question stringlengths 66 3.58k | answer stringlengths 1 230 | options dict | meta_info stringclasses 2
values | answer_idx stringclasses 4
values | metamap_phrases listlengths 1 184 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A 39-year-old man presents to the emergency department for severe abdominal pain. His pain is located in the epigastric region of his abdomen, which he describes as sharp and persistent. His symptoms began approximately 2 days prior to presentation, and he has tried acetaminophen and ibuprofen, which did not improve hi... | Lorazepam | {
"A": "Chlordiazepoxide",
"B": "Haloperidol",
"C": "Lorazepam",
"D": "Risperidone"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"severe abdominal",
"pain",
"epigastric region of",
"abdomen",
"sharp",
"persistent",
"symptoms began approximately 2 days prior to presentation",
"acetaminophen",
"ibuprofen",
"not",
"symptoms",
"feels nauseated",
"2 episodes of non blood... |
A 41-year-old African American man presents to his primary care physician a few months after being found to have a blood pressure of 152/95 mmHg. The patient denies any current symptoms, having any past medical history, or prior hospitalizations. He does not take any medications but takes one multivitamin daily. His bl... | Hypercalcemia | {
"A": "Hypercalcemia",
"B": "Hyperkalemia",
"C": "Hypolipidemia",
"D": "Hypouricemia"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old African American man presents",
"primary care physician",
"few months",
"found to",
"blood pressure",
"95 mmHg",
"patient denies",
"current symptoms",
"past medical history",
"prior hospitalizations",
"not take",
"medications",
"takes one multivitamin daily",
"blood pressures",
... |
An 11-year-old boy presents to the emergency department with heavy drooling. The patient was being watched by his babysitter when she found him in this manner. His temperature is 99.1°F (37.3°C), blood pressure is 107/58 mmHg, pulse is 119/min, respirations are 14/min, and oxygen saturation is 98% on room air. Physical... | Caustic ingestion | {
"A": "Caustic ingestion",
"B": "Diphenhydramine ingestion",
"C": "Insecticide exposure",
"D": "Iron overdose"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old boy presents",
"emergency department",
"heavy drooling",
"patient",
"babysitter",
"found",
"temperature",
"99",
"3C",
"blood pressure",
"58 mmHg",
"pulse",
"min",
"respirations",
"min",
"oxygen saturation",
"98",
"room air",
"Physical exam",
"notable",
"young boy",
... |
A 66-year-old man is brought to the emergency department because of shortness of breath and confusion. His pulse is 98/min, and blood pressure is 109/73 mm Hg. He is oriented to person but not time or place. A graph of his breathing pattern and oxygen saturation is shown. Which of the following additional findings is m... | Ventricular gallop | {
"A": "Ventricular gallop",
"B": "Rib fracture",
"C": "Miotic pupils",
"D": "Barrel chest"
} | step1 | A | [
"66 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"of shortness",
"breath",
"confusion",
"pulse",
"98 min",
"blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
"oriented to person",
"not time",
"place",
"graph",
"breathing pattern",
"oxygen saturation",
"shown",
"following additional findings",
"most... |
A patient in the neonatal intensive care unit develops severe cyanosis. Cardiac exam reveals a single loud S2 with a right ventricular heave. Echocardiography reveals an aorta lying anterior and right of the pulmonary artery. Which of the following processes failed during fetal development? | Aorticopulmonary septum to spiral | {
"A": "Fusion of the membranous ventricular septum",
"B": "Aorticopulmonary septum to spiral",
"C": "Reentry of viscera from yolk sac",
"D": "Fusion of septum primum and septum secondum"
} | step1 | B | [
"patient",
"neonatal",
"severe cyanosis",
"Cardiac exam reveals",
"single loud S2",
"right ventricular heave",
"Echocardiography reveals",
"aorta lying anterior",
"right",
"pulmonary artery",
"following processes failed",
"fetal development"
] |
A 12-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department late at night by his worried mother. She says he has not been feeling well since this morning after breakfast. He skipped both lunch and dinner. He complains of abdominal pain as he points towards his lower abdomen but says that the pain initially started at the ... | Teniae coli | {
"A": "Teniae coli",
"B": "McBurney's point",
"C": "Transumbilical plane",
"D": "Linea Semilunaris"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department late",
"night",
"worried mother",
"not",
"feeling well",
"morning",
"breakfast",
"skipped",
"lunch",
"dinner",
"abdominal pain",
"points",
"lower abdomen",
"pain initially started",
"center",
"belly",
"mother adds",
"vomited",
... |
A 58-year-old woman is followed in the nephrology clinic for longstanding chronic kidney disease (CKD) secondary to uncontrolled hypertension. Her glomerular filtration rate (GFR) continues to decline, and she is approaching initiation of hemodialysis. Plans are made to obtain vascular access at the appropriate time, a... | Cardiovascular disease | {
"A": "Stroke",
"B": "Hyperkalemia",
"C": "Infection",
"D": "Cardiovascular disease"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"58 year old woman",
"followed",
"nephrology clinic",
"chronic kidney disease",
"secondary to uncontrolled hypertension",
"glomerular filtration rate",
"continues to",
"approaching initiation",
"hemodialysis",
"Plans",
"made to obtain vascular access",
"appropriate time",
"patient",
"requi... |
A 48-year-old woman is brought to her primary care physician by her sister who is concerned about a deterioration in the patient’s general status. The patient was diagnosed with HIV 7 years ago. She says that her last T cell count was "good enough", so she has been been skipping every other dose of her antiretroviral m... | John Cunningham virus (JC virus) | {
"A": "Autoimmune demyelination",
"B": "HIV associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND)",
"C": "John Cunningham virus (JC virus)",
"D": "Primary CNS lymphoma (PCNSL)"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"48 year old woman",
"brought",
"primary care physician",
"sister",
"concerned",
"deterioration",
"patients general status",
"patient",
"diagnosed",
"HIV",
"years",
"last T cell count",
"good",
"skipping",
"dose",
"antiretroviral medications",
"trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole",
"sist... |
A 30-year-old forest landscape specialist is brought to the emergency department with hematemesis and confusion. One week ago, she was diagnosed with influenza when she had fevers, severe headaches, myalgias, hip and shoulder pain, and a maculopapular rash. After a day of relative remission, she developed abdominal pai... | Ebola virus | {
"A": "Ebola virus",
"B": "Plasmodium falciparum",
"C": "Yersinia pestis",
"D": "Zika virus"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"30 year old forest landscape specialist",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"hematemesis",
"confusion",
"One week",
"diagnosed",
"influenza",
"fevers",
"severe headaches",
"myalgias",
"hip",
"shoulder pain",
"maculopapular rash",
"day",
"relative remission",
"abdominal pain",
"vo... |
A 10-year-old child is sent to the school psychologist in May because he refuses to comply with the class rules. His teacher says this has been going on since school started back in August. He gets upset at the teacher regularly when he is told to complete a homework assignment in class. Sometimes he refuses to complet... | Cognitive-behavioral therapy | {
"A": "Administration of clozapine",
"B": "Administration of lithium",
"C": "Cognitive-behavioral therapy",
"D": "Motivational interviewing"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"A 10 year old child",
"sent",
"school psychologist",
"May",
"refuses to comply",
"class rules",
"teacher",
"school started back",
"August",
"gets upset",
"teacher",
"to complete",
"homework assignment",
"class",
"Sometimes",
"refuses to complete",
"teachers",
"reported",
"create... |
A 5-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents for the evaluation of an episode of loss of consciousness while he was playing soccer earlier that morning. He was unconscious for about 15 seconds and did not shake, bite his tongue, or lose bowel or bladder control. He has been healthy except for 1 episode o... | Propranolol | {
"A": "Propranolol",
"B": "Implantable cardioverter defibrillator",
"C": "Magnesium sulfate",
"D": "Amiodarone"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"5 year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"parents",
"evaluation of",
"episode",
"loss",
"consciousness",
"playing soccer earlier",
"morning",
"unconscious",
"seconds",
"not shake",
"bite",
"tongue",
"bowel",
"bladder control",
"healthy",
"episode of simple febrile seizure",
"f... |
A 9-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department by his mother because of painful swelling in his right knee that started after he collided with another player during a soccer game. He has no history of serious illness except for an episode of prolonged bleeding following a tooth extraction a few months ago. Phy... | Thrombin | {
"A": "Protein C",
"B": "Plasmin",
"C": "Thrombin",
"D": "Factor VII"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"mother",
"painful swelling",
"right knee",
"started",
"soccer game",
"history",
"serious illness except for",
"episode of prolonged bleeding following",
"tooth extraction",
"few months",
"Physical examination shows marked tenderness",
"... |
A 38-year-old woman presents with dysphagia. She says the dysphagia is worse for solids than liquids and is progressive. She also complains of associated weakness, fatigue, and dyspnea. The patient denies any recent history of weight loss. Laboratory findings are significant for a hemoglobin of 8.7 g/dL. A peripheral b... | Upper esophageal web | {
"A": "Failure of the relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter",
"B": "Upper esophageal web",
"C": "Lower esophageal spasm",
"D": "Esophageal carcinoma"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman presents",
"dysphagia",
"dysphagia",
"worse",
"solids",
"liquids",
"progressive",
"associated weakness",
"fatigue",
"dyspnea",
"patient denies",
"recent history of weight loss",
"Laboratory",
"significant",
"a hemoglobin",
"8",
"g dL",
"peripheral blood smear shows ... |
A 16-year-old girl is brought to the physician because of a 1-month history of fever, headaches, and profound fatigue. Her temperature is 38.2°C (100.8°F). Examination shows splenomegaly. Laboratory studies show:
Leukocyte count 13,000/mm3 (15% atypical lymphocytes)
Serum
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 60 U/L
Aspartate... | Linear ulcers near the lower esophageal sphincter | {
"A": "Multiple cerebral abscesses with surrounding edema",
"B": "Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates with pneumatoceles",
"C": "Purplish skin nodules on the distal extremities",
"D": "Linear ulcers near the lower esophageal sphincter"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"month history",
"fever",
"headaches",
"profound fatigue",
"temperature",
"100",
"Examination shows splenomegaly",
"Laboratory studies show",
"Leukocyte count",
"mm3",
"atypical lymphocytes",
"Serum Alanine aminotransferase",
"ALT",
"60 U/L As... |
A 33-year-old African American woman presents to her primary care physician for a wellness checkup. She states that she has lost 20 pounds over the past 2 months yet has experienced an increased appetite during this period. She endorses hyperhidrosis and increased urinary volume and frequency. Physical exam is notable ... | Hyperthyroidism | {
"A": "Familial hypercalcemic hypocalciuria",
"B": "Hyperparathyroidism",
"C": "Hyperthyroidism",
"D": "Sarcoidosis"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old African American woman presents",
"primary care physician",
"wellness checkup",
"states",
"lost 20 pounds",
"past",
"months",
"experienced",
"increased appetite",
"period",
"hyperhidrosis",
"increased urinary volume",
"frequency",
"Physical exam",
"notable",
