question stringlengths 66 3.58k | answer stringlengths 1 230 | options dict | meta_info stringclasses 2
values | answer_idx stringclasses 4
values | metamap_phrases listlengths 1 184 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A 3200-g (7.1-lb) female newborn is delivered at 38 weeks' gestation to a 24-year-old woman. The mother had regular prenatal visits throughout the pregnancy. The newborn's blood pressure is 53/35 mm Hg. Examination in the delivery room shows clitoromegaly and posterior labial fusion. One day later, serum studies show:
... | Increased 17-hydroxyprogesterone | {
"A": "Decreased dehydroepiandrosterone",
"B": "Increased 17-hydroxyprogesterone",
"C": "Increased corticosterone",
"D": "Decreased renin activity"
} | step1 | B | [
"female newborn",
"delivered",
"weeks",
"estation ",
"ear- ld oman.",
"other ",
"egular renatal visits ",
"regnancy.",
"ewborn'",
"ood pressure i",
" m Hg. ",
"amination i",
"livery r ows c itoromegaly a",
"sterior l bial fusion. ",
"e day l ter, ",
"rum s udies s ow: ",
"+ ",
"... |
A 62-year-old man seeks evaluation at a local walk-in clinic for mid-low back pain of several weeks. He has tried different rehabilitation therapies and medications with no improvement. He was prescribed some pain medications and sent home last week, but the patient presents today with difficulty walking and worsening ... | Perineural invasion | {
"A": "Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia",
"B": "Perineural invasion",
"C": "Fat invasion",
"D": "Small, closely-packed, well-formed glands"
} | step1 | B | [
"62 year old man",
"evaluation",
"local walk-in clinic",
"mid low back pain",
"weeks",
"different rehabilitation therapies",
"medications",
"improvement",
"prescribed",
"pain medications",
"sent home",
"week",
"patient presents today",
"difficulty walking",
"worsening of",
"back pain",... |
A 27-year-old G1P0 at 12 weeks gestation presents to her obstetrician for her first prenatal visit. She and her husband both have achondroplasia, and she is curious what are the chances that they will have a child of average height. What percent of pregnancies between two individuals with achondroplasia that result in ... | 33% | {
"A": "25%",
"B": "33%",
"C": "50%",
"D": "75%"
} | step1 | B | [
"27 year old",
"weeks presents",
"obstetrician",
"first prenatal visit",
"husband",
"achondroplasia",
"curious",
"chances",
"child",
"average height",
"percent",
"pregnancies",
"two individuals",
"achondroplasia",
"result",
"live birth",
"expected to",
"offspring",
"unaffected",
... |
A 21-year-old woman has frequent sexual fantasies about female coworkers. When she is with her friends in public, she never misses an opportunity to make derogatory comments about same-sex couples she sees. Which of the following psychological defense mechanisms is she demonstrating? | Reaction formation | {
"A": "Reaction formation",
"B": "Acting out",
"C": "Sexualization",
"D": "Intellectualization\n\""
} | step1 | A | [
"21-year-old woman",
"frequent sexual fantasies",
"female coworkers",
"friends",
"never misses",
"to make",
"comments",
"same sex couples",
"sees",
"following psychological defense mechanisms"
] |
A 35-year-old woman presents to the emergency department for evaluation of severe central chest pain of 2 hours. She says the pain is heavy in nature and radiates to her jaw. She has no relevant past medical history. The vital signs and physical examination are non-contributory. Echocardiography is performed. Mitral va... | Systemic lupus erythematosus | {
"A": "Churg-Strauss syndrome",
"B": "Dermatomyositis",
"C": "Systemic lupus erythematosus",
"D": "Temporal arteritis"
} | step1 | C | [
"35 year old woman presents",
"emergency department",
"evaluation of severe central chest pain",
"hours",
"pain",
"heavy",
"nature",
"radiates",
"jaw",
"relevant past medical history",
"vital signs",
"physical examination",
"non contributory",
"Echocardiography",
"performed",
"Mitral v... |
A 32-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-week history of fever, weakness, diffuse abdominal pain, and multiple lumps on his body. He has recently returned to the USA from a 3-month agricultural internship in South America. Physical examination shows enlarged superficial cervical and inguinal lymph nodes.... | Paracoccidioidomycosis | {
"A": "Blastomycosis",
"B": "Malaria",
"C": "Paracoccidioidomycosis",
"D": "Aspergillosis"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"1-week history",
"fever",
"weakness",
"diffuse abdominal",
"multiple lumps",
"body",
"recently returned",
"USA",
"3 month agricultural internship",
"South America",
"Physical examination shows enlarged superficial cervical",
"inguinal lymph nodes",
"tender h... |
A 40-year-old Caucasian male presents to the emergency room after being shot in the arm in a hunting accident. His shirt is soaked through with blood. He has a blood pressure of 65/40, a heart rate of 122, and his skin is pale, cool to the touch, and moist. This patient is most likely experiencing all of the following ... | Increased stroke volume | {
"A": "Confusion and irritability",
"B": "Decreased preload",
"C": "Increased stroke volume",
"D": "Decreased sarcomere length in the myocardium"
} | step1 | C | [
"40 year old Caucasian male presents",
"emergency room",
"shot",
"arm",
"hunting accident",
"shirt",
"soaked",
"blood",
"blood pressure",
"65 40",
"heart rate",
"skin",
"pale",
"cool",
"touch",
"moist",
"patient",
"most likely experiencing",
"following"
] |
A 22-year-old woman presents to her physician with an increased vaginal discharge. She has no other complaints. She has recently changed her sexual partner, who claims to have no genitourinary symptoms. They do not use condoms. Her vital signs are as follows: blood pressure, 110/80 mm Hg; heart rate, 65/min; respirator... | Peroral metronidazole | {
"A": "Peroral metronidazole",
"B": "Peroral cephalexin",
"C": "No treatment required in the patient with minor symptoms",
"D": "Vaginal probiotics"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman presents",
"physician",
"increased vaginal discharge",
"complaints",
"recently changed",
"sexual partner",
"to",
"genitourinary symptoms",
"not use condoms",
"vital signs",
"follows",
"blood pressure",
"80 mm Hg",
"heart rate",
"65 min",
"respiratory rate",
"min",
"... |
A 50-year-old man comes to the physician for the evaluation of recurrent episodes of chest pain, difficulty breathing, and rapid heart beating over the past two months. During this period, he has had a 4-kg (8.8-lb) weight loss, malaise, pain in both knees, and diffuse muscle pain. Five years ago, he was diagnosed with... | Polyarteritis nodosa | {
"A": "Takayasu arteritis",
"B": "Giant cell arteritis",
"C": "Polyarteritis nodosa",
"D": "Granulomatosis with polyangiitis"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"50 year old man",
"physician",
"evaluation of recurrent episodes",
"chest pain",
"difficulty breathing",
"rapid heart beating",
"past two months",
"period",
"4 kg",
"8.8",
"weight loss",
"malaise",
"pain in both knees",
"diffuse muscle",
"Five years",
"diagnosed",
"chronic",
"star... |
A 42-year-old man who is employed as a construction worker presents to his primary care physician with complaints of moderate headaches and profuse sweating. He reports the need to carry up to 3 additional shirt changes to work because they drench quickly even with tasks of low physical exertion. His coworkers have com... | Increased serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) | {
"A": "Increased serum metanephrines",
"B": "Increased serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)",
"C": "Increased serum cortisol",
"D": "Increased serum testosterone"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man",
"employed",
"construction worker presents",
"primary care physician",
"complaints",
"moderate headaches",
"profuse sweating",
"reports",
"need to carry",
"additional shirt changes to work",
"tasks",
"low physical exertion",
"coworkers",
"commented",
"changing glove",
"b... |
A 37-year-old man with a history of IV drug use presents to the ED with complaints of fevers, chills, and malaise for one week. He admits to recently using IV and intramuscular heroin. Vital signs are as follows: T 40.0 C, HR 120 bpm, BP 110/68 mmHg, RR 14, O2Sat 98%. Examination reveals a new systolic murmur that is l... | IV Vancomycin, IV ceftriaxone | {
"A": "IV Vancomycin",
"B": "IV Vancomycin, IV ceftriaxone",
"C": "IV Vancomycin, IV gentamycin, PO rifampin",
"D": "IV Vancomycin, IV ceftriaxone, IV fluconazole"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old man",
"history of IV drug use presents",
"ED",
"complaints",
"fevers",
"chills",
"malaise",
"one week",
"admits to recently using IV",
"intramuscular heroin",
"Vital signs",
"follows",
"T 40 0",
"BP",
"68 mmHg",
"RR",
"98",
"Examination reveals",
"new systolic murmur",
... |
An ECG from an 8-year-old male with neurosensory deafness and a family history of sudden cardiac arrest demonstrates QT-interval prolongation. Which of the following is this patient most at risk of developing? | Torsades de pointes | {
"A": "Essential hypertension",
"B": "Cardiac tamponade",
"C": "Torsades de pointes",
"D": "First degree atrioventricular block"
} | step1 | C | [
"ECG",
"year old male",
"neurosensory deafness",
"family history of sudden cardiac arrest demonstrates QT interval prolongation",
"following",
"patient",
"risk"
] |
A 50-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for management of a lung nodule. The nodule was discovered incidentally when a chest radiograph was performed to rule out pneumonia. The nodule is 8.5 mm in size and was confirmed by CT. The patient is otherwise healthy, has never smoked, and exercises regularly.... | PET scan | {
"A": "Biopsy and lymph node dissection",
"B": "No further workup indicated",
"C": "PET scan",
"D": "Surgical excision"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"50 year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"management",
"lung nodule",
"nodule",
"discovered",
"chest radiograph",
"performed to rule out pneumonia",
"nodule",
"8.5 mm",
"size",
"confirmed by CT",
"patient",
"healthy",
"never smoked",
"exercises",
"patient works",
"dair... |
