question stringlengths 66 3.58k | answer stringlengths 1 230 | options dict | meta_info stringclasses 2
values | answer_idx stringclasses 4
values | metamap_phrases listlengths 1 184 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A 36-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 3, presents to the postpartum clinic complaining of left breast pain. She gave birth 3 weeks ago, and the breast pain started yesterday. She has exclusively breastfed her infant since birth. She says she hasn't been feeling well for the past 2 days and has experienced fatigue and mu... | Prescribe an antibiotic and tell her she should continue breastfeeding | {
"A": "Arrange for hospital admission",
"B": "Prescribe an antibiotic and tell her she must stop breastfeeding until her symptoms resolve",
"C": "Prescribe an antibiotic and tell her she should continue breastfeeding",
"D": "Reassure her that these infections usually resolve on their own within a few days, and... | step2&3 | C | [
"36 year old woman",
"gravida 3",
"para 3",
"presents",
"postpartum clinic",
"of left breast pain",
"gave birth",
"weeks",
"breast pain started",
"breastfed",
"infant",
"birth",
"feeling well",
"past 2 days",
"fatigue",
"muscle soreness",
"temperature",
"3C",
"Physical examinatio... |
A 4-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of diarrhea and vomiting for 5 days. Vaccinations are up-to-date. She appears pale and irritable. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows petechiae on her trunk and extremities. Abdominal examination shows diffuse abdominal tenderness with hypera... | Escherichia coli infection | {
"A": "Immune thrombocytopenic purpura",
"B": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation",
"C": "Escherichia coli infection",
"D": "Parvovirus B19 infection"
} | step1 | C | [
"4 year old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"diarrhea",
"vomiting",
"5 days",
"Vaccinations",
"date",
"appears pale",
"irritable",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Examination shows petechiae",
"trunk",
"extremities",
"Abdominal examination shows diffuse abdominal tenderness",
"hypera... |
A 26-year-old G1P0 woman at 40 weeks estimated gestational age presents after experiencing labor pains. Pregnancy has been uncomplicated so far. Rupture of membranes occurs, and a transvaginal delivery is performed under epidural anesthesia, and the baby is delivered alive and healthy. The patient voids a few hours aft... | This patient’s condition can resolve on its own | {
"A": "This patient’s condition can resolve on its own",
"B": "An infection is present at the site of epidural injection site",
"C": "A blockage of CSF is the cause of this patient’s headache",
"D": "Immediate intervention is required"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old",
"woman",
"40 weeks estimated gestational age presents",
"experiencing labor pains",
"Pregnancy",
"uncomplicated",
"far",
"Rupture of membranes occurs",
"transvaginal delivery",
"performed",
"epidural anesthesia",
"baby",
"delivered alive",
"healthy",
"patient voids",
"few h... |
A 34-year-old woman presents with acute onset loss of vision and visual disturbances. She says that, several hours ago, her vision began to get dim, and she sees halos around light sources. This was immediately followed by a severe frontal headache. Past medical history is significant for epilepsy. The patient says her... | Topiramate | {
"A": "Lamotrigine",
"B": "Topiramate",
"C": "Gabapentin",
"D": "Tiagabine"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman presents",
"acute onset loss of vision",
"visual disturbances",
"several hours",
"vision began to",
"dim",
"sees halos around light sources",
"immediately followed by",
"severe frontal",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"epilepsy",
"patient",
"anticonvulsant medicatio... |
A 45-year-old woman presents to the clinic complaining of weakness that has progressively worsened over the past 2 weeks. She states that she has a hard time lifting both her arms but that they function normally. She notes no history of trauma or other deficits. On examination, that patient has 2/5 muscle strength on s... | Dermatomyositis | {
"A": "Polymyalgia rheumatica",
"B": "Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS)",
"C": "Dermatomyositis",
"D": "Fibromyalgia"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old woman presents",
"clinic",
"weakness",
"worsened",
"past 2 weeks",
"states",
"hard time lifting",
"arms",
"function",
"notes",
"history",
"trauma",
"deficits",
"examination",
"patient",
"muscle strength",
"shoulder shrug",
"arm abduction",
"neurological findings",
"no... |
A 31-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by EMS, activated by a bystander who found her wandering in the street. She provides short, vague answers to interview questions and frequently stops mid-sentence and stares at an empty corner of the room, appearing distracted. Her affect is odd but euthymic. P... | Risperidone | {
"A": "Clomipramine",
"B": "Olanzapine",
"C": "Risperidone",
"D": "Trazodone"
} | step1 | C | [
"31 year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"activated",
"bystander",
"found",
"wandering",
"street",
"provides short",
"vague answers",
"interview questions",
"frequently stops mid sentence",
"stares",
"empty corner",
"room",
"appearing",
"affect",
"odd",
"euthymic",... |
A 13-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother because she refuses to go to school. The patient has been complaining of headaches, nausea, and abdominal pain, however, after a physical assessment, the physician finds no underlying cause for her symptoms. She has not lost any weight since her last routine ... | Separation anxiety | {
"A": "Social anxiety",
"B": "Separation anxiety",
"C": "Agoraphobia",
"D": "Truancy"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"mother",
"refuses to go",
"school",
"patient",
"headaches",
"nausea",
"abdominal pain",
"physical assessment",
"physician finds",
"underlying cause",
"symptoms",
"not lost",
"weight",
"last routine checkup",
"blood work",
"normal limits",... |
A 57-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for weakness. The patient states that she barely feels able to lift a bag of groceries from her car into her house anymore. The patient has a past medical history of a suicide attempt, constipation, anxiety, asthma, and atopic dermatitis. Her current medication... | TSH level | {
"A": "Discontinue atorvastatin",
"B": "Coenzyme Q10",
"C": "TSH level",
"D": "Muscle biopsy"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"57 year old woman presents",
"primary care physician",
"weakness",
"patient states",
"feels able to lift",
"bag",
"car",
"house",
"patient",
"past medical",
"suicide attempt",
"constipation",
"anxiety",
"asthma",
"atopic dermatitis",
"current medications include fluoxetine",
"lisino... |
An 85-year-old man presents with the reappearance of his Parkinson’s disease (PD) symptoms over the last few months. He says he has been treated with various drugs over the last 20 years, but that currently his symptoms worsen as he nears the time for his next dose of medication. His movements have been slower lately a... | Entacapone | {
"A": "Benztropine",
"B": "Selegiline",
"C": "Entacapone",
"D": "Bromocriptine"
} | step1 | C | [
"85 year old man presents",
"Parkinsons disease",
"symptoms",
"last",
"months",
"treated with various drugs",
"last 20 years",
"currently",
"symptoms worsen",
"nears",
"time",
"next dose",
"medication",
"movements",
"slower",
"difficult to initiate voluntary movements",
"past medical... |
A 21-year-old man presents to his physician because he has been feeling increasingly tired and short of breath at work. He has previously had these symptoms but cannot recall the diagnosis he was given. Chart review reveals the following results:
Oxygen tension in inspired air = 150 mmHg
Alveolar carbon dioxide tensio... | Septal defect since birth | {
"A": "Pulmonary fibrosis",
"B": "Septal defect since birth",
"C": "Use of opioid medications",
"D": "Vacation at the top of a mountain"
} | step1 | B | [
"21-year-old man presents",
"physician",
"feeling",
"tired",
"short of breath",
"work",
"symptoms",
"recall",
"diagnosis",
"given",
"Chart review reveals",
"following results",
"Oxygen tension",
"inspired air",
"mmHg Alveolar carbon dioxide tension",
"50 mmHg Arterial oxygen tension",
... |
A 72-year-old man of Asian descent seeks evaluation at your medical office and is frustrated about the frequency he wakes up at night to urinate. He comments that he has stopped drinking liquids at night, but the symptoms have progressively worsened. The physical examination is unremarkable, except for an enlarged, sym... | Finasteride | {
"A": "Finasteride",
"B": "Leuprolide",
"C": "Prazosin",
"D": "Tamsulosin"
} | step1 | A | [
"72 year old man",
"Asian descent",
"evaluation",
"medical office",
"frustrated",
"frequency",
"wakes up",
"night to",
"comments",
"stopped drinking liquids",
"night",
"symptoms",
"worsened",
"physical examination",
"unremarkable",
"enlarged",
"symmetric prostate free",
"nodules",
... |
A 70-year-old woman is evaluated for muscle pain and neck stiffness that has been progressing for the past 3 weeks. She reports that the neck stiffness is worse in the morning and gradually improves throughout the day. She feels fatigued, although there have not been any changes in her daily routine. Her past medical h... | Erythrocyte sedimentation rate | {
"A": "Lumbar puncture",
"B": "Erythrocyte sedimentation rate",
"C": "Electromyography",
"D": "Antinuclear antibody"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"70 year old woman",
"evaluated",
"muscle pain",
"neck stiffness",
"progressing",
"past",
"weeks",
"reports",
"neck stiffness",
"worse",
"morning",
"improves",
"day",
"feels fatigued",
"not",
"changes",
"daily routine",
"past medical history includes coronary artery disease",
"ta... |
During a clinical study examining the diffusion of gas between the alveolar compartment and the pulmonary capillary blood, men between the ages of 20 and 50 years are evaluated while they hold a sitting position. After inhaling a water-soluble gas that rapidly combines with hemoglobin, the concentration of the gas in t... | Treadmill exercise | {