"anxious woman",
... |
A 57-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of dizziness, nausea, and vomiting for 4 days. Her temperature is 37.3°C (99.1°F), pulse is 100/min, respirations are 20/min, and blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg. Physical examination shows no abnormalities. Arterial blood gas analysis on room air shows:
pH 7... | Urine chloride | {
"A": "Urine albumin to creatinine ratio",
"B": "Serum osmolal gap",
"C": "Urine chloride",
"D": "Serum anion gap"
} | step1 | C | [
"57 year old woman",
"emergency department",
"dizziness",
"nausea",
"vomiting",
"4 days",
"temperature",
"3C",
"99",
"pulse",
"100 min",
"respirations",
"20 min",
"blood pressure",
"70 mm Hg",
"Physical examination shows",
"abnormalities",
"Arterial blood gas analysis",
"room air... |
A 32-year-old man comes to the physician because of low-grade fever and progressive painful lumps in his right groin for 6 days. The lumps have been discharging purulent fluid since the evening of the previous day. He had a shallow, painless lesion on his penis 3 weeks ago, but was too embarrassed to seek medical atten... | Chlamydia trachomatis | {
"A": "Yersinia pestis",
"B": "Herpes simplex virus 2",
"C": "Klebsiella granulomatis",
"D": "Chlamydia trachomatis"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"low-grade fever",
"progressive painful lumps",
"right",
"6 days",
"lumps",
"discharging purulent fluid",
"evening",
"previous day",
"shallow",
"painless lesion",
"penis",
"weeks",
"embarrassed to",
"medical attention",
"resolved",
"personal",
"family... |
A 45-year-old woman comes to the physician for the evaluation of persistent headaches for the last 2 months. The symptoms started insidiously. Menses had previously occurred at regular 28-day intervals with moderate flow. Her last menstrual period was 12 weeks ago. She is sexually active with her husband but reports de... | Cabergoline therapy | {
"A": "Cabergoline therapy",
"B": "Observation and outpatient follow-up",
"C": "Biopsy of intrasellar mass",
"D": "Temozolomide therapy\n\""
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"evaluation",
"persistent headaches",
"last",
"months",
"symptoms started",
"Menses",
"occurred",
"regular",
"day intervals",
"moderate flow",
"last menstrual period",
"weeks",
"sexually active",
"husband",
"reports decreased interest",
"sexual interc... |
A 69-year-old man presents to his primary care physician after 2 episodes of dizziness while watching television. On further questioning, he admits to progressive fatigue and shortness of breath on exertion for the past few weeks. His medical history is significant for hypertension for the past 25 years and congestive ... | Check the patient's medication profile | {
"A": "Observation and repeat ECG if symptoms recur",
"B": "Temporary cardiac pacing",
"C": "External defibrillation",
"D": "Check the patient's medication profile"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"69 year old man presents",
"primary care physician",
"2 episodes of dizziness",
"watching television",
"further questioning",
"admits",
"progressive fatigue",
"shortness of breath",
"exertion",
"past",
"weeks",
"medical history",
"significant",
"hypertension",
"past",
"years",
"cong... |
A 28-year-old woman comes to the physician because of increasingly frequent episodes of double vision for 2 days. She was seen in the emergency department for an episode of imbalance and decreased sensation in her right arm 3 months ago. Examination shows impaired adduction of the right eye with left lateral gaze but n... | Demyelination with partial preservation of axons
" | {
"A": "Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies",
"B": "Loss of axons and atrophy of oligodendrocytes",
"C": "Extracellular deposits of amyloid peptides",
"D": "Demyelination with partial preservation of axons\n\""
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"of",
"frequent episodes",
"double vision",
"2 days",
"seen in",
"emergency department",
"episode of imbalance",
"decreased sensation",
"right arm",
"months",
"Examination shows impaired adduction",
"right eye",
"left gaze",
"normal convergence",
"eyes"... |
A 37-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by police after being found naked outside a government building. She is accompanied by her husband who reports that she has been having “crazy” ideas. The patient’s speech is pressured and she switches topics quickly from how she is going to be president one da... | Indomethacin | {
"A": "Acetazolamide",
"B": "Atorvastatin",
"C": "Indomethacin",
"D": "Metoprolol"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"police",
"found naked outside",
"government building",
"husband",
"reports",
"ideas",
"patients speech",
"pressured",
"switches topics",
"to",
"president one day",
"to learn 20 languages",
"end",
"year",
"further questioning",
... |
A 58-year-old Caucasian woman visits her primary care physician for an annual check-up. She has a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and stage 3A chronic kidney disease. Her estimated glomerular filtration rate has not changed since her last visit. Today, her parathyroid levels are moderately elevated. She lives at ho... | Phosphate retention | {
"A": "Phosphate retention",
"B": "Hyperuricemia",
"C": "Hypercalcemia",
"D": "Uremia"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"58 year old Caucasian woman visits",
"primary care physician",
"annual check-up",
"history of type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"stage 3A chronic kidney disease",
"estimated glomerular filtration rate",
"not changed",
"last visit",
"Today",
"parathyroid levels",
"moderately elevated",
"lives at home... |
A 32-year-old woman presents with a severe headache and neck pain for the past 60 minutes. She says the headache was severe and onset suddenly like a ‘thunderclap’. She reports associated nausea, vomiting, neck pain, and stiffness. She denies any recent head trauma, loss of consciousness, visual disturbances, or focal ... | Labetalol | {
"A": "Mannitol",
"B": "Lumbar puncture",
"C": "Dexamethasone",
"D": "Labetalol"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
"severe headache",
"neck pain",
"past 60 minutes",
"headache",
"severe",
"onset",
"reports associated nausea",
"vomiting",
"neck pain",
"stiffness",
"denies",
"recent head",
"loss of consciousness",
"visual disturbances",
"focal neurologic deficits",
"past ... |
A 26-year-old primigravida presents to her physician’s office at 35 weeks gestation with new onset lower leg edema. The course of her pregnancy was uneventful up to the time of presentation and she has been compliant with the recommended prenatal care. She reports a 4 pack-year history of smoking prior to her pregnanc... | Primigravida | {
"A": "Smoking prior to pregnancy",
"B": "Primigravida",
"C": "BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 prior to pregnancy",
"D": "Family history of hypertension"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old primigravida presents",
"physicians office",
"35 weeks gestation",
"new onset lower leg edema",
"course",
"pregnancy",
"time",
"presentation",
"compliant",
"recommended",
"prenatal care",
"reports",
"4 history of smoking",
"pregnancy",
"used oral contraceptives",
"birth contr... |
A 46-year-old African American woman presents to her primary care doctor complaining of muscle aches and weakness. She reports a 3 month history of gradually worsening upper and lower extremity pain. She is having trouble keeping up with her children and feels tired for most of the day. A review of systems reveals mild... | Increased PTH, decreased phosphate, and increased calcium | {
"A": "Decreased PTH, decreased phosphate, and increased calcium",
"B": "Decreased PTH, increased phosphate, and decreased calcium",
"C": "Increased PTH, decreased phosphate, and increased calcium",
"D": "Increased PTH, increased phosphate, and decreased calcium"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old African American woman presents",
"primary care doctor",
"muscle aches",
"weakness",
"reports",
"3 month history",
"worsening upper",
"lower extremity pain",
"keeping",
"children",
"feels tired",
"day",
"review of systems reveals mild constipation",
"past medical history",
"not... |
A 14-year-old girl presents to her pediatrician with complaints of repeated jerking of her neck for the past 2 years. Initially, her parents considered it a sign of discomfort in her neck, but later they noticed that the jerking was more frequent when she was under emotional stress or when she was fatigued. The patient... | History of repeated bouts of unprovoked obscene speech over the past year | {
"A": "History of repeated bouts of unprovoked obscene speech over the past year",
"B": "Rigidity and bradykinesia",
"C": "Low serum ceruloplasmin level",
"D": "Decreased caudate volumes in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old girl presents",
"pediatrician",
"complaints",
"repeated jerking",
"neck",
"past",
"years",
"Initially",
"parents considered",
"sign",
"discomfort",
"neck",
"later",
"jerking",
"more frequent",
"emotional stress",
"fatigued",
"patient",
"control",
"jerking",
"social ... |
The division chief of general internal medicine at an academic medical center is interested in reducing 30-day readmissions for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in elderly patients. Her research team decided to follow 587 patients over the age of 65 who have recently been admitted to the hospital for DKA for a 30-day period... | Dose-response relationship | {
"A": "Confidence intervals that do not cross 1.0",
"B": "Case-control study design",
"C": "High odds ratio",
"D": "Dose-response relationship"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"division",
"general internal",
"academic medical center",
"interested",
"reducing 30-day readmissions",
"diabetic ketoacidosis",
"DKA",
"elderly patients",
"research team",
"to follow",
"patients",
"age",
"65",
"recently",
"admitted",
"hospital",
"DKA",
"30 day period",
"end",
... |
A 74-year-old man is brought from a nursing home to the emergency room for progressive confusion. The patient has a history of stroke 3 years ago, which rendered him wheelchair-bound. He was recently started on clozapine for schizothymia disorder. Vital signs reveal a temperature of 38.7°C (101.66°F), a blood pressure ... | Seizures | {
"A": "Fruity odor of the breath",
"B": "Seizures",
"C": "Nausea or vomiting",
"D": "Rapid deep breathing"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"74 year old man",
"brought",
"nursing home",
"emergency room",
"progressive confusion",
"patient",
"history",
"stroke",
"years",
"wheelchair-bound",
"recently started",
"clozapine",
"disorder",
"Vital signs reveal",
"temperature",
"blood pressure",
"100 72 mm Hg",
"pulse",
"minu... |
A 54-year-old male presents to the emergency department with nasal congestion and sore throat. He also endorses ten days of fatigue, rhinorrhea and cough, which he reports are getting worse. For the last four days, he has also had facial pain and thicker nasal drainage. The patient’s past medical history includes obesi... | Viral infection | {
"A": "Asthma",
"B": "Diabetes mellitus",
"C": "Tobacco use",
"D": "Viral infection"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"54 year old male presents",
"emergency department",
"nasal congestion",
"sore throat",
"ten days",
"fatigue",
"rhinorrhea",
"cough",
"reports",
"getting worse",
"last four days",
"facial pain",
"thicker nasal drainage",
"patients past medical history includes obesity",
"type II diabetes... |
A 72-year-old man presents to the emergency department with severe respiratory distress. He was diagnosed with metastatic pancreatic cancer 6 months ago and underwent 2 rounds of chemotherapy. He says that he has had a cough and flu-like symptoms for the past week. During the interview, he is having progressive difficu... | Intubate and administer intravenous antibiotics. | {
"A": "Observe and monitor vital signs for improvement.",
"B": "Administer intravenous fluids.",
"C": "Intubate and administer intravenous antibiotics.",
"D": "Administer intravenous antibiotics and draw blood for testing."