A 32-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after a car accident; he was extricated after 4 hours. He did not lose consciousness and does not have headache or nausea. He is in severe pain. He sustained severe injuries to both arms and the trauma team determines that surgical intervention is needed. Urinary... | Intravenous calcium gluconate | {
"A": "Intravenous calcium gluconate",
"B": "Intravenous mannitol",
"C": "Intravenous sodium bicarbonate",
"D": "Packed red blood cell transfusion"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"car accident",
"hours",
"not",
"consciousness",
"not",
"headache",
"nausea",
"severe pain",
"sustained severe injuries",
"arms",
"trauma team",
"surgical intervention",
"needed",
"Urinary catheterization shows dark colored urine",
... |
A 42-year-old man is brought to the emergency room because of confusion. His wife says he has been urinating more frequently than usual for the past 3 days. He has not had fever or dysuria. He has bipolar disorder, for which he takes lithium. His pulse is 105/min, and respirations are 14/min. He is lethargic and orient... | Collecting duct | {
"A": "Posterior pituitary gland",
"B": "Hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus",
"C": "Descending loop of Henle",
"D": "Collecting duct"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency room",
"confusion",
"wife",
"more frequently",
"usual",
"past",
"days",
"not",
"fever",
"dysuria",
"bipolar disorder",
"takes lithium",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirations",
"min",
"lethargic",
"oriented only",
"person",
"Physical examination... |
Two studies are reviewed for submission to an oncology journal. In Sudy A, a novel MRI technology is evaluated as a screening tool for ovarian cancer. The authors find that the mean survival time is 4 years in the control group and 10 years in the MRI-screened group. In Study B, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and a... | Lead time bias; Pygmalion effect | {
"A": "Lead time bias; Pygmalion effect",
"B": "Latency bias; Pygmalion effect",
"C": "Latency Bias; Golem effect",
"D": "Confounding; Golem effect"
} | step1 | A | [
"Two studies",
"reviewed",
"submission",
"oncology journal",
"novel MRI technology",
"evaluated",
"screening tool",
"ovarian cancer",
"authors find",
"mean survival time",
"4 years",
"control",
"10 years",
"MRI screened group",
"Study B",
"cognitive behavioral therapy",
"novel antide... |
An epidemiologist is interested in studying the clinical utility of a free computerized social skills training program for children with autism. A total of 125 participants with autism (mean age: 12 years) were recruited for the study and took part in weekly social skills training sessions for 3 months. Participants we... | Observer bias | {
"A": "Social desirability bias",
"B": "Observer bias",
"C": "Sampling bias",
"D": "Confounding bias"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"epidemiologist",
"interested",
"studying",
"clinical utility",
"free",
"social skills training program",
"children",
"autism",
"total",
"participants",
"autism",
"mean age",
"years",
"study",
"took part",
"weekly social skills training sessions",
"3 months",
"Participants",
"sup... |
A 52-year-old man presents to the office for a diabetes follow-up visit. He currently controls his diabetes through lifestyle modification only. He monitors his blood glucose at home with a glucometer every day. He gives the doctor a list of his most recent early morning fasting glucose readings from the past 8 days wh... | 129 mg/dL | {
"A": "128 mg/dL",
"B": "129 mg/dL",
"C": "132 mg/dL",
"D": "130 mg/dL"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man presents",
"office",
"diabetes follow-up visit",
"currently controls",
"diabetes",
"lifestyle modification only",
"monitors",
"blood glucose at home",
"glucometer",
"day",
"gives",
"doctor",
"list",
"recent early morning fasting glucose readings",
"past",
"days",
"mg/dL... |
A 67-year-old man presents to his primary care physician because of weak urine stream, and increasing difficulty in initiating and stopping urination. He also reports of mild generalized body aches and weakness during the day. The past medical history includes diabetes mellitus type 2 for 35 years and essential hyperte... | Type 4 renal tubular acidosis | {
"A": "Type 1 renal tubular acidosis",
"B": "Type 4 renal tubular acidosis",
"C": "Type 2 renal tubular acidosis",
"D": "Fanconi syndrome"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"67 year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"weak urine stream",
"increasing difficulty",
"initiating",
"stopping urination",
"reports",
"mild generalized body aches",
"weakness",
"day",
"past medical history includes diabetes mellitus type 2",
"35 years",
"essential hypertension",... |
A 55-year-old man presents to the family medicine clinic after noticing a gradually enlarging smooth and symmetrical bump on his left forearm at the site of his PPD placement 2 days ago. The patient takes lisinopril for hypertension and metformin for diabetes mellitus type 2. He was screened for tuberculosis 2 days ago... | Isoniazid for 9 months | {
"A": "Rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol",
"B": "Isoniazid for 6 months",
"C": "No treatment",
"D": "Isoniazid for 9 months"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"55 year old man presents",
"family medicine clinic",
"enlarging smooth",
"symmetrical",
"left forearm",
"site of",
"PPD placement 2 days",
"patient takes lisinopril",
"hypertension",
"metformin",
"diabetes mellitus type 2",
"screened",
"tuberculosis 2 days",
"requirement",
"work",
"wo... |
A 20-year-old male is involuntarily admitted to the county psychiatric unit for psychotic behavior over the past three months. The patient's mother explained to the psychiatrist that her son had withdrawn from family and friends, appeared to have no emotions, and had delusions that he was working for the CIA. When he s... | Schizophreniform disorder | {
"A": "Brief psychotic disorder",
"B": "Schizophreniform disorder",
"C": "Schizoid personality disorder",
"D": "Schizotypal peronsality disorder"
} | step1 | B | [
"20 year old male",
"admitted",
"county psychiatric unit",
"psychotic behavior",
"past three months",
"patient",
"other ",
"sychiatrist ",
"on ",
"ithdrawn ",
"amily ",
"riends,",
"ppeared o ",
"motions,",
"elusions ",
"orking ",
"poke,",
"entences ",
"ot lways ",
"o ",
"on... |
A 21-year-old female is brought by her brother to the emergency department after having a generalized tonic-clonic seizure one hour ago. She is slightly confused and has no recollection of her seizure. Her brother relayed that the patient has a history of severe anxiety for which she takes medication. For the past seve... | Diazepam | {
"A": "Diazepam",
"B": "Methadone",
"C": "Varenicline",
"D": "Flumazenil"
} | step1 | A | [
"21-year-old female",
"brought",
"brother",
"emergency department",
"generalized tonic-clonic seizure one hour",
"slightly confused",
"recollection",
"seizure",
"brother relayed",
"patient",
"history",
"severe anxiety",
"takes medication",
"past",
"days",
"sister exhibited body tremors... |
A 2-year-old girl is brought to the emergency department by her mother after an episode of turning blue on the playground. The mother states that the girl starting crying, and her fingers and hands turned blue. On examination, the patient is playful and in no apparent distress. She is afebrile and the vital signs are s... | Failed formation of the septum secundum | {
"A": "Lithium use by mother during the first trimester",
"B": "Failure of the ductus arteriosus to regress",
"C": "Failure of the aorticopulmonary septum to spiral",
"D": "Failed formation of the septum secundum"
} | step1 | D | [
"2 year old girl",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"mother",
"episode of turning blue",
"playground",
"mother states",
"girl starting crying",
"fingers",
"hands turned blue",
"examination",
"patient",
"playful",
"apparent distress",
"afebrile",
"vital signs",
"stable",
"lungs",
... |
A 12-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother because she has been waking up multiple times at night to go to the bathroom even though she avoids drinking large amounts of water close to bedtime. She has no significant medical history apart from 3 episodes of lower urinary tract infections treated with n... | Necrosis of the renal papillae | {
"A": "Necrosis of the renal papillae",
"B": "Autoinfarction of the spleen",
"C": "Sickling in the cerebral vessels",
"D": "Transient arrest of erythropoiesis"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"mother",
"waking up multiple times",
"night to go",
"bathroom",
"drinking large amounts",
"water close",
"bedtime",
"significant medical",
"episodes of lower treated with nitrofurantoin",
"past",
"years",
"family",
"Nigeria 10 years",
"Physic... |
A 17-year-old girl comes to the urgent care center after testing negative for HIV. She recently had sexual intercourse for the first time and had used a condom with her long-term boyfriend. She has no personal history of serious illness and no history of sexually transmitted infections. However, the patient is still wo... | Decreased negative predictive value | {
"A": "Increased sensitivity",
"B": "Increased validity",
"C": "Increased specificity",
"D": "Decreased negative predictive value"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old girl",
"urgent care center",
"testing negative",
"HIV",
"recently",
"sexual intercourse",
"first time",
"used",
"condom",
"long-term boyfriend",
"personal history",
"serious illness",
"history",
"sexually transmitted infections",
"patient",
"worried",
"possibility",
"HIV"... |
A 42-year-old man presents to a free dermatology clinic, complaining of itchy skin over the past several days. He has no insurance and lives in a homeless shelter. The patient has no significant medical history. Physical evaluation reveals 2 mm erythematous papules and vesicles on his back and groin, with linear excori... | Permethrin | {
"A": "No medication should be administered, only proper hygiene.",
"B": "Antiviral medication",
"C": "Permethrin",
"D": "Broad-spectrum antibiotic"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man presents",
"free dermatology",
"itchy skin",
"past",
"days",
"insurance",
"lives",
"homeless shelter",
"patient",