"A": "Deep exhalation",
"B": "Standing straight",
"C": "Treadmill exercise",
"D": "Assuming a hunched position"
} | step1 | C | [
"clinical study examining",
"diffusion",
"gas",
"alveolar compartment",
"pulmonary",
"men",
"ages",
"20",
"50 years",
"evaluated",
"hold",
"sitting position",
"inhaling",
"water soluble gas",
"rapidly combines",
"hemoglobin",
"concentration",
"gas",
"participant's exhaled air",
... |
A 34-year-old man presents to the local clinic with a 2 month history of midsternal chest pain following meals. He has a past medical history of hypertension. The patient takes lisinopril daily. He drinks 4–5 cans of 12 ounce beer daily, and chews 2 tins of smokeless tobacco every day. The vital signs are currently sta... | Have the patient repeat back to the physician the name of the medication, dosage, and frequency | {
"A": "Provide the patient with details of the medication on a print-out",
"B": "Contact the pharmacist because they can explain the details more thoroughly",
"C": "Have the patient repeat back to the physician the name of the medication, dosage, and frequency",
"D": "Tell the patient to write the medication n... | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man presents",
"local clinic",
"2 month history of",
"chest pain following meals",
"past medical",
"patient takes lisinopril daily",
"drinks",
"cans",
"ounce beer daily",
"chews",
"tins",
"smokeless tobacco",
"day",
"vital signs",
"currently stable",
"Physical examination sho... |
A 27-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after he was found locked in a bathroom at a local gas station. The patient states that he was being followed. The patient is unable to reveal additional medical history due to his condition. The patient’s sister is contacted and states that he has trouble taking... | Olanzapine | {
"A": "Haloperidol",
"B": "Fluphenazine",
"C": "Risperidone",
"D": "Olanzapine"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"27 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"found locked",
"bathroom",
"local gas station",
"patient states",
"followed",
"patient",
"unable to reveal additional medical due to",
"condition",
"patients sister",
"contacted",
"states",
"taking care",
"observed",
"maintaining... |
A 24-year-old man is rushed to the emergency room after he was involved in a motor vehicle accident. , He says that he is having difficulty breathing and has right-sided chest pain, which he describes as 8/10, sharp in character, and worse with deep inspiration. His vitals are: blood pressure 90/65 mm Hg, respiratory r... | Jugular veins distention | {
"A": "Jugular veins distention",
"B": "Subcutaneous emphysema",
"C": "Hyperresonance to percussion",
"D": "Tracheal shift to the left"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man",
"rushed",
"emergency room",
"involved",
"motor vehicle accident",
"difficulty breathing",
"right-sided chest pain",
"8/10",
"sharp",
"character",
"worse",
"deep inspiration",
"blood pressure 90 65 mm Hg",
"respiratory rate 30/min",
"pulse",
"min",
"temperature",
"99... |
A 37-year-old G4P3 presents to her physician at 20 weeks gestation for routine prenatal care. Currently, she has no complaints; however, in the first trimester she was hospitalized due to acute pyelonephritis and was treated with cefuroxime. All her past pregnancies required cesarean deliveries for medical indications... | Multiple cesarean deliveries | {
"A": "Genitourinary infections during pregnancy",
"B": "A history of amenorrhea",
"C": "Multiple cesarean deliveries",
"D": "Intake of antibiotics in the first trimester"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old",
"presents",
"physician",
"20 weeks gestation",
"routine prenatal care",
"Currently",
"complaints",
"first trimester",
"hospitalized due to acute pyelonephritis",
"treated with cefuroxime",
"past pregnancies required",
"cesarean deliveries",
"medical indications",
"history",
"... |
A 56-year-old man comes to the physician for a follow-up examination. Two weeks ago, he was treated for an acute gout attack of the metatarsophalangeal joints of his right big toe. His symptoms improved with naproxen. He has had three other similar episodes of joint pain in his toes and ankles during the last year that... | Allopurinol | {
"A": "Probenecid",
"B": "Aspirin",
"C": "Pegloticase",
"D": "Allopurinol"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"follow-up examination",
"Two weeks",
"treated",
"acute gout attack of",
"metatarsophalangeal joints",
"right big toe",
"symptoms improved",
"naproxen",
"three other similar episodes of joint pain",
"toes",
"ankles",
"year",
"improved",
"over-the-counter an... |
A 50-year-old Caucasian man is admitted to the ER with an 8-hour history of intense abdominal pain that radiates to the back, nausea, and multiple episodes of vomiting. Past medical history is insignificant. His blood pressure is 90/60 mm Hg, pulse is 120/min, respirations are 20/min, and body temperature is 37.8°C (10... | Pancreatic pseudocyst | {
"A": "Pancreatic pseudocyst",
"B": "Walled-off necrosis",
"C": "Acute necrotic collection",
"D": "Pancreatic cancer"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"50 year old Caucasian man",
"admitted",
"ER",
"8-hour history",
"intense abdominal pain",
"radiates",
"back",
"nausea",
"multiple episodes of vomiting",
"Past medical",
"blood pressure",
"90 60 mm Hg",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirations",
"20 min",
"body temperature",
"examination",
... |
A 23-year-old woman comes to the physician because of increasing pain and swelling of her hands and wrists for 3 days. She has been unable to continue her daily activities like writing or driving. She has had a nonpruritic generalized rash for 4 days. She had fever and a runny nose one week ago which resolved with over... | Parvovirus arthritis | {
"A": "Parvovirus arthritis",
"B": "Systemic lupus erythematosus",
"C": "Disseminated gonococcal disease",
"D": "Psoriatic arthritis"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"23 year old woman",
"physician",
"increasing pain",
"swelling of",
"hands",
"wrists",
"3 days",
"unable to continue",
"daily activities",
"writing",
"driving",
"nonpruritic generalized rash",
"4 days",
"fever",
"runny nose one week",
"resolved",
"over-the-counter medication",
"sex... |
An endocrinologist is working with a pharmaceutical research company on a new drug for diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). In their experimental studies, they isolated a component from Gila monster saliva, which was found to have > 50% homology with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1). During the animal studies, the experimenta... | Sitagliptin | {
"A": "Pramlintide",
"B": "Canagliflozin",
"C": "Sitagliptin",
"D": "Metformin"
} | step1 | C | [
"endocrinologist",
"working",
"pharmaceutical company",
"new drug",
"diabetes mellitus type 2",
"experimental studies",
"isolated",
"component",
"Gila monster saliva",
"found to",
"50",
"homology",
"glucagon-like peptide-1",
"animal studies",
"experimental drug",
"found to",
"GLP1 ag... |
A 41-year-old HIV-positive male presents to the ER with a 4-day history of headaches and nuchal rigidity. A lumbar puncture shows an increase in CSF protein and a decrease in CSF glucose. When stained with India ink, light microscopy of the patient’s CSF reveals encapsulated yeast with narrow-based buds. Assuming a sin... | Latex agglutination of CSF | {
"A": "Cotton-wool spots on funduscopic exam",
"B": "Latex agglutination of CSF",
"C": "Acid-fast cysts in stool",
"D": "Frontotemporal atrophy on MRI"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old HIV-positive male presents",
"ER",
"4-day history of headaches",
"nuchal rigidity",
"lumbar puncture shows",
"increase",
"CSF protein",
"decrease",
"CSF glucose",
"stained",
"India ink",
"light microscopy",
"patients CSF reveals encapsulated",
"narrow based buds",
"single patho... |
A 65-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician for a wellness checkup. She states that she has felt well lately and has no concerns. The patient has a 12-pack-year smoking history and has 3 drinks per week. She is retired and lives at home with her husband. She had a normal colonoscopy 8 years ago and mammo... | DEXA scan | {
"A": "DEXA scan",
"B": "Mammogram",
"C": "No intervention needed",
"D": "Pap smear"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"65 year old woman presents",
"primary care physician",
"wellness checkup",
"states",
"felt well",
"concerns",
"patient",
"pack-year smoking history",
"3 drinks",
"week",
"retired",
"lives at home",
"husband",
"normal colonoscopy",
"years",
"mammography",
"year",
"recall",
"last"... |
A 75-year-old man presents to his primary care physician for foot pain. The patient states that he has had chronic foot pain, which has finally caused him to come and see the doctor. The patient's past medical history is unknown and he has not seen a doctor in over 50 years. The patient states he has led a healthy life... | Megaloblastic anemia | {
"A": "Hyperfiltration damage of the kidney",
"B": "High-impact trauma to the foot",
"C": "Megaloblastic anemia",
"D": "Unprotected sexual intercourse"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"75 year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"foot pain",
"patient states",
"chronic foot",
"caused",
"to",
"see",
"doctor",
"patient's past",
"unknown",
"not seen",
"doctor",
"50 years",
"patient states",
"led",
"healthy lifestyle",
"plant based diet",
"exercised",
"s... |
A 55-year-old man presents to the emergency department with hematemesis that started 1 hour ago but has subsided. His past medical history is significant for cirrhosis with known esophageal varices which have been previously banded. His temperature is 97.5°F (36.4°C), blood pressure is 114/64 mmHg, pulse is 130/min, re... | Intubation | {
"A": "Emergency surgery",
"B": "Intubation",
"C": "IV fluids and fresh frozen plasma",
"D": "Transfuse blood products"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"55 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"hematemesis",
"started 1 hour",
"past medical history",
"significant",
"cirrhosis",
"known esophageal varices",
"banded",
"temperature",
"97",
"36 4C",
"blood pressure",