} | step1 | C | [
"72 year old man presents",
"emergency department",
"severe respiratory distress",
"diagnosed",
"metastatic pancreatic cancer",
"months",
"2 rounds",
"chemotherapy",
"cough",
"flu-like symptoms",
"past week",
"interview",
"progressive difficulty answering questions",
"obtunded",
"decreas... |
A 32-year-old woman presents to clinic complaining of pelvic pain and heavy menstrual bleeding for the past 2 years. The patient reports that her last menstrual period was 1 week ago and she soaked through 1 tampon every 1-2 hours during that time. She does not take any medications and denies alcohol and cigarette use.... | Myomectomy | {
"A": "Folate",
"B": "Hysterectomy",
"C": "Iron",
"D": "Myomectomy"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old woman presents",
"clinic complaining of pelvic pain",
"heavy menstrual bleeding",
"past",
"years",
"patient reports",
"last menstrual period",
"1 week",
"soaked",
"tampon",
"1",
"hours",
"time",
"not take",
"medications",
"denies alcohol",
"cigarette use",
"currently",
... |
A 25-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after a motor vehicle accident. His car was rear-ended by a drunk driver while he was stopped at a traffic light. At the scene, he was noted to have multiple small lacerations over his upper extremities from broken glass. He has otherwise been health... | Codocytes | {
"A": "Codocytes",
"B": "Megaloblasts",
"C": "Sideroblasts",
"D": "Schistocytes"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"ambulance",
"motor vehicle accident",
"car",
"rear-ended",
"drunk driver",
"stopped",
"traffic light",
"noted to",
"multiple small lacerations",
"upper extremities",
"glass",
"healthy",
"not smoke",
"drinks 5 beers",
"night",
"n... |
A 35-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 3-month history of worsening fatigue. She has difficulty concentrating at work despite sleeping well most nights. Three years ago, she was diagnosed with Crohn disease. She has about 7 non-bloody, mildly painful bowel movements daily. Her current medications inclu... | Oral prednisone therapy | {
"A": "Oral prednisone therapy",
"B": "Subcutaneous erythropoietin injection",
"C": "Intravenous metronidazole therapy",
"D": "Oral vitamin B12 supplementation"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"35 year old woman",
"physician",
"3 month history",
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"difficulty concentrating",
"work",
"sleeping well",
"nights",
"Three years",
"diagnosed",
"Crohn disease",
"about",
"non bloody",
"mildly painful bowel movements daily",
"current medications include 5-aminosalicyl... |
A 10-year-old girl with a rash is brought to the clinic by her mother. The patient’s mother says that the onset of the rash occurred 2 days ago. The rash was itchy, red, and initially localized to the cheeks with circumoral pallor, and it gradually spread to the arms and trunk. The patient’s mother also says her daught... | Discharge home, saying that the patient may immediately return to school | {
"A": "Administer intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)",
"B": "Transfuse with whole blood",
"C": "Discharge home, saying that the patient may immediately return to school",
"D": "Discharge home, saying that the patient may return to school after the disappearance of the rash"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"10 year old girl",
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"clinic",
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"patients mother",
"onset",
"rash occurred 2 days",
"rash",
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"initially localized",
"cheeks",
"circumoral pallor",
"spread",
"arms",
"trunk",
"patients mother",
"daughter",
"reporting",
"high fever",
... |
A 54-year-old male presents to the emergency department after an episode of bloody vomiting. He is a chronic alcoholic with a history of cirrhosis, and this is the third time he is presenting with this complaint. His first two episodes of hematemesis required endoscopic management of bleeding esophageal varices. His he... | Discuss with the patient the option of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent (TIPS) | {
"A": "Monitor stability and discharge with continuation of endoscopic surveillance at regular 3 month intervals",
"B": "Discuss with the patient the option of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent (TIPS)",
"C": "Begin long-term octreotide and a 4-week course of prophylactic antibiotics",
"D": "Give ... | step2&3 | B | [
"54 year old male presents",
"emergency department",
"episode of bloody vomiting",
"chronic alcoholic",
"history",
"cirrhosis",
"third time",
"presenting",
"complaint",
"first two episodes of hematemesis required endoscopic management",
"bleeding esophageal varices",
"hemoglobin",
"admission... |
A 45-year-old man is brought into the emergency department after he was hit by a car. The patient was intoxicated and walked into oncoming traffic. He is currently unconscious and has a Glasgow coma scale score of 3. The patient has been admitted multiple times for alcohol intoxication and pancreatitis. The patient is ... | Transfusion complication | {
"A": "Hypokalemia",
"B": "Medication complication",
"C": "Transfusion complication",
"D": "Trauma to the spinal cord"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"hit by",
"car",
"patient",
"walked",
"traffic",
"currently unconscious",
"Glasgow coma scale score",
"3",
"patient",
"admitted multiple times",
"alcohol intoxication",
"pancreatitis",
"patient",
"resuscitated",
"fluid",
"blood p... |
A 57-year-old woman is admitted to the intensive care unit for management of shock. Her pulse is feeble and blood pressure is 86/45 mm Hg. The patient undergoes pulmonary artery catheterization which shows an elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and increased systemic vascular resistance. Which of the following ... | Confusion due to decreased stroke volume | {
"A": "Cold skin due to loss of intravascular fluid volume",
"B": "Bradycardia due to neurologic dysfunction",
"C": "Mottled skin due to release of endotoxins",
"D": "Confusion due to decreased stroke volume"
} | step1 | D | [
"57 year old woman",
"admitted to",
"intensive care unit",
"management",
"shock",
"pulse",
"blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
"patient",
"pulmonary artery catheterization",
"shows",
"elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure",
"increased systemic",
"following additional findings",
"most likely... |
A 65-year-old Caucasian man presents to the emergency room with chest pain. Coronary angiography reveals significant stenosis of the left anterior descending (LAD) artery. Which of the following represents a plausible clinical predictor of myocardial necrosis in this patient? | Rate of plaque formation | {
"A": "Cholesterol crystal presence",
"B": "Rate of plaque formation",
"C": "Calcium content",
"D": "Presence of cytokines"
} | step1 | B | [
"65 year old Caucasian man presents",
"emergency room",
"chest pain",
"Coronary angiography reveals significant stenosis",
"left anterior descending",
"artery",
"following represents",
"clinical predictor",
"myocardial necrosis",
"patient"
] |
A 30-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 1-month history of intermittent abdominal pain, flatulence, and watery diarrhea. The episodes typically occur 2–3 hours after meals, particularly following ingestion of ice cream, cheese, and pizza. She is administered 50 g of lactose orally. Which of the followin... | Increased stool osmotic gap | {
"A": "Decreased urinary D-xylose concentration",
"B": "Increased stool osmotic gap",
"C": "Decreased fecal fat content",
"D": "Decreased breath hydrogen content"
} | step1 | B | [
"30 year old woman",
"physician",
"month history",
"intermittent abdominal pain",
"flatulence",
"watery diarrhea",
"episodes",
"occur 23 hours after meals",
"following ingestion",
"ice cream",
"cheese",
"pizza",
"administered 50 g",
"lactose orally",
"following changes",
"most likely t... |
A 70-year-old male with a 10-year history of COPD visits his pulmonologist for a checkup. Physical examination reveals cyanosis, digital clubbing, and bilateral lung wheezes are heard upon auscultation. The patient has a cough productive of thick yellow sputum. Which of the following findings is most likely present in ... | Increased pulmonary arterial resistance | {
"A": "Decreased arterial carbon dioxide content",
"B": "Increased pulmonary arterial resistance",
"C": "Increased pH of the arterial blood",
"D": "Increased cerebral vascular resistance"
} | step1 | B | [
"70 year old male",
"10",
"history",
"COPD visits",
"pulmonologist",
"checkup",
"Physical examination reveals cyanosis",
"digital clubbing",
"bilateral lung wheezes",
"heard",
"auscultation",
"patient",
"cough productive",
"thick yellow",
"following findings",
"most likely present",
... |
Background and Methods:
Aldosterone is important in the pathophysiology of heart failure. In a double-blind study, we enrolled 1,663 patients who had severe heart failure, a left ventricular ejection fraction of no more than 35 percent, and were being treated with an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, a loop diur... | Spironolactone, in addition to standard therapy, substantially reduces the risk of morbidity and death in patients with severe heart failure | {
"A": "Spironolactone, in addition to standard therapy, substantially reduces the risk of morbidity and death in patients with severe heart failure",
"B": "The addition of spironolactone significant improved symptoms of heart failure, but not overall mortality",