"significant medical history",
"Physical evaluation reveals 2 mm erythematous papules",
"vesicles",
"back",
"groin",
"linear excoriation marks",
"Careful obse... |
A 60-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 1-week history of lower back pain. He has had several episodes of painless hematuria over the past 2 months. Physical examination shows localized tenderness over the lumbar spine. A CT scan shows multiple osteolytic lesions in the body of the lumbar vertebrae. Cysto... | Cigarette smoking | {
"A": "Alcohol consumption",
"B": "Cigarette smoking",
"C": "Schistosoma infection",
"D": "Nitrosamine ingestion"
} | step1 | B | [
"60 year old man",
"physician",
"of",
"1-week history",
"lower back pain",
"several episodes of painless hematuria",
"past",
"months",
"Physical examination shows localized tenderness",
"lumbar spine",
"CT scan shows multiple osteolytic",
"the body of",
"lumbar vertebrae",
"Cystoscopy show... |
Eight hours after undergoing an open right hemicolectomy and a colostomy for colon cancer, a 52-year-old man has wet and bloody surgical dressings. He has had episodes of blood in his stools during the past 6 months, which led to the detection of colon cancer. He has hypertension and ischemic heart disease. His younger... | Insufficient mechanical hemostasis | {
"A": "Liver dysfunction",
"B": "Platelet dysfunction",
"C": "Factor VIII deficiency",
"D": "Insufficient mechanical hemostasis"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"Eight hours",
"open right hemicolectomy",
"colostomy",
"colon cancer",
"year old man",
"wet",
"bloody surgical dressings",
"episodes of blood",
"stools",
"past 6 months",
"led",
"the detection of colon cancer",
"hypertension",
"ischemic heart disease",
"younger brother died",
"bleedin... |
A 12-year-old boy follows up with his primary care physician for ongoing management of a urinary tract infection. He recently started middle school and has been having a difficult time navigating the school since he ambulates with leg braces and crutches. Consequently, he has not had sufficient time to use his urinary ... | Days 21-35 | {
"A": "Days 0-7",
"B": "Days 8-20",
"C": "Days 21-35",
"D": "Days 90-birth"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old boy follows up",
"primary care",
"ongoing management of",
"urinary tract infection",
"recently started middle school",
"difficult time",
"school",
"ambulates",
"leg braces",
"crutches",
"not",
"sufficient time to use",
"urinary catheter",
"unchanged",
"previous visit",
"senso... |
A 62-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after his wife found him unresponsive 1 hour ago. He had fallen from a flight of stairs the previous evening. Four years ago, he underwent a mitral valve replacement. He has hypertension and coronary artery disease. Current medications include aspirin, warfarin, ... | Right-sided hemiplegia | {
"A": "Right eye esotropia and elevation",
"B": "Bilateral lower limb paralysis",
"C": "Left-side facial nerve palsy",
"D": "Right-sided hemiplegia"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"62 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"wife found",
"unresponsive",
"hour",
"fallen from",
"flight",
"stairs",
"previous evening",
"Four years",
"mitral valve replacement",
"hypertension",
"coronary artery disease",
"Current medications include aspirin",
"warfarin",
"... |
A 51-year-old man presents to his physician with increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue. These symptoms have increased gradually over the past 3 years. He has no past medical history or current medications. Also, he has no family history of endocrinological or cardiovascular diseases. The blood pressure is 1... | Plasma glucose of 209 mg/dL 2 hours after the oral glucose load | {
"A": "HbA1c 5.9%",
"B": "Fasting plasma glucose 123 mg/dL",
"C": "Plasma glucose of 209 mg/dL 2 hours after the oral glucose load",
"D": "Serum insulin level of 10 μU/mL"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man presents",
"physician",
"increased thirst",
"frequent urination",
"fatigue",
"symptoms",
"increased",
"past",
"years",
"past medical history",
"current medications",
"family history",
"endocrinological",
"cardiovascular diseases",
"blood pressure",
"90 mm Hg",
"heart ra... |
A 35-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for a routine visit. He is in good health but has a 15 pack-year smoking history. He has tried to quit multiple times and expresses frustration in his inability to do so. He states that he has a 6-year-old son that was recently diagnosed with asthma and that he i... | Bupropion in conjunction with nicotine replacement therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy | {
"A": "Quitting 'cold-turkey'",
"B": "Bupropion in conjunction with nicotine replacement therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy",
"C": "Buproprion alone",
"D": "Nicotine replacement therapy alone"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"35 year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"routine visit",
"good health",
"pack-year smoking history",
"to quit multiple times",
"frustration",
"states",
"year old son",
"recently diagnosed",
"asthma",
"ready to quit smoking",
"most effective method of smoking cessation"
] |
A pathologist receives a patient sample for analysis. Cells in the sample are first labeled with fluorescent antibodies and then passed across a laser beam in a single file of particles. The light scatter and fluorescent intensity of the particles are plotted on a graph; this information is used to characterize the sam... | Pancytopenia and deep vein thrombosis with intermittent hemoglobinuria | {
"A": "Pancytopenia and deep vein thrombosis with intermittent hemoglobinuria",
"B": "Ventricular septal defect and facial dysmorphism with low T-lymphocyte count",
"C": "Multiple opportunistic infections with decreased CD4 counts",
"D": "Painless generalized lymphadenopathy with monomorphic cells and interspe... | step1 | A | [
"pathologist receives",
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"analysis",
"Cells",
"sample",
"first labeled",
"fluorescent antibodies",
"then passed",
"laser beam",
"single file",
"particles",
"light scatter",
"fluorescent intensity",
"particles",
"graph",
"information",
"used to",
"sample",
"labora... |
A previously healthy 20-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 15 minutes after collapsing while playing basketball. He has no history of serious illness. On arrival, there is no palpable pulse or respiratory effort observed. He is declared dead. The family agrees to an autopsy. Cardiac workup prior to thi... | Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve | {
"A": "Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve",
"B": "Narrowing of the left main coronary artery",
"C": "Bicuspid aortic valve",
"D": "Ventricular septum defect"
} | step1 | A | [
"healthy 20 year old man",
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"emergency department 15 minutes",
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"arrival",
"palpable pulse",
"respiratory effort observed",
"dead",
"family agrees",
"autopsy",
"Cardiac workup",
"patient's death",
"most likely",... |
A 19-year-old nulligravid woman comes to the physician because of irregular heavy menstrual bleeding since menarche at age 16 years. Menses occur at irregular 15- to 45-day intervals and last 7 to 10 days. She has also noted increased hair growth on her face. She has not been sexually active since she started taking is... | Endometrial cancer | {
"A": "Endometrial cancer",
"B": "Osteoporosis",
"C": "Proximal myopathy",
"D": "Breast cancer"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old nulligravid woman",
"physician",
"irregular heavy",
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"noted increased hair growth",
"face",
"not",
"sexually active",
"started taking isotretinoin",
"acne vulgaris",
"months",
"7... |
A 61-year-old man presents to the emergency department with new-onset dizziness. He reports associated symptoms of confusion, headaches, and loss of coordination. The patient’s wife also mentions he has had recent frequent nosebleeds. Physical examination demonstrates a double vision. Routine blood work is significant ... | Plasmapheresis | {
"A": "Vincristine",
"B": "Plasmapheresis",
"C": "Rituximab",
"D": "Prednisone"
} | step1 | B | [
"61 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"new-onset dizziness",
"reports associated symptoms",
"confusion",
"headaches",
"loss of coordination",
"patients wife",
"recent frequent nosebleeds",
"Physical examination demonstrates",
"double vision",
"Routine blood work",
"significant"... |
A 62-year-old man presents to his geriatrician due to waking several times during the night and also rising too early in the morning. He says this has worsened over the past 7 months. In the morning, he feels unrefreshed and tired. His medical history is positive for hypertension and benign prostatic hyperplasia. He ha... | Zolpidem | {
"A": "Zolpidem",
"B": "Triazolam",
"C": "Polysomnography",
"D": "Light therapy"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"62 year old man presents",
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"positive",
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"benign prostatic hyperplasia",
"never",
"smoker",
"denies drinking... |
An obese 34-year-old primigravid woman at 20 weeks' gestation comes to the physician for a follow-up examination for a mass she found in her left breast 2 weeks ago. Until pregnancy, menses had occurred at 30- to 40-day intervals since the age of 11 years. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows a 3.0-c... | Surgical resection and chemotherapy | {
"A": "Surgical resection and radiotherapy",
"B": "Surgical resection and chemotherapy",
"C": "Surgical resection",
"D": "Radiotherapy and chemotherapy"
} | step2&3 | B | [
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"year old primigravid woman",
"20 weeks",
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"Vital signs",
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"Examination shows",
"3 0",... |