"64 mmHg",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirations",
"min",
"oxygen... |
A 34-year-old man presents with dysphagia. The patient says that he has pain on swallowing which gradually onset 2 weeks ago and has not improved. He denies any change in diet but does say that he recently returned from a prolonged work trip to the Caribbean. No significant past medical history or current medications. ... | Tropical sprue | {
"A": "Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells",
"B": "Diphyllobothrium latum infection",
"C": "Tropical sprue",
"D": "Celiac disease"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man presents",
"dysphagia",
"patient",
"pain on swallowing",
"onset",
"weeks",
"not improved",
"denies",
"change in diet",
"recently returned",
"prolonged work trip",
"Caribbean",
"significant past medical history",
"current medications",
"physical examination",
"patient look... |
A 22-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician complaining of a red, itchy rash on her elbows and shoulders for 2 months. She has no history of medical problems, and review of systems is positive only for occasional loose stools. She is appropriately prescribed dapsone, which relieves the rash within hours.... | Dermatitis herpetiformis | {
"A": "Candida intertrigo",
"B": "Porphyria cutanea tarda",
"C": "Dermatitis herpetiformis",
"D": "Leprosy"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old woman presents",
"primary care physician",
"red",
"itchy",
"elbows",
"shoulders",
"months",
"history of medical problems",
"review of systems",
"positive only",
"occasional loose stools",
"prescribed dapsone",
"relieves",
"rash",
"hours",
"diagnosis"
] |
A 69-year-old woman is brought to her primary care physician by her son who is worried about her weight loss. The son reports that over the past 2 months she has lost at least 12 pounds. The patient denies any change in appetite but complains of diarrhea and abdominal discomfort. Additionally, she reports that her stoo... | Ceftriaxone and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | {
"A": "Ceftriaxone and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole",
"B": "Dietary changes",
"C": "Ibuprofen and hydroxychloroquine",
"D": "Prednisone then sulfasalazine"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"69 year old woman",
"brought",
"primary care physician",
"son",
"worried about",
"weight loss",
"son reports",
"past",
"months",
"lost",
"pounds",
"patient denies",
"change in appetite",
"diarrhea",
"abdominal discomfort",
"reports",
"stools smell",
"embarrassing",
"son",
"fee... |
A 43-year-old female presents to the ED with a severe case of left leg cellulitis. She is admitted for IV antibiotics. After 24 hours, the area of erythema has receded approximately 30%. The following day she is being prepared for discharge when she suddenly begins to complain of nausea and abdominal pain. On physical ... | The patient is most likely withdrawing from an opiate that she uses chronically | {
"A": "The patient's bacterial infection is no longer responding to the antibiotic regimen and she is showing signs of sepsis",
"B": "The patient is having an allergic reaction to the antibiotic regimen",
"C": "The patient is most likely withdrawing from an opiate that she uses chronically",
"D": "The patient ... | step1 | C | [
"year old female presents",
"ED",
"severe case of left leg cellulitis",
"admitted",
"IV antibiotics",
"24 hours",
"area",
"erythema",
"approximately 30",
"following day",
"prepared",
"discharge",
"begins to",
"nausea",
"abdominal pain",
"physical exam",
"febrile",
"mydriasis",
"p... |
A 50-year-old woman presents to the ED 6 hours after ingesting three bottles of baby aspirin. He complains of nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and tinnitus. His blood pressure is 135/80 mmHg, pulse is 110/min, respirations are 32/min, temperature is 100.1 deg F (37.8 deg C), and oxygen saturation is 99% on room air. Arteri... | Serum alkalization, urine alkalization | {
"A": "Serum acidification, urine acidification",
"B": "Serum acidification, urine alkalization",
"C": "Serum alkalization, urine alkalization",
"D": "Serum neutralization, urine acidification"
} | step1 | C | [
"50 year old woman presents",
"ED",
"hours",
"ingesting three bottles",
"baby aspirin",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"dizziness",
"tinnitus",
"blood pressure",
"80 mmHg",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirations",
"min",
"temperature",
"100",
"deg F",
"oxygen saturation",
"99",
"room air",
"... |
A 68-year-old woman comes to the physician for the evaluation of loss of urine for the last year. The patient states that she loses control over her bladder when walking or standing up. She reports frequent, small-volume urine losses with no urge to urinate prior to the leakage. She tried to strengthen her pelvic muscl... | Urethral sling | {
"A": "Topical vaginal estrogen",
"B": "Tighter glycemic control",
"C": "Biofeedback",
"D": "Urethral sling"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"68 year old woman",
"physician",
"evaluation",
"loss",
"urine",
"last year",
"patient states",
"control",
"bladder",
"walking",
"standing up",
"reports frequent",
"small volume urine losses",
"to",
"prior to",
"leakage",
"to",
"pelvic muscles",
"exercises",
"using",
"contine... |
A 27-year-old P1G1 who has had minimal prenatal care delivers a newborn female infant. Exam reveals a dusky child who appears to be in distress. Her neck veins are distended and you note an enlarged v wave. She has a holosystolic murmur. Following echocardiogram, immediate surgery is recommended.
For which of the foll... | Bipolar disorder | {
"A": "Depression",
"B": "Diabetes",
"C": "Bipolar disorder",
"D": "Hypertension"
} | step1 | C | [
"27 year old",
"minimal prenatal care delivers",
"newborn female infant",
"Exam reveals",
"dusky child",
"appears to",
"distress",
"neck veins",
"distended",
"note",
"enlarged v wave",
"holosystolic murmur",
"Following echocardiogram",
"immediate surgery",
"recommended",
"following con... |
A 60-year-old white man with a past medical history significant for hypertension and hyperlipidemia presents to his family medicine physician with concerns about a ‘spot’ on his ear. He has been a construction worker for 35 years and spends most of his time outside. His family history is insignificant. On physical exam... | Single, dark color | {
"A": "Irregular, indistinct borders",
"B": "Lesion asymmetry",
"C": "Changing over time",
"D": "Single, dark color"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"60 year old white man",
"past medical history significant",
"hypertension",
"hyperlipidemia presents",
"family medicine physician",
"concerns",
"spot",
"ear",
"construction worker",
"35 years",
"spends most of",
"time outside",
"family history",
"physical examination",
"dark lesion",
... |
An investigator is studying muscle tissue in high-performance athletes. He obtains blood samples from athletes before and after a workout session consisting of short, fast sprints. Which of the following findings is most likely upon evaluation of blood obtained after the workout session? | Increased concentration of H+ | {
"A": "Increased concentration of insulin",
"B": "Increased concentration of H+",
"C": "Decreased concentration of lactate",
"D": "Decreased concentration of NADH"
} | step1 | B | [
"investigator",
"studying muscle tissue",
"high performance athletes",
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"athletes",
"workout session consisting",
"short",
"fast",
"following findings",
"most likely",
"evaluation",
"blood obtained",
"workout session"
] |
A 23-year-old man college student visits the Health Services Office complaining of an intense and painful rash involving his axillae, waist, periumbilical skin, and inner thighs. The pruritus is worse at night. He noticed the rash and onset of symptoms after a recent fraternity party 4 weeks ago. The physical examinati... | Blockade of voltage-gated Na+ channels | {
"A": "Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase",
"B": "Blockade of voltage-gated Na+ channels",
"C": "Formation of pores in membranes",
"D": "Formation of free radicals"
} | step1 | B | [
"23 year old man college student visits",
"Health Services Office",
"intense",
"painful rash involving",
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"waist",
"periumbilical skin",
"inner thighs",
"pruritus",
"worse",
"night",
"rash",
"onset",
"symptoms",
"recent",
"party",
"weeks",
"physical examination",
"unrem... |
A 75-year-old male presents to the emergency room complaining of severe lower abdominal pain and an inability to urinate. He reports that he last urinated approximately nine hours ago. When asked to urinate, only a few drops dribble from the tip of his penis. Further questioning reveals that the patient has experienced... | Urine osmolality 300 mOsmol/kg H2O, Urine Na+ 45 mEq/L, FENa 5%, no casts | {
"A": "Urine osmolality 400 mOsmol/kg H2O, Urine Na+ 25 mEq/L, FENa 1.5%, no casts",
"B": "Urine osmolality 200 mOsmol/kg H2O, Urine Na+ 35 mEq/L, FENa 3%, muddy brown casts",
"C": "Urine osmolality 550 mOsmol/kg H2O, Urine Na+ 15 mEq/L, FENa 0.9%, red blood cell casts",
"D": "Urine osmolality 300 mOsmol/kg H2... | step1 | D | [
"75 year old male presents",
"emergency room",
"severe lower abdominal pain",
"to",
"reports",
"last",
"approximately nine hours",
"to",
"only",
"few drops dribble",
"tip",
"penis",
"Further questioning reveals",
"patient",
"experienced",
"worsening difficulty",
"urinating",
"past ... |
A 27-year-old male presents to the emergency department after being brought in from a house fire. The patient has extensive burns covering his body and is conscious but in severe pain. The patient has a past medical history notable for marijuana use. He is not currently on any medications. Physical exam is notable for ... | IV fluids | {
"A": "IV fluids",
"B": "Oral antibiotics",
"C": "Topical antibiotics",
"D": "Normal saline soaked dressings"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"27 year old male presents",
"emergency department",
"brought",
"house fire",
"patient",
"extensive burns covering",
"body",
"conscious",
"severe pain",
"patient",
"past medical history notable",