"C": "Spironolactone did not improve all-cause mor... | step2&3 | A | [
"Background",
"Methods",
"Aldosterone",
"important",
"pathophysiology",
"heart",
"double-blind study",
"enrolled 1",
"patients",
"severe heart failure",
"left ventricular ejection fraction",
"35 percent",
"treated with",
"angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor",
"loop diuretic",
"case... |
During an experiment, an investigator attempts to determine the rates of apoptosis in various tissue samples. Injecting cytotoxic T cells into the cell culture of one of the samples causes the tissue cells to undergo apoptosis. Apoptosis is most likely due to secretion of which of the following substances in this case? | Granzyme B | {
"A": "Bcl-2",
"B": "TNF-α",
"C": "Granzyme B",
"D": "Caspases"
} | step1 | C | [
"experiment",
"investigator attempts to",
"rates",
"apoptosis",
"various tissue samples",
"Injecting cytotoxic T cells",
"culture",
"one",
"samples causes",
"tissue cells to",
"apoptosis",
"most likely due to secretion",
"following substances",
"case"
] |
Which of the following situations calls for treatment with alprazolam? | A 35-year-old male that gets tachycardic, tachypnic, and diaphoretic every time he rides a plane | {
"A": "A 28-year-old female that gets irritated or worried about everyday things out of proportion to the actual source of worry",
"B": "A 35-year-old male that gets tachycardic, tachypnic, and diaphoretic every time he rides a plane",
"C": "A 42-year-old female with extreme mood changes ranging from mania to se... | step2&3 | B | [
"following",
"calls",
"treatment",
"alprazolam"
] |
A 30-year-old woman is brought to the clinic at her husband's insistence for sleep disturbances. Most nights of the week she repeatedly gets out of bed to pace around their apartment before returning to bed. The woman says that while she's lying in bed, she becomes overwhelmed by a "creepy-crawly" feeling in her legs t... | Complete blood count | {
"A": "Complete blood count",
"B": "Hemoglobin A1c",
"C": "Liver function tests",
"D": "Lumbar puncture"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"30 year old woman",
"brought",
"clinic",
"husband",
"leep disturbances.",
"ights ",
"eek ",
"epeatedly ets ut ",
"ed ",
"ace ",
"partment ",
"eturning ",
"ed.",
"oman ",
"he'",
"ing in bed, ",
"eling i",
"gs t",
"ly r lieve by g tting o",
"d. ",
"st medical history i",
"... |
A 40-year-old woman presents with ongoing heartburn despite being on treatment for the last few months. She describes a burning sensation in her chest even after small meals. She has stopped eating fatty and spicy foods as they aggravate her heartburn significantly. She has also stopped drinking alcohol but is unable t... | Start metoclopramide. | {
"A": "Prescribe a nicotine patch.",
"B": "Start metoclopramide.",
"C": "Endoscopic evaluation",
"D": "Refer for bariatric surgery."
} | step1 | B | [
"40 year old woman presents",
"ongoing heartburn",
"on treatment",
"months",
"burning sensation",
"chest",
"small meals",
"stopped eating",
"spicy foods",
"aggravate",
"heartburn",
"stopped drinking alcohol",
"unable to quit smoking",
"attempts to",
"weight",
"failed",
"Three months"... |
A 17-year-old girl presents to the emergency department with a severe headache. The patient has had headaches in the past, but she describes this as the worst headache of her life. Her symptoms started yesterday and have been getting progressively worse. The patient states that the pain is mostly on one side of her hea... | Fat-soluble vitamin overuse | {
"A": "Viral meningitis",
"B": "Bacterial meningitis",
"C": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage",
"D": "Fat-soluble vitamin overuse"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"year old girl presents",
"emergency department",
"severe headache",
"patient",
"headaches",
"past",
"worst headache",
"life",
"symptoms started",
"getting",
"worse",
"patient states",
"pain",
"mostly",
"one side of",
"head",
"recent outbreak",
"measles",
"patients school",
"pa... |
A previously healthy 1-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of irritability and fever for 2 days. His symptoms began shortly after returning from a family trip to Canada. He was born at term. His immunizations are up-to-date. His 6-year-old brother is healthy and there is no family history of ser... | Ceftriaxone and vancomycin therapy for the patient and rifampin prophylaxis for close contacts | {
"A": "Ampicillin therapy for the patient and ciprofloxacin prophylaxis for close contacts",
"B": "Cefotaxime and vancomycin therapy for the patient and doxycycline prophylaxis for close contacts",
"C": "Vancomycin therapy for the patient and rifampin prophylaxis for close contacts",
"D": "Ceftriaxone and vanc... | step2&3 | D | [
"healthy",
"year old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"irritability",
"fever",
"2 days",
"symptoms began",
"returning",
"family trip",
"Canada",
"born",
"term",
"immunizations",
"date",
"year old brother",
"healthy",
"family history",
"serious illness",
"boy appears wea... |
A 62-year-old woman is brought to the emergency room at a nearby hospital after being involved in a roadside accident in which she sustained severe chest trauma. Enroute to the hospital, morphine is administered for pain control. Upon arrival, the patient rapidly develops respiratory failure and requires intubation and... | Histamine release | {
"A": "Autonomic stimulation",
"B": "Drug interaction",
"C": "Histamine release",
"D": "Skeletal muscle paralysis"
} | step1 | C | [
"62 year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency room",
"nearby hospital",
"involved",
"accident",
"sustained severe chest trauma",
"hospital",
"morphine",
"administered",
"pain control",
"arrival",
"patient rapidly",
"respiratory failure",
"intubation",
"mechanical ventilation",
"administ... |
An investigator is studying intracellular processes in muscle tissue after denervation. A biopsy specimen is obtained from the biceps femoris muscle of an 82-year-old woman who sustained sciatic nerve injury. Investigation of the tissue specimen shows shrunken cells with dense eosinophilic cytoplasm, nuclear shrinkage,... | Release of mitochondrial cytochrome c | {
"A": "Release of mitochondrial cytochrome c",
"B": "Degradation of Bcl-2-associated X protein",
"C": "Denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins",
"D": "Inhibition of Fas/FasL interaction"
} | step1 | A | [
"investigator",
"studying intracellular processes",
"muscle tissue",
"denervation",
"biopsy specimen",
"obtained",
"biceps femoris muscle",
"year old woman",
"sustained sciatic nerve injury",
"Investigation of",
"tissue specimen shows shrunken cells",
"dense eosinophilic cytoplasm",
"nuclear... |
A 15-year-old girl is brought to the physician by her mother because of lower abdominal pain for the past 5 days. The pain is constant and she describes it as 7 out of 10 in intensity. Over the past 7 months, she has had multiple similar episodes of abdominal pain, each lasting for 4–5 days. She has not yet attained me... | Perform hymenotomy | {
"A": "Administer oral contraceptives pills",
"B": "Administer ibuprofen",
"C": "Perform hymenotomy",
"D": "Administer gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy\n\""
} | step2&3 | C | [
"year old girl",
"brought",
"physician",
"mother",
"lower abdominal pain",
"past",
"days",
"pain",
"constant",
"out",
"10",
"intensity",
"past",
"months",
"multiple similar episodes of abdominal pain",
"lasting",
"days",
"not",
"menarche",
"Examination shows suprapubic tenderne... |
A 46-year-old woman comes to the physician for a cognitive evaluation. She is an office manager. She has had increasing difficulties with multitasking and reports that her job performance has declined over the past 1 year. On mental status examination, short-term memory is impaired and long-term memory is intact. Labor... | Mutation in presenilin 1 | {
"A": "Noncoding hexanucleotide repeats",
"B": "Mutation in presenilin 1",
"C": "Expansion of CAG trinucleotide repeat",
"D": "Presence of ApoE ε4 allele"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"cognitive evaluation",
"office manager",
"increasing difficulties",
"reports",
"job performance",
"past",
"year",
"mental",
"short-term memory",
"impaired",
"long-term memory",
"intact",
"Laboratory studies",
"including thyroid-stimulating hormone",
"v... |
An investigator, studying learning in primates, gives an experimental chimpanzee a series of puzzles to solve. The chimpanzee solves the puzzle when he is able to place a set of wooden blocks sequentially inside the next biggest block. When a puzzle is solved successfully, a 30-second audio clip of a pop song plays. 15... | Classical conditioning | {
"A": "Positive reinforcement",
"B": "Displacement",
"C": "Classical conditioning",
"D": "Extinction"
} | step1 | C | [
"investigator",
"studying learning",
"primates",
"gives",
"experimental chimpanzee",
"series",
"to",
"chimpanzee",
"able to place",
"set",
"wooden blocks",
"next biggest block",
"30 second audio clip",
"song plays",
"seconds",
"tangerine drops",
"chimpanzee's room",
"2 days",
"re... |
A 15-year-old male adolescent presents to the pediatrician with his parents complaining that he is shorter than his peers. His past medical history does not suggest any specific recurrent or chronic disease. There is no history of weight gain, weight loss, constipation, dry skin, headache. Both his parents are of norma... | Constitutional growth delay | {
"A": "Constitutional growth delay",
"B": "Familial short stature",
"C": "Congenital adrenal hyperplasia",
"D": "Growth hormone deficiency"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old male adolescent presents",