A 57-year-old patient comes to the physician for a 2-month history of progressive dyspnea and cough productive of large amounts of yellow, blood-tinged sputum. He has a history of COPD and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections. Examination of the lung shows bilateral crackles and end-expiratory wheezing. An x-ra... | Breaking of disulfide bonds | {
"A": "Inhibition of peptidoglycan crosslinking",
"B": "Inhibition of phosphodiesterase",
"C": "Breaking of disulfide bonds",
"D": "Breakdown of leukocyte DNA"
} | step1 | C | [
"57 year old patient",
"physician",
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"large amounts",
"yellow",
"blood-tinged sputum",
"history",
"COPD",
"recurrent upper respiratory tract infections",
"Examination of the lung shows bilateral crackles",
"end",
"x-ray of",
"c... |
A section from the thymus of a patient with myasthenia gravis is examined (see image). The function of the portion of the thymus designated by the arrow plays what role in the pathophysiology of this disease? | Failure of apoptosis of negatively selected T cells | {
"A": "Failure to bind MHC class II molecules",
"B": "Premature involution of the thymus",
"C": "Failure of afferent lymph vessels to form",
"D": "Failure of apoptosis of negatively selected T cells"
} | step1 | D | [
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"examined",
"see image",
"function",
"portion",
"thymus designated",
"arrow plays",
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"disease"
] |
An investigator is studying patients with acute decompensated congestive heart failure. He takes measurements of a hormone released from atrial myocytes, as well as serial measurements of left atrial and left ventricular pressures. The investigator observes a positive correlation between left atrial pressures and the s... | Decreases sodium reabsorption at the collecting tubules | {
"A": "Decreases sodium reabsorption at the collecting tubules",
"B": "Constricts afferent renal arteriole",
"C": "Decreases reabsorption of bicarbonate in the proximal convoluted tubules",
"D": "Increases free water reabsorption from the distal tubules"
} | step1 | A | [
"investigator",
"studying patients",
"acute decompensated congestive heart failure",
"takes measurements",
"hormone released",
"atrial myocytes",
"serial measurements",
"left atrial",
"left ventricular pressures",
"investigator observes",
"positive correlation",
"left atrial pressures",
"ser... |
A 65-year-old woman is transferred to the intensive care unit after she underwent coronary stenting for a posterior-inferior STEMI. She is known to have allergies to amiodarone and captopril. A few hours after the transfer, she suddenly loses consciousness. The monitor shows ventricular fibrillation. CPR is initiated. ... | Adrenaline and lidocaine | {
"A": "Adrenaline and amiodarone",
"B": "Amiodarone and lidocaine",
"C": "Adrenaline and lidocaine",
"D": "Adrenaline and verapamil"
} | step1 | C | [
"65 year old woman",
"transferred",
"intensive care unit",
"coronary stenting",
"posterior inferior STEMI",
"known to",
"allergies",
"amiodarone",
"captopril",
"few hours",
"transfer",
"consciousness",
"monitor shows ventricular fibrillation",
"CPR",
"initiated",
"3 consecutive shocks"... |
A 20-year-old female presents to student health at her university for excessive daytime sleepiness. She states that her sleepiness has caused her to fall asleep in all of her classes for the last semester, and that her grades are suffering as a result. She states that she normally gets 7 hours of sleep per night, and n... | Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder | {
"A": "Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder",
"B": "Bulimia",
"C": "Obsessive-compulsive disorder",
"D": "Tourette syndrome"
} | step1 | A | [
"20 year old female presents",
"student health",
"university",
"excessive daytime sleepiness",
"states",
"sleepiness",
"caused",
"to fall asleep",
"classes",
"last semester",
"grades",
"suffering",
"result",
"states",
"gets",
"hours of sleep",
"night",
"notes",
"falls asleep",
... |
A 45-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of right upper abdominal pain and nausea that have become progressively worse since eating a large meal 8 hours ago. She has had intermittent pain similar to this before, but it has never lasted this long. She has a history of hypertension and type 2 diabete... | Gallstone in the cystic duct | {
"A": "Dilated common bile duct with intrahepatic biliary dilatation",
"B": "Enlargement of the pancreas with peripancreatic fluid",
"C": "Gas in the gallbladder wall",
"D": "Gallstone in the cystic duct"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman",
"emergency department",
"right upper",
"nausea",
"worse",
"eating",
"large meal 8 hours",
"intermittent pain similar",
"never lasted",
"long",
"history of hypertension",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"not smoke",
"drink alcohol",
"Current medications include metformin",
... |
A 35-year-old woman is admitted to the medical unit for worsening renal failure. Prior to admission, she was seen by her rheumatologist for a follow-up visit and was found to have significant proteinuria and hematuria on urinalysis and an elevated serum creatinine. She reports feeling ill and has noticed blood in her u... | Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor | {
"A": "Calcineurin inhibitor via FKBP binding",
"B": "Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor",
"C": "Interleukin-2 receptor complex inhibitor",
"D": "mTOR inhibitor via FKBP binding"
} | step1 | B | [
"35 year old woman",
"admitted",
"medical unit",
"worsening renal failure",
"admission",
"seen by",
"rheumatologist",
"follow-up visit",
"found to",
"significant proteinuria",
"hematuria",
"urinalysis",
"elevated serum creatinine",
"reports feeling ill",
"blood in",
"urine",
"diagnos... |
A 36-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his neighbor because of altered mental status. He was found 6 hours ago stumbling through his neighbor's bushes and yelling obscenities. The neighbor helped him home but found him again 1 hour ago slumped over on his driveway in a puddle of vomit. He is orient... | Ethylene glycol | {
"A": "Methanol",
"B": "Isopropyl alcohol",
"C": "Ethanol",
"D": "Ethylene glycol"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"36 year old man",
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"emergency department",
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"altered mental status",
"found 6 hours",
"stumbling",
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"ushes ",
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"eighbor elped ",
"ome ",
"ound ",
"our ",
"ver ",
"omit.",
"riented ",
"elf ",
"ot o lace ",
"ime.",
"emperature "... |
During a psychotherapy session, a psychiatrist notes transference. Which of the following is an example of this phenomenon? | The patient is annoyed by the doctor because he feels the doctor is lecturing like his mother used to do | {
"A": "The patient feels powerless to change and blames his problems on the situation into which he was born",
"B": "The patient feels that her father is too controling and interferes with all aspect of her life",
"C": "The patient is annoyed by the doctor because he feels the doctor is lecturing like his mother... | step1 | C | [
"psychotherapy session",
"psychiatrist notes transference",
"following",
"example",
"phenomenon"
] |
A 55-year-old woman complains of daytime somnolence. Her BMI is 32 kg/m3 and her husband says she snores frequently during the night. Polysomnography test reveals the patient experiences more than 5 obstructive events an hour. The patient is at increased risk of developing which of the following? | Pulmonary hypertension | {
"A": "Pulmonary hypertension",
"B": "Emphysema",
"C": "Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis",
"D": "Hypersensitivity pneumonitis"
} | step1 | A | [
"55 year old woman",
"daytime somnolence",
"BMI",
"kg/m3",
"husband",
"snores frequently",
"night",
"Polysomnography test reveals",
"patient experiences more",
"obstructive events",
"hour",
"patient",
"increased risk",
"following"
] |
A 74-year-old man comes to the physician for a 6-month history of progressively worsening fatigue and shortness of breath on exertion. He immigrated to the United States 35 years ago from India. His pulse is 89/min and blood pressure is 145/60 mm Hg. Crackles are heard at the lung bases. Cardiac examination shows a gra... | Water hammer pulse | {
"A": "Pulsus parvus et tardus",
"B": "Fixed splitting of S2",
"C": "Water hammer pulse",
"D": "Paradoxical splitting of S2"
} | step1 | C | [
"74 year old man",
"physician",
"month history",
"worsening fatigue",
"shortness of breath",
"exertion",
"United States 35 years",
"India",
"pulse",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"60 mm Hg",
"Crackles",
"heard",
"lung bases",
"Cardiac examination shows",
"grade",
"early diastolic murmur... |
An 11-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because of a pruritic generalized rash for 2 days. He returned from a 3-day outdoor summer camp 1 week ago. During his time there, one child was sent home after being diagnosed with measles. The patient was diagnosed with a seizure disorder 6 weeks ago and he... | Discontinue carbamazepine | {
"A": "Discontinue carbamazepine",
"B": "Perform measles serology",
"C": "Heterophile antibody test",
"D": "Administer penicillin therapy"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"mother",
"generalized rash",
"2 days",
"returned",
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"summer camp 1 week",
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"one child",
"sent home",
"diagnosed",
"measles",
"patient",
"diagnosed",
"seizure disorder",
"weeks",
"asthma",
"Current medications include carba... |
A 68-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus comes to the physician because of a 5-month history of episodic palpitations, dizziness, and fatigue. His pulse is 134/min and irregularly irregular, and his blood pressure is 165/92 mm Hg. An ECG shows a narrow complex tachycardia with absent P waves. He is prescribed a ... | Inhibit the reduction of vitamin K | {
"A": "Inhibit the absorption of vitamin K",
"B": "Activate gamma-glutamyl carboxylase",
"C": "Activate factor VII calcium-binding sites",
"D": "Inhibit the reduction of vitamin K"
} | step1 | D | [