"marijuana use",
"not currently",
"medications",
"Physical exam",
"notable",
"extensive ... |
A 7-month-old boy is brought to the physician for a well-child examination. He was born at 36 weeks' gestation and has been healthy since. He is at the 60th percentile for length and weight. Vital signs are within normal limits. The abdomen is soft and nontender. The external genitalia appear normal. Examination shows ... | Orchidopexy | {
"A": "Gondadotropin therapy",
"B": "Orchidopexy",
"C": "Serum testosterone level",
"D": "Reassurance"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"month old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"well",
"born",
"36 weeks",
"gestation",
"healthy",
"percentile",
"length",
"weight",
"Vital signs",
"normal limits",
"abdomen",
"soft",
"nontender",
"external genitalia appear normal",
"Examination shows",
"single palpable testicle",
"r... |
A 50-year-old man presents to a clinic with oliguria. Four weeks ago, he had a kidney transplant. Postoperative follow-up was normal. He is currently on cyclosporine and admits that sometimes he forgets to take his medication. On physical examination, the vital signs include: temperature 37.1°C (98.8°F), blood pressure... | Lymphocytic infiltration of graft vessels and endothelial damage | {
"A": "Necrosis with granulation tissue",
"B": "Atherosclerosis on angiography",
"C": "Thrombosis and occlusion of vessels",
"D": "Lymphocytic infiltration of graft vessels and endothelial damage"
} | step1 | D | [
"50 year old man presents",
"clinic",
"oliguria",
"Four weeks",
"kidney transplant",
"Postoperative follow-up",
"normal",
"currently",
"cyclosporine",
"admits",
"sometimes",
"forgets to take",
"medication",
"physical examination",
"vital signs include",
"temperature",
"98",
"blood ... |
A young woman from the Ohio River Valley in the United States currently on corticosteroid therapy for ulcerative colitis presented to a clinic complaining of fever, sweat, headache, nonproductive cough, malaise, and general weakness. A chest radiograph revealed patchy pneumonia in the lower lung fields, together with e... | Antigen detection | {
"A": "Culture method",
"B": "Antibody testing",
"C": "Fungal staining",
"D": "Antigen detection"
} | step1 | D | [
"young woman",
"Ohio River Valley",
"United States currently",
"corticosteroid therapy",
"ulcerative colitis presented",
"clinic",
"fever",
"sweat",
"headache",
"nonproductive cough",
"malaise",
"general weakness",
"chest radiograph revealed patchy pneumonia",
"lower lung fields",
"enlar... |
A 14-year-old boy is brought to the clinic by his mother for temper tantrums for the past year. She is concerned as he gets abnormally irritated and angry towards the smallest things. After asking the mother to leave the room, the patient reports that he is simply annoyed by his mother’s constant nagging. He denies any... | Transference | {
"A": "Displacement",
"B": "Passive aggression",
"C": "Projection",
"D": "Transference"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"clinic",
"mother",
"temper tantrums",
"past year",
"concerned",
"gets",
"angry",
"smallest things",
"mother to leave",
"room",
"patient reports",
"mothers constant nagging",
"denies",
"violent",
"suicidal ideations",
"depressive symptoms",
"intention t... |
An investigator studying hormone synthesis and transport uses immunocytochemical techniques to localize a carrier protein in the central nervous system of an experimental animal. The investigator finds that this protein is synthesized together with a specific hormone from a composite precursor. The protein is involved ... | Upregulation of renal aquaporin-2 channels | {
"A": "Maturation of primordial germ cells",
"B": "Increased insulin-like growth factor 1 production",
"C": "Upregulation of renal aquaporin-2 channels",
"D": "Stimulation of thyroglobulin cleavage"
} | step1 | C | [
"investigator studying hormone synthesis",
"transport uses",
"techniques to localize a carrier protein",
"central nervous system",
"experimental animal",
"investigator finds",
"protein",
"synthesized together",
"specific hormone",
"composite precursor",
"protein",
"involved",
"transport",
... |
A 33-year-old man with HIV comes to the physician because of a nonproductive cough and shortness of breath for 3 weeks. He feels tired after walking up a flight of stairs and after long conversations on the phone. He appears chronically ill. His temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F), and pulse is 110/min. Pulse oximetry on r... | Silver-staining, disc-shaped cysts | {
"A": "Silver-staining, disc-shaped cysts",
"B": "Intracellular, acid-fast bacteria",
"C": "Septate, acute-branching hyphae",
"D": "Silver-staining, gram-negative bacilli"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man",
"HIV",
"physician",
"nonproductive cough",
"shortness of breath",
"3 weeks",
"feels tired",
"walking",
"flight",
"stairs",
"long conversations",
"phone",
"appears chronically ill",
"temperature",
"pulse",
"min",
"Pulse oximetry",
"room air shows",
"oxygen",
"95"... |
A 46-year-old woman presents to the clinic complaining that she “wets herself.” She states that over the past year she has noticed increased urinary leakage. At first it occurred only during her job, which involves restocking shelves with heavy appliances. Now she reports that she has to wear pads daily because leakage... | Q-tip test | {
"A": "Estrogen level",
"B": "Post-void residual volume",
"C": "Q-tip test",
"D": "Urodynamic testing"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old woman presents",
"clinic",
"wets",
"states",
"past year",
"increased urinary leakage",
"first",
"occurred only",
"job",
"shelves",
"heavy appliances",
"Now",
"reports",
"to",
"pads daily",
"leakage of urine",
"occur",
"coughing",
"sneezing",
"denies fever",
"chills"... |
A 2-day-old male is seen in the newborn nursery for repeated emesis and lethargy. He was born at 39 weeks to a 24-year-old mother following an uncomplicated pregnancy and birth. He has been breastfeeding every 2 hours and has 10 wet diapers per day. His father has a history of beta-thalassemia minor. Laboratory results... | Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency | {
"A": "Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency",
"B": "Orotic aciduria",
"C": "Beta-thalassemia minor",
"D": "Alkaptonuria"
} | step1 | A | [
"2-day old male",
"seen",
"newborn nursery",
"repeated emesis",
"lethargy",
"born",
"weeks",
"year old mother following",
"uncomplicated pregnancy",
"birth",
"breastfeeding",
"2 hours",
"10 wet diapers",
"day",
"father",
"history",
"beta-thalassemia minor",
"Laboratory results",
... |
A 45-year-old man comes to the emergency department because of chills and numerous skin lesions for 1 week. He has also had watery diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain for the past 2 weeks. The skin lesions are nonpruritic and painless. He was diagnosed with HIV infection approximately 20 years ago. He has not taken an... | Bartonella henselae | {
"A": "HHV-8 virus",
"B": "Treponema pallidum",
"C": "Mycobacterium avium",
"D": "Bartonella henselae"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man",
"emergency department",
"chills",
"numerous skin lesions",
"1 week",
"watery diarrhea",
"nausea",
"abdominal pain",
"past 2 weeks",
"skin lesions",
"nonpruritic",
"painless",
"diagnosed",
"HIV infection approximately 20 years",
"not taken",
"medications",
"years",
"... |
A 70-year-old man is brought to the emergency department unconscious after a fall. He appears pale and is pulseless. A 12-lead EKG reveals wide, monomorphic sawtooth-like QRS complexes. He undergoes synchronized cardioversion three times at increasing voltage with no effect. Epinephrine is administered with minimal eff... | Amiodarone | {
"A": "Amiodarone",
"B": "Ibutilide",
"C": "Sotalol",
"D": "Procainamide"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"70 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department unconscious",
"fall",
"appears pale",
"pulseless",
"12-lead EKG reveals wide",
"QRS complexes",
"synchronized cardioversion three times",
"increasing voltage",
"no effect",
"Epinephrine",
"administered",
"minimal effect",
"drug",
"ris... |
A molecular biologist is studying the roles of different types of ion channels regulating cardiac excitation. He identifies a voltage-gated calcium channel in the sinoatrial node, which is also present throughout the myocardium. The channel is activated at ~ -40 mV of membrane potential, undergoes voltage-dependent ina... | Phase 0 | {
"A": "Phase 0",
"B": "Phase 1",
"C": "Phase 3",
"D": "Phase 4"
} | step1 | A | [
"molecular biologist",
"studying",
"roles",
"different types",
"ion channels",
"cardiac excitation",
"voltage-gated calcium channel",
"node",
"present",
"myocardium",
"channel",
"activated at",
"40 mV",
"membrane potential",
"voltage dependent inactivation",
"highly sensitive to nifedi... |
A 77-year-old woman presents to her physician because of fatigue and progressive dyspnea despite receiving optimal treatment for heart failure. Her medical history is positive for heart failure, active tuberculosis, and chronic renal failure, for which she has been in long-term hemodialysis (13 years). The woman curren... | Constrictive pericarditis | {
"A": "Atrial fibrillation",
"B": "Constrictive pericarditis",
"C": "Dilated cardiomyopathy",
"D": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman presents",
"physician",
"fatigue",
"progressive dyspnea",
"receiving optimal treatment",
"heart failure",
"medical history",
"positive",
"heart failure",
"active tuberculosis",
"chronic renal failure",
"long-term hemodialysis",
"years",
"woman currently takes rifampin",
"... |
An at-home recreational drug screening test kit is currently being developed. They consult you for assistance with determining an ideal cut-off point for the level of the serum marker in the test kit. This cut-off point will determine what level of serum marker is associated with a positive or negative test, with serum... | Sensitivity decreases, specificity increases | {
"A": "Sensitivity decreases, specificity decreases",
"B": "Sensitivity increases, specificity decreases",
"C": "Sensitivity decreases, specificity increases",
"D": "Sensitivity increases, specificity increases"