"pediatrician",
"parents",
"shorter",
"peers",
"past medical history",
"not suggest",
"specific recurrent",
"chronic disease",
"history",
"weight gain",
"weight loss",
"constipation",
"dry skin",
"headache",
"parents",
"normal height",
"physical... |
A 53-year-old female visits her physician with watery diarrhea and episodic flushing. The patient reports that she is often short of breath, and a pulmonary exam reveals bilateral wheezing. A CT scan shows a mass in the terminal ileum. 24-hour urine collection shows abnormally elevated 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (HIAA)... | Liver | {
"A": "Lung",
"B": "Brain",
"C": "Liver",
"D": "Pancreas"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old female visits",
"physician",
"watery diarrhea",
"episodic flushing",
"patient reports",
"often short of breath",
"pulmonary exam reveals bilateral wheezing",
"CT scan shows",
"mass",
"terminal ileum",
"24-hour urine collection shows",
"elevated 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid",
"levels"... |
A patient weighing 70 kg (154 lb) requires intravenous antibiotics for a calcified abscess. The desired target plasma concentration of the antibiotic is 4.5 mg/L. The patient is estimated to have a volume of distribution of 30 L and a clearance rate of 60 mL/min. How many milligrams of the drug should be administered f... | 135 mg | {
"A": "135 mg",
"B": "270 mg",
"C": "200 mg",
"D": "70 mg"
} | step1 | A | [
"patient weighing 70 kg",
"intravenous antibiotics",
"calcified abscess",
"desired target plasma concentration",
"antibiotic",
"4.5 mg/L",
"patient",
"estimated to",
"volume of distribution",
"30 L",
"clearance rate",
"60 mL min",
"milligrams",
"drug",
"administered",
"initial dose to ... |
An 82-year-old man with alcohol use disorder is brought to the emergency department from his assisted living facility because of fever and cough for 1 week. The cough is productive of thick, mucoid, blood-tinged sputum. His temperature is 38.5°C (101.3°F) and respirations are 20/min. Physical examination shows coarse i... | Isolate patient to a single-occupancy room | {
"A": "Require all staff and visitors to wear droplet masks",
"B": "Require autoclave sterilization of all medical instruments",
"C": "Isolate patient to a single-occupancy room",
"D": "Transfer patient to a negative pressure room"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man",
"alcohol use disorder",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"assisted living facility",
"fever",
"cough",
"1 week",
"cough",
"productive",
"thick",
"mucoid",
"blood-tinged sputum",
"temperature",
"respirations",
"20 min",
"Physical examination shows coarse inspiratory ... |
A 4-year-old boy presents to the Emergency Department with wheezing and shortness of breath after playing with the new family pet. Which of the following immunological factors is most involved in generating the antibodies necessary for mast cell Fc-receptor cross-linking and degranulation? | IL-4 | {
"A": "IL-4",
"B": "IL-5",
"C": "IL-10",
"D": "IL-13"
} | step1 | A | [
"4 year old boy presents",
"Emergency Department",
"wheezing",
"shortness of breath",
"playing",
"new family pet",
"following immunological factors",
"most involved",
"antibodies",
"mast cell Fc-receptor cross-linking",
"degranulation"
] |
A 35-year-old man is brought to his psychiatrist by his wife. The patient’s wife says his last visit was 3 years ago for an episode of depression. At that time, he was prescribed fluoxetine, which he did not take because he believed that his symptoms would subside on their own. A few months later, his wife says that he... | Cyclothymia | {
"A": "Dysthymia",
"B": "Cyclothymia",
"C": "Bipolar disorder, type I",
"D": "Schizoaffective disorder"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"35 year old man",
"brought",
"psychiatrist",
"wife",
"patients wife",
"last visit",
"3 years",
"episode of depression",
"time",
"prescribed fluoxetine",
"not take",
"symptoms",
"few months later",
"wife",
"out",
"feelings",
"depression",
"began to",
"more excitable",
"show pre... |
A previously healthy 56-year-old woman comes to the family physician for a 1-month history of sleep disturbance and sadness. The symptoms have been occurring since her husband died in a car accident. Before eventually falling asleep, she stays awake for multiple hours and has crying spells. Several times she has been w... | Normal bereavement | {
"A": "Schizoaffective disorder",
"B": "Normal bereavement",
"C": "Acute stress disorder",
"D": "Major depressive disorder"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"healthy",
"year old woman",
"family physician",
"month history",
"sleep disturbance",
"sadness",
"symptoms",
"occurring",
"husband died",
"car accident",
"falling asleep",
"awake",
"multiple hours",
"crying spells",
"times",
"woken up",
"sound",
"husband calling",
"name",
"los... |
A 75-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of intermittent bright red blood in his stool, progressive fatigue, and a 5-kg (11-lb) weight loss. He appears thin and fatigued. Physical examination shows conjunctival pallor. Hemoglobin concentration is 7.5 g/dL and MCV is 77 μm3. Results of fecal... | Internal iliac | {
"A": "Inferior mesenteric",
"B": "Internal iliac",
"C": "External iliac",
"D": "Deep inguinal"
} | step1 | B | [
"75 year old man",
"physician",
"2 month history",
"intermittent bright red blood",
"stool",
"progressive fatigue",
"5 kg",
"weight loss",
"appears thin",
"fatigued",
"Physical examination shows conjunctival pallor",
"Hemoglobin concentration",
"7.5 g/dL",
"MCV",
"m3",
"Results",
"fe... |
A 33-year-old woman presents with weight gain and marks on her abdomen (as seen in the image below). She does not have any significant past medical history. She is a nonsmoker and denies any alcohol use. Her blood pressure is 160/110 mm Hg and pulse is 77/min. A T1/T2 MRI of the head shows evidence of a pituitary adeno... | Hydrocortisone | {
"A": "Bilateral adrenalectomy",
"B": "Hydrocortisone",
"C": "Mometasone",
"D": "Methotrexate"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman presents",
"weight gain",
"marks",
"abdomen",
"seen",
"image",
"not",
"significant past medical history",
"nonsmoker",
"denies",
"alcohol use",
"blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
"pulse",
"min",
"T1 T2 MRI of",
"head shows evidence of",
"pituitary adenoma",
"surgical rese... |
A 58-year-old man presents with a sudden-onset severe headache and vomiting for the past 2 hours. Past medical history is significant for poorly controlled hypertension, managed with multiple medications. His blood pressure is 188/87 mm Hg and pulse is 110/min. A non-contrast CT of the head is unremarkable and cerebros... | Nimodipine | {
"A": "Nifedipine",
"B": "Furosemide",
"C": "Nimodipine",
"D": "Ecosprin"
} | step1 | C | [
"58 year old man presents",
"sudden-onset severe headache",
"vomiting",
"past",
"hours",
"medical history",
"significant",
"poorly controlled hypertension",
"managed",
"multiple medications",
"blood pressure",
"87 mm Hg",
"pulse",
"min",
"non contrast CT",
"head",
"unremarkable",
"... |
A 25-year-old patient comes to the physician with complaints of dysuria and white urethral discharge. He is sexually active with 4 partners and does not use condoms. The physician is concerned for a sexually transmitted infection and decides to analyze the nucleic acid sequences present in the discharge to aid in diagn... | Heat-resistant DNA polymerase | {
"A": "Nucleotide sequence of the target gene",
"B": "Amino acid sequence of the target gene",
"C": "Heat-sensitive DNA polymerase",
"D": "Heat-resistant DNA polymerase"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old patient",
"physician",
"complaints",
"dysuria",
"white urethral discharge",
"sexually active",
"partners",
"not use condoms",
"physician",
"concerned",
"sexually transmitted infection",
"to",
"nucleic acid sequences present",
"discharge to aid",
"diagnosis",
"DNA amplificatio... |
A 61-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife because of increasing confusion over the past 12 hours. His wife reports that he has a history of type 1 diabetes mellitus. His temperature is 38.8°C (101.8°F). He is confused and oriented only to person. Examination shows left periorbital swelling th... | Rhizopus microsporus | {
"A": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa",
"B": "Rhizopus microsporus",
"C": "Aspergillus fumigatus",
"D": "Blastomyces dermatitidis"
} | step1 | B | [
"61 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"wife",
"increasing confusion",
"past 12 hours",
"wife reports",
"history of type 1 diabetes mellitus",
"temperature",
"confused",
"oriented only",
"person",
"Examination shows left periorbital swelling",
"tender",
"palpation",
"muc... |
A 57-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 6-month history of tinnitus and progressive hearing loss in the left ear. She has type 2 diabetes mellitus and Raynaud syndrome. Her current medications include metformin, nifedipine, and a multivitamin. She appears well. Vital signs are within normal limits. Phys... | Acoustic neuroma | {
"A": "Presbycusis",
"B": "Acoustic neuroma",
"C": "Cerumen impaction",
"D": "Ménière disease\n\""
} | step2&3 | B | [
"57 year old woman",
"physician",
"month history",
"tinnitus",
"progressive hearing loss in",
"left ear",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"Raynaud syndrome",
"current medications include metformin",
"nifedipine",
"multivitamin",
"appears well",
"Vital signs",
"normal",
"Physical examination ... |