"68 year old man",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"physician",
"of",
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"episodic palpitations",
"dizziness",
"fatigue",
"pulse",
"min",
"irregular",
"blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
"ECG shows",
"narrow complex tachycardia",
"absent P waves",
"prescribed",
"drug",
"decrea... |
A previously healthy 26-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 30 minutes after collapsing during soccer practice. The patient appears well. His pulse is 73/min and blood pressure is 125/78 mm Hg. Cardiac examination is shown. Rapid squatting decreases the intensity of the patient's auscultation finding. W... | Asymmetric hypertrophy of the septum | {
"A": "Asymmetric hypertrophy of the septum",
"B": "Fibrinoid necrosis of the mitral valve",
"C": "Eccentric dilatation of the left ventricle",
"D": "Dilation of the aortic root"
} | step1 | A | [
"healthy",
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department 30 minutes",
"collapsing",
"soccer practice",
"patient appears well",
"pulse",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
"Cardiac examination",
"shown",
"Rapid squatting decreases",
"intensity",
"patient's auscultation finding",
"fo... |
A 43-year-old man comes to the physician because of anxiety, difficulty focusing on tasks, and a 4.6-kg (10-lb) weight loss over the past 4 weeks. He is diaphoretic. His pulse is 100/min, respirations are 18/min, and blood pressure is 150/78 mm Hg. Physical examination shows warm, moist skin, goiter, and a resting trem... | Atrioventricular node activity | {
"A": "Atrioventricular node activity",
"B": "Vagal tone",
"C": "Effective refractory period of the cardiac action potential",
"D": "Phase 0 depolarization slope of the cardiac action potential"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"anxiety",
"difficulty focusing",
"tasks",
"4.6 kg",
"10",
"weight loss",
"past 4 weeks",
"diaphoretic",
"pulse",
"100 min",
"respirations",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
"Physical examination shows warm",
"moist",
"goiter",
"resting tremor of",... |
A 45-year-old man comes to the emergency department with fever, nonproductive cough, and difficulty breathing. Three years ago, he underwent lung transplantation. A CT scan of the chest shows diffuse bilateral ground-glass opacities. Pathologic examination of a transbronchial lung biopsy specimen shows several large ce... | Foscarnet | {
"A": "Foscarnet",
"B": "Elvitegravir",
"C": "Zanamivir",
"D": "Acyclovir"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man",
"emergency department",
"fever",
"nonproductive cough",
"difficulty breathing",
"Three years",
"lung transplantation",
"CT scan of",
"chest shows diffuse bilateral ground-glass opacities",
"Pathologic examination of",
"transbronchial lung biopsy specimen shows several large cells... |
A 42-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of joint pain and fatigue. She has a history of multiple unprovoked deep vein thromboses. Physical examination shows small bilateral knee effusions and erythematous raised patches with scaling and follicular plugging over the ears and scalp. Oral ex... | Positive rapid plasma reagin test | {
"A": "Positive rapid plasma reagin test",
"B": "Positive anti-citrullinated peptide antibodies",
"C": "Decreased activated partial thromboplastin time",
"D": "Negative antinuclear antibodies"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"2-week history",
"joint pain",
"fatigue",
"history of multiple",
"deep vein thromboses",
"Physical examination shows small bilateral knee effusions",
"erythematous raised patches",
"scaling",
"follicular plugging",
"ears",
"scalp",
"Oral examination shows se... |
A 53-year-old woman comes to the physician because of increasing shortness of breath on exertion for 5 months. She reports that she can not climb more than 2 flights of stairs and she is no longer able to run her errands as usual. One year ago, she was diagnosed with triple-negative breast cancer. She underwent a right... | Anthracyclines
" | {
"A": "Alkylating agents",
"B": "Antimetabolites",
"C": "Topoisomerase I inhibitors",
"D": "Anthracyclines\n\""
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"of increasing shortness",
"breath",
"exertion",
"months",
"reports",
"not climb",
"flights",
"stairs",
"longer able to run",
"usual",
"One year ago",
"diagnosed",
"triple-negative breast cancer",
"right-sided modified radical mastectomy",
"adjuvant che... |
A 79-year-old male presents to your office for his annual flu shot. On physical exam you note several linear bruises on his back. Upon further questioning he denies abuse from his daughter and son-in-law, who live in the same house. The patient states he does not want this information shared with anyone. What is the mo... | Breach patient confidentiality, as this patient is a potential victim of elder abuse and that is always reportable | {
"A": "Breach patient confidentiality, as this patient is a potential victim of elder abuse and that is always reportable",
"B": "Do not break patient confidentiality, as this would potentially worsen the situtation",
"C": "Do not break patient confidentiality, as elder abuse reporting is not mandatory",
"D": ... | step1 | A | [
"year old male presents",
"office",
"annual flu shot",
"physical exam",
"note several linear bruises",
"back",
"further questioning",
"denies abuse",
"daughter",
"son-in-law",
"live",
"same house",
"patient states",
"not",
"information shared",
"most appropriate next step",
"paired",... |
A 57-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of easy fatigability and dyspnea on exertion. Menopause occurred 5 years ago. Her pulse is 105/min and blood pressure is 100/70 mm Hg. Physical examination shows pallor of the nail beds and conjunctivae. A peripheral blood smear shows small, pale r... | Positive stool guaiac test | {
"A": "Dry bone marrow tap",
"B": "Decreased serum haptoglobin concentration",
"C": "Positive stool guaiac test",
"D": "Increased serum methylmalonic acid concentration"
} | step1 | C | [
"57 year old woman",
"physician",
"3 month history",
"easy fatigability",
"dyspnea on exertion",
"Menopause occurred 5 years",
"pulse",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"100 70 mm Hg",
"Physical examination shows pallor",
"nail beds",
"conjunctivae",
"peripheral blood smear shows small",
"pale r... |
A 56-year-old man with a significant past medical history of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia is brought to the emergency department by his wife. The wife states the symptoms started 1 hour ago when she noticed that he was having difficulty swallowing his breakfast and that his voice was hoarse... | Denervation of the descending sympathetic tract | {
"A": "3rd-order neuron lesion",
"B": "Denervation of the descending sympathetic tract",
"C": "Preganglionic lesion at the lateral gray horn",
"D": "Postganglionic sympathetic lesion"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man",
"significant past medical history of diabetes mellitus",
"hypertension",
"hypercholesterolemia",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"wife",
"wife states",
"symptoms started 1 hour",
"difficulty swallowing",
"breakfast",
"voice",
"hoarse",
"patient",
"recent admission",
... |
A 66-year-old female presents to the emergency room with left hip pain after a fall. She is unable to move her hip due to pain. On exam, her left leg appears shortened and internally rotated. Hip radiographs reveal a fracture of the left femoral neck. She has a history of a distal radius fracture two years prior. Revie... | Osteonecrosis of the jaw | {
"A": "Vertebral compression fracture",
"B": "Osteonecrosis of the jaw",
"C": "Gingival hyperplasia",
"D": "Interstitial nephritis"
} | step1 | B | [
"66 year old female presents",
"emergency room",
"left",
"fall",
"unable to move",
"hip due to pain",
"exam",
"left leg appears shortened",
"internally rotated",
"Hip radiographs reveal",
"fracture",
"left",
"history of",
"distal radius fracture two",
"Review",
"medical record reveals"... |
A 32-year-old woman visits her family physician for a routine health check-up. During the consult, she complains about recent-onset constipation, painful defecation, and occasional pain with micturition for the past few months. Her menstrual cycles have always been regular with moderate pelvic pain during menses, which... | Endometriosis | {
"A": "Endometriosis",
"B": "Ovarian cyst",
"C": "Diverticulitis",
"D": "Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman visits",
"family physician",
"routine health check-up",
"consult",
"recent onset constipation",
"painful defecation",
"occasional pain",
"micturition",
"past",
"months",
"menstrual cycles",
"always",
"regular",
"moderate pelvic",
"menses",
"relieved",
"pain medication... |
A 67-year-old woman comes to the physician for chest tightness, shortness of breath, and lightheadedness. She has experienced these symptoms during the past 2 weeks while climbing stairs but feels better when she sits down. She had a cold 2 weeks ago but has otherwise been well. She appears short of breath. Her respira... | Increased left ventricular oxygen demand | {
"A": "Inflammatory constriction of the bronchioles",
"B": "Narrowing of the coronary arterial lumen",
"C": "Cellular injury of the esophageal epithelium",
"D": "Increased left ventricular oxygen demand"
} | step1 | D | [
"67 year old woman",
"physician",
"chest tightness",
"shortness of breath",
"lightheadedness",
"experienced",
"symptoms",
"past 2 weeks",
"climbing stairs",
"feels better",
"sits",
"cold",
"weeks",
"well",
"appears short of breath",
"respirations",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"85 mm... |
A 23-year-old woman presents to the emergency room for a self-inflicted laceration of her distal volar forearm. The patient states that she knew her husband was having sexual thoughts about the woman from the grocery store, prompting her decision to cut her own wrist. In the emergency department the bleeding is stopped... | Borderline | {
"A": "Histrionic",
"B": "Borderline",
"C": "Avoidant",
"D": "Dependent"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"23 year old woman presents",
"emergency room",
"self-inflicted laceration of",