} | step1 | C | [
"at home recreational drug screening test kit",
"currently",
"consult",
"assistance",
"determining",
"ideal cut-off point",
"level",
"serum marker",
"test kit",
"cut-off point",
"level",
"serum marker",
"associated with",
"positive",
"negative test",
"serum marker levels greater than",... |
A 7-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of a 5-day history of fever, malaise, and joint pain. He had a sore throat 4 weeks ago that resolved without treatment. His temperature is 38.6°C (101.5°F) and blood pressure is 84/62 mm Hg. Physical examination shows several firm, painless nodules under the skin nea... | M protein
" | {
"A": "TSST-1",
"B": "IgA protease",
"C": "CAMP factor",
"D": "M protein\n\""
} | step1 | D | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"5-day history",
"fever",
"malaise",
"joint pain",
"sore throat",
"weeks",
"resolved",
"treatment",
"temperature",
"blood pressure",
"84 62 mm Hg",
"Physical examination shows several firm",
"painless nodules",
"skin",
"elbows",
"dorsal asp... |
A 5-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his mother because he claims to have spoken to his recently-deceased grandfather. The grandfather, who lived with the family and frequently watched the boy for his parents, died 2 months ago. The boy was taken out of preschool for 3 days after his grandfather's death but ... | Normal grief | {
"A": "Adjustment disorder",
"B": "Normal grief",
"C": "Schizophreniform disorder",
"D": "Major depressive disorder"
} | step1 | B | [
"5 year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"mother",
"to",
"spoken",
"recently deceased grandfather",
"grandfather",
"lived with",
"family",
"frequently",
"boy",
"parents",
"died 2 months",
"boy",
"taken out",
"preschool",
"3 days",
"grandfather's death",
"since returned",
"te... |
A previously healthy 16-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents for evaluation because of extreme irritability, fatigue, and loss of appetite for 3 weeks. Five months ago, his grandfather, whom he was very close to, passed away from chronic lymphocytic leukemia. He used to enjoy playing soccer but quit ... | Major depressive disorder | {
"A": "Substance abuse",
"B": "Major depressive disorder",
"C": "Adjustment disorder with depressed mood",
"D": "Persistent depressive disorder"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"healthy",
"year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"parents",
"evaluation",
"extreme irritability",
"fatigue",
"loss of appetite",
"3",
"Five months",
"grandfather",
"very close to",
"passed",
"chronic lymphocytic leukemia",
"used",
"playing soccer",
"quit",
"soccer team",
"wee... |
An 18-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her coach, 30 minutes after injuring her left knee while playing field hockey. She was tackled from the left side and has been unable to bear weight on her left leg since the accident. She fears the left knee may be unstable upon standing. There is no perso... | Medial collateral ligament injury | {
"A": "Medial meniscus injury",
"B": "Anterior cruciate ligament injury",
"C": "Lateral collateral ligament injury",
"D": "Medial collateral ligament injury"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"coach",
"30 minutes",
"left knee",
"playing field hockey",
"left side",
"unable to bear weight",
"left leg",
"accident",
"fears",
"left knee",
"unstable",
"standing",
"personal",
"family history",
"serious illness",
"patient a... |
A 54-year-old woman comes to the physician for a follow-up examination after presenting with elevated blood pressure readings during her last two visits. After her last visit 2 months ago, she tried controlling her hypertension with weight loss before starting medical therapy, but she has since been unable to lose any ... | Urinary calcium excretion | {
"A": "Serum uric acid levels",
"B": "Urinary calcium excretion",
"C": "Serum glucose levels",
"D": "Urinary potassium excretion"
} | step1 | B | [
"54 year old woman",
"physician",
"follow-up examination",
"presenting",
"elevated blood pressure readings",
"two visits",
"last visit",
"months",
"controlling",
"hypertension",
"weight loss",
"starting medical therapy",
"since",
"unable to",
"weight",
"pulse",
"76 min",
"blood pre... |
A 58-year-old man presents to his physician with breathlessness on exertion for the last 2 years. He mentions that initially, he used to become breathless upon climbing 2 flights of stairs, but now he becomes breathless after walking a couple of blocks. He has no known medical condition except obesity (most recent BMI ... | Riociguat | {
"A": "Riociguat",
"B": "Rivaroxaban",
"C": "Roflumilast",
"D": "Rolapitant"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"58 year old man presents",
"physician",
"breathlessness on exertion",
"last",
"years",
"initially",
"used to",
"breathless",
"climbing",
"flights",
"stairs",
"now",
"breathless",
"walking",
"couple",
"blocks",
"known medical condition",
"obesity",
"recent BMI",
"36 kg/m2",
"... |
A 67-year-old man presents to his primary care physician with constant and gnawing lower abdominal pain for 2 days. The pain has been steadily worsening in intensity. He says the pain occasionally radiates to his lower back and groin bilaterally. While he cannot identify any aggravating factors, he feels that the pain ... | Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm | {
"A": "Gastrointestinal hemorrhage",
"B": "Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm",
"C": "Appendicitis",
"D": "Irritable bowel syndrome"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"67 year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"constant",
"gnawing lower abdominal pain",
"2 days",
"pain",
"worsening",
"intensity",
"pain occasionally radiates",
"lower back",
"groin",
"aggravating factors",
"feels",
"pain improves",
"knees flexed",
"medical history",
"nota... |
A previously healthy 18-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-day history of swelling and itchiness of her mouth and lips. It decreases when she eats cold foods such as frozen fruit. Four days ago, she underwent orthodontic wire-placement on her upper and lower teeth. Since then, she has been taking ibup... | Allergic contact dermatitis | {
"A": "Dermatitis herpetiformis",
"B": "Herpes labialis",
"C": "Allergic contact dermatitis",
"D": "Reactivation of varicella zoster virus"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"healthy",
"year old woman",
"physician",
"2-day history",
"swelling",
"itchiness",
"mouth",
"lips",
"decreases",
"eats cold",
"frozen fruit",
"Four days",
"orthodontic wire placement",
"upper",
"lower teeth",
"then",
"taking ibuprofen twice",
"pain",
"past 6 months",
"vegan di... |
Two separate investigators have conducted cohort studies to calculate the risk of lymphoma in rheumatoid arthritis patients taking anti-TNF alpha medications. They each followed patients with rheumatoid arthritis for a number of years and tracked the number of patients who were diagnosed with lymphoma. The results of t... | The risks are equivalent, with an incidence rate of 1 case per 1000 person-years | {
"A": "The risk is higher in study 1, with an incidence rate of 30 cases per 10 person-years",
"B": "The risks are equivalent, with an incidence rate of 1 case per 1000 person-years",
"C": "The risk is higher in study 1, with a prevalence of 30 cases per 3000 patients",
"D": "The risk is higher in study 2, wit... | step2&3 | B | [
"Two separate investigators",
"conducted cohort studies to calculate",
"risk",
"lymphoma",
"rheumatoid arthritis patients taking",
"TNF alpha medications",
"followed patients",
"rheumatoid arthritis",
"number",
"years",
"tracked",
"number of patients",
"diagnosed",
"lymphoma",
"results",... |
An investigator is studying vitamin D metabolism in mice. He induces a gene mutation that interferes with the function of an enzyme in the renal proximal tubules that is required for vitamin D activation. He then measures serum levels of various metabolites. Production of which of the following will be impaired in this... | 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D | {
"A": "Ergocalciferol",
"B": "Cholecalciferol",
"C": "1,25-hydroxyvitamin D",
"D": "7-dehydrocholesterol"
} | step1 | C | [
"investigator",
"studying vitamin D metabolism",
"mice",
"induces",
"gene mutation",
"interferes with",
"function",
"enzyme",
"renal proximal",
"required",
"vitamin D activation",
"then measures serum levels",
"various metabolites",
"Production",
"following",
"impaired",
"mouse"
] |
An 8-year-old boy presents with a 7-day history of fever and abdominal pain for the past 4 days. Past medical history is significant for an exchange transfusion for neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and recurrent attacks of pallor during the course of upper respiratory tract infections. His vital signs include: blood pressur... | Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency | {
"A": "Hereditary spherocytosis",
"B": "Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency",
"C": "Sickle cell disease",
"D": "IgG mediated autoimmune hemolytic anemia"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old boy presents",
"7-day history",
"fever",
"abdominal pain",
"past 4 days",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"exchange transfusion",
"neonatal hyperbilirubinemia",
"recurrent attacks",
"pallor",
"the course of upper respiratory tract infections",
"vital signs include",
"blood... |
A 66-year-old man presents to the emergency department with dyspnea. Two days ago, he hosted his grandchild's birthday party, and since has noticed general malaise, fever, and dry cough. He does not know if he feels more dyspneic while supine or standing but has noticed difficulty breathing even while watching televisi... | Decrease positive inspiratory pressure | {
"A": "Resume home metoprolol",
"B": "Decrease furosemide rate",
"C": "Decrease dobutamine rate",
"D": "Decrease positive inspiratory pressure"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"66 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"dyspnea",
"Two days",
"hosted",
"grandchild's",
"party",
"since",
"general malaise",
"fever",
"dry cough",
"not",
"feels more dyspneic",
"supine",
"standing",
"difficulty breathing",