A 4-week-old boy is brought to the emergency department with a 2-day history of projectile vomiting after feeding. His parents state that he is their firstborn child and that he was born healthy. He developed normally for several weeks but started to eat less 1 week ago. Physical exam reveals a small, round mass in the... | Nitric oxide synthase deficiency | {
"A": "Chloride transport defect",
"B": "Failure of neural crest migration",
"C": "Nitric oxide synthase deficiency",
"D": "Recanalization defect"
} | step1 | C | [
"4 week old boy",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"2-day history",
"projectile vomiting",
"feeding",
"parents state",
"firstborn child",
"born healthy",
"weeks",
"started to eat less",
"week",
"Physical exam reveals",
"small",
"round mass",
"right upper quadrant of",
"abdomen clos... |
A 49-year-old woman is brought in to the emergency department by ambulance after developing crushing chest pain and palpitations. Past medical history is significant for hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. She takes chlorthalidone, lisinopril, atorvastatin, metformin, and an oral contraceptive every day. She wor... | Inferior wall myocardial infarction | {
"A": "Inferior wall myocardial infarction ",
"B": "Lateral wall myocardial infarction",
"C": "Posterior wall myocardial infarction",
"D": "Right ventricular myocardial infarction"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"ambulance",
"crushing chest pain",
"palpitations",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"hypertension",
"hyperlipidemia",
"obesity",
"takes chlorthalidone",
"lisinopril",
"atorvastatin",
"metformin",
"oral contraceptive",
"day",... |
A 60-year-old woman presents for an evaluation for snoring. According to her husband, her snoring has increased over the last year, and he can’t tolerate it anymore. He has also noticed that she wakes up at night regularly for a few seconds but then falls back asleep. During the day, the patient says she is sleepy most... | Genioglossus muscle | {
"A": "Genioglossus muscle",
"B": "Digastric muscle",
"C": "Hyoglossus muscle",
"D": "Palatoglossus muscle"
} | step1 | A | [
"60 year old woman presents",
"evaluation",
"snoring",
"husband",
"snoring",
"increased",
"year",
"cant",
"wakes up",
"night",
"seconds",
"then falls back asleep",
"day",
"patient",
"sleepy",
"time",
"headaches",
"poor concentration",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"h... |
A 4-week-old male infant is brought to the physician because of a 1-week history of refusing to finish all his bottle feeds and becoming irritable shortly after feeding. He has also spit up sour-smelling milk after most feeds. Pregnancy and delivery were uncomplicated, with the exception of a positive vaginal swab for ... | Breastfeeding only | {
"A": "Feeding of soy milk formula",
"B": "Breastfeeding only",
"C": "Avoiding penicillin administration to the mother",
"D": "Treating the infant with glucocorticoids"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"4 week old male infant",
"brought",
"physician",
"1-week history",
"refusing to finish",
"bottle feeds",
"irritable",
"feeding",
"spit",
"sour smelling milk",
"feeds",
"Pregnancy",
"delivery",
"uncomplicated",
"exception",
"positive vaginal swab",
"group B streptococci",
"weeks",
... |
A 52-year-old woman status-post liver transplant presents to her transplant surgeon because she has noticed increased urination over the last 3 weeks. Six months ago she received a liver transplant because of fulminant liver failure after viral hepatitis. Since then, she has noticed that she has been drinking more wate... | Binding to FKBP-12 to inhibit calcineurin | {
"A": "Binding to cyclophilin D to inhibit calcineurin",
"B": "Binding to FKBP-12 to inhibit calcineurin",
"C": "Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor",
"D": "Targeting the a-chain of the IL-2 receptor"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman status-post liver transplant presents",
"transplant",
"increased urination",
"weeks",
"Six months",
"received",
"liver transplant",
"failure",
"viral hepatitis",
"then",
"drinking more water",
"husband",
"eating",
"lot",
"never",
"symptoms prior to",
"transplant",
"... |
A 47-year-old woman with a history of recent gastric bypass surgery presents for a follow-up visit. 8 months ago, she underwent gastric bypass surgery because she was struggling with maintaining her BMI below 42 kg/m². She previously weighed 120 kg (265 lb), and now she weighs 74.8 kg (165 lb). She says that she has lo... | Iron | {
"A": "Calcium",
"B": "Retinoids",
"C": "Methylcobalamin",
"D": "Iron"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman",
"history of recent gastric bypass surgery presents",
"follow-up visit",
"months",
"gastric bypass surgery",
"maintaining",
"BMI",
"kg/m",
"kg",
"now",
"74",
"kg",
"low energy",
"easily fatigued",
"symptoms",
"worse",
"past month",
"to get",
"day",
"sometimes",... |
A 19-year-old woman comes to the physician for a routine health maintenance examination. She appears well. Her vital signs are within normal limits. Cardiac auscultation shows a mid-systolic click and a grade 3/6, late-systolic, crescendo murmur that is best heard at the cardiac apex in the left lateral recumbent posit... | Dermatan sulfate deposition | {
"A": "Dermatan sulfate deposition",
"B": "Congenital valvular fusion",
"C": "Congenital interventricular communication",
"D": "Dystrophic valvular calcification\n\""
} | step1 | A | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"routine health maintenance examination",
"appears well",
"vital signs",
"normal limits",
"Cardiac auscultation shows",
"mid-systolic click",
"grade",
"6",
"late-systolic",
"crescendo murmur",
"best heard",
"cardiac apex",
"left lateral recumbent position",... |
A 60-year-old woman with ovarian cancer comes to the physician with a 5-day history of fever, chills, and dyspnea. She has a right subclavian chemoport in which she last received chemotherapy 2 weeks ago. Her temperature is 39.5°C (103.1°F), blood pressure is 110/80 mm Hg, and pulse is 115/min. Cardiopulmonary examinat... | Gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-positive cocci in clusters | {
"A": "Gram-positive, catalase-negative, α-hemolytic, optochin-resistant cocci in chains",
"B": "Gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, novobiocin-resistant cocci in clusters",
"C": "Gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-positive cocci in clusters",
"D": "Gram-positive, catalase-negative, ... | step1 | C | [
"60 year old woman",
"ovarian cancer",
"physician",
"5-day history",
"fever",
"chills",
"dyspnea",
"right subclavian",
"last received chemotherapy",
"weeks",
"temperature",
"blood pressure",
"80 mm Hg",
"pulse",
"min",
"Cardiopulmonary examination shows jugular venous distention",
"n... |
A 28-year-old woman at 28 weeks gestation seeks evaluation at her obstetrician’s office with complaints of a severe headache, blurred vision, and vomiting for the past 2 days. Her pregnancy has been otherwise uneventful. The past medical history is unremarkable. The blood pressure is 195/150 mm Hg and the pulse is 88/m... | Nifedipine | {
"A": "Hydrochlorothiazide",
"B": "Metoprolol",
"C": "Olmesartan",
"D": "Nifedipine"
} | step1 | D | [
"year old woman",
"weeks",
"evaluation",
"obstetricians office",
"complaints",
"severe headache",
"blurred vision",
"vomiting",
"past 2 days",
"pregnancy",
"past medical history",
"unremarkable",
"blood pressure",
"mm Hg",
"pulse",
"88 min",
"examination",
"moderate pitting edema",... |
A 35-year-old G0P0000 presents to her gynecologist with complaints of irregular menstruation. She has had only two periods in the last year. She also endorses feeling flushed without provocation and experiencing occasional dyspareunia with post-coital spotting. In addition, she has also had more frequent headaches than... | Estradiol patch with oral medroxyprogesterone | {
"A": "Vaginal estradiol gel",
"B": "Increase levothyroxine dose",
"C": "Estradiol patch with oral medroxyprogesterone",
"D": "Combined oral contraceptive"
} | step2&3 | C | [
"35 year old",
"presents",
"gynecologist",
"complaints",
"irregular menstruation",
"only two periods",
"year",
"feeling flushed",
"provocation",
"experiencing occasional dyspareunia",
"post-coital spotting",
"addition",
"more frequent headaches",
"usual",
"patient",
"past medical Hashi... |
A 45-year-old man comes to the clinic complaining of yellow skin and eyes, loss of appetite, and severe nausea over the last month or so. He drinks 2–3 beers everyday and about 5–6 on the weekend. He does not take any over-the-counter medications. He has smoked one pack of cigarettes every day for the last 20 years but... | Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): 120 / Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): 256 / AST/ALT: 2.1 | {
"A": "Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): 1,500 / Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): 1,089 / AST/ALT: 0.73",
"B": "Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): 120 / Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): 256 / AST/ALT: 2.1",
"C": "Alanine aminotransferase (ALT): 83 / Aspartate aminotransferase (AST): 72 / AST/ALT: 0.87",
"D": "Ala... | step2&3 | B | [
"year old man",
"clinic",
"yellow skin",
"eyes",
"loss of appetite",
"severe nausea",
"month",
"so",
"drinks 23 beers everyday",
"about",
"weekend",
"not take",
"over-the-counter medications",
"smoked one pack",
"cigarettes",
"day",
"20 years",
"not use illicit drugs",
"reports",... |