"distal volar forearm",
"patient states",
"husband",
"sexual thoughts",
"woman",
"grocery store",
"prompting",
"decision to cut",
"wrist",
"emergency department",
"bleeding",
"stopped",
"patient",
"curren... |
An 11-year-old boy’s parents brought him to a psychologist upon referral from the boy’s school teacher. The boy frequently bullies his younger classmates despite having been punished several times for this. His mother also reported that a year prior, she received complaints that the boy shoplifted from local shops in h... | Conduct disorder | {
"A": "Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, hyperactivity-impulsivity type",
"B": "Conduct disorder",
"C": "Intermittent explosive disorder",
"D": "Oppositional defiant disorder"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old boys parents brought",
"psychologist",
"referral from",
"boys school teacher",
"boy frequently bullies",
"younger classmates",
"punished several times",
"mother",
"reported",
"year prior",
"received complaints",
"boy shoplifted",
"local shops",
"neighborhood",
"boy frequently",... |
A 61-year-old man is found dead in his home after his neighbors became concerned when they did not see him for several days. The man was described as a "recluse" who lived alone and mostly kept to himself. Medical records reveal that he had not seen a physician in over a decade. He had a known history of vascular disea... | Pain sensation from the right side of the body | {
"A": "Pain sensation from the right side of the body",
"B": "Proprioceptive sensation from the left side of the body",
"C": "Temperature sensation from the left side of the body",
"D": "Vibratory sensation from the right side of the body"
} | step1 | A | [
"61 year old man",
"found dead",
"home",
"neighbors",
"concerned",
"not see",
"several days",
"man",
"described",
"lived alone",
"mostly kept",
"Medical records reveal",
"not seen",
"physician",
"decade",
"known history of vascular disease including hypertension",
"hyperlipidemia",
... |
A 48-year-old woman comes to the physician for the evaluation of 24-hour blood pressure monitoring results. Over the last 3 months, she has had intermittent nausea, decreased appetite, and increasing weakness and fatigue during the day. She has been treated twice for kidney stones within the past year. Her current medi... | Increased serum parathyroid hormone | {
"A": "Increased serum aldosterone-to-renin ratio",
"B": "Increased serum parathyroid hormone",
"C": "Decreased renal blood flow",
"D": "Decreased nocturnal oxygen saturation"
} | step1 | B | [
"48 year old woman",
"physician",
"evaluation",
"24-hour blood pressure monitoring results",
"last",
"months",
"intermittent nausea",
"decreased appetite",
"increasing weakness",
"fatigue",
"day",
"treated twice",
"kidney stones",
"past year",
"current medications include lisinopril",
... |
A 3-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother. His mother reports that she found him playing under the sink yesterday. She was concerned because she keeps some poisons for pest control under the sink but did not believe that he came in contact with the poisons. However, this morning the boy awok... | Vitamin K and fresh frozen plasma | {
"A": "Packed red blood cells transfusion",
"B": "Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)",
"C": "Vitamin K and fresh frozen plasma",
"D": "Protamine sulfate"
} | step1 | C | [
"3 year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"mother",
"mother reports",
"found",
"playing",
"sink",
"concerned",
"keeps",
"poisons",
"pest control",
"sink",
"not",
"contact with",
"poisons",
"morning",
"boy awoke",
"abdominal pain",
"epistaxis",
"causing",
"rush",
... |
A six-month-old male presents to the pediatrician for a well-child visit. The patient’s mother is concerned about the patient’s vision because he often turns his head to the right. She has begun trying to correct the head turn and places him on his back with his head turned in the opposite direction to sleep, but she h... | Neck radiograph | {
"A": "Direct laryngoscopy",
"B": "Neck radiograph",
"C": "Referral to ophthalmology",
"D": "Referral to physical therapy"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"six-month old male presents",
"pediatrician",
"well-child visit",
"patients mother",
"concerned",
"patients vision",
"often turns",
"head",
"right",
"begun",
"correct",
"head turn",
"places",
"back",
"head turned",
"opposite direction to sleep",
"not",
"improvement",
"not certai... |
A previously healthy 27-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of fatigue, headache, and dry cough. She does not smoke or use illicit drugs. Her temperature is 37.8°C (100°F). Chest examination shows mild inspiratory crackles in both lung fields. An x-ray of the chest shows diffuse interstiti... | Mycoplasma pneumoniae | {
"A": "Bordetella pertussis",
"B": "Mycoplasma pneumoniae",
"C": "Coxiella burnetii",
"D": "Cryptococcus neoformans"
} | step1 | B | [
"healthy 27 year old woman",
"physician",
"3 week history",
"fatigue",
"headache",
"dry cough",
"not smoke",
"use illicit",
"temperature",
"Chest examination shows mild inspiratory crackles",
"lung fields",
"x-ray of",
"chest shows diffuse interstitial infiltrates",
"Gram stain",
"saline... |
A 29-year-old Mediterranean man presents to the clinic for fatigue and lightheadedness for the past week. He reports an inability to exercise as his heart would beat extremely fast. He was recently diagnosed with active tuberculosis and started on treatment 2 weeks ago. He denies fever, weight loss, vision changes, che... | Drug-induced deficiency in vitamin B6 | {
"A": "Abnormally low level of glutathione activity",
"B": "Drug-induced deficiency in vitamin B6",
"C": "Inhibition of ferrochelatase and ALA dehydratase",
"D": "Iron deficiency"
} | step1 | B | [
"29 year old Mediterranean man presents",
"clinic",
"fatigue",
"lightheadedness",
"past week",
"reports",
"to exercise",
"heart",
"extremely fast",
"recently diagnosed",
"active tuberculosis",
"started on treatment",
"weeks",
"denies fever",
"weight loss",
"vision changes",
"chest pa... |
Two hours after delivery, a 1900-g (4-lb 3-oz) female newborn develops respiratory distress. She was born at 32 weeks' gestation. Pregnancy was complicated by pregnancy-induced hypertension. Her temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F), pulse is 140/min and respirations are 64/min. Examination shows bluish extremities. Grunting ... | Continous positive airway pressure ventilation | {
"A": "Corticosteroid therapy",
"B": "Continous positive airway pressure ventilation",
"C": "Ampicillin and gentamicin therapy",
"D": "Surfactant therapy"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"Two hours",
"delivery",
"g",
"oz",
"female newborn",
"respiratory distress",
"born",
"weeks",
"gestation",
"Pregnancy",
"complicated by pregnancy induced hypertension",
"temperature",
"36",
"98",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirations",
"64 min",
"Examination shows",
"extremities",
"... |
An 18-year-old man presents to the student health department at his university for recurrent palpitations. The patient had previously presented to the emergency department (ED) for sudden onset palpitations five months ago when he first started college. He had a negative cardiac workup in the ED and he was discharged w... | Panic disorder | {
"A": "Specific phobia",
"B": "Social phobia",
"C": "Panic disorder",
"D": "Somatic symptom disorder"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man presents",
"student health department",
"university",
"recurrent palpitations",
"patient",
"presented",
"emergency department",
"sudden onset palpitations five months",
"first started college",
"negative cardiac workup",
"ED",
"discharged",
"hour Holter monitor",
"negative",
... |
A 62-year-old woman is brought to the physician because of 6 months of progressive weakness in her arms and legs. During this time, she has also had difficulty swallowing and holding her head up. Examination shows pooling of oral secretions. Muscle strength and tone are decreased in the upper extremities. Deep tendon r... | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | {
"A": "Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis",
"B": "Guillain-Barré syndrome",
"C": "Myasthenia gravis",
"D": "Spinal muscular atrophy"
} | step1 | A | [
"62 year old woman",
"brought",
"physician",
"months",
"progressive weakness",
"arms",
"legs",
"time",
"difficulty swallowing",
"head",
"Examination shows pooling",
"oral secretions",
"Muscle strength",
"tone",
"decreased",
"upper extremities",
"Deep tendon reflexes",
"1",
"right... |
A 46-year-old man diagnosed with pancreatic adenocarcinoma is admitted with fever, malaise, and dyspnea. He says that symptoms onset 2 days ago and have progressively worsened. Past medical history is significant for multiple abdominal surgeries including stenting of the pancreatic duct. Current inpatient medications a... | Disseminated intravascular coagulation | {
"A": "Antiphospholipid syndrome",
"B": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation",
"C": "Factor VIII inhibitor",
"D": "Vitamin K deficiency"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old man diagnosed",
"pancreatic adenocarcinoma",
"admitted",
"fever",
"malaise",
"dyspnea",
"symptoms onset",
"days",
"worsened",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"multiple abdominal surgeries including stenting",
"pancreatic duct",
"Current inpatient medications",
"rosuvasta... |
A 1-day-old neonate is being evaluated for a rash. The neonate was born at 39 weeks’ gestation to a gravida 3, para 2 immigrant from Guatemala with no prenatal care. Her previous pregnancies were uneventful. She has no history of group B strep screening, and she was given an injection of penicillin prior to delivery. ... | Rubella | {
"A": "Syphilis",
"B": "Cytomegalovirus",
"C": "Rubella",
"D": "Early onset group B Streptococcus sepsis"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"day old neonate",
"evaluated",
"rash",
"neonate",
"born",
"weeks gestation",
"gravida 3",
"para 2 immigrant",
"Guatemala",
"prenatal care",
"previous pregnancies",
"history",
"group B strep screening",
"given",
"injection",
"penicillin",
"delivery",
"Apgar scores",
"5 minutes",
... |