"watching television",
"past medical congestiv... |
A 28-year-old primigravid woman at 31 weeks' gestation comes to the physician because of fever, myalgia, abdominal pain, nausea, and diarrhea for 3 days. Her pregnancy has been uncomplicated. Her only medication is a prenatal vitamin. Her temperature is 39.4°C (102.9°F). Physical examination shows diffuse abdominal pai... | Consumption of soft cheese | {
"A": "Blood transfusion",
"B": "Sexual contact",
"C": "Consumption of soft cheese",
"D": "Ingestion of cat feces"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old primigravid woman",
"31 weeks",
"gestation",
"physician",
"fever",
"myalgia",
"abdominal pain",
"nausea",
"diarrhea",
"3 days",
"pregnancy",
"uncomplicated",
"only medication",
"prenatal vitamin",
"temperature",
"4C",
"9F",
"Physical examination shows diffuse abdominal",
... |
A 47-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-week history of a dry cough. She does not smoke or use illicit drugs. Physical examination shows mild conjunctival hyperemia. Chest auscultation shows fine crackles in both lung fields. Laboratory studies show a total calcium concentration of 10.8 mg/dL. The res... | Angiotensin-converting enzyme activity | {
"A": "Monoclonal IgG titers",
"B": "Neutrophil elastase activity",
"C": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme activity",
"D": "Cold agglutinin titers\n\""
} | step1 | C | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"3 week history",
"dry cough",
"not smoke",
"use illicit",
"Physical examination shows mild conjunctival hyperemia",
"Chest auscultation shows fine crackles",
"lung fields",
"Laboratory studies show",
"total calcium concentration",
"10.8 mg/dL",
"results",
"s... |
A 72-year-old female presents to the emergency department following a syncopal episode while walking down several flights of stairs. The patient has not seen a doctor in several years and does not take any medications. Your work-up demonstrates that she has symptoms of angina and congestive heart failure. Temperature i... | Congestive heart failure (CHF) | {
"A": "Syncope",
"B": "Angina",
"C": "Congestive heart failure (CHF)",
"D": "Diabetes"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"72 year old female presents",
"emergency department following",
"syncopal episode",
"walking",
"flights",
"stairs",
"patient",
"not seen",
"doctor",
"years",
"not take",
"medications",
"work-up demonstrates",
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"congestive heart failure",
"Temperature",
"36",
... |
A 69-year-old white man comes to the physician because of a 15-day history of fatigue and lower leg swelling. Over the past 8 months, he has had a 3.8-kg (8.3-lb) weight loss. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes daily for 48 years. Vital signs are within normal limits. He appears thin. Examination shows 2+ pretibial e... | Membranous nephropathy | {
"A": "Granulomatosis with polyangiitis",
"B": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis",
"C": "Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis",
"D": "Membranous nephropathy"
} | step1 | D | [
"69 year old white man",
"physician",
"day history",
"fatigue",
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"past",
"months",
"3",
"kg",
"weight loss",
"smoked one pack",
"cigarettes daily",
"48 years",
"Vital signs",
"normal limits",
"appears thin",
"Examination shows 2",
"edema",
"x-ray of",
"ches... |
A 33-year-old man comes to the physician because of right scrotal swelling for the past 2 weeks. He has had mild lower abdominal discomfort for the past 3 weeks. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. He appears healthy. Vital signs are within normal limits. Examination shows gynecomastia. There is ... | Cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin therapy | {
"A": "Radiation therapy",
"B": "Cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin therapy",
"C": "Leucovorin, 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin therapy",
"D": "Stem cell transplant"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"of right scrotal swelling",
"past 2 weeks",
"mild lower abdominal discomfort",
"past",
"weeks",
"personal",
"family history",
"serious illness",
"appears healthy",
"Vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Examination shows gynecomastia",
"inguinal lymphadenopathy",
... |
A 56-year-old man with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus is brought to the emergency department by his neighbor because of impaired consciousness and difficulty speaking for 1 hour. A diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke is made. Over the next three days after admission, the patient’s renal function slo... | Try to contact the father for consent | {
"A": "Avoid dialysis in line with the patient's wishes",
"B": "Start dialysis when required",
"C": "Try to contact the father for consent",
"D": "Consult ethics committee"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man",
"chronic kidney disease",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"brought",
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"impaired consciousness",
"difficulty speaking",
"hour",
"diagnosis",
"acute ischemic",
"made",
"next three days",
"admission",
"patients renal function slowly worsens",
... |
A 6-year-old boy presents to your office with hematuria. Two weeks ago the patient had symptoms of a sore throat and fever. Although physical exam is unremarkable, laboratory results show a decreased serum C3 level and an elevated anti-DNAse B titer. Which of the following would you most expect to see on renal biopsy? | Large, hypercellular glomeruli on light microscopy | {
"A": "Large, hypercellular glomeruli on light microscopy",
"B": "Polyclonal IgA deposition on immunofluorescence",
"C": "Immune complex deposits with a \"spike and dome\" appearance on electron microscopy",
"D": "Antibodies to GBM resulting in a linear immunofluorescence pattern"
} | step1 | A | [
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"hematuria",
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"patient",
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"laboratory show",
"decreased serum C3 level",
"elevated anti-DNAse B titer",
"following",
"most",
"to see",
"renal biopsy"
] |
A 76-year-old Spanish speaking male comes to the health clinic with his daughter for a routine health maintenance visit. The physician speaks only basic Spanish and is concerned about communicating directly with the patient. The patient's daughter is fluent in both English and Spanish and offers to translate. The clini... | Request one of the formal interpreters from the clinic | {
"A": "Request one of the formal interpreters from the clinic",
"B": "Attempt to communicate using the physician's basic Spanish",
"C": "Converse with the patient in English",
"D": "Suggest that the patient finds a Spanish speaking physician"
} | step1 | A | [
"76 year old Spanish speaking male",
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"daughter",
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"concerned",
"communicating directly",
"patient",
"patient's daughter",
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"Spanish",
"to translate",
"clinic",
"very",
"usuall... |
A 3-year-old boy is brought to his pediatrician by his parents for a follow-up visit. Several concerning traits were observed at his last physical, 6 months ago. He had developmental delay, a delay in meeting gross and fine motor control benchmarks, and repetitive behaviors. At birth, he was noted to have flat feet, po... | Southern blot with DNA probes | {
"A": "Southern blot with DNA probes",
"B": "Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis",
"C": "PCR followed by northern blot with DNA probes",
"D": "Western blot"
} | step1 | A | [
"3 year old boy",
"brought",
"pediatrician",
"parents",
"follow-up visit",
"concerning traits",
"observed",
"physical",
"months",
"developmental delay",
"delay",
"meeting gross",
"fine motor control benchmarks",
"repetitive behaviors",
"birth",
"noted to",
"flat feet",
"poor muscle... |
A 3-month-old girl is brought to the emergency department because of a 2-day history of progressive difficulty breathing and a dry cough. Five weeks ago, she was diagnosed with diffuse hemangiomas involving the intrathoracic cavity and started treatment with prednisolone. She appears uncomfortable and in moderate respi... | Bronchoalveolar lavage | {
"A": "Bronchoalveolar lavage",
"B": "DNA test for CFTR mutation",
"C": "CT scan of the chest",
"D": "Tuberculin skin test"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"3 month old girl",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"2-day history",
"progressive difficulty breathing",
"dry cough",
"Five weeks",
"diagnosed",
"diffuse hemangiomas involving",
"intrathoracic cavity",
"started treatment",
"prednisolone",
"appears",
"moderate respiratory distress",
"t... |
A recently published prospective cohort study of 1,000 men reports that smoking is significantly associated with higher rates of esophageal cancer. The next week, however, the journal publishes a letter to the editor in which a re-analysis of the study's data when accounting for the confounding effects of alcohol usage... | Men who drink are both more likely to smoke and more likely to develop esophageal cancer | {
"A": "Men who drink are more likely to get esophageal cancer",
"B": "Men who smoke are more likely to get esophageal cancer",
"C": "Men who drink are both more likely to smoke and more likely to develop esophageal cancer",
"D": "The change in result is impossible even after adjusting for the confounding effec... | step1 | C | [
"recently published prospective cohort study",
"1",
"men reports",
"smoking",
"associated with higher rates",
"esophageal cancer",
"next week",
"journal publishes",
"letter to the editor",
"re analysis",
"study's",
"accounting",
"effects",
"alcohol usage found",
"association",
"smoking... |
Please refer to the summary above to answer this question
Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?"
"Patient Information
Age: 30 years
Gender: F, self-identified
Ethnicity: unspecified
Site of Care: office
History
Reason for Visit/Chief Concern: “I'm so anxious about work.”