A 24-year-old man comes to the physician because of 2 episodes of bleeding from the rectum over the past month. The patient’s father died of colon cancer at the age of 42. The patient has no history of any serious illness and takes no medications. He does not smoke. His vital signs are within normal limits. Physical ex... | Gardner’s syndrome | {
"A": "Gardner’s syndrome",
"B": "Lynch’s syndrome",
"C": "Peutz-Jeghers syndrome",
"D": "Turcot’s syndrome"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"2 episodes",
"bleeding",
"rectum",
"past month",
"patients father died of colon cancer",
"age",
"patient",
"history",
"serious illness",
"takes",
"medications",
"not smoke",
"vital signs",
"normal",
"Physical examination shows",
"small hard mass",
"r... |
A 56-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after falling 16 feet from a ladder. He has severe pain in both his legs and his right arm. He appears pale and diaphoretic. His temperature is 37.5°C (99.5°F), pulse is 120/min and weak, respirations are 26/min, and blood pressure is 80/50 mm Hg. He opens his ey... | Urine output of 25 mL in 3 hours | {
"A": "High pulse pressure",
"B": "Urine output of 25 mL in 3 hours",
"C": "Glasgow coma score of 8",
"D": "Base deficit of 1 mmol/L\n\""
} | step2&3 | B | [
"year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"falling",
"feet",
"ladder",
"severe pain",
"legs",
"right arm",
"appears pale",
"diaphoretic",
"temperature",
"99",
"pulse",
"min",
"weak",
"respirations",
"min",
"blood pressure",
"80 50 mm Hg",
"opens",
"eyes",
"withdr... |
A 2-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician for recurrent nosebleeds. The boy was adopted two months ago and the parents have no record of his medical or family history. They report that the child has had frequent prolonged nosebleeds several times per week. Despite them applying pressure on the distal aspect of th... | Autosomal recessive | {
"A": "Autosomal recessive",
"B": "Mitochondrial",
"C": "X-linked dominant",
"D": "X-linked recessive"
} | step1 | A | [
"2 year old boy",
"brought",
"pediatrician",
"recurrent nosebleeds",
"boy",
"adopted two months",
"parents",
"record",
"medical",
"family history",
"report",
"child",
"frequent prolonged nosebleeds",
"times per week",
"applying pressure",
"distal aspect",
"nares",
"keeping",
"hea... |
A 72-year-old man comes to the physician with his son for a follow-up examination. The son reports that his father's mental status has declined since the previous visit when he was diagnosed with Alzheimer dementia. The patient often begins tasks and forgets what he was doing. He has increased trouble remembering event... | Memantine | {
"A": "Risperidone",
"B": "Ginkgo biloba",
"C": "Citalopram",
"D": "Memantine"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"72 year old man",
"physician",
"son",
"follow-up examination",
"son reports",
"father's mental status",
"previous visit",
"diagnosed",
"Alzheimer dementia",
"patient often begins tasks",
"forgets",
"increased",
"remembering events",
"occurred",
"day",
"sometimes forgets names",
"com... |
A 35-year-old female presents to her gynecologist complaining of vaginal discomfort. She reports that over the past two weeks, she has developed dyspareunia and feels as if there is a mass on the external aspect of her vagina. She is sexually active in a monogamous relationship. On physical examination, there is a 2 cm... | Urogenital sinus | {
"A": "Paramesonephric duct",
"B": "Urogenital sinus",
"C": "Urogenital fold",
"D": "Labioscrotal swelling"
} | step1 | B | [
"35 year old female presents",
"gynecologist",
"vaginal discomfort",
"reports",
"past two weeks",
"dyspareunia",
"feels",
"mass",
"external aspect of",
"vagina",
"sexually active",
"monogamous relationship",
"physical examination",
"2",
"unilateral erythematous swelling",
"the right si... |
A 34-year-old woman comes to the emergency department complaining of severe headache and anxiety, diaphoresis, and palpitations for the last 30 minutes. She has had several similar episodes over the past few weeks. She has no significant past medical history and has a 10 pack-year smoking history. She takes no illicit ... | Hypertension due to alpha-1-adrenergic receptor stimulation | {
"A": "Hypotension due to beta-adrenergic receptor blockade",
"B": "Hypotension due to alpha-1-adrenergic receptor blockade",
"C": "Hypertension due to alpha-1-adrenergic receptor stimulation",
"D": "Hypertension due to alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old woman",
"emergency department",
"severe headache",
"anxiety",
"diaphoresis",
"palpitations",
"30 minutes",
"several similar episodes",
"past",
"weeks",
"significant past medical history",
"a 10 pack-year smoking history",
"takes",
"illicit drugs",
"blood pressure",
"arrival",... |
A 43-year-old woman comes to the physician with a 2-week history of new pruritic plaques on the scalp and extensor surfaces of the elbows and knees. Ten years ago, she was diagnosed with psoriasis. Her only medication is topical calcipotriene. Physical examination shows well-demarcated, symmetrical, erythematous plaque... | Dermal collagen loss | {
"A": "Dysplastic nevi",
"B": "Nonblanchable pinpoint macules",
"C": "Dermal collagen loss",
"D": "Hair growth on upper lip"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old woman",
"physician",
"2-week history",
"new",
"plaques",
"scalp",
"extensor surfaces of",
"elbows",
"knees",
"Ten years",
"diagnosed",
"psoriasis",
"only medication",
"topical calcipotriene",
"Physical examination shows well",
"symmetrical",
"erythematous plaques",
"silve... |
A 25-year-old woman is brought to a psychiatrist’s office by her husband who states that he is worried about her recent behavior, as it has become more violent. The patient’s husband states that his family drove across the country to visit them and that his wife ‘threatened his parents with a knife’ at dinner last nigh... | Schizoaffective disorder | {
"A": "Schizoaffective disorder",
"B": "Brief psychotic disorder",
"C": "Schizophrenia",
"D": "Delusional disorder"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old woman",
"brought",
"psychiatrists office",
"husband",
"states",
"worried",
"recent behavior",
"more violent",
"patients husband states",
"family",
"country to visit",
"wife",
"parents",
"knife",
"dinner",
"night",
"Police",
"to",
"called to calm",
"states",
"acting"... |
A 27-year-old previously healthy man presents to the clinic complaining of bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain. Sexual history reveals that he has sex with men and women and uses protection most of the time. He is febrile with all other vital signs within normal limits. Physical exam demonstrates tenderness to palpation... | Metronidazole and iodoquinol | {
"A": "Amphotericin",
"B": "Nifurtimox",
"C": "Sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine",
"D": "Metronidazole and iodoquinol"
} | step1 | D | [
"27 year old",
"healthy man presents",
"clinic",
"bloody diarrhea",
"abdominal pain",
"Sexual history reveals",
"sex",
"men",
"women",
"uses protection",
"time",
"febrile",
"vital",
"normal",
"Physical exam demonstrates tenderness",
"palpation",
"right upper quadrant",
"Subsequent ... |
An 81-year-old man is brought to the physician by his daughter after being found wandering on the street. His daughter says that over the past several months he has been more aggressive towards friends and family. She also reports several episodes in which he claimed to see two strangers in her apartment. He sometimes ... | Lewy body deposition | {
"A": "Lewy body deposition",
"B": "Vascular infarcts",
"C": "Frontotemporal lobe atrophy",
"D": "Thiamine deficiency"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"81 year old man",
"brought",
"physician",
"daughter",
"found wandering",
"street",
"daughter",
"past",
"months",
"more aggressive",
"friends",
"family",
"reports several episodes",
"to see two strangers",
"apartment",
"sometimes stares",
"minutes",
"not",
"addressed",
"hyperte... |
A 55-year-old woman comes to the physician because of fever, chills, headache, and nausea over the past 3 days. Nine months ago, she returned from a vacation in Indonesia where she had experienced similar symptoms and episodic fever. She was treated with chloroquine and recovered uneventfully. Her temperature is 39.1°C... | Reactivation of dormant liver stage | {
"A": "Decline in circulating antibodies",
"B": "Reinfection by Anopheles mosquito",
"C": "Reactivation of dormant liver stage",
"D": "Dissemination within macrophages"
} | step1 | C | [
"55 year old woman",
"physician",
"fever",
"chills",
"headache",
"nausea",
"past 3 days",
"Nine months",
"returned",
"vacation",
"Indonesia",
"similar symptoms",
"episodic fever",
"treated with chloroquine",
"recovered",
"temperature",
"4F",
"pulse",
"97 min",
"blood pressure",... |
A 6-month-old child is brought to the pediatrician by his parents for difficulty feeding and poor motor function. The boy was born at 39 weeks gestation via spontaneous vaginal delivery. He is up to date on all vaccines and is meeting all developmental milestones until 2 months ago. He started having trouble latching o... | Sphingomyelinase | {
"A": "Hexosaminidase A",
"B": "Arylsulfatase A",
"C": "Ceramidase",
"D": "Sphingomyelinase"
} | step1 | D | [
"month old child",
"brought",
"pediatrician",
"parents",
"difficulty feeding",
"poor motor",
"boy",
"born",
"weeks gestation",
"spontaneous vaginal delivery",
"date",
"vaccines",
"meeting",
"developmental milestones",
"months",
"started",
"latching",
"bottle",
"extremely lethargi... |
A 29-year-old G1P0 woman, at 12 weeks estimated gestational age, presents for her first prenatal visit. Past medical history reveals the patient has type O+ blood and that her husband has type A+ blood. The patient is worried about the risk of her baby having hemolytic disease. Which of the following is correct regardi... | It is a rare cause of newborn hemolytic disease | {