A 19-year-old man comes to the physician for evaluation of night sweats, pruritus, and enlarging masses in his right axilla and supraclavicular area for 2 weeks. Physical examination shows painless, rubbery lymphadenopathy in the right axillary, supraclavicular, and submental regions. An excisional biopsy of an axillar... | Preponderance of lymphocytes with a single immunoglobulin variable domain allele | {
"A": "Polyclonal proliferation of lymphocytes with a single nucleus",
"B": "Preponderance of lymphocytes with a single immunoglobulin variable domain allele",
"C": "Positive staining of the paracortex for cluster of differentiation 8",
"D": "Predominance of histiocytes in the medullary sinuses"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"evaluation",
"night sweats",
"pruritus",
"enlarging masses",
"right axilla",
"supraclavicular area",
"2 weeks",
"Physical examination shows painless",
"rubbery lymphadenopathy",
"right axillary",
"supraclavicular",
"submental regions",
"excisional biopsy",
... |
A 32-year-old man comes to the office for a routine health maintenance examination. He admits to recently having an affair several months ago and requests STD testing. One week later, the results of a fourth-generation HIV antibody and antigen test return positive. The patient is counseled on the test result. The patie... | Report the infection to the national health authorities | {
"A": "Report the infection to the national health authorities",
"B": "Inform the wife immediately of the positive result",
"C": "Offer the patient repeat antibody testing to confirm results",
"D": "Wait for one week before you disclose the results to his wife"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man",
"office",
"routine health maintenance examination",
"admits to recently",
"months",
"requests",
"testing",
"One week later",
"results",
"fourth generation HIV antibody",
"antigen test return positive",
"patient",
"counseled",
"test result",
"patient requests",
"diagnosi... |
A 47-year-old man presents with daily substernal chest pain for the past year. In addition, he says that he often suffers from hoarseness and a cough in the mornings. His wife has also reported that he has developed bad breath. Past medical history is significant for diabetes mellitus, managed with metformin. His physi... | Simple columnar epithelium | {
"A": "Villi and microvilli",
"B": "Brunner glands",
"C": "Simple columnar epithelium",
"D": "Peyer patches"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man presents",
"daily substernal chest pain",
"past year",
"addition",
"often suffers",
"hoarseness",
"cough",
"mornings",
"wife",
"reported",
"bad breath",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"diabetes mellitus",
"managed",
"metformin",
"physical examination",
"unrema... |
A 49-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with fatigue. She reports that she has recently been sleeping more than usual and says her “arms and legs feel like lead” for most of the day. She has gained 10 pounds over the past 3 months which she attributes to eating out at restaurants frequently, particul... | Inhibition of amine degradation | {
"A": "Inhibition of amine degradation",
"B": "Inhibition of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake",
"C": "Partial agonism of serotonin-1A receptor",
"D": "Inhibition of serotonin reuptake"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman presents",
"primary care physician",
"fatigue",
"reports",
"recently",
"sleeping more",
"usual",
"arms",
"legs feel",
"lead",
"most of the day",
"gained 10 pounds",
"past 3 months",
"attributes",
"eating out",
"restaurants frequently",
"French",
"past medical histor... |
A 40-year-old man is brought to an urgent care clinic by his wife with complaints of dizziness and blurring of vision for several hours. His wife adds that he has had slurred speech since this morning and complained of difficulty swallowing last night. His wife mentions that her husband was working outdoors and ate ste... | Inhibition of the release of acetylcholine | {
"A": "Expression of superantigen",
"B": "Inhibition of glycine and GABA",
"C": "Inhibition of the release of acetylcholine",
"D": "Ribosylation of the Gs protein"
} | step1 | C | [
"40 year old man",
"brought",
"urgent care clinic",
"wife",
"complaints",
"dizziness",
"blurring of vision",
"several hours",
"wife adds",
"slurred speech",
"morning",
"difficulty swallowing",
"night",
"wife",
"husband",
"working outdoors",
"ate stew",
"beef",
"potatoes",
"sitt... |
A 21-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of fatigue, intermittent abdominal pain, and bulky, foul-smelling diarrhea. She has had a 4-kg (8-lb 12-oz) weight loss during this period despite no changes in appetite. Examination of the abdomen shows no abnormalities. Staining of the stool with... | Celiac disease | {
"A": "Ulcerative colitis",
"B": "Carcinoid syndrome",
"C": "Lactose intolerance",
"D": "Celiac disease"
} | step1 | D | [
"21-year-old woman",
"physician",
"2 month history",
"fatigue",
"intermittent abdominal pain",
"bulky",
"smelling diarrhea",
"4 kg",
"oz",
"weight loss",
"period",
"changes in appetite",
"Examination of",
"abdomen shows",
"abnormalities",
"Staining",
"stool",
"Sudan stain shows",
... |
A 22-year-old female presents to her PCP after having unprotected sex with her boyfriend 2 days ago. She has been monogamous with her boyfriend but is very concerned about pregnancy. The patient requests emergency contraception to decrease her likelihood of getting pregnant. A blood hCG test returns negative. The PCP p... | Inhibition or delayed ovulation | {
"A": "Inhibition or delayed ovulation",
"B": "Thickening of cervical mucus with sperm trapping",
"C": "Tubal constriction inhibiting sperm transportation",
"D": "Interference of corpus luteum function"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old female presents",
"PCP",
"unprotected sex",
"boyfriend 2 days",
"monogamous",
"boyfriend",
"very concerned",
"pregnancy",
"patient requests emergency contraception to decrease",
"likelihood",
"getting pregnant",
"blood hCG returns negative",
"PCP",
"patient ethinyl estradiol 100 ... |
A 32-year-old HIV positive male presents to the office complaining of difficulty swallowing and bad breath for the past couple of months. Upon further questioning, he says, "it feels like there’s something in my throat". He says that the difficulty is sometimes severe enough that he has to skip meals. He added that it ... | Candida albicans | {
"A": "Human papilloma virus",
"B": "Candida albicans",
"C": "HHV-8",
"D": "Cytomegalovirus"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old HIV positive male presents",
"office",
"difficulty swallowing",
"bad breath",
"past couple",
"months",
"further questioning",
"feels",
"throat",
"difficulty",
"sometimes severe",
"skip meals",
"added",
"occurs",
"solid foods",
"concerned",
"bad breath",
"regular meetings"... |
A 45-year-old man presents for follow-up to monitor his chronic hepatitis C treatment. The patient was infected with hepatitis C genotype 1, one year ago. He has been managed on a combination of pegylated interferon-alpha and ribavirin, but a sustained viral response has not been achieved. Past medical history is signi... | Simeprevir | {
"A": "Emtricitabine",
"B": "Simeprevir",
"C": "Telbivudine",
"D": "Tenofovir"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man presents",
"follow-up",
"monitor",
"chronic hepatitis C treatment",
"patient",
"infected",
"hepatitis C genotype 1",
"one year ago",
"managed",
"combination",
"pegylated interferon-alpha",
"ribavirin",
"sustained viral response",
"not",
"Past medical history",
"significan... |
A 65-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after coughing up copious amounts of blood-tinged sputum at his nursing home. He recently had an upper respiratory tract infection that was treated with antibiotics. He has a long-standing history of productive cough that has worsened since he had a stroke 3 year... | Bronchiectasis | {
"A": "Bronchiectasis",
"B": "Aspiration pneumonia",
"C": "Pulmonary embolism",
"D": "Lung cancer\n\""
} | step2&3 | A | [
"65 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"coughing up copious amounts",
"blood tinged sputum",
"nursing home",
"recently",
"upper respiratory tract infection",
"treated with antibiotics",
"long standing history",
"productive cough",
"worsened",
"stroke",
"years",
"smoked",
... |
An 11-month-old boy is brought to a pediatrician by his parents with a recurrent cough, which he has had since the age of 2 months. He has required 3 hospitalizations for severe wheezing episodes. His mother also mentions that he often has diarrhea. The boy’s detailed history reveals that he required hospitalization fo... | Defective maturation and early degradation of the protein | {
"A": "Defective maturation and early degradation of the protein",
"B": "Disordered regulation of the protein",
"C": "Decreased chloride transport through the protein",
"D": "Decreased transcription of the protein due to splicing defect"
} | step1 | A | [
"month old boy",
"brought",
"pediatrician",
"parents",
"recurrent cough",
"age",
"months",
"required 3 hospitalizations",
"severe wheezing episodes",
"mother",
"often",
"diarrhea",
"boys detailed history reveals",
"required hospitalization",
"meconium ileus",
"neonatal period",
"phys... |
A 67-year-old man presents to his family physician’s office for a routine visit and to discuss a growth on his toenail that has been gradually enlarging for a month. He has a history of diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension and is on metformin, atorvastatin, and lisinopril. He admits to smoking 2 packs of... | Terbinafine | {
"A": "Terbinafine",
"B": "Betamethasone + vitamin D analog",
"C": "Fluconazole",
"D": "Griseofulvin"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"67 year old man presents",
"family",
"routine visit",
"to discuss",
"growth",
"toenail",
"enlarging",
"month",
"history of diabetes mellitus",
"hyperlipidemia",
"hypertension",
"metformin",
"atorvastatin",
"lisinopril",
"admits",
"smoking",
"packs",
"cigarettes daily",
"past",
... |