History of Present Ill... | Propranolol | {
"A": "Propranolol",
"B": "Olanzapine",
"C": "Venlafaxine",
"D": "Sertraline\n\""
} | step2&3 | A | [
"refer",
"summary above to answer",
"question",
"following",
"most appropriate pharmacotherapy",
"Patient Age",
"30 years Gender",
"F",
"self identified Ethnicity",
"unspecified Site of Care",
"office History Reason for Visit",
"Concern",
"I",
" ",
"nxious ",
"ork.",
"istory of Prese... |
A 3-year-old boy is brought for general developmental evaluation. According to his parents he is playing alongside other children but not in a cooperative manner. He has also recently begun to ride a tricycle. Upon questioning you also find that he is toilet trained and can stack 9 blocks. Upon examination you find tha... | Normal social, normal motor, delayed language | {
"A": "Normal social, normal motor, normal language",
"B": "Normal social, delayed motor, delayed language",
"C": "Normal social, normal motor, delayed language",
"D": "Delayed social, normal motor, delayed language"
} | step1 | C | [
"3 year old boy",
"brought",
"general developmental evaluation",
"parents",
"playing",
"children",
"not",
"cooperative",
"recently begun to",
"tricycle",
"questioning",
"find",
"toilet trained",
"stack",
"blocks",
"examination",
"find",
"copy",
"circle",
"copy",
"triangle",
... |
A 54-year-old woman comes to the clinic for an annual check-up. She has no other complaints except for some weight gain over the past year. Her last menstrual period was 8 months ago. “I started eating less since I get full easily and exercising more but just can’t lose this belly fat,” she complains. She is sexually a... | Ovarian cancer | {
"A": "Endometriosis",
"B": "Menopause",
"C": "Ovarian cancer",
"D": "Pregnancy"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"54 year old woman",
"clinic",
"annual check-up",
"complaints",
"weight gain",
"past year",
"last menstrual period",
"months",
"I started eating less",
"I",
"full easily",
"exercising more",
"cant",
"belly fat",
"sexually active",
"husband",
"not use",
"contraception",
"I",
"ol... |
A 67-year-old man presents to the emergency department after a suicide attempt. The patient was found in his apartment by his grandson with wrist lacerations. He was rushed to the emergency department and was resuscitated en route. The patient has a past medical history of ischemic heart disease and depression. His pul... | Hypomagnesemia | {
"A": "Hypercalcemia",
"B": "Hypomagnesemia",
"C": "Increased free iron",
"D": "No lab abnormalities"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"67 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"suicide attempt",
"patient",
"found",
"apartment",
"grandson",
"wrist lacerations",
"rushed",
"emergency department",
"resuscitated en route",
"patient",
"past medical ischemic heart disease",
"depression",
"pulse",
"palpable",
"no... |
A 39-year-old woman, gravida 4, para 4, comes to the physician because of a 5-month history of painful, heavy menses. Menses previously occurred at regular 28-day intervals and lasted 3 days with normal flow. They now last 7–8 days and the flow is heavy with the passage of clots. Pelvic examination shows a tender, unif... | Endometrial tissue within the uterine wall | {
"A": "Pedunculated endometrial mass",
"B": "Endometrial tissue within the uterine wall",
"C": "Malignant transformation of endometrial tissue",
"D": "Benign tumor of the myometrium"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman",
"gravida 4",
"para 4",
"physician",
"5 month history",
"painful",
"heavy",
"occurred",
"regular",
"day intervals",
"lasted 3 days",
"normal flow",
"now last",
"days",
"flow",
"heavy",
"passage",
"clots",
"Pelvic examination shows",
"tender",
"enlarged",
"f... |
After the administration of an erroneous dose of intravenous phenytoin for recurrent seizures, a 9-year-old girl develops bradycardia and asystole. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation was initiated immediately. After 15 minutes, the blood pressure is 120/75 mm Hg, the pulse is 105/min, and the respirations are 14/min and spo... | Sentinel event | {
"A": "Near miss",
"B": "Sentinel event",
"C": "Latent error",
"D": "Active error"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"administration",
"erroneous dose",
"intravenous phenytoin",
"recurrent seizures",
"year old girl",
"bradycardia",
"asystole",
"Cardiopulmonary resuscitation",
"initiated immediately",
"15 minutes",
"blood pressure",
"75 mm Hg",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirations",
"min",
"spontaneous",
... |
A 30-year-old woman presents complaining of shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. The patient complains of dyspnea upon exertion, generalized fatigue, lethargy, and chest pain associated with strenuous activities. Her history is notable for an atrial septal defect at birth. Her temperature is 99.5°F (37.5°C), b... | Bosentan | {
"A": "Bosentan",
"B": "Epoprostenol",
"C": "Metoprolol",
"D": "Nifedipine"
} | step1 | A | [
"30 year old woman presents",
"of shortness",
"breath",
"chest pain",
"fatigue",
"patient",
"dyspnea",
"exertion",
"generalized fatigue",
"lethargy",
"chest pain associated with strenuous activities",
"history",
"notable",
"atrial septal defect",
"birth",
"temperature",
"99",
"bloo... |
A 44-year-old man with HIV comes to the physician for a routine follow-up examination. He has been noncompliant with his antiretroviral medication regimen for several years. He appears chronically ill and fatigued. CD4+ T-lymphocyte count is 405/mm3 (N ≥ 500). Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show w... | Violaceous lesions on skin exam | {
"A": "Violaceous lesions on skin exam",
"B": "Cotton-wool spots on fundoscopy",
"C": "Ring-enhancing lesions on brain MRI",
"D": "Ground-glass opacities on chest CT"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man",
"HIV",
"physician",
"routine follow-up examination",
"noncompliant with",
"antiretroviral medication regimen",
"several years",
"appears chronically ill",
"fatigued",
"CD4",
"T-lymphocyte",
"405 mm3",
"N",
"500",
"Further evaluation",
"patient",
"most likely to show",... |
A 41-year-old male who takes NSAIDs regularly for his chronic back pain develops severe abdominal pain worse with eating. Upper endoscopy is performed and the medical student asks the supervising physician how the histological differentiation between a gastric ulcer and erosion is made. Which of the following layers of... | Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, and submucosa | {
"A": "Epithelium",
"B": "Epithelium, lamina propria",
"C": "Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa",
"D": "Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, and submucosa"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old male",
"takes NSAIDs",
"chronic back pain",
"severe abdominal worse",
"eating",
"Upper endoscopy",
"performed",
"medical student",
"physician",
"histological differentiation",
"gastric ulcer",
"erosion",
"made",
"following layers",
"gastric mucosa",
"lesion to",
"considered... |
A 6-month-old male presents to the emergency department with his parents after his three-year-old brother hit him on the arm with a toy truck. His parents are concerned that the minor trauma caused an unusual amount of bruising. The patient has otherwise been developing well and meeting all his milestones. His parents ... | Complete blood count and coagulation panel | {
"A": "Ensure the child's safety and alert the police",
"B": "Complete blood count and coagulation panel",
"C": "Hemoglobin electrophoresis",
"D": "Genetic testing"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"month old male presents",
"emergency department",
"parents",
"three year old brother hit",
"arm",
"toy truck",
"parents",
"concerned",
"minor trauma caused",
"unusual amount",
"bruising",
"patient",
"well",
"meeting",
"milestones",
"parents report",
"sleeps",
"night",
"started",... |
A 30-year-old woman, gravida 2, para 1, at 31 weeks' gestation is admitted to the hospital because her water broke one hour ago. Pregnancy has been complicated by iron deficiency anemia and hypothyroidism treated with iron supplements and L-thyroxine, respectively. The patient followed-up with her gynecologist on a reg... | Administration of magnesium sulfate | {
"A": "Emergency cesarean delivery",
"B": "Cervical cerclage",
"C": "Administration of magnesium sulfate",
"D": "Administer prophylactic azithromycin\n\""
} | step2&3 | C | [
"30 year old woman",
"gravida 2",
"para 1",
"31 weeks",
"gestation",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"water",
"one hour",
"Pregnancy",
"complicated",
"iron deficiency anemia",
"hypothyroidism treated with iron supplements",
"L-thyroxine",
"patient followed",
"gynecologist",
"regular basis",
... |
A 53-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her husband because of difficulty walking, slurred speech, and progressive drowsiness. The husband reports that his wife has appeared depressed over the past few days. She has a history of insomnia and social anxiety disorder. She appears lethargic. Her temp... | GABAA receptor | {
"A": "5-hydroxytryptamine2 receptor",
"B": "Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor",
"C": "D2 dopamine receptor",
"D": "GABAA receptor"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"husband",
"difficulty walking",
"slurred speech",
"progressive drowsiness",
"husband reports",
"wife",
"appeared depressed",
"past",
"days",
"history",
"insomnia",
"social anxiety disorder",
"appears lethargic",
"temperature",
"... |
At a counseling session, a 15-year-old boy recounts his childhood. He explained that his father was an angry, violent man who physically abused him and his younger brother every time he was drunk - which was almost every night. The boy said that the only way he could escape the situation was to believe that he himself ... | Fantasy | {
"A": "Dissociation",
"B": "Isolation of affect",
"C": "Fantasy",
"D": "Splitting"
} | step1 | C | [
"counseling session",
"year old boy",
"childhood",
"father",
"angry",
"violent man",
"abused",
"younger brother",
"time",
"drunk",
"almost",
"night",
"boy",
"only",
"escape",
"to",
"fight crime",
"following best",
"ego defense",
"male"
] |
A 9-month-old girl is brought to the physician because of a 1-month history of poor feeding and irritability. She is at the 15th percentile for height and 5th percentile for weight. Examination shows hypotonia and wasting of skeletal muscles. Cardiopulmonary examination shows no abnormalities. There is hepatomegaly. He... | Glycogen debrancher | {
"A": "Acid alpha-glucosidase",
"B": "Glucose-6-phosphatase",
"C": "Glucocerebrosidase",
"D": "Glycogen debrancher"
} | step1 | D | [
"month old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"month history",
"poor feeding",
"irritability",
"percentile",
"height",
"5th percentile",
"weight",
"Examination shows hypotonia",
"wasting of skeletal muscles",