"A": "It cannot affect first borns",
"B": "Prenatal detection is very important because fetomaternal incompatibility is associated with severe fetal anemia",
"C": "A direct Coombs test is strongly positive",
"D": "It is a rare cause of newborn hemolytic disease"
} | step1 | D | [
"29 year old",
"woman",
"weeks estimated gestational age",
"presents",
"first prenatal visit",
"Past medical history reveals",
"patient",
"type O",
"blood",
"husband",
"type A",
"blood",
"patient",
"worried",
"risk",
"baby",
"hemolytic disease",
"following",
"correct",
"incompa... |
An 80-year-old male is found dead at home and brought in for an autopsy. The patient's heart shows a diminished ventricular chamber volume and the interventricular septum appears sigmoid shaped. The left atrium appears enlarged as well. A few calcifications are seen on the undamaged aortic valves. Microscopic examinati... | Expected age related changes | {
"A": "Chronic hemolytic anemia",
"B": "Dilated cardiomyopathy",
"C": "Expected age related changes",
"D": "Uncontrolled hypertension"
} | step1 | C | [
"80 year old male",
"found dead",
"home",
"brought",
"autopsy",
"patient's heart shows",
"diminished ventricular chamber volume",
"interventricular septum appears sigmoid shaped",
"left atrium appears enlarged",
"well",
"few calcifications",
"seen",
"aortic valves",
"Microscopic examinatio... |
A 39-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 4-month history of fatigue. During this period, he has also had a 7.7-kg (17-lb) weight loss, despite having a normal appetite. He is sexually active with 3 female partners and uses condoms inconsistently. An HIV screening test and confirmatory test are both positiv... | Urolithiasis | {
"A": "Hyperpigmentation of palms and soles",
"B": "Hepatotoxicity",
"C": "Urolithiasis",
"D": "Pancreatitis"
} | step1 | C | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"4 month history",
"fatigue",
"period",
"7.7 kg",
"weight loss",
"normal appetite",
"sexually active",
"female partners",
"uses condoms",
"HIV screening test",
"confirmatory test",
"positive",
"CD4",
"T-lymphocyte",
"mm3",
"N",
"500",
"viral load",
... |
A 49-year-old obese woman presents with a chronic non-healing ulcer on the right medial malleolus. Past medical history is significant for type 2 diabetes mellitus, diagnosed 10 years ago, poorly managed with metformin. Review of systems is significant for a recurrent white vaginal discharge. The patient is afebrile, a... | Reduced axonal fiber diameter and fiber density | {
"A": "Reduced axonal fiber diameter and fiber density",
"B": "Acute perivascular inflammation",
"C": "Lymphocytic infiltration of the endoneurium",
"D": "Accumulation of beta-pleated sheets of amyloid protein"
} | step1 | A | [
"year old obese woman presents",
"chronic non-healing ulcer",
"right medial malleolus",
"Past medical history",
"significant",
"type 2 diabetes mellitus",
"diagnosed 10 years",
"poorly managed",
"metformin",
"Review of systems",
"significant",
"recurrent white vaginal discharge",
"patient",
... |
A 72-year-old woman is brought to the emergency department by her daughter because of left-sided weakness for 1 hour. She does not have headache or blurring of vision. She has hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, type 2 diabetes, and coronary artery disease. She has smoked one half-pack of cigarettes daily for 45 years.... | Lipohyalinosis of lenticulostriate arteries | {
"A": "Atherosclerosis of the internal carotid artery",
"B": "Lipohyalinosis of lenticulostriate arteries",
"C": "Dissection of the vertebral artery",
"D": "Embolism from the left atrium"
} | step2&3 | B | [
"72 year old woman",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"daughter",
"left-sided weakness",
"1 hour",
"not",
"headache",
"blurring of vision",
"hypertension",
"hypercholesterolemia",
"type 2 diabetes",
"coronary artery disease",
"smoked one half pack",
"cigarettes daily",
"years",
"me... |
A 27-year-old male is brought to the emergency room following a violent assault in which he was stabbed in the chest. The knife penetrated both the left lung and the left ventricle. Where did the knife most likely enter his chest? | Left fifth intercostal space in the midclavicular line | {
"A": "Left seventh intercostal space in the midaxillary line",
"B": "Left seventh intercostal space in the midclavicular line",
"C": "Left fifth intercostal space in the midaxillary line",
"D": "Left fifth intercostal space in the midclavicular line"
} | step1 | D | [
"27 year old male",
"brought",
"emergency room following",
"violent assault",
"stabbed",
"chest",
"knife penetrated",
"left lung",
"left ventricle",
"knife",
"likely enter",
"chest"
] |
A 69-year-old man is brought to the emergency department for severe tearing lower back pain for 12 hours. The pain radiates to the flank and he describes it as 8 out of 10 in intensity. He has nausea and has vomited several times. He has no fever, diarrhea, or urinary symptoms. When he stands up suddenly, he becomes li... | Smoking | {
"A": "Advanced age",
"B": "Male sex",
"C": "Hypertension",
"D": "Smoking"
} | step2&3 | D | [
"69 year old man",
"brought",
"emergency department",
"severe tearing lower back pain",
"12 hours",
"pain radiates",
"flank",
"out",
"10",
"intensity",
"nausea",
"vomited",
"times",
"fever",
"diarrhea",
"urinary symptoms",
"stands up",
"light-headed",
"to steady",
"approximatel... |
A 48-year-old African American male presents to his primary care provider complaining of facial swelling. He reports a three-day history of worsening swelling primarily around his eyes. The patient’s medical history is notable for sickle cell disease and poorly controlled hypertension. The patient currently takes enala... | Segmental sclerosis and negative immunofluorescence and foot process effacement | {
"A": "Hypercellular glomeruli with neutrophils and subepithelial immune complex deposition",
"B": "Increased mesangial cellularity and mesangial immune complex deposition",
"C": "Diffusely thickened capillaries and subepithelial immune complex deposition",
"D": "Segmental sclerosis and negative immunofluoresc... | step1 | D | [
"48 year old African American male presents",
"primary care provider",
"facial swelling",
"reports",
"three day history",
"worsening swelling",
"eyes",
"patients medical history",
"notable",
"sickle cell disease",
"poorly controlled hypertension",
"patient currently takes enalapril",
"hydroc... |
A 28-year-old man comes to the physician because of a 9-month history of sleep disturbances, restlessness, and difficulty acquiring erections. He has difficulty falling asleep and wakes up at least 3 times per night. He worries about paying his bills, failing law school, and disappointing his parents. He can no longer ... | Buspirone | {
"A": "Buspirone",
"B": "Propranolol",
"C": "Lorazepam",
"D": "Valerian\n\""
} | step2&3 | A | [
"year old man",
"physician",
"month history",
"sleep disturbances",
"restlessness",
"difficulty acquiring erections",
"difficulty falling asleep",
"wakes up",
"times",
"night",
"worries",
"paying",
"bills",
"failing law school",
"parents",
"longer concentrate",
"class",
"failed",
... |
A 27-year-old woman presents for a checkup. She is 20 weeks pregnant and has been admitted to the hospital multiple times during her pregnancy for seizures. She has a known seizure disorder but discontinued her valproic acid when she became pregnant. The patient's past medical history is otherwise unremarkable. She doe... | Folate | {
"A": "Folate",
"B": "Iron",
"C": "Magnesium",
"D": "Vitamin D"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"27 year old woman presents",
"checkup",
"20 weeks pregnant",
"admitted",
"hospital multiple times",
"pregnancy",
"seizures",
"known seizure disorder",
"discontinued",
"valproic acid",
"pregnant",
"patient's past",
"unremarkable",
"not smoke",
"drink alcohol",
"use",
"drugs",
"not ... |
A previously healthy 4-year-old boy is brought to the physician because of blisters and redness on his neck and chest for 2 days. He has also had a fever. He is lethargic and has not eaten well since the rash appeared. He has not had coughing, wheezing, or dysuria. He is an only child and there is no family history of ... | Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome | {
"A": "Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome",
"B": "Pemphigus vulgaris",
"C": "Scarlet fever",
"D": "Bullous pemphigoid"
} | step2&3 | A | [
"healthy",
"year old boy",
"brought",
"physician",
"blisters",
"redness",
"neck",
"chest",
"2 days",
"fever",
"lethargic",
"not eaten well",
"rash appeared",
"not",
"coughing",
"wheezing",
"dysuria",
"only child",
"family history",
"serious illness",
"immunizations",
"date"... |
A 56-year-old woman comes to the emergency department because of a 3-day history of malaise, dysuria, blurred vision, and a painful, itchy rash. The rash began on her chest and face and spread to her limbs, palms, and soles. One week ago, she was diagnosed with trigeminal neuralgia and started on a new medicine. She ap... | Stevens-Johnson syndrome | {
"A": "Bullous pemphigoid",
"B": "Stevens-Johnson syndrome",
"C": "Pemphigus vulgaris",
"D": "Drug-induced lupus erythematosus"
} | step1 | B | [
"year old woman",
"emergency department",
"3-day history",
"malaise",
"dysuria",
"blurred vision",
"painful",
"itchy rash",
"rash began",
"chest",
"face",
"spread",
"limbs",
"palms",
"soles",
"One week",
"diagnosed",
"trigeminal neuralgia",
"started",
"new medicine",
"appears... |
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