"ringing in",
"ears",
"anxiety",
"past medical history",
"notable",
"bipolar disord... |
A 19-year-old woman is diagnosed with metastatic Ewing sarcoma. She has undergone multiple treatments without improvement. She decides to stop treatment and pursue only palliative care. She is of sound mind and has weighed the benefits and risks of this decision. The patient’s mother objects and insists that treatments... | Halt treatments and begin palliative care. | {
"A": "Continue treatments until the patient has a psychiatric evaluation.",
"B": "Halt treatments and begin palliative care.",
"C": "Try to seek additional experimental treatments that are promising.",
"D": "Continue treatment because otherwise, the patient will die."
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman",
"diagnosed",
"metastatic Ewing sarcoma",
"multiple treatments",
"improvement",
"to stop treatment",
"only palliative care",
"sound mind",
"benefits",
"risks",
"decision",
"patients mother objects",
"treatments",
"continued"
] |
A 4-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of increasing swelling around her eyes and over both her feet for the past 4 days. During this period, she has had frothy light yellow urine. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Physical examination shows periorbital edema and 2+ pitting edema of the lower leg... | Fatty casts | {
"A": "Muddy brown casts",
"B": "Epithelial casts",
"C": "Fatty casts",
"D": "WBC casts"
} | step1 | C | [
"4 year old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"of increasing swelling around",
"eyes",
"over",
"feet",
"past 4 days",
"period",
"frothy light yellow",
"vital signs",
"normal",
"Physical examination shows periorbital edema",
"2",
"pitting edema of",
"lower legs",
"ankles",
"urinalysis"... |
A 74-year-old woman is brought to the physician by her daughter for worsening memory for the past 1 month. She can no longer manage her bills and frequently forgets the names of her children. Her daughter is also concerned that her mother has a urinary tract infection because she has had increased urinary urgency and s... | Cerebral shunt placement | {
"A": "Cerebral shunt placement",
"B": "Donepezil therapy",
"C": "Ciprofloxacin therapy",
"D": "Vaginal pessary placement"
} | step1 | A | [
"74 year old woman",
"brought",
"physician",
"daughter",
"worsening memory",
"past",
"month",
"longer",
"bills",
"frequently forgets",
"names",
"children",
"daughter",
"concerned",
"mother",
"urinary tract infection",
"increased urinary urgency",
"several episodes of urinary incont... |
A 42-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of a 5-day history of epigastric pain, fever, nausea, and malaise. Five weeks ago she had acute biliary pancreatitis and was treated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and subsequent cholecystectomy. Her maternal grandfather died of pan... | Pancreatic abscess | {
"A": "Pancreatic abscess",
"B": "Pancreatic pseudocyst",
"C": "Pancreatic cancer",
"D": "Acute cholangitis"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"5-day history",
"epigastric pain",
"fever",
"nausea",
"malaise",
"Five weeks",
"acute biliary",
"treated with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography",
"subsequent cholecystectomy",
"maternal grandfather died of pancreatic cancer",... |
A 38-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 35 minutes after an episode of loss of consciousness. He was having dinner with a client when his left arm suddenly became weak and numb. A few minutes later he became tense and his arms and legs began jerking violently, following which he lost consciousness. He ... | Vasospasm of cerebral vessels
" | {
"A": "Antagonism on M3 receptor",
"B": "Ruptured berry aneurysm",
"C": "Tear in the carotid artery",
"D": "Vasospasm of cerebral vessels\n\""
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department 35 minutes",
"episode of loss",
"consciousness",
"dinner",
"client",
"left arm",
"weak",
"numb",
"few minutes later",
"tense",
"arms",
"legs began jerking",
"following",
"lost consciousness",
"recollection",
"event",
"works",
"bu... |
A 32-year-old man, otherwise healthy, presents with flank pain and severe nausea for the last 9 hours. He describes the pain as severe, intermittent, localized to the right flank, and radiates to the groin. His past medical history is significant for recurrent nephrolithiasis. The patient does not smoke and drinks alco... | Hematuria | {
"A": "Renal cell carcinoma",
"B": "Hematuria",
"C": "Proteinuria",
"D": "Malignant hypertension"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old man",
"healthy",
"presents",
"flank pain",
"severe nausea",
"hours",
"pain",
"severe",
"intermittent",
"localized",
"right flank",
"radiates",
"groin",
"past medical history",
"significant",
"recurrent nephrolithiasis",
"patient",
"not smoke",
"drinks alcohol",
"Today... |
A 37-year-old African-American man presents to his primary care provider with a history of fatigue and nausea that started about 6 months ago. His symptoms have slowly gotten worse and now he has trouble climbing the stairs to his 3rd floor apartment without resting. Past medical history is significant for poorly contr... | Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis | {
"A": "Amyloidosis",
"B": "Minimal change disease",
"C": "Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis",
"D": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old African-American man presents",
"primary care provider",
"history",
"fatigue",
"nausea",
"started",
"months",
"symptoms",
"slowly gotten worse",
"now",
"climbing",
"stairs",
"3rd floor apartment",
"resting",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"poorly controlled HIV",
... |
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