"Cardiopulmonary examination shows",
"abnormalities",
"hepatomegaly",
"serum gluc... |
A 23-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her friend because of a 1-hour episode of confusion. Earlier that night, they were at a dance club, and the patient was very energetic and euphoric. Thirty minutes after arriving, she became agitated and nauseous. She no longer seemed to know where she was o... | Ecstasy | {
"A": "Cocaine",
"B": "Diphenhydramine",
"C": "Ecstasy",
"D": "Codeine"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"23 year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"friend",
"of",
"hour episode",
"confusion",
"Earlier",
"night",
"dance club",
"patient",
"very energetic",
"euphoric",
"Thirty minutes",
"agitated",
"nauseous",
"longer",
"to",
"got",
"began talking",
"major medical ill... |
A new drug X is being tested for its effect on renal function. During the experiments, the researchers found that in patients taking substance X, the urinary concentration of sodium decreases while urine potassium concentration increase. Which of the following affects the kidneys in the same way as does substance X? | Aldosterone | {
"A": "Atrial natriuretic peptide",
"B": "Spironolactone",
"C": "Aldosterone",
"D": "Furosemide"
} | step1 | C | [
"new drug",
"tested",
"effect",
"renal function",
"experiments",
"researchers found",
"patients taking substance",
"urinary concentration",
"sodium decreases",
"urine potassium concentration increase",
"following affects",
"kidneys",
"same",
"substance"
] |
Two days after delivery, a 4300-g (9-lb 8-oz) newborn has difficulty feeding and has become increasingly lethargic. His cry has become weak. He was born at term. His mother has a history of intravenous drug use. His temperature is 36.4°C (96.5°F), pulse is 170/min, respirations are 62/min, and blood pressure is 70/48 m... | Administer glucose | {
"A": "Administer thyroxine",
"B": "Administer glucose",
"C": "Administer ampicillin and gentamicin",
"D": "Administer naloxone"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"Two days",
"delivery",
"g",
"8 oz",
"newborn",
"difficulty feeding",
"lethargic",
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"mother",
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"temperature",
"36 4C",
"96",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirations",
"62 min",
"blood pressure",
"70 48 mm Hg",
"Exami... |
A 55-year-old woman comes to the physician with a 6-month history of cough and dyspnea. She has smoked 1 pack of cigarettes daily for the past 30 years. Analysis of the sputum sample from bronchoalveolar lavage shows abnormal amounts of an isoform of elastase that is normally inhibited by tissue inhibitors of metallopr... | Phagocytosis of foreign material | {
"A": "Degradation of toxins",
"B": "Diffusion of gases",
"C": "Phagocytosis of foreign material",
"D": "Secretion of mucus"
} | step1 | C | [
"55 year old woman",
"physician",
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"dyspnea",
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"cigarettes daily",
"past 30 years",
"Analysis",
"sputum",
"bronchoalveolar lavage shows abnormal amounts",
"isoform",
"elastase",
"inhibited",
"tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases",
"cell respo... |
A 4-day-old male infant is brought to the physician because of respiratory distress and bluish discoloration of his lips and tongue. He was born at term and the antenatal period was uncomplicated. His temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 170/min, respirations are 65/min, and blood pressure is 70/46 mm Hg. Pulse oxi... | Left-axis deviation on electrocardiogram | {
"A": "Increased pulmonary vascular markings on chest x-ray",
"B": "Left-axis deviation on electrocardiogram",
"C": "Elfin facies",
"D": "Delta wave on electrocardiogram"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"4 day old male infant",
"brought",
"physician",
"respiratory distress",
"discoloration",
"lips",
"tongue",
"born",
"term",
"antenatal period",
"uncomplicated",
"temperature",
"3C",
"99",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirations",
"65 min",
"blood pressure",
"70",
"mm Hg",
"Pulse oxim... |
A 7-year-old girl presents with a low-grade fever, lethargy, and fatigue for the past week. The patient’s mother says she also complains of leg pain for the past couple of weeks. No significant past medical history. The patient was born at term via spontaneous transvaginal delivery with no complications. On physical ex... | Vincristine | {
"A": "Daunorubicin",
"B": "Prednisolone",
"C": "Methotrexate",
"D": "Vincristine"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old girl presents",
"low-grade fever",
"lethargy",
"fatigue",
"past week",
"patients mother",
"leg pain",
"past couple",
"weeks",
"significant past medical history",
"patient",
"born",
"term",
"spontaneous transvaginal delivery",
"complications",
"physical examination",
"patien... |
A 62-year-old woman presents to the clinic for a 2-month history of ‘fogginess’. She reports that for the last couple of months she feels like she has "lost a step" in her ability to think clearly, often forgetting where she parked her car or to lock the front door after leaving the house. She also feels that her mood ... | Neoplastic | {
"A": "Endocrine",
"B": "Inflammatory",
"C": "Neoplastic",
"D": "Toxicity (exogenous)"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"62 year old woman presents",
"clinic",
"2 month history",
"fogginess",
"reports",
"last couple",
"months",
"feels",
"lost",
"step",
"ability to think",
"often forgetting",
"parked",
"car",
"to lock",
"front door",
"leaving",
"house",
"feels",
"mood",
"low",
"further questi... |
A 45-year-old female with no significant past medical history present to her primary care physician for her annual check up. She missed her several appointments in the past as she says that she does not like coming to the doctor's office. When she last presented 1 year ago, she was found to have an elevated blood press... | Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring | {
"A": "Measure TSH and free T4",
"B": "Repeat vital signs at her next visit",
"C": "Measure creatinine level",
"D": "Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old female",
"significant past medical history present",
"primary care physician",
"annual check up",
"missed",
"several appointments",
"past",
"not",
"doctor's office",
"last presented 1 year",
"found to",
"elevated blood pressure reading",
"states",
"usual state of health",
"new ... |
A 28-year-old man presents to the office with complaints of malaise, anorexia, and vomiting for the past 2 weeks. He also says that his urine is dark. The past medical history is unremarkable. The temperature is 36.8°C (98.2°F), the pulse is 72/min, the blood pressure is 118/63 mm Hg, and the respiratory rate is 15/min... | Acute exacerbation of chronic HBV infection | {
"A": "Resolved HBV infection (innate immunity)",
"B": "Acute exacerbation of chronic HBV infection",
"C": "Acute HBV infection",
"D": "Passive immunity"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old man presents",
"office",
"complaints",
"malaise",
"anorexia",
"vomiting",
"past 2 weeks",
"urine",
"dark",
"past medical history",
"unremarkable",
"temperature",
"36",
"98",
"pulse",
"72 min",
"blood pressure",
"63 mm Hg",
"respiratory rate",
"min",
"physical examin... |
A 68-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of an oozing, red area above the left ankle. She does not recall any trauma to the lower extremity. She has type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and ulcerative colitis. She had a myocardial infarction 2 years ago and a strok... | Venous insufficiency | {
"A": "Peripheral neuropathy",
"B": "Venous insufficiency",
"C": "Chronic pressure",
"D": "Drug-induced microvascular occlusion"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"68 year old woman",
"physician",
"3 month history",
"red area",
"left ankle",
"not recall",
"trauma",
"lower extremity",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"hypertension",
"atrial fibrillation",
"ulcerative colitis",
"myocardial infarction",
"years",
"stroke",
"years",
"smoked 2 packs",
... |
An investigator is studying the efficiency of a new anti-gout drug in comparison to colchicine in an experimental animal model. The test group of animals is injected with the new drug, while the control group receives injections of colchicine. Which of the following cellular functions will most likely be impaired in th... | Axonal transport | {
"A": "Stereocilia function",
"B": "Muscle contraction",
"C": "Axonal transport",
"D": "Intercellular adhesion"
} | step1 | C | [
"investigator",
"studying",
"efficiency",
"a new anti gout drug",
"comparison",
"colchicine",
"experimental animal model",
"test group",
"animals",
"injected",
"new drug",
"control group receives injections",
"colchicine",
"following cellular functions",
"most likely",
"impaired",
"c... |
A 68-year-old man presents to the office with his wife complaining of difficulty in swallowing, which progressively worsened over the past month. He has difficulty in initiating swallowing and often has to drink water with solid foods. He has no problems swallowing liquids. His wife is concerned about her husband’s bad... | Increased pressure above the upper esophageal sphincter resulting in a defect in the wall | {
"A": "Persistence of an embryologic structure",
"B": "Outpouching of all 3 layers of the esophageal mucosal tissue distal to the upper esophageal sphincter",
"C": "Increased pressure above the upper esophageal sphincter resulting in a defect in the wall",
"D": "Failure of neural crest migration into the Auerb... | step1 | C | [
"68 year old man presents",
"office",
"wife",
"difficulty",
"swallowing",
"worsened",
"past month",
"difficulty in initiating swallowing",
"often",
"to drink water",
"solid foods",
"problems swallowing liquids",
"wife",
"concerned",
"husbands bad breath",
"Adding",
"wife",
"patient... |
A 63-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department because of a 2-day history of severe epigastric pain and nausea. She has a 20-year history of alcohol use disorder. Nine hours after admission, she becomes increasingly dyspneic and tachypneic. Pulse oximetry on supplemental oxygen shows an oxygen saturation of... | Alveolocapillary membrane leakage | {
"A": "Alveolocapillary membrane leakage",
"B": "Increased production of surfactant",
"C": "Embolic obstruction of pulmonary arteries",
"D": "Inflammation of the bronchial mucosa"
} | step1 | A | [
"63 year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"2-day history",
"severe epigastric",
"nausea",
"20 year history of alcohol use disorder",
"Nine hours",
"admission",
"dyspneic",
"tachypneic",
"Pulse oximetry",
"supplemental oxygen shows",
"oxygen saturation",
"81",
"Physical ex... |
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