A 53-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician due to her “feet feeling painful.” She reports initially having decreased sensation on both of her feet and recently her hands. She now experiences paresthesias, numbness, and a “burning pain.” She is recovering from a recent myocardial infarction. Approximatel... | Gabapentin | {
"A": "Amitriptyline",
"B": "Gabapentin",
"C": "Intravenous immunoglobulin",
"D": "Venlafaxine"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old woman presents",
"primary care physician",
"feet feeling painful",
"reports initially",
"decreased sensation",
"feet",
"recently",
"hands",
"now experiences paresthesias",
"numbness",
"burning pain",
"recovering from",
"recent myocardial infarction",
"Approximately 1",
"weeks",... |
A 52-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 3-day history of intermittent chest tightness that worsens with exercise. He has chronic atrial fibrillation treated with a drug that prolongs the QT interval. During cardiac stress testing, an ECG shows progressive shortening of the QT interval as the heart rate in... | Dofetilide | {
"A": "Diltiazem",
"B": "Lidocaine",
"C": "Flecainide",
"D": "Dofetilide"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"of",
"3-day history",
"intermittent chest tightness",
"worsens",
"exercise",
"chronic atrial fibrillation treated with",
"drug",
"QT interval",
"cardiac stress testing",
"ECG shows progressive shortening",
"QT interval",
"heart rate increases",
"following dr... |
A 27-year-old female presents to her primary care physician because she is concerned about lighter colored patches on her skin. She recently went sunbathing and noticed that these areas also did not tan. Her doctor explains that she has a fungal infection of the skin that damages melanocytes by producing acids. She is ... | "Spaghetti and meatballs" fungus | {
"A": "Branching septate hyphae",
"B": "Broad based budding yeast",
"C": "Germ tube forming fungus",
"D": "\"Spaghetti and meatballs\" fungus"
} | step1 | D | [
"27 year old female presents",
"primary care physician",
"concerned",
"lighter colored patches",
"skin",
"recently",
"sunbathing",
"areas",
"not tan",
"doctor",
"fungal infection of",
"skin",
"damages melanocytes",
"acids",
"prescribed selenium sulfide",
"follow-up",
"one month",
"... |
A 6-month-old girl is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. She was born at 37 weeks' gestation. Pregnancy and the neonatal period were uncomplicated. The infant was exclusively breastfed and received vitamin D supplementation. She can sit unsupported and can transfer objects from one hand to the other... | Introduce solid foods and continue vitamin D | {
"A": "Continue vitamin D",
"B": "Introduce solid foods and continue vitamin D",
"C": "Introduce solid foods",
"D": "Introduce solid food and cow milk"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"month old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"well",
"born",
"weeks",
"gestation",
"Pregnancy",
"neonatal period",
"uncomplicated",
"infant",
"breastfed",
"received vitamin D supplementation",
"sit",
"transfer objects",
"one hand",
"babbles",
"strangers",
"percentile",
"length",
... |
A 23-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for poor sleep. Her symptoms began approximately 1 week ago, when she started waking up multiple times throughout the night to urinate. She also reports an increase in her water intake for the past few days prior to presentation, as well as larger urine volumes... | Desmopressin | {
"A": "Counsel to decrease excess water intake",
"B": "Desmopressin",
"C": "Intravenous fluids",
"D": "Metformin"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"23 year old woman presents",
"primary care physician",
"poor sleep",
"symptoms began approximately",
"week",
"started waking",
"multiple times",
"night to",
"reports",
"increase",
"water intake",
"past",
"days prior to presentation",
"larger urine volumes",
"normal",
"Medical history"... |
A prospective cohort study was conducted to assess the relationship between LDL and the incidence of heart disease. The patients were selected at random. Results showed a 10-year relative risk (RR) of 3.0 for people with elevated LDL levels compared to individuals with normal LDL levels. The p-value was 0.04 with a 95%... | 67% | {
"A": "25%",
"B": "33%",
"C": "67%",
"D": "100%"
} | step1 | C | [
"prospective cohort study",
"conducted to assess",
"relationship",
"the incidence of heart disease",
"patients",
"selected",
"random",
"Results showed a 10 year relative risk",
"3.0",
"people",
"elevated",
"levels compared",
"individuals",
"normal",
"levels",
"p-value",
"0.04",
"95... |
A 47-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with abdominal pain. The patient states that she felt this pain come on during dinner last night. Since then, she has felt bloated, constipated, and has been vomiting. Her current medications include metformin, insulin, levothyroxine, and ibuprofen. Her temperatu... | Nasogastric tube, NPO, and IV fluids | {
"A": "Emergency surgery",
"B": "IV antibiotics and steroids",
"C": "Nasogastric tube, NPO, and IV fluids",
"D": "Stool guaiac"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old woman presents",
"emergency department",
"abdominal pain",
"patient states",
"felt",
"pain",
"dinner",
"night",
"then",
"felt",
"constipated",
"vomiting",
"current medications include metformin",
"insulin",
"levothyroxine",
"ibuprofen",
"temperature",
"99",
"blood press... |
A 60-year-old male presents with palpitations. He reports drinking many glasses of wine over several hours at a family wedding the previous evening. An EKG reveals absent P waves and irregularly irregular rhythm. He does not take any medications. Which is most likely responsible for the patient’s symptoms? | Atrial fibrillation | {
"A": "Atrial fibrillation",
"B": "Transmural myocardial infarction",
"C": "Torsades de pointes",
"D": "Ventricular hypertrophy"
} | step1 | A | [
"60 year old male presents",
"palpitations",
"reports drinking",
"glasses",
"wine",
"several hours",
"family wedding",
"previous evening",
"EKG reveals absent P waves",
"irregular rhythm",
"not take",
"medications",
"most likely responsible",
"patients symptoms"
] |
A 66-year-old man presents to the emergency department with a 3-hour history of crushing chest pain radiating to the left shoulder and neck. Patient states that the pain began suddenly when he was taking a walk around the block and has not improved with rest. He also mentions difficulty breathing and prefers to sit lea... | Unsynchronized cardioversion | {
"A": "Administer epinephrine",
"B": "Synchronized cardioversion",
"C": "Unsynchronized cardioversion",
"D": "Urgent echocardiography"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"66 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"3 hour history of crushing chest pain radiating",
"left shoulder",
"neck",
"Patient states",
"pain began",
"taking",
"walk",
"block",
"not improved",
"rest",
"difficulty breathing",
"to sit",
"forward",
"denies",
"similar symptoms"... |
A 3-year-old boy presents to the clinic for evaluation of leg pain. This has been persistent for the past 3 days and accompanied by difficulty walking. He has also had some erythema and ecchymoses in the periorbital region over the same time period. The vital signs are unremarkable. The physical exam notes the above fi... | Neuroblastoma | {
"A": "Retinoblastoma",
"B": "Wilms tumor",
"C": "Neuroblastoma",
"D": "Hepatoblastoma"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"3 year old boy presents",
"clinic",
"evaluation",
"leg",
"persistent",
"past 3 days",
"difficulty walking",
"erythema",
"ecchymoses",
"periorbital region",
"same time period",
"vital signs",
"unremarkable",
"physical exam notes",
"above findings",
"swelling of",
"upper part",
"abd... |
A 12-year-old boy who recently immigrated from Namibia is being evaluated for exertional shortness of breath and joint pain for the past month. His mother reports that he used to play soccer but now is unable to finish a game before he runs out of air or begins to complain of knee pain. He was a good student but his gr... | Type II hypersensitivity reaction | {
"A": "Type I hypersensitivity reaction",
"B": "Type II hypersensitivity reaction",
"C": "Type III hypersensitivity reaction",
"D": "Congenital immunodeficiency"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old boy",
"recently",
"Namibia",
"evaluated",
"exertional shortness of breath",
"joint pain",
"past month",
"mother reports",
"used to play soccer",
"now",
"unable to finish",
"game",
"runs out",
"air",
"begins to",
"knee pain",
"good student",
"grades",
"recently",
"decl... |
A 67-year-old man comes to the emergency department for the evaluation of two episodes of red urine since this morning. He has no pain with urination. He reports lower back pain and fever. Six months ago, he was diagnosed with osteoarthritis of the right knee that he manages with 1–2 tablets of ibuprofen per day. He ha... | Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis | {
"A": "Acute tubulointerstitial nephritis",
"B": "Acute glomerulonephritis",
"C": "Renal cell carcinoma",
"D": "Acute tubular necrosis"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"67 year old man",
"emergency department",
"evaluation of two episodes",
"red urine",
"morning",
"pain",
"urination",
"reports lower back pain",
"fever",
"Six months",
"diagnosed",
"osteoarthritis of",
"right knee",
"tablets",
"ibuprofen",
"day",
"smoked one pack",
"cigarettes dail... |
A 56-year-old African American woman comes to the physician because of frequent urination. For the past year, she has had to urinate multiple times every hour. She has been thirstier and hungrier than usual. She has not had any pain with urination. She has no time to exercise because she works as an accountant. Her die... | Increased glomerular filtration | {
"A": "Calcific sclerosis of glomerular arterioles",
"B": "Increased glomerular filtration",
"C": "Diffuse nodular glomerulosclerosis",
"D": "Loss of glomerular electrical charge"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old African American woman",
"physician",
"frequent urination",
"past year",
"to",
"multiple times",
"hour",
"thirstier",
"hungrier",
"usual",
"not",
"pain",
"urination",
"time to exercise",
"works",
"accountant",
"diet mostly consists",
"pizza",
"vital signs",
"normal",
... |
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